四川林区木生真菌物种多样性及生态功能调查分析

ABSTRACT Wood-rotting basidiomycetes have been investigated in the Chinese forest ecosystem for the past 30 years. Two hundred and five pathogenic wood-decayers belonging to 9 orders, 30 families, and 74 genera have been found in Chinese native forests, plantations, and gardens. Seventy-two species (accounting for 35% of the total pathogenic species) are reported as pathogenic fungi in China for the first time. Among these pathogens, 184 species are polypores, nine are corticioid fungi, eight are agarics and five are hydnoid basidiomycetes. One hundred and seventy-seven species (accounting for 86%) cause white rot, while 28 species (accounting for 14%) result in brown rot; 157 species grow on angiosperm trees (accounting for 76.5%) and 44 species occur on gymnosperm trees (accounting for 21.5%), only four species inhabit both angiosperms and gymnosperms (accounting for 2%); 95 species are distributed in boreal to temperate forests and 110 in subtropical to tropical forests. In addition, 17 species, including Fomitopsis pinicola, Heterobasidion parviporum, and Phellinidium weirii etc. which were previously treated as pathogenic species in China, do not occur in China according to recent studies. In this paper, the host(s), type of forest, rot type, and distribution of each pathogenic species in China are given.

… wood-inhabiting microbial diversity in forest ecosystems. Our study provides in-depth insights into the positive effects of forest disturbances, which are essential for informing sustainable …

Asexual and sexual morphs of saprobic bambusicolous fungi were collected from freshwater and terrestrial habitats in Sichuan Province, China. Taxonomic identification of these fungi was carried out on the basis of morphological comparison, culture characteristics, and molecular phylogeny. Multi-gene phylogeny based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1α sequence data was performed to determine their phylogenetic placement, and the result showed that these fungi belong to Savoryellaceae. Morphologically, four asexual morphs are similar to Canalisporium and Dematiosporium, while a sexual morph well-fits to Savoryella. Three new species, Canalisporium sichuanense, Dematiosporium bambusicola, and Savoryella bambusicola are identified and described. Two new records, C. dehongense and D. aquaticum, were recovered from the bamboo hosts in terrestrial and freshwater habitats, respectively. In addition, the nomenclatural confusion of C. dehongense and C. thailandense is discussed.

… fungal diversity, fungal evolutionary relationships, and ecological roles, while shedding light on fungal pathogenicity and potential applications of fungi. … in Hunan, Sichuan, and Yunnan …

ABSTRACT In the era of molecular phylogeny as dominant evidence in fungal taxonomy, the taxonomic framework of fungi adopted from morphological characteristics has been largely updated. Compared with other fungal groups, macrofungi underwent fewer updates at the order and higher level. In this study, the taxonomic placement of a poorly known macro-basidiomycetous genus Xenasmatella is studied. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses inferred from a seven-locus dataset support that the genus represents an order rank lineage. Accordingly, a monotypic order Xenasmatellales and a monotypic family Xenasmatellaceae are newly introduced for Xenasmatella within Agaricomycetes. The species diversity and relationships of Xenasmatella are further clarified with the aid of the phylogenetic analysis inferred from a four-locus dataset. In association with morphological characteristics, a new species Xenasmatella hjortstamii is described. Moreover, the distribution of Xenasmatella ailaoshanensis, X. gossypina, and X. wuliangshanensis previously known only from type localities in Yunnan Province, China are expanded. In addition, two unnamed single-specimen lineages of Xenasmatella from Victoria State, Australia and Sichuan, China are revealed, likely representing two potential new species of this genus. In summary, the current study updates the taxonomic framework of Agaricomycetes and provides a crucial supplement for comprehensively understanding the evolutionary history of this fungal class.

