农村创业监测方法和指标

运用层次分析法构建云南省农村电商综合示范绩效评价体系，得到绩效评价准则的重要性依次为物流供应链、交易发展规模、基础建设、社会带动和政策环境，通过选取云南省5个农村电商综合示范县的调查数据进行验证，各县综合示范绩效水平均在中上，其中4个县在80分以上，反映出综合示范的实施对农村电商环境提升和发展带动起到积极助推的作用。研究发现：（1）云南省发展农村电子商务的环境逐渐趋好，电子商务应用水平提高；（2）GDP水平、ICT和交通等前期基础设施水平高的县区示范政策的运行效果较好，但对发展基础较为薄弱的县域而言政策激励的带动效果更加凸显；（3）总体上，县域农村电商发展存在较大的提升空间。

农村精英群体因具有独特的优异特质和能力素养成为农村创业的主力军，但是农村精英能否通过创业实现"名利双收"？学术界尚无定论。文章利用上海财经大学"千村调查"的数据得到以下研究结论：①农村精英的创业并非纯粹的"逐利"行为，而是追随内在的"趋名"导向，农村精英创业主要是为了实现家庭社会地位的提高、村落人缘水平的改善、村落话语权的增加等非经济目标，这种"趋名"导向使得创业者配置于经济目标的注意力资源相对不足，进而制约了其"逐利"目标的实现。②随着家庭经济资本的增加，农村创业者的精英身份对经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解，即丰裕的家庭经济资本将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应；同时，家庭经济资本的增加将进一步强化精英身份对非经济目标的提升作用。③随着外部制度环境的完善，精英身份对农民创业经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解，即完善的外部制度环境将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应；同时，外部制度环境的完善将强化农村精英群体对非经济目标的追求。本文基于创业动机理论与注意力基础观分析了精英身份在农民创业过程中的经济效应与非经济效应，探讨了农村精英群体在"趋名"与"逐利"之间的权衡与取舍，并将家庭经济资本与外部制度环境纳入研究框架，构建了一个较为系统的农民创业模型，丰富了农民创业理论的研究范畴。

失败经历诱发创业者进行反思与学习，如何挖掘失败的积极效应成为研究的热点话题. 为了剖析创业失败学习对农民后续创业绩效的影响效应和影响路径，基于经验学习理论及资源拼凑理论，本文构建了创业失败学习、资源拼凑、创业韧性和后续创业绩效的理论模型. 利用309位有失败经历的农民创业者为研究样本，运用层次回归法进行实证分析，并用Bootstrap法进一步检验. 结果发现：创业失败学习正向促进创业者的后续创业绩效，资源拼凑在创业失败学习与后续创业绩效之间发挥中介效应，创业韧性正向调节创业失败学习对创业拼凑的促进作用. 鼓励农民创业者培养创业韧性，从事“形象化”和替代学习. 建议有关培训部门增加失败培训，为农民创业者营造宽松、容败的创业氛围，帮助农民及时从失败中恢复，有效地进行创业失败学习，提升资源拼凑水平和自身韧性.

数字时代，通过提高数字素养发挥新型农业经营主体的优势对促进乡村可持续发展和农业新质生产力提升具有重要意义。深入探究数字素养对新型农业经营主体经济、环境与社会三重价值综合实现的可持续创业决策作用，以中国小微企业调查(简称CMES)数据库数据为基础，通过OLS线性回归模型、Probit模型以及Ordered Probit模型进行实证分析。研究表明，数字素养对新型农业经营主体可持续创业决策会产生显著的驱动作用，尤其是会促进新型农业经营主体经济效益的提升以及亲环境行为的实施；且上述作用在不同经营类型、年龄、受教育程度以及注册资本的新型农业经营主体中存在一定的异质性。

在数字经济不断发展而农户就业压力增大背景下,探讨数字乡村建设是否能够推动农户创业具有重要现实和理论意义。基于资源禀赋创业论,分析了数字乡村建设影响农户创业行为的基本逻辑,并使用“中国家庭追踪调查(2018)”和数字乡村指数数据进行了实证检验。研究显示,数字乡村建设对农户创业产生了显著的推动作用。在作用机制上,数字乡村建设可以通过“破解农户数字鸿沟以及提高信贷可得性”路径,促进农户进行创业。在异质性分析上,数字乡村建设能够缓解农户收入不足因素对创业所造成的障碍,但也会更有利于受教育程度更高的男性户主创业。

本研究使用北京大学中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），基于Probit模型实证分析社会资本对农户创业行为选择的影响。利用中介效应模型，进一步审视社会资本与金融借贷之间可能存在的内在作用关系，分析社会资本如何通过金融借贷影响农户创业行为。研究结果显示，社会资本对农户创业行为具有显著的正向影响，并在使用替换核心解释变量、缩尾处理和更换计量方法之后依然表明结果显著；正规金融借贷和非正规金融借贷均在社会资本对农户创业行为的影响中存在中介效应；社会资本对西部区域的农户创业行为的促进作用更为显著。据此，提出政策建议：未来，政府部门应注重拓宽农户社会资本积累渠道、重视社会资本在农户创业行为中的融资作用、充分发挥欠发达地区农户社会资本对创业活动的促进效应、进一步完善农村地区的正规金融服务体系。

农村非农创业的稳步发展在提高农户家庭收入和生活水平的同时，也推动了农户对土地资源的配置与利用，进而对农地转出产生影响。基于中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）2015年的微观农户数据，运用Probit模型和Tobit模型分析家庭非农创业对农地转出的影响，通过构建中介效应模型探讨农户家庭保险所发挥的中介作用。结果表明，农户家庭非农创业的比例不高，仅为14.6%，农地转出行为参与率和转出规模平均比重均呈现出较低水平，分别为17.4%和14.4%。非农创业对农户的农地转出行为和转出规模均产生了显著的促进作用，非农创业在青壮年农户中的影响强度要显著高于老年农户。非农创业通过促进农户家庭参与保险，进一步推动了农户的农地转出行为和转出规模，家庭保险参与在非农创业对农地转出的影响过程中发挥了部分中介效应。因此，提出有序推动农业劳动力向非农部门转移，基于农户发展特征实施差异化的政策扶持和就业引导，通过完善农村保障制度提高农户保险参与率等政策建议。

