黄皮的活性成分

… A, and claulamine B, together with 50 known compounds, were isolated from the stems of Clausena lansium. Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic methods, …

Clausena lansium, also known as wampee, is a species of strongly scented evergreen trees belonging to the genus Clausena (Rutaceae), which is native to southern China. Its ripe fruits have been consumed as a very popular fruit and reported to possess a range of biological activities. To study the potential health-promoting constituents from the fruits of C. lansium, a chemical investigation on its fruits was thus carried out. In this study, 16 carbazole alkaloids (1-16), including six new carbazole alkaloids, clausenalansines A-F (1-6), were separated from the fruits of C. lansium. The molecular structures of these isolated new carbazole alkaloids (1-6) were ambiguously established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The known analogues (7-16) were determined via comparing their experimental data with those described in the literature, which were separated from C. lansium for the first time. All these isolated alkaloids were tested in vitro for their neuroprotective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Carbazole alkaloids 1-16 displayed remarkable neuroprotective effects possessing the EC50 values ranging from 0.36 ± 0.02 to 10.69 ± 0.15 μM. These findings indicate that regular consumption of the fruits of C. lansium may help people prevent the occurrence of Parkinson's disease. In addition, the separation and identification of these carbazole alkaloids possessing remarkable neuroprotective effects from the fruits of C. lansium could be extremely important to the discovery of new agents for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Two novel amides, named clauphenamides A and B, and twelve other known compounds were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels (Rutaceae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with data reported in the literature. Clauphenamide A (1) featured in the unit of N-2-(4,8-dimethoxyfuro [2,3-b]quinolin-7-yl)vinyl, and clauphenamide B (2) was a unprecedented N-phenethyl cinnamide dimer. Other known compounds belong to pyrrolidone amides (3 and 4), furacoumarins (7–10), simple coumarins (11–14), lignan (5) and sesquiterpene (6). Compounds 5, 6, 10 and 12 were separated from the genus (Clausena) for the first time, while 13 was isolated in the species (C. lansium) for the first time. The antifungal activities of the isolated compounds were assayed. As a result, at the concentration of 100 μg/ml, compared with the control (chlorothalonil, inhibition rate of 83.67%), compounds 1 and 2 were found to exhibit moderate antifungal activity against B. dothidea with inhibition rates of 68.39% and 52.05%, respectively. Compounds 11–14 also exhibited moderate activity against B. dothidea and F. oxysporum, with inhibition rates greater than 40%. In addition, compared with the control (chlorothalonil, inhibition rate of 69.02%), compounds 11–14 showed strong antifungal activity to P. oryzae, with inhibition rates greater than 55%. Among them, compound 14 has the strongest antifungal activity against P. oryzae, and the inhibition rate (65.44%) is close to that of the control chlorothalonil. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of the separated compounds are also discussed preliminarily in this paper.

… During the course of our effort to discover the bioactive constituents from the tropical medicinal plants in Hainan, two new coumarins, named clauslactone V (1) and clauslactone W (2), …

The composition, differences, and metabolic mechanisms of phenolic compounds in fruits and peels of three different varieties (including Clausena lansium ‘Jixin’, ‘Seedless’ and ‘Bingtang’) were investigated. The results showed that the total phenolic content in the fruits followed the order CLB (2080.14 mg/kg) > CLS > CLJ, while in peels it followed CLSp (2457.56 mg/kg) > CLJp > CLBp. Significant differences were observed in flavanols, flavonols, lignans, and phenolic acids among samples. A total of 12 (in fruits) and 9 (in peels) differential phenolic compounds (VIP > 1) were screened. Compared with CLB, several antioxidants and antibacterial phenolics were significantly up-regulated in CLS and CLJ. Pathway analysis revealed that fruit differences were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis pathways, whereas peel differences were mainly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis pathways. These findings provided a theoretical basis for wampee variety identification, improvement, and functional evaluation.