The Shaluli Mountains are located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau at an elevation of 2500–5000 m. They are characterized by a typical vertical distribution of climate and vegetation and are considered a global biodiversity hotspot. We selected ten vegetation types at different elevation gradients representing distinct forests in the Shaluli Mountains to assess the macrofungal diversity, including subalpine shrub, Pinus spp., Populus spp., Pinus spp. and Quercus spp., Quercus spp., Abies spp., Picea spp. and Abies spp., Picea spp., Juniperus spp., and alpine meadow. In total, 1654 macrofungal specimens were collected. All specimens were distinguished by morphology and DNA barcoding, resulting in the identification of 766 species belonging to 177 genera in two phyla, eight classes, 22 orders, and 72 families. Macrofungal species composition varied widely among vegetation types, but ectomycorrhizal fungi were predominant. In this study, the analysis of observed species richness, the Chao1 diversity index, the invsimpson diversity index, and the Shannon diversity index revealed that the vegetation types with higher macrofungal alpha diversity in the Shaluli Mountains were composed of Abies, Picea, and Quercus. The vegetation types with lower macrofungal alpha diversity were subalpine shrub, Pinus spp., Juniperus spp., and alpine meadow. The results of curve-fitting regression analysis showed that macrofungal diversity in the Shaluli Mountains was closely related to elevation, with a trend of increasing and then decreasing with rising elevation. This distribution of diversity is consistent with the hump-shaped pattern. Constrained principal coordinate analysis based on Bray–Curtis distances indicated that macrofungal community composition was similar among vegetation types at similar elevations, while vegetation types with large differences in elevation differed significantly in macrofungal community composition. This suggests that large changes in elevation increase macrofungal community turnover. This study is the first investigation of the distribution pattern of macrofungal diversity under different vegetation types in high-altitude areas, providing a scientific basis for the conservation of macrofungal resources.

… macrofungi belonging to 10 families, 14 genera, 26 species were collected, including 16 edible macrofungi… species in four main host macrofungi showed that the species and quantity of …

Within the genus Mallocybe, new species have been continuously discovered on a global scale, yet only few species have been reported from China. During surveys of macro-fungi diversity and taxonomy in Sichuan Province, China, two samples were collected in the forests dominated by Quercus glauca and identified as a new member of this genus, namely Mallocybe longquanensis. Morphologically, M. longquanensis is distinguished by its small-sized basidioma, light brown to yellowish-brown pileus covered with tomentose-fibrillose, ellipsoidal or ovoid basidiospores, as well as the utriform, clavate to cylindrical cheilocystidia. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, and rpb2 also revealed that the new taxon forms a distinct lineage within the genus Mallocybe. The detailed morphological features, color photographs, and comparisons with morphological similar taxa are provided.

Soil fungi are crucial drivers of log decomposition in forest ecosystems, but how soil fungal community composition varies during the process of log decomposition remains poorly understood. We conducted an experiment incubating decaying logs in a subalpine coniferous forest on the eastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China. Five classes of decaying Minjiang fir (Abies faxoniana) logs were incubated on the forest floor, and the composition and diversity of fungal communities in soils underneath decaying logs were measured using high‐throughput sequencing. A total of 4321 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected by Illumina NovaSeq sequencing analysis. Soil fungal diversity differed significantly during the process of log decomposition and was highest in decay classes III or IV. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were dominant phyla regardless of log decay classes. Moreover, the proportion of arbuscular mycorrhiza, wood saprotroph and saprotrophs increased during the process of log decomposition, but that of ectomycorrhiza decreased. The structure of soil fungal community underneath decaying logs varied greatly with decay classes. Different decay classes of logs favour special fungal groups, implying that the ecological effects of logs at differing decay classes on soil fungal communities were different.

Pleosporales is the largest and most morphologically diverse order in Dothideomycetes, including a large proportion of saprobic fungi. During the investigation of microfungi from decaying wood in Sichuan Province, several novel fungal taxa of asexual and sexual morphs were collected, identified, and well-described. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU, ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1α gene sequences suggested that these new taxa were related to Pleosporales and distributed in five families, viz. Amorosiaceae, Bambusicolaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Occultibambusaceae and Tetraplosphaeriaceae. The morphological comparison and molecular phylogeny evidence justify the establishment of six new taxa, namely Bambusicola guttulata sp. nov., Flabellascoma sichuanense sp. nov., Neoangustimassarina sichuanensis gen. et sp. nov., Occultibambusa sichuanensis sp. nov. and Pseudotetraploa bambusicola sp. nov. Among them, Neoangustimassarina was introduced as the second sexual morph genus in Amorosiaceae; Bambusicola guttulata, O. sichuanensis and P. bambusicola were isolated from bamboos, which contributed to the diversity of bambusicolous fungi. The detailed, illustrated descriptions and notes for each new taxon are provided, as well as a brief note for each family. The potential richness of fungal diversity in Sichuan Province is also discussed.