近年来,为了巩固脱贫攻坚成果、推动乡村全面高质量发展,国家持续完善乡村振兴政策体系,营造了良好的政策环境。以乡村创业为例,面向大学生群体的政策供给的力度较大,然而政策供给和大学生乡村创业需求之间仍存在着供需不匹配的情况。基于行为公共政策的视角,结合前期的政策调研和深度访谈,利用调查实验重点探究政策内容和行为政策工具对实现政策行为效应的影响,考察大学生乡村创业政策的实现机制及其提升机制。研究发现:(1)在主效应方面,人才层面、财政层面和基础设施层面政策对大学生乡村创业政策行为效应有着正向影响,三者之间无显著差异,而说道型工具、激励型工具和助推型工具会带来正向影响,且后两者的提升效果较为明显;(2)在交互效应方面,激励型和助推型工具对于提升基础设施层面和人才层面政策行为效应的作用较为明显。针对以上结论,为提升乡村振兴战略背景下大学生乡村创业的政策效能,建议政府应当精准施策满足大学生“因时而异”的利益诉求,善用行为政策工具提升政策行为效应,以及通过多方合作搭建良好的信息桥梁。

文章基于2011—2019年中国31个省份（除港澳台）的省际面板数据，采用固定效应、中介效应以及门槛效应等实证分析方法，探究数字经济对共同富裕的影响效应及其作用机制。结果表明：（1）从整体来看，数字经济发展能够促进共同富裕的实现，但影响程度和显著性存在地区异质性，在东部地区和中部地区数字经济正向显著促进共同富裕的实现，且中部地区的影响程度大于东部地区，而在西部以及东北地区数字经济对共同富裕的正向影响不显著；（2）农村创业在数字经济对共同富裕的作用机制中存在中介效应和门槛效应，即数字经济会通过农村创业促进共同富裕，且当农村创业跨过门槛值后，数字经济对共同富裕的促进作用更为显著。因此，要加强区域协调发展，加强数字基础设施建设，充分发挥农村创业造血功能，推进共同富裕取得实质性进展。

民宿是落实乡村振兴战略的重要实践，研究民宿主的创业动机和获得感对推进乡村产业振兴具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文通过25位民宿主深度访谈发现，创业动机存在双生机理，且与马斯洛需求层次理论相吻合，呈现出层次性，在经济、情感归属等内部动机之外，创业政策等外部动机驱动民宿创业。创业获得感呈现出多维度性，且受创业动机驱动呈现出相应的层次性。创业动机层次越高，精神层次的获得感就越强, 其对应采取的经营模式就不同。获得感意味着资本的积累，进一步驱动民宿主采取行动满足更高层次的需求。基于此，本文构建了创业动机、获得感和经营模式之间的理论框架，探索了乡村振兴的创业环境下民宿主的特征、创业过程和创业结果之间的关系。

PurposeThis paper investigates the relationship between agricultural entrepreneurship (AE) and new technologies using academic and practitioners' perspectives to understand how new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and augmented reality can promote agri-businesses.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a content and thematic analysis of 325 academic sources extracted from the Scopus database and 683 patents retrieved from the European Patent Office (EPO) dataset. Additionally, the research applies the Kruskal–Wallis test as a non-parametric test for evaluating differences in the main concepts discussed in the two sources.FindingsThe academic and practitioners' debate highlights a trading zone among the two streams. patents' analysis from the EPO reveals four main common themes as a new business that benefits from AI in weather predictions, new smart and intelligent ways to monitor crops, new businesses that use clouds to control plant's humidity. The analysis of Scopus's sources demonstrates theoretical approaches related to the technology acceptance model (TAM) and practical strategies in terms of entrepreneurial skills to support the agricultural sector. However, barriers among the two streams of sources exist in innovation management and scale-up entrepreneurial initiatives.Research limitations/implicationsRegarding implications, the authors aim to connect academic and practitioners' views by understanding the new potential innovation applications and the connected new research avenues. Limitations might arise from the sources used to develop our analysis.Originality/valueThe paper is novel because it investigates the issues arising from the relationship between AE and new technologies by examining original validated patents released by practitioners and approved by the EPO, rather than reviewing blogs or the financial press. This leads to a holistic understanding of the impact of tangible practices among agricultural entrepreneurs. The results support the view that new trading zones and case studies are needed to highlight and show the positive impact of technologies in this field. The authors argue that practitioners require scholars to reduce the ambiguity between AE and its expected results, leading to investments to boost new agricultural business ideas.

The fourth wave of economic development has ushered in social enterprises (SEs) that have the potential to contribute to sustainable development goals (SDGs) in rural regions that have not prospered under the economic development strategies of the past. This study examines three SEs that have emerged at different times in Appalachian Ohio, a region recognized as a rural area recovering from the environmental and health consequences of extractive industries and poverty over the last century. The social entrepreneurial ecosystem (SEE) in this region has begun to thrive recently, rendering now a crucial time to evaluate the conditions that have led to success. Using qualitative methods, three cases were coded to identify whether present-day SEs in rural Appalachia (1) realize values for natural resource stewardship and community wellness in addition to economic profits (a triple bottom line), (2) attract external funds that are retained in the local economy, and (3) align with SDGs. Evidence of these qualities in SEs manifested in different ways across the three cases. Stage two coding revealed findings that (1) the university acted as a catalyzing agent and (2) collective action by generational families was foundational for the social capital that kick-started each case. As the natural capital recovers in the region, opportunities for the SEE to nurture new enterprises aligned with the triple bottom line will increase SDGs. The SEE of Appalachian Ohio offers a model for sustainable development in dispersed rural locations.

