Gender Issues in Peacekeeping

虽然翻译实践长期存在于众多国际组织中，但尚未得到足够的学术关注。本文基于国家翻译实践理论，讨论了超国家翻译实践的概念、特征、功能与价值问题；继而根据中国维和部队联络官的回忆录 and 访谈等相关文献，考察了中国在联合国维和行动中的翻译实践。研究发现，在中国维和行动中，翻译发挥着不可或缺的重要作用，它服务于联合国安理会维护世界和平与安全的宗旨，具有超国家性、多元性和专业权威性等特点，并在中国维和分队内部组织、对外联络以及文化外交等方面作出了卓越的贡献。超国家翻译实践研究对于培养国际组织翻译人才和建设人类命运共同体具有重要启示。

Abstract Twenty years after the passing of Resolution 1325, the participation of women as military personnel in peacekeeping operations remains limited. Women currently comprise just under five per cent of military personnel in UN peacekeeping missions, and the UN consistently calls for more. We contend the low numbers of female military personnel in peacekeeping reflects a lack of gender mainstreaming in national militaries globally. This article introduces the problem of sidestreaming, the practice, deliberate or unintentional, of sidelining women and relegating them to specialised spaces in international peace and security while attempting gender mainstreaming or increased gender integration. Drawing on empirical evidence from national militaries we show how and where sidestreaming occurs with the result being that women remain clustered in gendered and low-status spaces in national militaries and in specialised spaces in peacekeeping operations. This has a negative effect on retention and recruitment contributing to the low numbers of female peacekeepers in UN peace operations. We conclude that gender mainstreaming in its fullest sense will require military reform that decouples violence and combat skills from masculinity and inclusive research strategies that engage men as well as women.

… of gender mainstreaming in UN peacekeeping mandates. … gender content in mandates, but selectively so. Statistical analyses of an original dataset covering all 71 UN peacekeeping …

… and implementing gender mainstreaming is important. Unfortunately, gender mainstreaming is … Further, it is important to note that gender mainstreaming is the responsibility of both men …

… of gender in the UN system for peacekeeping issues as well as in research. It focuses on two main areas: the first is a review of the current situation regarding gender mainstreaming in …

… POLICIES AND PRACTICE IN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS … gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping operations is the full incorporation of gender perspectives into all peacekeeping …

… The situation on the ground therefore increasingly renders the UN peacekeeping doctrine … already complex peacekeeping discourse and the vast underrepresentation of gender issues …

… women’s representation and gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping missions a major priority within the UN. There are now almost no mandates that do not include the mention of …

… Leadership in peacekeeping Although gender was not part of the mandates of the other four peacekeeping operations in this study, gender mainstreaming issues were addressed in …

… effectiveness of current gender mainstreaming and balancing … in the field of gender and peacekeeping. Feminist research has … explores the gender dimensions of peacekeeping. Yet, in …

ABSTRACT The Indian government has presented itself as a champion of gender mainstreaming in UN peacekeeping. At the same time, the domestic security sector in India continues to create a gender-segregated environment and experiences of uniformed women in the field show remaining barriers for gender equity. Given this contradiction, the article examines the ambivalence inherent to Indian gender mainstreaming of peacekeeping units. We argue that transnational norms, such as gender mainstreaming, are embedded in larger norm bundles, and we combine the literature of norm localization and norm contestation in our conceptual framework to illustrate how India localizes parts of the gender mainstreaming norm bundle whilst contesting others. We find that India’s localization of the gender mainstreaming norm has meant to pursue an asymmetric gender-parity approach between different branches of the Indian security forces and that it has fomented a division of labour within the police corps. Moreover, we illustrate how India contests the idea of placing women in security-sensitive areas, in combat roles, and gender-integrated police units.