A fungus within the family Dictyosporiaceae was isolated from submerged-decaying wood in Sichuan Province, China. Combined ITS, LSU, SSU and tef1 sequence data showed that the species represented a new genus and is described here as Neodigitodesmium cheirosporum gen. et sp. nov. Neodigitodesmium distinct from other genera in the family Dictyosporiaceae based on a hyaline and holoblastic basal connecting conidiogenous cell, conical shaped and smaller with fewer rows (1–4) of conidia. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and morphological comparison showed that the recently introduced genus Paradictyocheirospora is congeneric with Digitodesmium. Based on these results, Paradictyocheirospora is reduced to synonymy under the older generic name Digitodesmium.

… This is the ninth in a series of Mycosphere notes wherein we provide notes on various fungal taxa … During a survey of fungi on woody oil plants in Sichuan Province, we have previously …

In Sichuan province, walnuts, consisting of Juglans regia, Juglans sigillata, and the hybrid J. regia × J. sigillata, are commercially important edible nuts, and J. regia is the most widespread plant. To date, the diversity and distribution of fungi inhabiting on Juglans have not received enough attention, although there have been studies focusing on pathogens from fruit and stem. In order to update the checklist of fungi associated with Sichuan walnuts, a survey on fungi associated with the three Juglans species from 15 representative regions in Sichuan was conducted. In this article, ten fungi distributed in two classes of Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes) were described based on morpho-molecular analyses, and two novel species, Neofusicoccum sichuanense and Sphaerulina juglandina, a known species of Ophiognomonia leptostyla, and seven new hosts or geographical records of Cladosporium tenuissimum, Diatrypella vulgaris, Helminthosporium juglandinum, Helminthosporium velutinum, Loculosulcatispora hongheensis, Periconia byssoides, and Rhytidhysteron subrufulum were included. Morphological descriptions and illustrations of these fungi are provided.

Pine trees play a crucial role in the forests of Sichuan Province, boasting rich species diversity and a lengthy evolutionary history. However, research and investigation on fungi associated with pine trees are insufficient. This study investigated the diversity of hyphomycetes fungi associated with pine trees in Sichuan Province, China. During the survey, we collected five specimens of hyphomycetes from branches and bark of species of Pinus. Five barcodes were selected for study and sequenced, including ITS, SSU, LSU, TEF1, and RPB2. Morphological examination and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses revealed three new species, viz. Catenulostroma pini sp. nov. within Teratosphaeriaceae, Kirschsteiniothelia longisporum sp. nov. within Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, Sporidesmiella sichuanensis sp. nov. within Junewangiaceae, and two known species, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum and P. hydei within Paradictyoarthriniaceae, which are the new host records from Pinus species. Catenulostroma pini, distinguished from other species in the genus by its unique morphology, has three conidial morphologies: small terminal helicoconidia, scolecoconidia with many septa, and phragmoconidia conidia. Kirschsteiniothelia longisporum has longer spores when compared to the other species in the genus. According to phylogenetic analysis, Sporidesmiella sichuanensis formed an independent clade sister to S. aquatica and S. juncicola, distinguished by differences in conidial size.