PurposeDigitalisation is perceived as a new process that may add value to firms. Current theoretical understanding assumes it should be part of a firm's strategy to respond to multiple pressures in the business environment. This paper explores the occurrence of digitalisation in a rare context, that of the English agricultural industry in the United Kingdom, a place disproportionality filled with family firms. The general understanding of digitalisation in family firm settings remains embryonic. The authors' explorations make theoretical contributions to research at the intersection of rural entrepreneurship, family business and innovation.Design/methodology/approachUtilising a purposive, qualitative approach, primary data was collected from multiple interviews with 28 UK family farms, and secondary data from another 164. Interview transcripts were coded using NVivo, along with secondary data from reports, observations and websites.FindingsThe authors present empirical evidence illustrating how digitalisation manifests incrementally and radically in different types of family farms. The authors present a model that shows the areas of farming that have, and continue to be, digitalised. This increases analytical precision when identifying digitalisation activities that differ depending on the strategy to either scale or diversify. The authors propose that incremental digitalising occurs to a great extent during a scaling strategy, and that radical digitalising occurs to a smaller extent during diversification strategies in family farms.Research limitations/implicationsThis research uses a sample of family-run farms from the UK agricultural sector to explore nuanced elements of digitalisation. It should therefore be explored in other types of family firms located in different sectors and geographies.Practical implicationsThis research is important because family farms are under increasing pressure and have limited financial resources to deal with the digitalisation agenda. Therefore, empirical evidence helps other farms in similar situations. The authors found digitalisation investments, that tend to be capital intensive, only matter for scalers and less so for diversifiers. Family farms can use the model presented as a tool to evaluate their farm. The tool helps them define what to do, and ideate the potential activities that might be digitalised, to feed into their wider strategy.Social implicationsFamily firms, in particular farms, are critical to many economies. The general consenses currently assumes all family firms should digitalise, yet the authors' evidence suggests that this is not the case. It is important to create policies that are sensitive to the needs of different types of businesses, in this case between family firm scalers and diversifiers, instead of simply incentivising digitalisation using a blanket approach usually by offering financial aid. Understanding how digitisation can support (or not) family firm resilience and growth in an effective and efficient manner can have significant benefit to individual firms, and across industries.Originality/valueThe proposed model extends theoretical understanding linking strategy, digitalisation activity and innovation in family farms. It shows that digitalisation is a key building block of scaling strategies, maximising digitalisation to increase efficiency. Yet, diversifying family farms minimise digitalisation, whereby they only digitalise a small amount of the farming activity. This empirical evidence contrasts with the wider narrative that farmers are slower at using new technology. This research found that some are slower because it does not align with their strategy. However, sometimes digitalisation aligns with their strategy during external changes, in which case the diversifiers are quick to act.

Addressing poverty is one of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals. Alleviating relative poverty by stimulating the endogenous motivation of poor people to improve their ability for self-proliferation and diffusion is the focus of attention worldwide. China, as the world’s most populous country, has already left absolute poverty, and the vast rural areas are facing the challenge of managing relative poverty. We use the Delphi method to select three representative cases from the typical cases of rural entrepreneurship published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and describe the diffusion process and poverty reduction effect of returning farmers’ ‘entrepreneurship’ through the whole process analysis method. We found that the entrepreneurship diffusion model based on returning farmers has a bright future and great potential to improve rural poverty. Using family and local ties and the internet, returning farmers can effectively spread their entrepreneurial experience to other poor households, lowering their entrepreneurial risks and barriers, and thus collectively bringing more farmers out of poverty. The entrepreneurship diffusion of returning farmers can increase farmers’ income, promote the employment and entrepreneurship of poor households and improve the rural ecological environment, thus alleviating the multidimensional poverty of farmers in economic, social and ecological aspects. This provides an experience and reference for developing countries to solve the problems of poverty, especially poverty governance in rural areas. It is worth noting that implementing the diffusion of entrepreneurship among returning farmers requires the support of appropriate policies and the active participation of local governments.

Over the past 30 years, the academic literature has legitimised the significant impact of environmental conditions on entrepreneurial activity. In the past 5 years, in particular, the academic debate has focused on the elements that configure entrepreneurship ecosystems and their influence on the creation of high-growth ventures. Previous studies have also recognised the heterogeneity of environmental conditions (including policies, support programs, funding, culture, professional infrastructure, university support, labour market, R&D, and market dynamics) across regions/countries. Yet, an in-depth discussion is required to address how environmental conditions vary per entrepreneurial stage of enterprises within certain regions/countries, as well as how these conditions determine the technological factor of the entrepreneurial process. By reviewing the literature from 2000 to 2017, this paper analyses the environmental conditions that have influenced the transitions towards becoming potential entrepreneurs, nascent/new entrepreneurs, and established/consolidated entrepreneurs in both developed and developing economies. Our findings show why diversity in entrepreneurship and context is significant. Favourable conditions include professional support, incubators/accelerators, networking with multiple agents, and R&D investments. Less favourable conditions include a lack of funding sources, labour market conditions, and social norms. Our paper contributes by proposing a research agenda and implications for stakeholders.

Strengthening Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) is crucial for reducing economic disparities in rural areas and promoting sustainable community development. While previous studies have primarily focused on financial structures and regulatory frameworks, this research adopts a participatory approach that actively engages local stakeholders in capacity-building efforts. Using BUMDes Mekarsari in Garut Regency as a case study, the study examines how participatory strengthening programs enhance the socio-economic resilience of rural communities. Employing qualitative methods—including in-depth interviews and field observations—it identifies key factors influencing BUMDes effectiveness, such as continuous training, institutional collaboration, and improved access to finance. The findings reveal that a participatory model not only fosters community engagement but also improves business sustainability and expands economic opportunities. In particular, the involvement of women and local artisans demonstrates the program’s inclusivity and potential for social transformation. Moreover, the integration of digital marketing strategies has opened new market access, further supporting rural entrepreneurship. To maximize practical impact, the study offers concrete policy recommendations, including strengthening institutional support for BUMDes, fostering multi-sector partnerships, and enhancing financial accessibility through local and national policies. These insights contribute to a more inclusive framework for rural economic empowerment, providing policymakers with a strategic foundation for designing community-driven BUMDes programs that ensure their long-term success as catalysts for local development.

Women engagement and reward systems are vital for rural development as they have a direct consequence on the improvement, equality, as well as accelerating agricultural productivity generally, and increasing food supply in particular at the local and national levels. The study highlighted the contribution of the Award Incentives and Competition (AIC) programme in enhancing women farmers’ economic strength. It also looked at how influence, change and technological know-how could improve women farmers’ participation in development programmes. It provided an overview of the determinants of female entrepreneurship development in rural North West Province using a quantitative survey method approach. One hundred and fifty-six women farmers, who were randomly selected from all districts in the province and different enterprises out of 520 eligible women farmers, participated in the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential (Probit regression) model. Based on empirical data, the Probit regression model estimates suggested that the educational status, creation of temporary and permanent jobs, and extension sources were some of the determinants of entrepreneurial development in the study area. The study recommends that policymakers continue to advocate for education as female farmers need to participate in development programme(s).