… This chapter considers gender mainstreaming practices … tive model of gender mainstreaming that mobilizes diverse gender … Thus, gender mainstreaming in UN peacekeeping missions …

… on how to improve gender mainstreaming efforts. The issues … a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations. To that … a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations, and …

… It legally requires gender mainstreaming on all UN peacekeeping and related state actions. Fortythree states, as diverse as China, the US, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates, Nepal…

… on gender mainstreaming: the kind of notions of men and women produced in gender mainstreaming and the kind of effects mainstreaming … I interviewed 16 Finnish peacekeepers. The …

… This is not a prescription for ‘gender mainstreaming’ grafted onto … To the study of peacekeeping, the chapter contributes a … of gender inequalities and of insecurity, including all forms of …

… Similarly, whether the greater participation of women in peacekeeping increases the operational efficiency of missions depends more on a nuanced consideration of gender dynamics …

… women play in processes of conflict prevention, conflict resolution, peacekeeping and peace building, women … decision-making in the sphere of peace and security’.Footnote 29 Yet the …

Research indicates that peacekeeping protection measures remains an underdeveloped dimension in many operations and suggests two principal impediments to progress. First, there is a need for further nuancing efforts to address women's security concerns by expanding responsibilities beyond that of preventing conflict-related sexual violence to incorporate security threats that stem from the complexity of how violence is used to restrain women's agency and those that originate in how war impacts society. Second, women's security concerns have to be elevated to a priority in peacekeeping; a decision that should be accompanied by an improved capacity. To contribute to progress, this chapter presents research results on i) the participation-protection nexus, ii) protection of civilians from conflict-related sexual violence, and iii) the broader impact of war and peacekeeping dividends. Combined, research strongly agrees with policy on the need to understand peacekeeping protection in the context of the dynamics of war and gender equality.

… Female participation in peacekeeping missions—a key … security policy—has stagnated. Although certainly a major improvement on the mere 20 women who served as peacekeepers …

… , Security Council resolutions on women, peace and security have sought to incorporate a gender perspective into peacekeeping … solidarity amongst women peace activists, the authors …

Peacebuilding is less likely to succeed without the participation and consideration of women. In the last two decades, peace operations deployed on the African continent under the banner of the United Nations and the African Union have included mandates focused on strengthening women’s participation in peace processes, ensuring the protection of women and girls, and integrating gender considerations into the approach of missions at building sustainable peace. This chapter examines the approaches undertaken in two case study countries—Liberia (where a long-standing UN peace operation has recently departed) and South Sudan (where a UN peace operation continues to operate with significant constraints)—in order to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that UN engagement has offered in terms of advancing equality and women’s security in each country.

… Specifically, we ask whether having a peacekeeping mission and the framework of UNSCR 1325 actually make a difference in terms of advancing gender equality within conflict- …

… peacekeepers are sent to such areas to improve women’s security. They highlight the need for more data on the important question of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and suggest that: …

… women's needs in peacebuilding and to empower local women's peace groups and their security … Ultimately, however, gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping will consciously be …

… women peace and security’.Footnote 14 Its uniqueness is in its adoption by the highest international security body – the United Nations Security … of women we deploy as peacekeepers. …

… women, peace and security. It calls for the prosecution of crimes against women, increased protection of women … appointment of more women to UN peacekeeping operations and field …

‘Women, Peace and Security’ (WPS) is not just any normative agenda: everyone wants a piece of it. WPS is characterized by unprecedented recognition by states at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the presence of multiple stakeholders, including its own transnational NGO network focused on the first Resolution, 1325. The high degree of participation from civil society in framing the norm from the outset—driving their own access to contestation—makes WPS relatively unique among global normative agendas. It is therefore a good case in which to examine the ‘dynamics of dissent’ and test the effects of discursive and behavioural contestation on normative change. The article seeks to advance the thriving literature on the UN WPS agenda and to further develop the exploratory approach to contestation, which evaluates normative progress based on increased access of all those affected by the norm to practices of norm validation. It maps norm contestation at distinct sites, reflecting a sequence of WPS events referenced at the 2015 UNSC open debate on WPS. It evaluates practices of contestation with regard to affected WPS stakeholders' access to political agency and assesses ‘whose practices’ affect norm change and transformative change in the WPS agenda. The authors conclude that the relative access of the wide range of stakeholders to the different repertoires and constellations of contestation affects the outcomes of WPS. They suggest that scholars should evaluate diverse practices of contestation and identify expanding spaces and choices for a variety of local, national and regional perceptions of gender-equal peace and security. This article forms part of the special section of the May 2019 issue of International Affairs on ‘The dynamics of dissent’, guest-edited by Anette Stimmer and Lea Wisken.