为探讨蒜头果内生、根际真菌与其存活、生长及生境的关系，在云南广南县蒜头果天然分布区选取3个代表不同生境的样地，采集蒜头果根、茎、叶和根际土进行内生、根际真菌的分离鉴定及其群落结构多样性分析。结果表明：3个样地共分离获得蒜头果内生、根际土壤真菌276株，涉及3个门8个纲35个属，其中木霉属，间座壳属和青霉属为优势菌属。不同部位中茎部内生菌种类和数量最为丰富，共93株，24个属，且多样性、均匀度及丰富度指数最高。此外，根部内生菌和根际真菌的群落组成相似性系数最高，而叶部内生菌最低。在相同海拔条件下，裸露石灰岩山地（DY）与石灰岩林地（DB）的蒜头果内生、根际真菌群落组成具有一定的相似性，但前者较后者丰富；石灰岩林地中，低海拔生境（DB）的蒜头果内生、根际真菌群落组成较高海拔生境（NZ）丰富，且二者群落结构差异较大。不同生境间蒜头果内生、根际真菌多样性与丰富度指数为裸露石灰岩山地（DY） > 低海拔石灰岩林地（DB） > 高海拔石灰岩林地（NZ），而优势度与均匀度指数则相反。由此表明，裸露石灰岩山地（DY）的蒜头果内生、根际真菌群落更为丰富，而高海拔石灰岩林地（NZ）的单菌属优势突出，菌落结构较为单一。

对湖北省竹溪县大型真菌物种多样性开展了初步的调查研究, 结果显示: 湖北竹溪共有大型真菌252种, 隶属于20目、62科、140属, 其中子囊菌5目11科23种、担子菌15目51科229种. 优势科属明显, 含10种及以上的科为牛肝菌科、多孔菌科、蘑菇科、红菇科、鹅膏科和小皮伞科等6科, 含5种及以上的属为红菇属、鹅膏菌属等6属. 从资源价值来看, 竹溪县有食药兼用菌10种, 食用菌43种, 药用菌34种, 毒菌22种. 对该地区大型真菌进行保护等级评估, 有近危1种, 无危188种, 中国特有种16种. 从生态分布来看, 竹溪县大型真菌主要分布在阔叶林、针阔混交林 and 针叶林中, 在这3种植被类型中大型真菌物种多样性存在较大差异, 阔叶林中物种最多, 针阔混交林次之, 针叶林最少, 且物种数量相近的阔叶林和针阔混交林中物种组成差异也较大, 相同物种数占比不到各自所含物种数的50%. 大型真菌随海拔梯度呈现正态分布, 海拔601~900 m范围内物种最多, 901~1 200 m次之, 1 201~1 500 m最少.

以随机路线踏查法为主，样地法为辅，对该区林下大型真菌进行较系统地调查，除随机踏查路线外，共选取8块标准样地，调查高黎贡山南段大型真菌资源情况。结果表明：该区内大型真菌种类223种，隶属46科、86属。其中食用菌77种，药用菌21种，毒菌25种，食药兼用菌15种，不明80种；易危1种，近危1种，无危101种，中国特有种8种。优势科为红菇科（Russulaceae）、多孔菌科（Polyporaceae）、丝膜菌科（Cortinariaceae）、牛肝菌科（Boletaceae）、蘑菇科（Agaricalceae）、小菇科（Mycenaceae）。优势属为红菇属（ Russula ）、乳菇属（ Lactarius ）、丝膜菌属（ Cortinarius ）、鹅膏属（ Amanita ） 、 小菇属（ Mycena ）、小皮伞属（ Marasmius ）、多孔菌属（ Polyporus ）、粉褶菌属（ Entoloma ）、蜡蘑属（ Laccaria ） 、 栓菌属（ Trametes ）、马勃属（ Lycoperdon ）、湿伞属（ Hygrocybe ）、小孔菌属（ Microporus ），不同样地的优势属各有不同。区系地理成分具有明显的温带性质，与热带—亚热带大型真菌区系具有一定的关系，与云南大围山相似性较高。