… use regional development and business incubators to modernise rural areas. Besides, … in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) have documented various forms of entrepreneurial …

This article deals with the under-researched phenomenon of rural health entrepreneurship and its major characteristics. The purpose of this study is to explicate the process of providing health services in rural areas of a developing country and their relation to SDGs. The paper is based on six semi-structured interviews conducted with Serbian health entrepreneurs in rural areas (two private practices, two policlinics, and two dental practices), a review of laws and strategies relevant to the field, and three sessions of discussions with eight experts (four authors and four additional experts). The research methodology follows an empirical, mixed-method case study research procedure. The results are presented in relation to the aspects of frugality, family orientation, and sustainability-oriented innovation. The timeline of the six case studies demonstrates the increasing importance of health entrepreneurs in rural areas due to the aging population and, therefore, increased needs for quality healthcare in these areas. The financing instruments have also become more formal and substantial in recent years, enabling the growth of healthcare businesses in rural areas. However, a major obstacle to further sustainable development remains the non-refundability of services before the state-owned, obligatory health fund, creating major social inequalities, especially in rural areas.

The rural environments in large parts of Europe are subject to strong demographic pressures (such as depopulation and aging) that have a negative impact on the functioning and development of these lesser-populated regions. The solution to this problem may be locating companies based on high technology, as they have great potential to transform and stimulate economic activities in various areas. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the role of promoting technological entrepreneurship in rural areas in maintaining their populations and generating economic development opportunities as well as analyzing the tax incentive policies for start-ups in Castile and León (Spain) and the policy of promoting technology start-ups by donating space, parks, and businesses. The analysis is related to the evolution of populations and the formation of firms before and after the application of these policies. The results of the conducted research show that technological entrepreneurship in rural areas is a good strategy for repairing the populations and generating opportunities for economic development. Therefore, the promotion of start-ups can bring a significant increase in productivity in a short amount of time and contribute to the consolidation of local populations.

Abstract The main purpose of this research is to examine the challenges hindering sustainability of women entrepreneurship in rural areas of Manicaland province, Zimbabwe. A qualitative research was conducted in Manicaland province in Zimbabwe. Data were collected through interviews from 30 women entrepreneurs in the various sectors of the economy. The respondents were specialised in vegetable vending, operating clothing flea markets and cross border trading. Interview guide was used to collect data from respondents and the major theme approach were used to analyse and present data. The study established that women entrepreneurs face various challenges such as lack of collateral security to access funding; lack of market information and occurrence of disasters in the localities. These challenges hinder sustainability of women entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe. It was highlighted that there is compelling need for availing market information; adequate knowledge and skills; supportive government schemes; need for community involvement and participation to support women entrepreneurial activities in the study area. It is clear that if the discovered challenges are not addressed, sustainability of women entrepreneurship will remain a dream. The study came up with strategies for improving women entrepreneurship activities in the Zimbabwean context. Future research can be done in other provinces s to avoid generalisation of findings based on this particular study. Many challenges hinder the sustainability of women entrepreneurship. Major impediments to women entrepreneurship comprises inadequate support from government schemes, patriarchal societal structure of the community, lack of relevant entrepreneurial knowledge to manage businesses, lack of collateral security to access funding, time limitation or role conflict to balance family pressures and business. The study recommends proper entrepreneurship education and training, supportive government schemes and access to network affiliation/connection to sustain women entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is substantially beneficial for rural entrepreneurship. A better understanding of factors contributing to ICT adoption is needed for wide promotion, yet it remains underexplored This study investigated the factors affecting ICT adoption intention. From the technology, individuals, and environment dimensions, an extended technology acceptance model (TAM) was proposed, and data from 327 rural entrepreneurs and the method of SEM were used to test the hypotheses. The moderating effect of multi-group on each path was discussed, including online and offline organizations and entrepreneurs with and without previous experience. Results show that, except for core variables in the TAM, social influence and relative advantage positively influence ICT adoption intention directly and indirectly. Increasing the relative advantage of ICT among enterprises with offline businesses can significantly improve their ICT adoption intention. For entrepreneurs without previous experience, perceived ease of use significantly and positively affects attitudes toward ICT adoption.

… Implementation and monitoring will be overseen by an executive committee headed by the secretary at the national level and by chief secretaries at the state level. Additionally, common …

There has been a shift in industrial business enterprise orientation withinside the future, initially oriented to business and is now turning into a socially-oriented industrial business enterprise. One of them is the idea of an inexperienced product commercial enterprise that treats waste as a commercial enterprise with a network commercial enterprise version. Community empowerment involves women's companies in Sukorejo Village in searching to form new groups withinside the waste industrial business enterprise sector. “Women's”-based entrepreneurship schooling is a form of initiation in building the inducement and entrepreneurial intentions of rural women. The goal of this commentary changed into to decide, How the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial motivation and purpose, and to discover out, whether there can be a mediating role in entrepreneurial motivation, related to the hyperlink amongst entrepreneurship training, and entrepreneurial intentions withinside the company of women who are managers, and administrators of BUMDesa "Podho Joyo". This study's technique uses quantitative strategies with SEM-PLS assessment and is assisted with the resource of the usage of the WarpPLS utility. The final results of those research located that there was a considerable effect of entrepreneurship schooling on entrepreneurial motivation, and entrepreneurial intention. However, there's no dating among entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial intention, so there's no mediating function among the connection among entrepreneurial training, and entrepreneurial intention.