… be used as a leading compound that might be … bioactive substances in Clausena lansium, we are systematically extracting and separating additional compounds from Clausena lansium …

The genus Clausena of the Rutaceae family is recognized widely for its distinct aroma and rich phytochemical content. The phytochemical compounds of these genera have a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti‐inflammatory, which are summarized in this review. In this present review we have covered detailed pharmacology, ethnobotany, and phytochemical profiling of the species with updated information, which will be helpful for researchers, scientists, and people related to this field for further research and development of natural drugs from the species. The literature review was searched from PubChem, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, and ScienceDirect and followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Clausena, bioactivity, ethnobotany, and phytochemistry properties are the main keywords searched. Research sources included peer‐reviewed original studies and review articles, book chapters, and reputable government websites. Only English‐language publications published between 1982 and 2025 were considered. This review incorporated findings from in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Previously, a few review articles have been reported on the Clausena genus with limited information. In the current review we have covered 24 species of the genus with its detailed ethnobotany and pharmacology, as well as phytochemical information underscoring its novelty. The review highlights various phytochemicals identified in the species, including carbazole alkaloids, coumarins, and essential oils. The traditional uses of the species in ethnomedicine, particularly for treating fevers, infections, and gastrointestinal disorders, correlate with many of these bioactivities. However, limited studies have been done for the molecular mechanisms of action and clinical validations of Clausena‐derived compounds for human health. The present review will help to discover potential applications of the species in terms of pharmacological applications as well as drug discovery in the near future after proper validation. This review explains the therapeutic potential of its bioactive constituents and their relevance in traditional medicine. Despite promising in vitro and in vivo results, further research is necessary to clarify the mechanisms of action and toxicological evaluations and to perform various clinical studies to fully explore the pharmacological applications of the species in modern medicine.

… Traditional methods for screening bioactive compounds from natural prod- 40 ucts typically involve molecular docking of a small number of candidate 41 molecules, followed by …

The present review describes the morphological, traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the most medicinally important members of Clausena genus. Clausena excavata , Clausena anisata, Clausena lansium , Clausena harmandiata, Clausena anisum -olens and Clausena dentata are the targeted species for investigation in this review. The selected members of the genus Clausena which belongs to the Rutaceae family represent the most important sources of phytochemicals, particularly alkaloids, coumarins, limonoids and essential oils. The aim of this review paper is to investigate in a systematic way, the more recent developments in the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of this genus as well as the traditional uses of its members. The species in which the largest numbers of secondary metabolites have been identified are C. excavata and C. anisata . Pharmacological investigations have also been made, however, of other species in this genus. Accordingly, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of the two former mentioned species as well as the lesser known species of the genus is demonstrated here. This present paper enumerates an overview of its phytochemical and pharmacological properties, which may provide assistance to researchers to determine further, the efficacy and potency of Clausena genus members as medicinal plants.

… Constituents of the roots of Clausena lansium and their … -204900 isolated from Clausena lansium inhibit histamine and … Bioactive carbazole alkaloids from the stems of Clausena …

Phytochemical investigation of the fruit extract of Clausena excavata Burm. f. resulted in the isolation and identification of 16 compounds, including seven coumarins (1–7), four …

Clausena lansium, commonly known as wampee, is a subtropical fruit from the Rutaceae family characterized by its high nutrient content and numerous bioactive substances. This low-fat fruit is abundant in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids. Wampee has been found to contain several bioactive compounds, including essential oils, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. These bioactive constituents provide numerous health-enhancing properties, such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects. The relationship between these compounds and their impacts on health has been explored in various studies. While the disease-prevention efficacy of C. lansium has been established, additional research is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved. This paper presents a comprehensive review of wampee, focusing on its bioactive compounds, the beneficial effects derived from its consumption, and the evidence supporting the development of wampee-based functional foods in future studies.

As a local medicine and food, wampee fruit, with abundant bioactive compounds, is loved by local residents in Southern China. Titratable acid (TA), total sugar (TS), and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected, and phytochemical profiles and cellular antioxidant activities were analyzed by the HPLC and CAA (cellular antioxidant activity) assay in five sweet wampee varieties and five sour wampee varieties. Results showed that the average TS/TA ratio of sweet wampee varieties was 29 times higher than sour wampee varieties, while TA content was 19 times lower than sour wampee varieties. There were much lower levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities in sweet wampee varieties than those in sour wampee varieties. Eight phytochemicals were detected in sour wampee varieties, including syringin, rutin, benzoic acid, 2-methoxycinnamic acid, kaempferol, hesperetin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, while just four of them were detected in sweet wampee varieties. Syringin was the only one that was detected in all the sour wampee varieties and was not detected in all sweet wampee varieties. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between TA with phenolics, flavonoids, and total and cellular (PBS wash) antioxidant activities, while there were significant negative correlations between TS/TA with phenolic and cellular (no PBS wash) antioxidant activities. This suggested that the content of titratable acid in wampee fruit might have some relationship with the contents of phenolics and flavonoids. Sour wampee varieties should be paid much attention by breeders for their high phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities for cultivating germplasms with high health care efficacy.