木腐菌是园林树木健康的重要威胁因素之一，其为害不仅直接导致树木生长衰退和影响景观，而且还因造成树木腐朽倒伏给城市生活带来潜在威胁，因此木腐菌调查和诊断研究成为树木风险评估工作的重要部分。本文从国内外园林树木木腐菌资源调查和诊断技术两方面进行较为系统、全面的综述。国外研究木腐菌的历史已有200多年，但主要侧重于木腐菌的分类、腐朽机理以及木腐菌在树木风险评估中的作用等研究。近30年来，我国在木腐菌上的研究成果丰硕，但关注点多在森林生态系统中的大型真菌多样性及木腐菌重要类群系统分类研究。在诊断技术方面，树木雷达、应力波检测等先进仪器在木腐菌的诊断中得到应用，用以评估树木腐朽程度与风险，为城市园林树木保护和管理提供重要技术支持。随着分子生物学发展，DNA条形码技术、实时PCR、等温扩增等新型分子检测技术被广泛应用，相比传统的形态学鉴定方法，这些分子技术显著提高木腐菌的快速诊断能力。本综述以期为园林树木木腐菌识别和早期诊断提供参考。

为探究雪茄烟叶工业发酵过程中真菌群落结构随霉变发生的变化情况,以德雪一号雪茄烟叶为实验材料,采用微生物学计数方法和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对雪茄烟叶工业发酵过程中正常烟叶和霉变烟叶进行霉菌数量及真菌群落结构变化分析。结果表明:与正常烟叶相比,发酵第30 d霉变雪茄烟叶中,霉菌数量最高(8.3×10 4 CFU/g),物种丰富度和多样性最低,OTU数量最少;在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)在发酵第30 d霉变烟叶中为绝对优势菌门,平均相对丰度为99.82%;在属水平上,曲霉属( Aspergillus )为整个发酵过程中的主要优势菌属,在发酵第30 d霉变雪茄烟叶中平均相对丰度最大(92.32%);发酵第30 d霉变雪茄烟叶与正常烟叶相比在物种组成上具有明显差别,其中曲霉属既是优势菌属,又是组间差异菌属,且在各样品中平均相对丰度均最高,推断其为引起雪茄霉变发生的关键菌属。

为探究新疆托木尔峰不同植物根际土壤真菌群落结构和功能差异，利用高通量测序技术探究该保护区内野党参、早熟禾、老鹳草、紫花苜蓿4种植物根际土壤真菌群落结构差异，并分析不同植物根际土壤理化特性与真菌群落结构之间的相关性。结果表明，野党参根际土壤真菌的Shannon和Simpson指数显著高于老鹳草（ P <0.05），但与早熟禾差异不显著。非度量多维尺度分析（non-metric multidimensional scaling， NMDS）结果表明，早熟禾根际土壤真菌群落与老鹳草、紫花苜蓿的差异性相对较小，而早熟禾、老鹳草、紫花苜蓿三者的根际土壤真菌群落与野党参的差异性相对较大。4种植物根际土壤的优势真菌门为子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门和壶菌门，而被孢霉目、肉座菌目是其优势菌目，但它们在不同植物中的相对丰度不尽相同。从营养类型看，4种植物根际土壤真菌优势营养模式均以腐生营养型为主，其相对丰度占32.1%~52.5%，第二优势营养型在野党参和老鹳草根际土壤中分别是共生营养型（9.3%）和病理腐生过渡型（4.1%），在早熟禾和紫花苜蓿中是病理营养型（8.3% and 15.8%）。从功能类群看，未定义腐生真菌是4种植物的最优势功能菌群，其相对丰度占28.6%~44.2%，而其他功能群在不同植物中的占比各不相同。由此可见，托木尔峰根际土壤真菌群落结构在不同植物物种间有差异，研究结果可为深入理解山地植物的环境适应策略和该地区生态环境修复提供理论依据。