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Abstract Rural entrepreneurship is an important employment generation intervention for the fast‐growing young labour force in developing countries. Many bottlenecks including access to finance impede rural youths from performing in their new ventures. This paper examines the impact of access to finance on rural youths' entrepreneurship in Benin using data from the second wave of the School‐To‐Work Transition Survey, involving over 900 youths. The paper employs the endogenous switching regression technique, combined with propensity score matching, to investigate the drivers of rural youths' access to finance and its impact on entrepreneurship intention and performance. The results indicate that age, education, poverty status, experience, working in the agricultural sector and the existence of a bank branch are important determinants of rural youths' access to finance. The results also show that access to finance increases the probability of youth entrepreneurship by 15.2% on average. Moreover, the study shows a significant gender gap in rural entrepreneurship of 5.24% among youths with access to finance in Benin. These results suggest that policymakers should facilitate the access of youth, especially young women, to finance by encouraging formal financial institutions to reduce their credit eligibility conditions for those who do not have collateral.

Rural e-commerce entrepreneurship is an effective and credible means to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable social development, particularly in the Base of the Pyramid (BoP). Understanding how to encourage BoPs’ entrepreneurial intention in the rural e-commerce market has become a key issue for private enterprises and local governments. Based on the entrepreneurial event model, we constructed a research framework to evaluate the factors influencing BoPs’ entrepreneurial intention in rural e-commerce. We conducted an online survey of rural e-commerce practitioners from Jieyang and Chaozhou in Guangdong Province, China, and empirically analyzed the survey results using SmartPLS software. The results show that professional knowledge, resource endowment, information and communication technology, and logistics infrastructure have a significant positive impact on BoP entrepreneurship in rural e-commerce, while previous market channels had a significant negative impact. Based on the findings, we recommend that BoPs should focus more on cultivating professional knowledge in e-commerce entrepreneurship and capitalize on local resource advantage. E-commerce enterprises and local governments should strengthen and improve information communication technology and logistics infrastructure among BoP communities. Policymakers should support BoP entrepreneurship in rural e-commerce by creating a favorable environment.

ABSTRACT The question of why some small businesses survive and become profitable while others exit the market continues to attract attention. This study analyzes the role of the institutional environment and business formation process in entrepreneurial activity (defined by total early-stage entrepreneurial activity rate) in the context of a high populous and low institutional trust environment. We find that the government's involvement in entrepreneurship through direct support programmes, differential incentives for enterprises engaged in different sectors, and to achieve social goals and political pluralism may reduce entrepreneurial activity. Also, support programmes aimed at promoting the formation of Micro and Small-Scale Enterprises may encourage the entry of entrepreneurs lacking a business strategy that takes into account risk-return tradeoffs. By focusing on the business formation process, this study adds to the debate on the implication of government intervention programmes in entrepreneurship and small business development.

… Studies have shown that the rural territories of our country lag behind not only in the … security of entrepreneurial activity in the sector of socio-economic development of rural territories of …

The study investigates how microfinance interventions and the entrepreneurial engagement of Self-Help Group (SHGs) members impact women’s social and economic empowerment in rural communities. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative insights gathered through surveys, interviews, and case studies. The study’s findings demonstrated a notably positive and moderately significant impact of microfinance and entrepreneurial engagement on the social, economic, and psychological dimensions of women’s empowerment. Furthermore, the inclusion of case studies provided evidence that microfinance activities and entrepreneurship involvement have substantially empowered women across various domains, such as increasing financial independence, enhancing participation in decision-making processes, fostering social networks and support, and boosting their overall self-confidence and well-being. These insights emphasise the transformative potential of microfinance initiatives in advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment in diverse socio-economic contexts.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how rural entrepreneurship is discussed by analyzing articles in the leading journals of the two main research fields, entrepreneurship studies, and rural studies, through the concept of rural proofing.Design/methodology/approachThe systematic literature review centers on the two main fields where rural entrepreneurship is studied and covers papers in nine leading journals in entrepreneurship studies and two leading journals in rural studies, between the years 1989 and 2020. In total, 97 papers were reviewed and we utilize and operationalize the rural proofing concept based on Fahmy et al.'s (2004) 3 characteristics of rural: remoteness, accessibility, and rural locale and sense of place. The authors take stock of the dimensions of rural proofing addressed within each of the research fields to find similarities and differences; that is, if articles are rural proofed (or not) when discussing rural entrepreneurship.FindingsThe classification of articles across the three dimensions of rural proofing shows that the field of rural entrepreneurship is being addressed mainly in the dimensions of remoteness and accessibility, while few authors in rural studies journals give priority to the rural locale and sense of place dimension. The results of the authors' review reveal that out of a total of 97 articles on rural entrepreneurship, 56 articles address at least one dimension of rural proofing and 41 articles do not address any dimension. Among the 41 articles not rural proofed, rurality is not problematized when discussing rural entrepreneurship. Instead, the authors focus on specific topics such as social capital, community entrepreneurship/networks, entrepreneurs'/farmers' identity, illegality in rural areas, and institutional framework. The number of non-rural-proofed articles in entrepreneurship journals is almost double that in rural studies journals. This means that authors in entrepreneurship journals do not problematize rurality to the same extent as authors in rural studies journals when addressing rural entrepreneurship.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors emphasize the need for increased cross-fertilization between the fields of entrepreneurship and rural studies as an avenue to develop the entrepreneurship field in the direction towards rural proofing. A close collaboration with academia and policymakers is essential to promote interdisciplinary research in order to make a distinctive contribution to rural development. Scholars in either of the two fields will benefit from our review and identification of similarities and differences in the research. The review is one step towards promoting a closer dialog between the two fields.Originality/valuePrevious reviews have focused mainly on what rural entrepreneurship entails (e.g. what topics are discussed) rather than how rural entrepreneurship is discussed. This paper centers on the differences and similarities of the two main fields and provides an in-depth qualitative analysis of how rural entrepreneurship is discussed by utilizing the rural proofing concept.

The implementation of rural entrepreneurship emerges as a pivotal pathway for fostering rural economic growth. However, unsustainable entrepreneurial endeavors have posed notable ecological threats and environmental degradation. Drawing upon the triple bottom line framework, this research devised a comprehensive evaluation system for sustainable rural entrepreneurship, spanning four dimensions: entrepreneurs, economic, social, and environmental aspects. Employing the fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DANP) approach, we delineated the intricate causal relationships among influencing factors and identified key determinants along with their respective weights. Our findings underscore the prominence of economic dimensions in fostering sustainable rural entrepreneurship. Specifically, entrepreneurial motivation, type of entrepreneurship, financial backing, economic value, favorable policy frameworks, and a conducive business environment emerged as pivotal indicators. Notably, the type of entrepreneurship, financial support, economic value, and favorable policies emerged as propelling factors driving sustainable rural entrepreneurial progress. Conversely, entrepreneurial motivation and the business environment manifested as dependent factors within this causal nexus. This study offers valuable managerial implications for entrepreneurial teams and pertinent government agencies, enabling decision-makers to formulate evidence-based strategies aimed at realizing sustainable rural entrepreneurship.