Abstract Phytochemical analysis of isolates from the aerial parts of Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels (Rutaceae) led to the identification of 14 alkaloids, including two indole alkaloids (1 and 2), one quinoline alkaloid (3), two pyridine alkaloids (4 and 5), four carbazole alkaloids (6–9) and five amides alkaloids (10–14). The phytochemical structures of the alkaloids were established by means of NMR and MS spectral analyses. Compounds (4, 5, 14) were three new natural products, while 1–3 and 10 were firstly reported from the genus Clausena and 8 and 9 were isolated from this species for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated alkaloids has also been discussed. All the isolated alkaloids were tested for their cytotoxic activity against Hela cancer cell line. Among them, four carbazole alkaloids 6–9 exhibited weak cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 69.31 to 138.32 μM.

BACKGROUND Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels, belonging to the genus Clausena of the family Rutaceae, has a wide range of medical and agricultural activities. Previous studies on agricultural active have shown that C. lansium extracts and some components have obvious herbicidal activities. In order to study systematically herbicidal active of this plant, we studied the herbicidal effect of the EtOAc extract from the stems and leaves of this plant and further isolated the active compounds. RESULTS The EtOAc extract obviously inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., and the inhibitory effect of the EtOAc extract on roots were stronger than those on shoots with IC50 value of 420.45 and 585.05 mg L-1 , respectively. Fifteen compounds were subsequently isolated and identified from the stems and leaves of C. lansium, including nine O-monoterpenoid furanocoumarins and six cinnamamides. Our results showed that most compounds exhibited varying degrees of herbicidal activities to E. crus-galli. Among them, compounds 3, 8, 13-15 showed the best inhibitory activities on the growth of E. crus-galli roots, with inhibition rate values ranging from 70% to 83% at a concentration of 300 mg L-1 . 1 and 2 are two new compounds, and their structures were established as 5-O-monoterpenoid furanocoumarin and 8-O-monoterpenoid furanocoumarin, and named as claulansicoumarin A and B. CONCLUSION The EtOAc extract and pure compounds showed obvious herbicidal activities against E. crus-galli and indicated a great potential for these natural compounds to be developed as a herbicide.

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (Rutaceae) is a natural bioactive plant. Its roots, stems, leaves, and seeds are widely used in Chinese traditional and folk medicine. Although the characterization and functional analysis of bioactive components in Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels has been widely reported, the spatial distribution of these compounds within the main plant tissues remains undefined. Here, we adopted matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to reveal the spatial distribution of active alkaloids, coumarins, sugars and organic acids in C. lansium. Using a combined wet and dry matrix covering method to enhance sensitivity, we detected alkaloids throughout the fruit including 3-methylcarbazole and murrastinine which were especially rich in the kernel tissues but were restricted to the stem xylem and medulla and in the leaf epidermal region. Interestingly, murrayanine and heptaphylline were mainly found in pulp tissues with very low content in the stems and leaves while girinimbine was only distributed within the outer kernel skin. Coumarins were mainly distributed in the fruit pericarp and leaf vein tissues but with no clear spatial specificity in stems. Lastly, hexoses were mainly evident in the fruit pulp, although sucrose was also found in the pericarp, pulp, and pulp fibers with citric acid being distributed throughout the fruit. The accurate spatial and chemical information obtained provides new insights into the specific accumulation of metabolites in individual tissues.