… the advantages of women's participation in peacekeeping … of women in such operations. In the latter part of the paper we will analyze women's participation in the UN Peacekeeping …

Twenty years since the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 there is an almost unanimous call for an increased number of uniformed women in peace operations from policy-makers and multilateral organizations. This continuous push for the inclusion of more women is often justified by arguments about an increased operational effectiveness related to women's ‘added value’: both implicitly and explicitly advocating for greater gender equality. Yet, in this article, I contend that using instrumentalist arguments to increase the number of female peacekeepers may on the contrary undermine gender equality. This is related to the risk of producing self-fulfilling prophecies whereby female peacekeepers try to live up to the high expectations by fitting into gender-stereotypes and/or by working harder than their male colleagues. Rather than increase gender equality, such efforts risk transforming the female ‘added value’ to an ‘added burden’ which male peacekeepers do not have to carry. Anchoring the study in feminist theory with the aim to understand gendered relations of power, to illustrate my argument I draw on extensive interview material from military staff and peacekeepers in South Africa, Burundi, Belgium and Niger; interviews and informal discussions with female and male peacekeepers; and participation in several policy and research workshops on female participation in peacekeeping.

This chapter discusses the progress and challenges of mainstreaming gender in UN peacekeeping. To do so, we trace the evolution and impact of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda’s successive resolutions on peacekeeping. Specifically, we provide an overview of the participation of female peacekeeping personnel in UN missions, tracing key target and agenda-setting policy events, as well as examining causes for the slow progress in female participation. This chapter also highlights the internal tensions within WPS itself by examining the implementation of Resolution 1325 in the peacekeeping field. To that end, we consider the operational dimensions of the WPS agenda in UN peacekeeping, highlighting issues brought to the fore by the WPS Global Study and the High-level Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) reports. Moreover, we examine the coherence of these two reports and offer strategies for the implementation of their recommendations. Finally, we argue that while gender-balancing might be tokenistic, it is a necessary but insufficient strategy to ensure meaningful participation in this highly militarized context.

… That is, the UN has increasingly started using a discourse of effectiveness to argue for the necessity of gender balancing, stating that the participation of women in military peacekeeping …

ABSTRACT The UN. has intensified efforts to recruit female peacekeepers for peacekeeping missions. From 2006 to 2014, the number of female military personnel in UN peacekeeping missions nearly tripled. The theory driving female recruitment is that female peacekeepers employ distinctive skills that make units more effective along a variety of dimensions. Yet skeptics argue that deeper studies are needed. This paper explores the theoretical mechanisms through which female military personnel are thought to increase the effectiveness of peacekeeping units. Using new data, we document variation in female participation across missions over time, and we explore the impact of female ratio balancing on various conflict outcomes, including the level of female representation in post-conflict political institutions, the prevalence of sexual violence in armed conflict, and the durability of peace. We find evidence that a greater proportion of female personnel is systematically associated with greater implementation of women’s rights provisions and a greater willingness to report rape, and we find no evidence of negative consequences for the risk of conflict recurrence. We conclude that the inclusion of more female peacekeepers in UN peacekeeping does not reduce the ability to realize mission goals.