… given the rural focus of this study. Specifically, we model rural entrepreneurship using only US … To account for this, we build a spatially weighted entrepreneurship measure reflecting the …

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal configuration effect of the determinants of tourism entrepreneurship in rural tourism destinations based on the capital framework. Design/methodology/approach The data for this research were collected from a sample comprising 140 rural enterprise owners in China and analyzed via fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Findings All the investigated capital factors were relevant to tourism entrepreneurship, although they only facilitated tourism entrepreneurship when combined. It was observed here that four capital configurations promoted tourism entrepreneurship in rural destinations, highlighting the multiple paths toward rural tourism entrepreneurship. The human and physical capitals of entrepreneurs were key to tourism entrepreneurship. Practical implications It is relevant for entrepreneurs and managers to realize that there are multiple strategies for promoting tourism entrepreneurship in rural destinations. The four capital configurations revealed here offer guidelines for evaluating the potential and possibility of rural tourism entrepreneurship. Local managers and governments must prioritize human and physical capitals when the venture capital and resources are limited. Originality/value First, the findings of this study deepened the understanding of the factors influencing tourism entrepreneurship using the capital framework. Second, it revealed that capital configurations determined tourism entrepreneurship and that existence and interactions of the various forms of capital affect rural entrepreneurship. Third, this study revealed that the success of tourism entrepreneurship depends on the entrepreneur’s ability to combine the various forms of capital and resources.

In rural areas, entrepreneurship helps lift households out of poverty by alleviating unemployment and increasing income, and financial literacy plays an important role in promoting entrepreneurship. Social capital is a resource embedded in social relationships, the boundaries of which have been expanded by the development of information communications technologies (ICTs). This article aims to link social capital, financial literacy, and rural entrepreneurship through a partial mediating effect analysis. Using data from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), we analyze how social capital affects rural entrepreneurship and the role of local ICTs development in this effect while also accounting for reverse causality. We construct a social capital indicator, mainly referring to bridging social capital, and two financial literacy indicators to make the conclusions robust. The empirical results show that social capital promotes rural entrepreneurship by sharing financial literacy. Furthermore, the spread of ICTs enhances this mediating effect. Our study provides empirical evidence for encouraging entrepreneurship and promoting knowledge sharing and implies the importance of ICTs in promoting entrepreneurship in rural areas.

Most entrepreneurship studies have an urban focus, and it is studied mainly from the perspective of opportunity exploitation. Rural entrepreneurship presents different characteristics, and it requires analysis from a resource-based view since this kind of entrepreneurial behavior takes place in rural communities under resource constraints. The sustainable livelihood perspective represents a relevant framework in rural entrepreneurship, considering resources and capacities to face poverty in rural areas. Therefore, this study presents a literature review to identify current and emerging issues in rural entrepreneurship from a sustainable livelihood framework. The literature review identifies that the main concepts involved in rural entrepreneurship and sustainable livelihood are women, poverty alleviation, youth, social entrepreneurship, and institutions. Likewise, social capital and human capital prevail as the most relevant capitals in the analyzed documents. The study offers research opportunities in emerging issues related to social entrepreneurship, governance and institutions, livelihood growth, and eco-entrepreneurship for extending the boundaries of rural entrepreneurship from the sustainable livelihood framework.

PurposeThe main purpose of this research is to investigate factors influencing rural women entrepreneurship development and sustainable rural livelihoods in Manicaland province of Zimbabwe.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative research was conducted in Manicaland province in Zimbabwe. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 400 women entrepreneurs in various sectors. The participants were in vegetable vending, operating clothing flea markets and cross border trading. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Structural equation modeling in SmartPLS version 3 was used to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe study established that women entrepreneurship is driven by financial factors, positive environmental factors, positive psychological factors as well as positive sociological factors for a sustainable rural livelihood.Research limitations/implicationsIt is clear that if the discovered challenges are not addressed, sustainability of women entrepreneurship will remain a dream.Practical implicationsThe study came up with strategies for improving women entrepreneurship activities. Future research can be done in other areas of provinces to avoid generalization challenges.Social implicationsMany challenges hinder the sustainability of women entrepreneurship. Major impediments to women entrepreneurship comprises inadequate support from government schemes, patriarchal societal structure of the community, lack of relevant entrepreneurial knowledge to manage businesses, lack of collateral security to access funding, time limitation or role conflict to balance family pressures and business.Originality/valueThe study recommends proper entrepreneurship education and training, supportive government schemes and access to network affiliation/connection to sustain women entrepreneurship.

The study assessed the factors affecting youth participation in rural entrepreneurship in Benin using data from the School-to-Work Transition Survey (SWTS) and applying the binary logit and the multinomial logit models. The results showed youth who have a larger number of children are more likely to choose agricultural businesses (agripreneurship) while those who have formal education, who have received training on entrepreneurship, who have registered business, and those who have located in urban areas are more likely to engage in non-agricultural businesses. Within agripreneurship, youth who belong to a larger household are more likely to engage in farming while those who are educated, who have access to credit, and who are located in urban areas are more likely to be engaged in non-farming agri-businesses. The study also revealed that cash crop production among Beninese youth was positively influenced by access to credit. The findings suggest that it would be necessary to promote development programmes that are geared towards enhancing the capacities of the youth with regards to concepts and skills of entrepreneurship in agriculture and measures to overcome challenges associated with different agribusiness activities.