【目的】明确云南黄精主栽品种根系间丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF）的定殖状况、多样性和群落结构差异，并探讨黄精根系AMF多样性与根际土壤理化性质间的关系，为黄精栽培专用AMF菌肥的研发和利用打下基础。【方法】以云南黄精主栽品种鸡头黄精、多花黄精和滇黄精根系及根际土壤为研究对象，采用显微形态观察法测定黄精根系中各菌根的定殖参数和根际土壤的AMF孢子密度，通过Illumina高通量测序技术分析不同品种黄精根系间AMF多样性和群落结构差异，并应用皮尔森相关系数法分析AMF多样性与土壤理化因子间的相关性。【结果】黄精根系中AMF定殖强度及定殖率分别在15.11%~39.21%和44.34%~92.22%，根际土壤孢子密度在105.33~285.33个/25 g，其中鸡头黄精的定殖程度显著高于其他2种黄精（ P ＜0.05，下同），而滇黄精根际土壤中的AMF孢子密度最高。通过高通量测序在3种黄精根系中共获得38个OTUs，排除不可归类后分属于4目5科5属14种，其中球囊霉属（ Glomus ）占比最高（80.61%）。多样性分析结果发现，不同品种黄精根系AMF多样性指数差异显著。对比其他品种，滇黄精根系中AMF-OTUs最多，且Shannon指数最高，Simpson指数最低，说明该品种根系中AMF的种类更丰富。PLS-DA结果表明，3个品种黄精根系的AMF群落结构差异明显，其中类球囊霉属（ Paraglomus ）为滇黄精根系的优势属（占比59.86%）， Glomus 为鸡头黄精和多花黄精的优势属（占比分别为95.55%和99.47%）。相关分析结果发现，根际土壤中的碱解氮和有机质含量与黄精根系AMF的Shannon指数呈极显著负相关（ P ＜0.01）。【结论】黄精根系AMF多样性及群落结构与品种密切相关。 Glomus 和 Paraglomus 可作为黄精功能型AMF菌剂开发的重点。

为揭示甜龙竹( Dendrocalamus brandisii )不同地理种源土壤真菌群落的差异，以云南省保山昌宁(CN)、德宏芒市(MS)、临沧沧源(CY)、临翔马台(MT)、普洱思茅(SM)、红河石屏(SP)、玉溪新平(XP)7个地理种源地的甜龙竹土壤为研究对象，采用高通量测序和FUNGuild功能预测的研究方法对土壤真菌进行了测定与分析，探讨了主要土壤因子与真菌群落的相关性。结果表明：①不同地理种源甜龙竹土壤真菌群落α多样性和β多样性存在显著差异( P < 0.05)，其中沧源地区的真菌多样性显著高于其他6个地区，昌宁地区的真菌群落与其他6个地区的差异最大。②7个地理种源甜龙竹土壤真菌群落的优势菌群，在门水平上依次是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢菌门(Mortierellomycota)，这些优势菌门占所有微生物的90% 以上；在纲水平上依次是伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes)、粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)、散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes)和银耳纲(Tremellomycetes)；在属水平上，7个地区除石屏和新平以伞菌属( Agaricus )为优势属外，昌宁地区以 unclassified _ p _ Ascomycota 和古根菌属( Archaeorhizomyces )，沧源地区以被孢霉属( Mortierella )和外瓶霉属( Exophiala )，芒市地区以 unclassified _ c _ Agaricomycetes 和粗糙孔属( Trechispora )，马台地区以青霉属( Penicillium )和 unclassified _ c _ Sordariomycetes ，思茅地区以 Saitozyma 和 Apiotrichum ，为优势属。③土壤pH( R 2 =0.775， P =0.001)、有机质( R 2 =0.627， P =0.001)、速效钾( R 2 =0.548， P =0.002)和全氮( R 2 =0.542， P =0.003)是影响土壤真菌群落的主要土壤因子。④通过FUNGuild功能比对发现，不同地理种源甜龙竹土壤真菌以腐生营养功能型为主，主要功能类群为真菌寄生–未定义的腐生菌。⑤昌宁地区在门、纲和属水平上均具有较多未鉴定的真菌，且有高达58.6% 的真菌功能未能注释。综上，不同地理种源甜龙竹土壤真菌群落多样性、物种组成和真菌功能在空间尺度上存在显著差异，具有各自的地理特征。