… participation of women in peacekeeping missions through the experience of Dutch female peacekeepers … First, it argues that although peacekeeping is a relatively new military model it …

ABSTRACT This study explores how the duration of missions affects the participation of women in United Nations (UN) peace operations. I argue that women are less likely to be deployed in the early stages of missions because new missions are associated with high levels of operational uncertainty, which is ultimately a type of risk. Instead, women’s participation will increase over time as the uncertainty decreases and the operating environment becomes more predictable. In an extended analysis, I also explore if the level of gender equality in a troop contributing country affects the decision to deploy women to the early phases of missions. Applying a large-N approach, I study the proportion of women in military contributions to UN peace operations between 2009 and 2015. Using a set of multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear models, the main argument find empirical support. However, when the robustness of the findings is challenged, there is indication that there could be additional factors that affect operational uncertainty and the perceived risk associated with an operating environment. The result of the extended analysis indicate that more gender equal countries are more prone to deploy larger proportions of female military personnel, regardless of when the deployment takes place.

… female peacekeepers may negatively impact on the security of local women. The participants mentioned that if the local women were caught speaking to female peacekeepers in Sudan…

What effect do peacekeeping operations (PKOs) have on women’s empowerment? The gendered consequences of peacekeeping have long been an issue of contention. Stung by multiple cases of peacekeepers directly engaging in sexual exploitation and abuse, the United Nations took measures to mainstream gender equality within PKO goals, ranging from protection from sexual violence to the encouragement of female participation in peacebuilding processes. Yet while a growing body of research has begun to provide insights into the gendered aspects of the PKOs themselves, much less is known about the broader gendered impact of PKOs on the host countries. To better understand these effects, we examine the extent to which PKOs serve to advance female empowerment in terms of women’s participation in official political channels as well as women’s civil liberties and active involvement in civil society participation. Examining these linkages from 1970–2013, we find that multidimensional PKOs are conducive to growing levels of women’s empowerment, though such growth decreases considerably after the conclusion of the PKO.

ABSTRACT Women play a prominent role in bringing about peace in post-conflict societies. Several studies have found the systematic and representative inclusion of women in conflict resolution processes to significantly increase the chances of sustainable peace. However, women’s contribution to peace processes are often underemphasized or ignored in conflict management research and praxis. It was not until the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and seven other related resolutions that critical attention was given to women’s role in the peace process. This article provides an in-depth review of the literature on women’s contribution to conflict resolution and peacebuilding. The overall aim is to provide researchers and actors in the global peace market with a distillation of the salient studies and findings from research on women’s involvement in the peace process. Such an effort is necessary to bring together the sparse literature on women’s contribution to peace and to reveal existing gaps in the literature for future research.

… of peacekeeping, such as sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA). This study presents the Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Peacekeepers … the 36 international peacekeeping missions by …

… of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) by UN peacekeepers in … peacekeeping and identifies four factors that continue to contribute to the high rates of SEA amongst UN peacekeepers …

… The focus of this study is on the problem of under-reporting of ‘sexual exploitation and abuse’ cases by aid workers and peacekeepers, the reasons behind it and suggestions on how to …

… the impartiality of UN peacekeeping in light of allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeeping personnel. It considers the role that sexual exploitation and abuse play both …

… UN peacekeepers in sexual exploitation and abuse of … peacekeepers were unsubstantiated.3 It was, the Office said, ‘misleading and untrue’ to say that sexual exploitation and abuse …

… notes that current efforts to address sexual exploitation and abuse are ad-hoc and inadequate … peacekeepers are the perpetrators of sexual exploitation and abuse is not a new concept. …

… understanding peacekeeping not … sexual exploitation within peacekeeping contexts. Second, colonial and racial ideologies play a significant role in how the figure of the peacekeeping …

… In 2013, a UN investigation declared sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) ‘the most significant risk to UN peacekeeping missions, above and beyond other key risks including protection …

… of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers and … of ‘sexual abuse’, ‘sexual exploitation’ and ‘survival sex’ will … of feminist critiques of sexual exploitation and a discussion of …

… why peacekeepers engage in sexual exploitation and abuse should involve an understanding of the social identities of the peacekeepers … Stockdale points out that sexual behaviour is …

… meanings conveyed by peacekeepers surrounding sexual exploitation as a resource with … the incidence of sexual exploitation perpetrated over many years by peacekeepers in PSO; …

… This report informs the international community on the challenges to investigating and prosecuting peacekeepers who sexually exploit and abuse the civilians they are meant to protect. …