Rural entrepreneurship in the developing world has long been hailed as a powerful tool for promoting the socioeconomic integration of young people and the key to avoiding rural depopulation as well as ensuring these areas remain attractive places for rural youth. However, there have been no efforts to investigate the role of collective entrepreneurship in the creation and management of new businesses in Morocco. Furthermore, we build on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate and explain entrepreneurial intention among the rural youth members of agricultural cooperatives, and identify the vulnerabilities and factors that influence the choice or decision-making between permanent membership at the cooperative and an entrepreneurial career. In this case, we apply the cognitive approach to survey rural youth in the Drâa-Tafilalet region of Morocco in 2020. The binary logistic regression analysis technique has been used and applied to build the best model to explain why some rural youth members of the cooperative, but not others, choose to become entrepreneurs. We model how agricultural cooperatives may favor or inhibit the translation of entrepreneurial intention into new venture creation. A random sample size of 130 young people has been selected, from which 54 are intending to start a business and 76 have a negative intention of self-employment. The results of the analysis showed that socio-demographic variables, individual perceptions, previous experience, and the activities of the cooperative were statistically significant and reliable in building the binary logistic regression model. Findings also suggest that the risks of agribusiness and financing constraints have a negative influence on entrepreneurial intentions of the youth and women in agricultural cooperatives.

Entrepreneurship is a crucial driver of economic growth, especially in rural areas. Understanding the unique components that contribute to the success of rural entrepreneurial ecosystems is essential. This study presents a cutting-edge approach to uncover the essential components of rural entrepreneurial ecosystems that support rural entrepreneurship. We employ bibliometric techniques that enable us to leverage the Scopus database's academic paper metadata related to entrepreneurial ecosystems. Through citation analysis, we identify a core network of studies related to entrepreneurial ecosystems. Co-occurrence analysis visualizes the clusters of the most prominent components in both general and rural entrepreneurial ecosystems. We interpret the results based on a literature review. Our study categorizes the essential components into two: actor (academics, business, government, and community) and non-actor (human capital, network, entrepreneurial culture, financial systems, governance systems, infrastructure, environmental resources, and market) components. Environmental resources are critical in distinguishing the conditions of an entrepreneurial ecosystem in rural areas. This component represents the uniqueness and local economic potential of smaller areas, whereas in general entrepreneurial ecosystem studies, this component might not be a concern. By uncovering the components of rural entrepreneurial ecosystems, our study provides insights that can help policymakers, practitioners, and academics better support rural entrepreneurship and promote economic growth in rural areas.

After the UN’s adoption of 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, it became clear that the relationship between sustainability and entrepreneurship was an area for re-examination. Traditional measures of entrepreneurial success rested largely on economic indicators; observatories like the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) extended them, including cultural and social indicators. There is now a real need to measure and analyze the relationship between sustainable entrepreneurship and eco-innovation and drive positive economic activity outcomes, sustainable development, and social welfare. For GEM’s consideration, this paper proposes a reimagined tool by which to measure sustainable entrepreneurship and eco-innovation in businesses and assess their level of alignment with UN SDGs. Specifically, it presents a new measurement method, incorporating, but simplifying, a complex range of variables, which can be crystallized into a set of items (questions) to determine businesses’ commitment to entrepreneurship sustainability—social, economic, and environmental. The results can be cross-referenced with other relevant variables, and indicators proposed by the UN, to determine what causal or explanatory relationships might or might not exist. The proposal represents a valuable extension to existing data gathering tools, and will be of use to researchers and practitioners in the field of entrepreneurship—especially as its sustainability credentials and environmental impact are in the spotlight.

… on rural tourism contributions, meaning what rural tourism … More specifically, we focus on rural tourism’s contributions, … and an overall measurement framework for understanding the …

PurposePolicy for women's entrepreneurship is designed to promote economic growth, not least in depleted rural areas, but very little is known about the contributions of rural women entrepreneurs, their needs or how the existing policy is received by them. Using a theoretical framework developed by Korsgaard et al. (2015), the authors analyse how rural women entrepreneurs contribute to rural development and discuss the implications for entrepreneurship policy. This paper aims to focus on the aforementioned objectives.Design/methodology/approachThe authors interviewed 32 women entrepreneurs in rural Sweden representing the variety of businesses in which rural Swedish women are engaged. The authors analysed their contributions to rural development by analysing their motives, strategies and outcomes using Korsgaard et al.’s framework of “entrepreneurship in the rural” and “rural entrepreneurship” as a heuristic, interpretative device.FindingsIrrespective of industry, the respondents were deeply embedded in family and local social structures. Their contributions were substantial, multidimensional and indispensable for rural viability, but the policy tended to bypass most women-owned businesses. Support in terms of business training, counselling and financing are important, but programmes especially for women tend to miss the mark, and so does rural development policy. More important for rural women entrepreneurs in Sweden is the provision of good public services, including for example, schools and social care, that make rural life possible.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, the findings question the individualist and a-contextual focus of much entrepreneurship research, as well as the taken-for-granted work–family divide. How gender and how the public and the private are configured varies greatly between contexts and needs contextual assessment. Moreover, the results call for theorising place as an entrepreneurial actor.Practical implicationsBased on the findings, the authors advise future policymakers to gender mainstream entrepreneurship policy and to integrate entrepreneurship and rural development policy with family and welfare state policy.Originality/valueThe paper highlights how rural women respond to policy, and the results are contextualised, making it possible to compare them to other contexts. The authors widen the discussion on contributions beyond economic growth, and the authors show that policy for public and commercial services and infrastructure is indeed also policy for entrepreneurship.

… rural ecosystems will “fly under the radar” of most measures of productive ecosystem outputs due to a low density of high-growth companies—does this mean that rural … alternative rural …

… entrepreneurial practices. The objective of this chapter is to present an integrated framework on rural entrepreneurship … Social innovation is hard to measure as it is based on perceptions…

PurposeThis paper aims to organize the existing empirical research on women entrepreneurs (WEs) in India, highlight the research areas that have not received attention and present opportunities for future research.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review (SLR) was performed on 74 scholarly articles focusing on WEs in India and published between 1993 and 2020. This review is structured around the 4W framework used in previous SLRs. The review is directed by the following foci: what do we know about academic research on WEs in India? How were these studies conducted? Where were these studies conducted? Why should academicians and practitioners consider WE research?FindingsThe authors arrived at four main themes underlying the empirical research on WEs: success factors for WEs, challenges faced by WEs, factors that attract and motivate WEs and performance measures for WEs. While challenges and success factors have received attention from researchers, there is a distinct lack of papers on factors that attract or motivate WE and performance measures. The main gaps identified were a lack of theoretical basis in studies, reliance on interview and survey-based methodology and a lack of context-specific studies.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this review are limited to WEs operating in India. Only Scopus-indexed journals listed in the Australian Business Dean's Council Journal Quality List (ABDC JQL) were included in the final SLR list.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies to use a systematic approach to provide a detailed account of the state of the literature on women's entrepreneurship research in India.