Polypores as components of forest ecosystems are an important group of wood-inhabiting fungi playing a key role in forest regeneration. Previously, studies on polypore funga and diversity were focused on limited areas within one land mass only. What are the polypore funga and species composition for large-scale of China, North America and Europe? The funga and species composition of polypores in the three land masses will supply an important source of reference for the distribution patterns of polypores at species level or higher taxa. In the present study the diversity and species composition of polypores in China, North America and Europe are compared based on published data. The species diversity, species composition, major genera and nutritional modes of polypores in the three land masses are comparatively analyzed. A grand total of 1,337 polypore species, belonging to 11 orders, 43 families and 168 genera, have been recorded in these three land masses of the Northern Hemisphere, of which 854 species occur in China, 547 species in North America, and 432 species in Europe. Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Russulales are the three major orders, and Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, and Fomitopsidaceae are the three major families. The brown rot fungi Antrodia and Postia have highest number of species at generic level in the three land masses. The proportionally highest number of white rot polypore species is in China (78.81%), followed by North America (73.86%) and then Europe (67.82%); conversely, the proportion of brown rot polypores is highest in Europe (28.47%) then North America (21.39%) and then China (15.57%). China had the highest polypore diversity followed by North America, and then Europe although North America is around twice as big as China and Europe. White rot is the major nutritional mode of all the polypores in China, North America and Europe accounting for 77.04% of all polypore species. The white rot species as a proportion of all polypores in each of the three land masses are highest in China, followed by North America and then Europe. The polypore diversity patterns are probably due to tree species diversity and the distribution patterns of angiosperm and gymnosperm trees in the three land masses. More tree species and diverse forest types are in China than those in North America and Europe, and these factors may correspond polypore funga and species composition in the three land masses.

As part of an ongoing inventory of Basidiomycota in China, we examined species of the order Hymenochaetales collected from tropical forests. Fungi of this order cause wood rot or diseases in woody plants worldwide and recent studies have substantially contributed to improve their classification system by combining phylogenetic and morphological analysis. However, the species diversity of Hymenochaetales in the high-altitude forests of southwestern China is comparably understudied. We tackled this sampling gap in the present study and provide morphological descriptions, illustrations, and comprehensive notes as well as sequence and phylogenetic data for in total one new genus and 26 new species. As a result of these integrative analyses, we were able to phylogenetically resolve thirteen supported lineages in the Hymenochaetales . While numerous Hymenochaetales fungi have been documented in China, our report clearly shows that the diversity within the family Hymenochaetales remains largely unexplored, leaving significant potential for further discoveries in Chinese tropical forests.

Thinning can significantly promote forest productivity and ecological function. Rhizosphere fungi play an indispensable role in regulating nutrient cycling between plants and the environment, and their community composition can positively respond to anthropogenic disturbance. However, the initial effects of thinning on rhizosphere fungal community assembly have seldom been reported. In this research, we studied the alterations in the rhizosphere fungal communities of 29-year-old Pinus massoniana in East Sichuan 2 years after three different thinning intensity treatments. In addition, the responses of fungal community and functional group composition to alterations in understory vegetation and soil physiochemical properties were analyzed. Three thinning intensities were set, which were 0 (CK), 25% (LIT), and 50% (HIT), respectively. The results suggested that the richness index and Shannon index of understory vegetation increased significantly with increasing thinning intensity. The alpha diversity indices of rhizosphere fungal community and soil physiochemical properties did not show significant differences among the three treatments. The relative abundances of 17 fungal indicator species varied regularly with increasing thinning intensity, and most of them belong to Hypocreales and Eurotiales, indicating that these two orders were potential indicators for different thinning treatments. Rhizosphere fungal community assembly was determined by deterministic process, and it was driven by the diversity of understory vegetation in the initial stage of thinning. The Simpson index and Pielou index of herbs were useful measures of the main environmental factors driving the differentiation of fungal functional group composition. Based on network analysis, thinning resulted in distinct co-occurrence patterns of rhizosphere fungal functional groups. This research elucidates the initial role of thinning in rhizosphere fungal community assembly of P. massoniana and has practical significance for the functional restoration and protection of local forest ecosystem.