Abstract Antimicrobial drug resistance has become a global challenge and one of utmost concern due to the global epidemiological infections. Medicinal plants have long performed an essential role in medicine and can be an essential source of recent antimicrobials and techniques for treating resistance. Clausena is a genus in the Rutaceae family which are widely recognized and utilized in traditional medicines. Many members of this genus have been a primary source of medications and drug history. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the secondary metabolites from the roots, stems, leaves, rhizomes, twigs, seeds, fruits, and flowers of several Clausena species has been widely examined and was found to be more effective against bacteria with Clausena anisata being the most promising specie. A total of 16 active compounds including 12 alkaloids, 2 coumarins, and 2 terpenoids were reported to be isolated from different parts of the plant species with mukonal being the only compound that shows dual potency both against fungi and protozoa. This review aims to sum up research advances made from 2000 to date, on the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities of Clausena species, and highlight the potential use of Clausena plants in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Wampee (Clausena lansium) is an important tropical fruit cultivated in southern China, which is typically yellow in appearance. Recently, a unique purple wampee has been identified, and its composition of anthocyanins remains unknown. We hypothesized that this distinctive pigmentation results from the accumulation of specific anthocyanin compounds. In this study, we aimed to characterize its nutritional trait and elucidate anthocyanin composition and the molecular mechanism underlying purple pigmentation. Results revealed the abundance in 3 sugars, 5 organic acids, and 11 amino acids in purple wampee. To elucidate the pigmentation mechanism, we developed a sensitive and accurate ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high-throughput analysis of anthocyanins. The established method effectively detected 39 anthocyanins with a linear quantification range of 10–4000 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.99178). Quantitative analysis revealed that three delphinidin-based anthocyanins (delphinidin, delphinidin 3-O-galactoside, and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside) constituted ≥89.52% of the total anthocyanin content, and were identified as the crucial pigments in purple wampee. Transcriptomic analysis of the purple wampee identified 2210 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during ripening. K-means clustering analysis and enrichment analysis indicated that the expression of the Cl1978 gene exhibited a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) with the accumulation of delphinidin-based anthocyanins. The role of this core candidate gene was further verified by qRT–PCR and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco leaves. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that delphinidin-based anthocyanins and the Cl1978 gene are central to the purple coloration of wampee, and provide a potential molecular marker for wampee breeding.

Abstract A phytochemical investigation on the stems and leaves of Clausena emarginata led to the isolation of a previously undescribed carbazole alkaloid, clausemargine A (1), together with 11 known analogues (2–12). The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and the known compounds were identified by comparisons with data reported in the literature. All known compounds (2–12) were isolated from C. emarginata for the first time. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their their antiproliferative activities against five human cancer cell lines: HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7 and SW480 in vitro. Compounds 1–12 showed significant antiproliferative effects with IC50 values ranging from 0.28 to 15.18 μM.

Abstract Clausena excavata Burm. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Rutaceae. It is well known for its ethnomedicinal uses and therapeutic activities. This plant has been used in different traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases worldwide. In the present study, the chemical composition of essential oil and phytochemical contents of methanol extract of C. excavata leaf were performed. Further, the therapeutic activities of essential oil and methanol extract of C. excavata leaf were evaluated. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Myristicin (33.92%), terpinolene (21.29%), and sabinene (13.65%) were found to be the major compounds in leaf essential oil. Similarly, the phytochemical composition of the methanol extract of C. excavata leaf was analyzed using standard procedures. The phenolic content (165.23 mg GAE/g DW) was found to be the major phytoconstituents followed by alkaloids (89.30 mg/g DW) in leaf methanol extract. Furthermore, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extract were evaluated. C. excavata essential oil showed more antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 15.92 μg/mL; ABTS IC50 41.85 μg/mL; FRAP IC50 39.9 μg/mL) compared to leaf methanol extract. Similarly, essential oil exhibited higher antidiabetic activity (in terms of α-amylase inhibitory capacity) (IC50 97.50 μg/mL) compared to methanol extract and lower antidiabetic activity in comparison to the standard (IC50 71.9 μg/mL). The anticancer activity of essential oil was found to be more effective against the PC-3 cell line (IC50 39.1 μg/mL) while leaf methanol extract was more effective against OVCAR-3 (IC50 47.5 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC50 48.1 μg/mL), and h-1299 (IC50 45.9 μg/mL). C. excavata essential oil exhibited lower antimicrobial activity compared to leaf methanol extract. In summary, this study on the characterization of phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of C. excavata leaf essential oil could be helpful in exploiting its therapeutic potential sustainably as well as the discovery of new lead molecules.