PurposeThis study aims to examine how women's groups help women to navigate context-related barriers to their engagement in rural entrepreneurship. The paper combines the contextualisation of entrepreneurship framework and the feminist separatist theory to describe how women's groups in patriarchal rural communities enable women to circumvent context-related barriers and actively engage in rural entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachBased on a case study of 12 women's groups engaged in paddy farming, rice processing and marketing in rural Tanzania, this study draws on semi-structured interviews with 46 women, four focus group discussions, four in-depth key informant interviews and non-participant observation.FindingsRural women face unique context-related challenges that hinder them from effectively participating in rural entrepreneurship. Specifically, limited access to farmlands and profitable markets, lack of business networks, limited time, poverty and insufficient financial resources constrain women's engagement in entrepreneurship. To overcome these contextual barriers, rural women have organised themselves into groups to gain access to business services, business-related training, grants and business networks.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the existing literature on contextualising entrepreneurship by focussing on how rural contexts may constrain women's entrepreneurial engagement while showing how women respond to contextual barriers that enable them to participate in rural entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsThis study shows that women with low education can pursue rural entrepreneurship if they are supported through training and access to networks. This will support the performance of these groups of women.Originality/valueThis study offers new insights into the role of women's groups in navigating gender-related constraints that hinder women from participating in rural entrepreneurship within the patriarchal context of low-income countries. Thus, new perceptions for the gender and rural entrepreneurship theory and the policy implications thereof are proffered.

… ) five-item scale to measure entrepreneurial intention of rural migrant workers, and revised the expression in every term to highlight the entrepreneurial context of the returning migrant …

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book deals directly with the theoretical difficulties and suggests ways forward in critical rural research centred on contemporary departures from the categorical logic of petty commodity production. It looks at contemporary social and economic forms of small-scale production in rural areas and their significance in the very different circumstances of countries in southern Europe, Latin America and central Europe. The book examines the re-emergence of small-scale enterprise in rural Hungary, using the concept of the second economy and stressing its significance for household livelihoods and gross domestic product in a centrally planned context despite, until recently, being officially discouraged. It argues that rural areas have been promoted as zones of economic potential in an unprecedented way during the 1980s.

… Entrepreneurship has been recognised as one of the necessary conditions for economic development. Entrepreneurial activities create further business opportunities for exploitation in …

PurposeThe study aims to identify the dynamic complexities and development points of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) in the agricultural sector of Iran to improve production factors' productivity, including arable land, water resources and human capital.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the EE of the agricultural sector in Iran was designed following Isenberg's framework. Then, the main variables and interrelationships of the variables in each context of the ecosystem, called subsystems, were formulated using the system dynamics (SD) approach. Next, the model was simulated and validated. Afterward, different policy options were identified, embedded into the model structure and simulated. Finally, the best policy group was selected.FindingsAccording to Isenberg's EE model, three groups of policies were identified and evaluated, including “entrepreneurship development financing and investment policy,” “agricultural ecosystem's supportive services development policy” and “production factors productivity development policy.” According to the simulation results, the best combination of the solution strategies was recognized. The presented SD-EE model has a generic nature in the agricultural sector and could be modified to be applied in different regions for policy-making purposes.Originality/valueThe main contribution of the study is twofold. First, Isenberg's EE framework is applied to structure the main subsystems and interrelationships of the subsystems in the agricultural sector that has previously received limited attention. Second, the research is the first to operationalize the basic theory of Isenberg's EE in practice applying a robust systemic modeling methodology like SD.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss to what extent and why women's entrepreneurship contributes to rural economic viability and gender equality in an advanced welfare state.Design/methodology/approach The authors use detailed register data to explore men's and women's rural businesses in the most common industries for rural women entrepreneurs in the Swedish welfare state. Based on a literature review, the authors develop hypotheses and analyse how family, business and industry factors influence earnings.Findings Women's rural entrepreneurship is important for rural viability, as women's businesses provide a wide range of services necessary for life in rural areas. Although women's rural businesses are not significantly smaller than those of men, women's income is lower and more sensitive to business and industry variables. Marriage has positive effects for the earnings of men but negative effects for the earnings of women. The authors argue that the results are contingent on the gendering of entrepreneurship and industries, as well as on the local rural gender contracts. For these reasons, the importance of women entrepreneurs for rural viability is not reflected in their own incomes. Hence, women's rural entrepreneurship does not result in (economic) gender equality.Originality/value Entrepreneurship scholars rarely explore women's rural entrepreneurship, and particularly not in the Global North or Western welfare states. Therefore, this empirical study from Sweden provides novel information on how the gender order on the business, industry and family levels influences the income of men and women entrepreneurs differently.

Abstract In recent years, China's rural areas have undergone intense restructuring motivated by various flows derived from e-commerce, which has triggered a new wave of rural rejuvenation. Attempting to reveal the process and mechanism of rural economic restructuring driven by e-commerce, this paper takes Xiaying village in central China to conduct an empirical study by introducing the theory of “space of flows” and applying the method of semi-structured interview. The results show that e-commerce has become a technical catalyst to the variation of industry structure, employment pattern and household economy. Xiaying village has performed a leap from traditional agriculture to commercial service and constructed a complete e-commerce oriented industry chain, which is distinguished from the traditional path of rural modernization adhering to the gradual evolution of the primary, secondary and tertiary industry in China. In response, the employment pattern is diversified and tends to be de-agriculturalization, thus providing an economic advancement opportunity for rural households. As a matter of fact, rural elites, technology innovation (e-commerce platform), resource endowments and government support all contributed greatly to this restructuring process. What distinguishes it from others is the strong mobility and exchange of urban and rural elements, which functions as the initial engine. Essentially, this transition can be considered as the impact of the network on the geographic space restructuring rural economy.