The understanding of distribution and the evolutionary scenario is crucial for the utilization and conservation of biological resources; nevertheless, such explorations rarely focus on macrofungi. The current study selects a macrofungal genus, Phylloporia, and explores its spatiotemporal pattern in China. A total of 117 available occurrence records of Phylloporia in China were summarized for the current analyses. Ensemble modeling supports the highly suitable habitat of Phylloporia concentrated in southern, especially southeastern, China, where the ancestor of Phylloporia originated 77.74 million years ago and then dispersed to other parts of China. Benefitting from the available suitable habitats, Phylloporia rapidly diversified after its divergence in Southeast China. Then, the net diversification rate slowed down when the rapidly diversifying species filled available niches in Southeast China and the dispersed species in other parts of China inhabited the less suitable and unsuitable habitats. During adaptive evolution, precipitation, temperature and the host plant are the major environmental variables that shape the spatiotemporal pattern of Phylloporia. In conclusion, the current study reveals the adaptive evolutionary scenario of Phylloporia and provides the first exploration of the spatiotemporal pattern of macrofungi.

ABSTRACT China has a huge area of diverse landscapes and is believed to conceive incredibly high fungal diversity. To systematically and promptly report Chinese fungal species, we initiate the series of Catalogue of fungi in China here. In the first paper of this series, we focus on plant-inhabiting fungi. A total of 33 new taxa are described all over China. These taxa include two new genera, viz. Cremeoefibula and Nothopucciniastrum, 18 new species, viz. Annulohypoxylon lancangensis, Ascotaiwania coffeae, Clitocella neofallax, Coleopuccinia yunnanensis, Cremeoefibula hengduanensis, Crepidotus furcaticystidiosus, C. tomentellus, Diachea macroverrucosa, Helicogloea hangzhouensis, Hyalopsora caprearum, Nemania polymorpha, Phanerochaetella austrosinensis, Physalacria tianzhongshanensis, Setophaeosphaeria panlongensis, Subulicystidium boreale, Trechispora subaraneosa, Vikalpa dujuanhuensis, and Xylaria pteridicola, and 13 new combinations, viz. Nothopucciniastrum actinidiae, N. boehmeriae, N. coriariae, N. corni, N. coryli, N. fagi, N. kusanoi, N. hikosanense, N. hydrangeae-petiolaris, N. miyabeanum, N. styracinum, N. tiliae, and N. yoshinagae. The morphological characteristics and phylogenetic evidence are used to support the establishment of these new taxa and the accuracy of their taxonomic placements. We hope that the series of Catalogue of fungi in China will contribute to Chinese fungal diversity and promote the significance of recording new fungal taxa from China.

Abstract Steccherinaceae is a speciose family of wood-inhabiting fungi containing various hymenophore configurations. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses of Steccherinaceae were carried out. Phylogenies were reconstructed using four genetic loci, including ITS, nLSU, tef1, and mtSSU. A new poroid genus, Bambusiporia, growing on dead bamboo from Yunnan Province in southwest China and typified by Bambusiporia nivea, is illustrated and described. It is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with a white pore surface when fresh, a monomitic hyphal system bearing clamp connections on generative hyphae, and ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled basidiospores. In addition, a new species in Etheirodon, E. lilacinum, is described, and it is characterized by resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiomata with a lilac hydnoid hymenophore when fresh; a dimitic hyphal system bearing clamp connections on generative hyphae; encrusted contextual generative hyphae; the absence of encrusted cystidia; and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4–4.5 × 3–3.8 µm. Moreover, the evolutionary timing of the main clades in Steccherinaceae was revealed based on conserved regions of two nuclear ribosomal genetic markers (ITS + nLSU). The ancestor of Steccherinaceae evolved during the early Cretaceous at 109.27 Myr [95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 81.91–141.87 Mya]. The initial diversification of the Bambusiporia clade occurred during the late Cretaceous with a mean crown age of 83.23 Myr [95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 56.74–112.09 Myr], earlier than other genera in Steccherinaceae. The Etheirodon clade emerged with a mean stem age of 51.98 Myr [95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 34.49–73.82 Myr] and a mean crown age of 19.56 Myr [95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 12.02–29.35 Myr].