… Carbazole alkaloids characterized by a heterocyclic … Clausena and Micromelum species. Predominant prenylation at C-5 is typical for Glycosmis and Micromelum, whereas in Clausena …

… Here we report the structural elucidation of ten new carbazole alkaloids by spectroscopic … carbazole alkaloids for the chemotaxonomy of genera of Glycosmis, Murraya and Clausena …

The phytochemical investigation on the fruits of Clausena anisum-olens led to the isolation of 18 carbazole alkaloids (1-18), containing three new ones, clausenanisines A-C (1-3), and three new naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids, clausenanisines D-F (4-6), as well as 12 known analogues (7-18). The chemical structures of clausenanisines A-F (1-6) were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. Notably, clausenanisine A (1) was a novel carbazole alkaloid with a unique five-membered cyclic ether, while clausenanisine E (5) is an unusual carbazole alkaloid owning an unprecedented naturally occurring carbon skeleton possessing 14 carbon atoms. The known carbazole alkaloids (7-18) were identified by the comparison of their spectral data with those data reported in the literature. All known carbazole alkaloids 7-18 were isolated from C. anisum-olens for the first time. Moreover, all isolated compounds 1-18 were assessed for their protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro. Compounds 1-18 exhibited remarkable PTP1B inhibitory activities with IC50 values in the range of 0.58 ± 0.05 to 38.48 ± 0.32 μM, meanwhile, compounds 1-18 displayed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 3.28 ± 0.16 to 192.23 ± 0.78 μM. These research results imply that the separation and identification of these carbazole alkaloids showing notable PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities from the fruits of C. anisum-olens can be very significant for discovering and developing new PTP1B inhibitors and α-glucosidase inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Four new carbazole alkaloids, claurailas A−D (1−4), as well as 12known carbazoles and three known coumarins were isolated from the roots of Clausena harmandiana. Heptaphylline (…

BACKGROUND The rational utilization of botanical secondary metabolites is one of the strategies to reduce the application of chemical fungicides. The extensive biological activities of Clausena lansium indicate that it has the potential to develop botanical fungicides. RESULTS A systematic investigation on the antifungal alkaloids from C. lansium branch-leaves following the bioassay-guided isolation was implemented. Sixteen alkaloids, including two new and nine known carbazole alkaloids, one known quinoline alkaloid and four known amides, were isolated. Compounds 4, 7, 12 and 14 showed strong antifungal activity on P. capsici with EC50 values ranging from 50.67 to 70.82 μg/mL. Compounds 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 16 displayed different degrees of antifungal activity against B. dothidea with EC50 values ranging from 54.18 to 129.83 μg/mL. It was reported for the first time that these alkaloids had antifungal effects on P. capsici or B. dothidea, and their structure-activity relationships were further discussed systematically. Additionally, among all alkaloids, dictamine (12) had the strongest antifungal activities against P. capsici (EC50  = 50.67 μg/mL) and B. dothidea (EC50  = 54.18 μg/mL), and its physiological effects on P. capsici and B. dothidea were also further evaluated. CONCLUSION C. lansium was a potential source of antifungal alkaloids, and C. lansium alkaloids had the potential as lead compounds of botanical fungicides in the development of new fungicides with novel action mechanism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

… A series of pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids were designed and synthesized as analogues of Claulansine F (Clau F, 10a) isolated from Clausena lansium. Some of compounds showed …

Clausena excavata Burm.f. (Rutaceae) is a medicinal plant which is used in folklore medicine for treatment of cold, malaria, AIDS, dermatopathy, abdominal pain, and snake-bite.This plant is a rich source of coumarins and carbazole alkaloids.So far, fifty-three coumarins and fifty-eight carbazole alokaloids were isolated from C. excavata.Furthermore, a small group of tetranortriterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and essential oils were also obtained from this plant.C. excavata showed diverse therapeutic activities which are antibacterial, antifungal, antiplatelet, antiplasmodial, antitumor, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory, antimycobacterial, and anti-HIV-1 activities.The incidence of HIV-1 infection leading to AIDS has increased every year, and fungal and bacterial infections, particularly TB-causing mycobacteria are prevalent in HIVinfected patients.So Clausena excavata which showed inhibition of these diseases, is very promising to be developed for treatment of AIDS.

… its stem bark and roots a new carbazole alkaloid, for which we … A second novel alkaloid, a 2-quinolone, Nmethylswietenidine-… now report the structural elucidation of these new alkaloids. …

Abstract The investigation on the stems and leaves of Clausena lenis led to the isolation of a previously undescribed carbazole alkaloid, clausenalenine A (1), along with seven known analogues (2–8). The structure of 1 was elucidated based on comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and the known compounds were identified by comparisons with data reported in the literatures. All known compounds (2–8) were isolated from C. lenis for the first time. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their neuroprotective activities against 6-hydroxydopamine induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Compounds 1–8 showed significant neuroprotective effects with EC50 values ranging from 0.68 to 18.76 μM. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT