青少年犯罪

相反，不良的家庭环境则会导致其人格缺陷和行为偏差，这往往是造成青少年违法犯罪的重要因素。家庭结构的缺失、家庭关系的不和睦等都会对青少年产生不良的影响。而家庭教育的 ...

本文从个人心理、家庭氛围、学校教育、社会环境等层面，深入剖析未成年人犯罪行为的成因。同时，根据当前的社会发展趋势，深入探究怎样才能通过加强社会治理、优化家庭教育、 ...

青少年刑罚应尽量避免使用死刑、无期徒刑以及残酷、不人道或有辱人格的惩罚。同时，刑罚应考虑到青少年的年龄、成熟度、个性特点和改造潜力，采取个性化和综合性的措施。前 ...

近年来，青少年犯罪事件频发，引发社会各界关注，这些案件都反映了一个重要的趋势：低龄化、动机恶劣、手段残忍化。文章从自身、家庭、学校、社会四个方面出发，揭示青少年 ...

根据新闻公开数据库统计，截止2019年，少年犯的平均年龄已经降至13.25岁。除去极端的故意伤害和故意杀人案件，偷窃，寻衅滋事，打架斗殴，藏毒贩毒，性侵害等类型的未成年犯罪也有 ...

2021年3月1日正式生效的《刑法修正案(十一)》将刑事责任年龄下降到了12周岁,并且严格规定只有在同时满足“犯故意杀人,故意伤害罪”,“致人死亡或者以特别残忍的手段致人 ...

未成年人犯罪问题一直都是全球性的社会问题。近年来，未成年人犯罪案件数量又有抬头的趋势，恶性刑事案件时有发生。本文从人身危险性理论着手，通过环境影响的理论推导 ...

摘要: 罪错未成年人既是犯罪者中的特殊群体，也是未成年人中的特殊性群体。近年来，我国未成年人的犯罪情形得到有效控制，但罪错未成年人的再犯罪形势依旧严峻。

本文聚焦于未成年人暴力犯罪现象，深入剖析其背后的原因，具体从家庭环境、学校教育以及社会影响三个维度展开分析，并在此基础上针对性地提出一系列行之有效的预防和控制策略 ...

青少年违法犯罪问题在当前社会中日益突出，犯罪低龄化趋势明显，校园霸凌现象频繁发生，青少年法治教育工作仍然需要加强。近年来青少年恶性犯罪频发，传统的预防措施难以 ...

网游沉迷容易滋长青少年的暴力心理与行为、高额上网及游戏费用容易引发其对金钱的过度需要、也容易在玩游戏过程中结识不良人群。网游沉迷的预防除了有赖于加强学校和家庭对 ...

根据《刑事诉讼法》第282条，可以正确判断，附条件不起诉制度的适用需要符合法定条件：第一，主体条件，适用对象为犯罪时未满18岁的未成年人。第二，罪名条件，犯罪嫌疑人所触犯的 ...

摘要: 未成年人受认知能力的限制，思想和行为都需要一个引导发展的过程。家庭作为未成年人成长的第一个社会化环境，对未成年人人格健全、身心健康有着不可忽视的影响。

为了应对低龄未成年人因为没有达到刑事责任年龄而不承担刑事责任的问题，首先还是应当坚持对于未成年人的特殊保护，不仅是要保护未成年被害人，也要对其进行平等地保护，避免二 ...

Criminology Analysis of Juvenile Drug Crime. DOI: 10.12677/OJLS.2021.93040, PDF, HTML, XML, 被引量 作者: 申家鑫：宁波大学，浙江宁波 关键词: 青少年犯罪；毒品 ...

我国青少年校园暴力形势十分严峻，现阶段，如何预防并处遇校园暴力亟待解决。造成青少年校园暴力犯罪频发的原因主要在于青少年自身生理因素和心理因素的影响、父母 ...

少年强则国家强,但反观前期频发的校园暴力和未成年犯罪事件,我们不禁要反思法治社会的哪一个环节出现了问题.本文将从法治社会,普法教育,未成年犯罪以及对未成年的司法保护 ...

随着社会进步和科技的发展，未成年人犯罪问题逐步成为社会的焦点。值得注意的是，未成年人的欺凌犯罪对受害者造成了巨大的身心伤害，因此受到了广泛的关注。

近年来，未成年人涉嫌违法犯罪的数量呈上升的趋势，2021年至2023年，人民法院共审结未成年人犯罪案件73,178件，判处未成年人罪犯98,426人，占同期全部刑事罪犯的2%至2.5% [ ...

12岁到13岁的未成年人实施犯罪行为,他们中的大多数人是交由父母进行教育.正因为父母教育方式错误或监管职责不到位,未成年人才会触犯刑法.所以这种教育方式对预防未成年人 ...

未成年暴力犯罪者通常存在反社会人格障碍、品行障碍、冲动控制等心理行为问题，这些心理特征与暴力行为的发生密切相关(Blair et al., 2015)。尤其是冷漠无情的情感特质( ...

我国《刑法》第17条规定，16周岁以上的人对所有的犯罪担责；14~16周岁以及12~14周岁未成年人对特定犯罪担责；未满12周岁的未成年人无需为其实施的犯罪行为担负刑事责任。12 ...

开设针对未成年的普法课程，做到不假大空，切实地让未成年人感受到法律的强大与适用，在遇到侵害时可以运用法律武器保护自己，在触碰到违法犯罪边缘时可以认识到行为的危害性。

因此,原则上对被判三年以下有期徒刑的未成年人犯罪记录进行封存,已经可以将大部分未成年人涵盖在内.以往的司法统计均以宣告刑的五年有期徒刑作为重刑,轻刑案件的分界,而 ...

本文以2025年修订的《治安管理处罚法》为研究对象，聚焦未成年人违法行为治理模式的理念转型。研究揭示新法通过阶梯式惩戒机制与刚性矫治教育的双轨设计，意味着我国未 ...

2020年受理审查起诉未成年人犯罪居前七位的分别是盗窃罪、聚众斗殴罪、寻衅滋事罪、强奸罪、抢劫罪、故意伤害罪、诈骗罪，七类犯罪嫌疑人数量占全部犯罪人数的84.03%，与2019 ...

首先，有学者认为，未成年人的罪错行为由“罪”和“错”组成。“罪”指18周岁以下实施触刑行为并已达刑事责任年龄，可以依法追究其刑事责任的未成年人；“错”指18周岁以下实施不符合其 ...

修订后的《未成年人保护法》在“学校保护”一章，明确规定了学校在学生欺凌及校园性侵的防控与处置机制。学校应当建立学生欺凌防控工作制度，对教职员工、学生等开展防治学生 ...

《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》自1999年颁布实施以来,我国在预防未成年人犯罪方面取得了显著成效.这部法律以共青团为主体,通过思想引领,关注特殊个例和法律意识教育 ...

未成年犯罪预防是指通过一系列社会、教育、法律等手段，旨在减少未成年人犯罪行为的发生，保护未成年人健康成长，预防其走上犯罪道路的一系列措施和活动。这包括早期识别和 ...

未成年人作为互联网的重要使用群体,其身心发展不成熟,辨别信息的能力有限,极易受到以下几种不良信息的影响,甚至走上违法犯罪道路.一是暴力信息.是指“以非理性形式宣扬斗殴, ...

青少年矫正社会工作是一个多层面的过程，它不仅关注于纠正青少年的犯罪行为，更重视通过再教育手段促进他们心理和社会功能的康复与提升。社会支持理论，作为社会学领域的 ...

本研究以S法院2021年至2024年上半年审理的未成年人刑事案件为分析对象,通过对审判实务的现状进行分析,发现未成年人犯罪呈现出罪名集中化,犯罪主体低龄化,作案手段智能化等 ...

心理学家韦斯特曾进行了长达14年的追踪研究，结果发现70%的暴力少年犯在13岁就被确认有攻击性行为，有48%少年犯在9岁时就被确认有攻击性行为。从某种意义上讲，儿童的攻击性 ...

犯罪青少年有以下基本特点是团伙化，青少年在违法犯罪时为了抵抗恐惧心理，增加安全感，会拉帮结派，作案时候通常是一群人，人多势众的情况下，更加无法控制行为。

青少年网络犯罪是当代青少年犯罪的一种新形式,高科技的犯罪方法,具有隐蔽性以及对社会的高危害性等特点,因此对于这类型的犯罪青少年的研究是很有必要的.

我国《刑事诉讼法》第277条规定:“对犯罪的未成年人实行教育,感化,挽救的方针,坚持教育为主,惩罚为辅的原则.”公安机关对待未成年人违法犯罪案件坚持预防为主,区别对待原则.

随着未成年人犯罪率的逐年上升，传统的监禁和惩罚已经不能满足对未成年人行为矫正的目的，由专业的司法社工采取个性化的帮教服务将有助于未成年人心理上和行为上的矫正 ...

而为了不给曾经犯过罪的青少年贴上标签，我国的刑事司法制度将刺眼的“犯罪”二字转化为“罪错”，使他们在接受教育时易于接纳自我，同时积极悔改(龙丽达，2006)。

罪错未成年人保护处分措施虽然区别于普通的治安管理处罚措施,但不可否认的是其仍然具有一定的惩戒性.尤其是专门教育与专门矫治教育措施,更是直接对相关罪错未成年人的人身 ...

具体而言,针对罪错未成年人的行为,在现有措施基础上设置阶梯式的分层化适用模式,并由有关部门及时对罪错未成年人的罪错程度和性质进行针对性干预[10].自唐以来,我国 ...

对于被决定强制送入专门学校接受专门教育的罪错未成年人，应当允许其父母或其他监护人在一定期间内向做出该决定的教育行政部门及公安机关提出行政复议，对行政复议决定不服 ...

未成年人罪错行为分为不良行为和犯罪行为，对于严重不良行为在行政干预体系中处理，对于犯罪行为在刑事司法体系中处理，两个体系泾渭分明[10]，对于一般不良行为无法 ...

... 罪错少年矫正体系却应该被重视。借鉴国外少年司法经验，结合我国实际，笔者认为可以充分发挥社区这一主体在未成年人教育矫正的作用，依托社区，实施非监禁型的矫正 ...

为了帮助罪错未成年人“无痕”回归，未成年人犯罪记录封存制度应时出现。这一制度在我国的现行相关规定虽以臻于成熟，但是还存在一些问题。检视这一制度现状，分析其存在 ...

Recent studies by the U.S. Department of Justice have found that, while adult violent crime rates continue to drop, today's juvenile offenders are the fastest growing segment among violent criminals. The unprecedented increase in juvenile criminality is expected to result in a dramatic increase in the overall rate of violent crime as these juveniles approach majority. Funk argues that most states have not adapted to the troubling reality that the juvenile offenders of today are not the hubcap-stealing youths of days gone by, and that chronic adult criminality is predicated on violent and repeated acts of juvenile delinquency. These jurisdictions retain statutory provisions that allow for, or mandate, the expungement of juvenile crime records once the juvenile reaches a certain age. This policy's stated goal is to allow the juvenile offender to enter adulthood with a "clean slate," thereby shielding him from the negative effects of having a criminal record. The author conducts an exhaustive analysis and critique of this policy, examining its philosophical origins, the "rehabilitative ideal" on which it is premised, and its theoretical and practical impact. He argues that even if one accepts the notion that those who have committed a juvenile indiscretion will outgrow their reckless behavior, it remains necessary to differentiate between those who in fact can be rehabilitated and those whose rehabilitative potential is negligible, a task not accomplished by most contemporary expungement statutes.

The features of juvenile delinquency, its main signs and determinants of criminal be-havior of persons under the age of majority are analyzed. Based on the analysis, mechanisms for preventing the commission of crimes by minors are proposed.

This research paper aims to explore the evolution of the juvenile justice system in India and its impact on juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is a critical issue that affects the social fabric of any society. Over the years, India has witnessed significant changes in its approach to dealing with juvenile offenders. This paper provides an overview of the historical development of the juvenile justice system in India, from its early informal practices to the establishment of formal legal frameworks. The study examines the factors contributing to juvenile delinquency and evaluates the effectiveness of the existing legal and rehabilitative measures in reducing youth criminality. Finally, the paper offers recommendations for policy improvements and interventions to address the challenges of juvenile delinquency in India

Juvenile delinquency has become a complex challenge in criminal justice, as contemporary trends exceed traditional judicial and social governance approaches, necessitating innovative solutions. Modern juvenile crime exhibits characteristics such as a younger age trend, violent tendencies, increasingly sophisticated methods, and gang involvement. These issues significantly impact societal well-being, such as disrupting public security, increasing law enforcement costs, and hindering talent development. Addressing juvenile delinquency is thus critically urgent. Analyzing current features and causes can alleviate practical pressures in understanding offenders’ psychological dynamics. Ultimately, preventive measures are proposed, including improving relevant laws, optimizing legal education resources, enhancing minors’ legal awareness, and integrating efforts across families, schools, and society. These strategies aim to form a collaborative governance synergy, strengthening prevention systems and fostering minors’ awareness of the rule of law.

This meta-analysis evaluated judicial interventions for juvenile delinquency certified by the Netherlands Youth Institute with “initial indications” for effectiveness. Ten (quasi-)experimental studies examining TOOLS4U, Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), Multi Systemic Therapy (MST), Only You Decide who you Are (OYD), Responsive Social Skills Therapy (Re-SST), and Responsive Aggression Regulation Therapy (Re-ART) were synthesized. The overall effect was small, positive, and significant (g = 0.22; 95%CI: 0.02, 0.42). Responsive cognitive behavioral therapy (Re-SST and Re-ART) and the sports-based intervention OYD seem effective, whereas social skills training (TOOLS4U) and family-based systemic interventions (MDFT and MST) seem ineffective. However, effectiveness of family-based programs can possibly be enhanced if youth at medium-to-high risk for delinquency is treated for 6 months or longer, which aligns with the Risk-Need-Responsivity model. Better program delivery and general instead of specific offenses were associated with larger effects. We advocate a stronger evidence-based RNR approach to juvenile delinquency in the Netherlands. Plain language summary Effectively preventing juvenile delinquency in the Netherlands Juvenile delinquency remains a serious issue in the Netherlands. Preventive interventions have proliferated, but many lack strong theoretical foundations and research support. The Netherlands Youth Institute (NYI) continuously monitors all available evidence for intervention effectiveness and certifies those showing initial indications of effectiveness. This study analyzed that evidence to better understand the overall effectiveness of preventive interventions against Dutch juvenile delinquency. Only six interventions currently offered to Dutch juveniles were certified by the NYI and reported on delinquency: TOOLS4U, Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), Multi Systemic Therapy (MST), Only You Decide who you Are (OYD), Responsive Social Skills Therapy (Re-SST), and Responsive Aggression Regulation Therapy (Re-ART). Their combined effectiveness proved to be small. Responsive cognitive behavioral therapy (Re-SST, Re-ART) and the sports-based intervention OYD seem effective, while social skills training (TOOLS4U) and family-based systemic interventions (MDFT, MST) seem ineffective. However, family-based program effectiveness may improve if youth at medium-to-high delinquency risk are treated for at least six months. Better program delivery and targeting general rather than specific offenses yielded larger effects. Practitioners should emphasize an evidence-based approach to effectively prevent Dutch juvenile delinquency and make research-informed decisions. The Dutch national quality framework, NYI-certified interventions, and Risk-Need-Responsivity model principles are the key to strengthening practice. Since many of the included interventions are also implemented internationally, this research is of international importance.

: Juvenile delinquency is a criminal activity that is committed by a person under the age of 18 years in the recent period. These criminal activities are increasing rapidly due to many reasons and circumstances. In most places, juveniles who commit serious crimes, such as robbery or murder, are transferred to criminal courts and tried as adults. Sometimes prosecutors make this decision or sometimes allow the transfer, a hearing is required to consider the juvenile's age and record. As a result of the tough approach to juvenile delinquency, many counties amended the juvenile code to transfer young offenders to adult courts. Delinquent children are a category of children who change significantly in terms of their social adjustment and as a result, are labeled as socially deviant or socially disabled. They exhibit criminal behavior and are punishable under the legal process. Violations of social norms and values ​ ​ pose a threat to the peace of society and are therefore considered criminal acts. Juvenile crime is a huge problem in India due to which most of the youth ruin their lives. Due to struggling with juvenile crimes and problems, the youth, their family, and society have to suffer many kinds of consequences.

Juvenile delinquency constitutes a multifaceted socio-legal issue, posing negative consequences not only for the young offenders but also for society at large. This article examines the primary factors that may lead adolescents to engage in unlawful behavior, focusing on family dynamics, social influences, psychological traits, and economic challenges. It offers an overview of various forms of delinquency—–ranging from administrative infractions and criminal acts to deviant conduct and internet-based offenses. Special attention is paid to the specific legal framework in Ukraine that governs minors’ responsibility, taking into account both their developmental stage and unique social status. A substantial part of the discussion is devoted to preventive measures, such as reinforcing the family’s role in raising children, incorporating legal education into school curricula, utilizing social services more effectively, encouraging participation in extracurricular activities, and establishing robust resocialization programs. The author underscores the necessity of a holistic approach that involves state agencies, public organizations, educational institutions, and families working together. Beyond merely lowering the incidence of youth-related offenses, the recommended strategies are intended to guide adolescents toward full-fledged integration into society—–a crucial step in cultivating a law-abiding generation. The analysis further explores the personal attributes of young offenders, identifying characteristics such as limited legal awareness, distortion of moral values, heightened emotional reactivity, aggressiveness, and a propensity for risky behavior. Key influences on the development of juvenile delinquency are also outlined, including socio-economic constraints (e. g., low household income, parental unemployment, restricted access to high-quality education and leisure pursuits) and societal inequalities. Dysfunction within families likewise plays a critical role—–manifested by inadequate care, domestic violence, parental substance abuse, and child neglect. Psychological factors, in particular the traits typical of adolescence, the desire for self-assertion, the impact of reference groups, and the incomplete formation of a coherent value system, remain equally significant. Keywords: minors, offenses, wrongful behavior, prevention, legal regulation, resocialization.

Upbringing a child is a major responsibility as it serves as a foundation for the rest of the child’s life. This paper explores juvenile delinquency through an ethical lens, examining the shared responsibilities of family and society in developing moral conduct during their formative period. In most cases, youth are held solely responsible for their wrongful actions, with occasional blame directed at their parents. However, scholarly research indicates that both family and society have a pivotal influence in commission and prevention of juvenile delinquency. Along with moral considerations, this paper examines familial and societal factors such as weak emotional bonds, poverty, inequality, inadequate education, and media exposure that place youth in vulnerable situations. In this context, it critically evaluates the dominant factors behind juvenile misconduct and argues for a preventive approach rooted in ethical responsibility. Employing a qualitative methodology rooted in ethical analysis, and psychological interpretation, this study investigates the moral responsibilities of families and societies in preventing juvenile delinquency. It examines how the integration of ethical theories, along with sociological perspectives, provides a strong moral foundation that supports restorative justice as a morally sound alternative to punitive measures. This paper advocates for an integrated familial, societal and institutional accountability to mitigate this pressing issue through a critical literature review and moral guidelines. Ultimately, it calls for a rethinking and re-evaluating of moral accountability in nurturing children and fostering a just environment for an empathetic generation.

Due to the continuous acceleration of social development in China, there are real problems such as large income gap, severe employment situation, and un-reasonable social structure. Social contradictions are easily exacerbated, and many teenagers are forced to embark on the path of illegal and criminal activi-ties. Juvenile delinquency has also become a common problem in China. Based on this, this article analyzes the current situation of judicial and social work intervention in community correction of juvenile delinquency, and provides suggestions and countermeasures for reference.

Juvenile delinquency is a growing concern in Malaysia. Previous studies indicate that reactive and punitive approach to address the issue has proven insufficient in addressing the root causes of child offending. This study explores the potential relevance of the Icelandic Prevention Model (IPM); an internationally acclaimed community-based approach to deal with juvenile delinquency. This study analyses the gaps in Malaysia’s current legislative approach to at-risk children and assesses the feasibility of adapting key components of the IPM into the Malaysian legal framework. This study employs a doctrinal research methodology by analysing statutory provisions and judicial interpretations as well as scholarly works written on the subject. It is supported by comparative analysis of the Icelandic and Malaysian laws on juvenile delinquency. Findings reveal that the success of IPM does not stem merely from imposing child’s curfews, but from incorporating them within a broader legal and social ecosystem, featuring youth activity regulations, parental accountability, school involvement, and municipal coordination. The study concludes that while cultural and systemic differences exist, adapting key aspects of the IPM could provide a viable pathway for Malaysia to improve its juvenile justice system and reduce delinquency rates.

The phenomenon of juvenile delinquency at the stage of criminal sentence execution represents one of the most complex areas of criminal justice, where neglect can lead to crime reproduction and failure in the rehabilitation process. In this regard, the necessity of adopting a differentiated criminal policy toward juveniles is of particular importance; a policy that is based on the preservation of human dignity, respect for fundamental rights, and prevention of recidivism. The purpose of this study is to examine the foundations and requirements of differentiated policy at the stage of sentence execution and to analyze the legal and institutional capacities of Iran in this context, with emphasis on principles such as minimalism in imprisonment, prohibition of corporal punishment, expansion of mediation, and alternatives to incarceration. The findings of the present study, which has been conducted through a descriptive-analytical method, indicate that although Iran’s legislative system has taken steps toward accepting differentiated justice, the dispersion of regulations, institutional unawareness, and the absence of specialized juvenile courts hinder its full realization. Accordingly, revising and consolidating executive policies, utilizing the capacities of restorative justice, and conducting comparative analyses with successful systems can provide the foundation for improving Iran’s criminal policy toward juvenile offenders.

As the trend of juvenile delinquency at a younger age is becoming more and more serious, China’s rigid existing age of criminal responsibility system is difficult to adapt to the special characteristics and differences of the physical and mental development of minors, and it is difficult to prevent and rectify the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency at a younger age completely. The rule of “Mal-ice Supplies the Age” in the common law system is of great reference value to make up for the

This research discusses about giving punishment through reading and memorizing the Al-Qur'an as a strategy for dealing with juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is an increasingly disturbing issue in modern society, considering its negative impact on individual and social development. The aim of this research is to explore the effectiveness of implementing Al-Qur'an-based punishment in dealing with juvenile deviant behavior. The research method uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews and document analysis. The research results show that giving punishment through reading and memorizing the Al-Qur'an can have a positive impact on adolescent behavior. The Qur'an not only serves as a source of punishment, but also as a moral and spiritual guide, providing a deeper understanding of the values ​​of correct life. Applying punishment through reading and memorizing the Koran can also have long-term effects, because teenagers are not only given physical sanctions, but also the opportunity to reflect on their actions through understanding relevant verses of the Koran. Thus, this approach can be a potential alternative in tackling juvenile delinquency, creating a younger generation who is more responsible and has noble character. This research contributes to further understanding of the role of religion in shaping the character and behavior of adolescents and provides direction for related parties in developing juvenile delinquency prevention programs based on religious values.

The paper analyzes how U.S. juvenile justice policies contain embedded systemic racism through a study of the Juvenile Delinquency Act's application in The Nickel Boys written by Colson Whitehead. Through its fictional narrative, the author presents an analytical view on juvenile reform facilities while exposing racial discrimination that pretends to work for rehabilitation. The research analyzes juvenile policy discrimination through the combination of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Institutional Betrayal Theory (IBT) to understand how these equality-based policies functionally disadvantage the Black youth population through heavy punishment and long-term criminal consequences.  The investigation focuses on four main issues that expose the racially discriminatory nature of JDA establishment while challenging the pretense of equal juvenile justice treatment and the organizational failures to monitor reforms, along with the way that racial policies push youths into adult justice systems. The fictional experiences of Elwood Curtis at Nickel Academy demonstrate juvenile justice facilities replicate harsh prison approaches by doing psychological hurt and physical harm that leads Black boys to encounter enduring social struggles.  Research evidence demonstrates that replacing racially discriminatory language with race-neutral language within policy frameworks fails to stop racial bias because it lets systemic discrimination remain secret while continuing its operations. The book operates on multiple levels as literature while maintaining political relevance to real-life events similar to those found at Dozier School in Florida. The research supports substantial systemic adjustments and racial equality in juvenile justice by advocating for better reforms beyond policy rhetoric.

In Vietnam, juvenile delinquency is significant and growing, primarily due to various socio-economic and family issues. This study explores family circumstances (FC) in relation to juvenile crime, indicating how parental neglect can lead to domestic violence, economic hardships, and a lack of proper guidance, which set the stage for law violations committed by minors. Through the narration of legal cases, official reports, and sociological surveys, the research identifies the top family-related factors that propel juvenile delinquency. The research results indicate that unstable family realities, characterized by broken homes, lack of parental supervision, and demonstrations of criminal behavior, considerably increase the chances of youth offending. It highlights that stronger family-based interventions, social support systems, and reforms in juvenile justice policies are necessary for reducing youth crime rates in Vietnam.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the underlying causes of juvenile delinquency, assess the effectiveness of legal frameworks in addressing youth crime, and explore preventive measures that integrate legal, educational, and social support systems. Method: The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing legal analysis, case studies, and a review of existing literature on juvenile justice systems. A comparative analysis of different legal frameworks provides insights into the effectiveness of punitive versus rehabilitative approaches. Results: The findings reveal that juvenile delinquency is predominantly influenced by socio-economic disparities, family dysfunction, and gaps in the education system. Legal interventions focusing solely on punishment are often insufficient in reducing recidivism. Instead, a comprehensive approach incorporating legal reform, educational policies, and community-based interventions proves more effective in preventing youth crime. Novelty: This study contributes to the discourse on juvenile justice by emphasizing the integration of preventive legal policies with educational and social support mechanisms. Unlike previous studies that focus primarily on punitive measures, this research highlights a multidisciplinary approach as a sustainable solution for reducing juvenile delinquency.

Juvenile delinquency is a long standing social and legal challenge in Pakistan, arising from a variety of socio-economic and cultural factors that shape the lives of juvenile delinquents. Although Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018, which is in force in Pakistan regarding juvenile delinquencies that deal with juvenile delinquents, before that Juvenile justice system was dealt with Juvenile Justice System Ordinance, 2000. These Laws aim to protect Juveniles by ensuring fair trails, humane treatment, rehabilitation, and banning torture and Handcuffing. Despite its enactment, it was not implemented and remained largely symbolic. The issue of age determination of Juvenile delinquents in the Juvenile Justice System continues to be a problem that has not clearly resolved up till now. It also discusses the judicial interpretations that structured the juvenile justice system in Pakistan together with its flaws and application challenges. In this article framework established for delivering Juvenile justice in Pakistan has also been compared with other countries which also emphasize rehabilitation and Judicial supervision rather than punishment. To overcome this problem application of different key criminological theories regarding juvenile delinquency are discussed in this article which gives a systematic and functional solutions, understanding the causes to juvenile delinquents. Paying intention to these criminological theories their implementation shifts from punishment to rehabilitation and prevention of Juvenile delinquents by the cooperation of community, education and family support.

Juvenile delinquency constitutes a multifaceted and sensitive societal issue that necessitates an interdisciplinary approach. From a psycho-legal perspective, this phenomenon is examined through the integration of psychological and legal disciplines, aiming to understand the underlying psychological determinants of delinquent behavior among youth, alongside the legal mechanisms for its prevention and management. (Hoge & Andrews, 2002). The present analysis delves into the psycho-legal perspective on juvenile delinquency, addressing theoretical frameworks, empirical findings, and intervention strategies pertinent to this field. The overarching objective is to emphasize the significance of a holistic approach that incorporates both psychological and legal considerations, thereby fostering comprehensive and sustainable solutions for addressing juvenile delinquency effectively. A critical dimension in this context is the investigation of risk and protective factors associated with juvenile delinquency. Extensive psychological and sociological research highlights various determinants influencing the propensity for delinquent behaviors in adolescents. These determinants encompass individual characteristics, such as antisocial personality traits or behavioral disorders, and external influences, including family dysfunction, familial substance abuse, affiliation with deviant peer groups, and residence in high-crime communities. This integrated understanding of risk and protective factors is essential for developing targeted interventions and preventative measures.

The Contribution of Arba'in Nawawi Recitation in Minimizing Juvenile Delinquency at MTs Ma'arif Candimulyo. Thesis, Islamic Religious Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic Institute Temanggung. Juvenile delinquency is an important problem that must be addressed immediately, until now there is a lot of news of juvenile delinquency such as cases of crime and bullying. The purpose of the research is to find out the contribution of Arba'in Nawawi's recitation in minimizing juvenile delinquency as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors of this activity. This study uses qualitative methods, phenomenological approaches, types of field research, primary and secondary data sources. The data collection technique uses observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn, the researcher selects objects in MTs Ma'arif Candimulyo. The contribution in minimizing juvenile delinquency through the recitation of Arbain Nawawi is able to build morals and ethics, build character, self-control, increase intelligence and spiritual awareness. The supporting factors for the activity are the support from the school, support from parents who give permission to participate in the activity, students' awareness of the importance  of  the Arba'in Nawawi recitation, while the inhibiting factors are the lack of activity of students and there are still many students who are influenced by their friends not to take part in the recitation.

This paper critically examines the role of policing in shaping the control of juvenile delinquency in Indonesia. It aims to understand how young offenders are constructed as “problem youth” within the broader framework of social control and criminal justice. Using a qualitative approach through literature analysis and policy review, the study explores how law enforcement institutions interpret, manage, and discipline juvenile behavior. The findings suggest that police practices often reflect a dual role—balancing the responsibility of protection with mechanisms of surveillance and punishment. This paradox illustrates how juvenile control in Indonesia remains influenced by moral, cultural, and institutional discourses that define acceptable youth behavior. The paper highlights that such policing practices tend to reinforce social hierarchies and gendered norms rather than addressing the structural causes of delinquency. By applying a critical lens, this study contributes to the discourse on juvenile justice reform, emphasizing the need for a more restorative and rights-based approach to youth crime control in Indonesia. This paper critically examines the role of policing in shaping the control of juvenile delinquency in Indonesia. It aims to understand how young offenders are constructed as “problem youth” within the broader framework of social control and criminal justice. Using a qualitative approach through literature analysis and policy review, the study explores how law enforcement institutions interpret, manage, and discipline juvenile behavior. The findings suggest that police practices often reflect a dual role—balancing the responsibility of protection with mechanisms of surveillance and punishment. This paradox illustrates how juvenile control in Indonesia remains influenced by moral, cultural, and institutional discourses that define acceptable youth behavior. The paper highlights that such policing practices tend to reinforce social hierarchies and gendered norms rather than addressing the structural causes of delinquency. By applying a critical lens, this study contributes to the discourse on juvenile justice reform, emphasizing the need for a more restorative and rights-based approach to youth crime control in Indonesia. This paper critically examines the role of policing in shaping the control of juvenile delinquency in Indonesia. It aims to understand how young offenders are constructed as “problem youth” within the broader framework of social control and criminal justice. Using a qualitative approach through literature analysis and policy review, the study explores how law enforcement institutions interpret, manage, and discipline juvenile behavior. The findings suggest that police practices often reflect a dual role—balancing the responsibility of protection with mechanisms of surveillance and punishment. This paradox illustrates how juvenile control in Indonesia remains influenced by moral, cultural, and institutional discourses that define acceptable youth behavior. The paper highlights that such policing practices tend to reinforce social hierarchies and gendered norms rather than addressing the structural causes of delinquency. By applying a critical lens, this study contributes to the discourse on juvenile justice reform, emphasizing the need for a more restorative and rights-based approach to youth crime control in Indonesia.  

Juvenile delinquency is a social malady that exposes youth to conflict with the law. Establishing causal factors of juvenile delinquency will help to prescribe effective measures for controlling diverted behaviour for the future protection of children. The main objective of this paper was to examine juvenile delinquency and the law: causes and types of crimes committed. Specifically, this paper aims to examine the reasons that drive juveniles to commit crimes and the types of crimes committed by juveniles in Temeke District in Tanzania. The study on which this paper is based employed a cross-sectional design whereby 50 respondents were involved and 233 records of young offenders were reviewed. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, a checklist for Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews. It was found that the major causes of juvenile delinquency were family problems, Poverty and the effects of mass media. It was further found that the leading crimes committed by juveniles were stealing, rape and possessing narcotic drugs. It is recommended that government and religious institutions can reduce juvenile criminality by working together to strengthen family structures through support programs, moral guidance, and community outreach. It is recommended that the Ministry of Information should reinforce the former mechanisms that were used to screen music, film and news for public consumption. It is also recommended that Stakeholders in youth and development and NGOs should join efforts and raise awareness of the effects of drug abuse.

Currently, juvenile delinquency prevention is one of the areas of activity of Russia’s law enforcement system that require qualitative improvement. In this regard, it is necessary to turn to the multifaceted historical experience of various agencies that were involved in the educational and preventive work with children, adolescents and young men exhibiting deviant behaviour. The many years of law enforcement practice indicate that the bulk of the tasks in this area has been undertaken by the internal affairs bodies. This article, from the standpoint of modern historical science, studies certain aspects of the organization and implementation of operational activities of those services and divisions of the internal affairs bodies that were involved in the prevention of juvenile delinquency under specific historical circumstances, namely, during the establishment of the new Russian statehood. This period was characterized by a radical transformation of all spheres of society and highly dynamic economic, social and political processes, as well as by ideological, spiritual and moral uncertainty, growing crime rates in the country and, as a consequence, a significant increase in the level of illegal activity among the younger generation. The author applied the general scientific and general historical methods, which ensured that the results obtained are reliable, comprehensive and concrete. The use of diverse historical sources, both published and archival, allowed the author to draw well-founded conclusions about the place and role of Russia’s internal affairs bodies in the system of child neglect and juvenile delinquency prevention, as well as about the effect of the preventive measures implemented by the public security and criminal police units on the adolescents at risk of delinquency.

This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations for preventing and handling juvenile delinquency, based on key criminological theories, including social disorganization and strain, differential association, social learning, social control, and labeling. It identifies legitimate needs, risk factors, and mechanisms of delinquent behavior. The study evaluates the evolution of juvenile justice, from welfare-and-justice-oriented approaches to a modern hybrid model centered on the “best interests of the child” and the concept of “evolving capacities”. In Vietnam,  the Juvenile Justice Act 2024 marks a significant reform, emphasizing restorative justice, reintegration, and decriminalization. The conclusion highlights the importance of early intervention and social development programs for effective juvenile delinquency prevention.

Juvenile delinquency is a critical issue in criminal law, involving young individuals who engage in illegal activities. The legal system's response to juvenile offenders varies across countries, shaped by considerations of rehabilitation, punishment, and social reintegration. This article explores the legal frameworks and policies that address juvenile delinquency, focusing on the distinction between how criminal behavior is treated in children and adults. It examines the principles guiding juvenile justice systems, with a focus on legal protections, juvenile rights, and international standards. The study investigates the factors contributing to juvenile crime, including social, economic, and familial influences, and the impact of legal interventions on preventing recidivism. By reviewing existing literature on juvenile crime and analyzing case studies from both Indonesia and abroad, the article highlights the evolving trends in juvenile justice, emphasizing restorative justice, diversion programs, and alternatives to incarceration. The aim is to propose a balanced approach that considers the need for both accountability and rehabilitation in dealing with young offenders, ensuring their reintegration into society as productive citizens.

Juvenile delinquency represents a complex social phenomenon arising from numerous and interrelated factors - familial, economic, educational, and cultural. Although primarily a social issue, it inevitably requires an appropriate legal response. The aim of this paper is to analyze the phenomenology and etiology of juvenile criminal behavior, as well as to present the criminal-legal status of minors in the Republic of Serbia, with reference to statistical indicators and contemporary theoretical models. Special attention is devoted to identifying key risk factors and circumstances contributing to the emergence of deviant behavioral patterns among youth, including the presence of social-pathological phenomena and the impact of contemporary social changes.

Relevance. The process of determining professional criminality is complex and multifaceted. “Traditional” criminals embark on the criminal path of a professional criminal due to the impact of many reasons developing in different spheres of life (socio-economic, spiritual, political), while the most controversial issue is the formation of the “personnel base” of professional crime as a whole. The answer to this question will make it possible to develop a truly effective system for countering the process of determining criminal professionalism and identify measures to prevent professional crime as a modern threat to society and the state.The purpose to identify the interdependence of juvenile delinquency and professional delinquency in the context of the transformation of Russian society and the state and to make recommendations on countering the criminal phenomenon under consideration, taking into account the identified relationships.Objectives: to assess the process of forming the “personnel base” of professional crime in Russia in historical retrospect; to analyze the current impact of domestic juvenile delinquency on professional crime; to determine the directions of countering modern professional crime in Russia, taking into account the formation of its “personnel base” among juvenile offenders.Methodology. The work used such general and specially scientific research methods as historical-legal, comparative-legal, the method of analysis, synthesis, generalization. The results of the study.The results of the study. It is determined that juvenile delinquency in different historical periods of the development of the Russian state (including in modern times) is the “personnel base” of professional crime. As a result, criminalization of the environment of minors automatically leads to self-determination of the community of professional criminals.Conclusion. Due to the perception by “professionals” of juvenile delinquents as future “colleagues” in the criminal “craft” in order to counter this type of crime, it is necessary to use both traditional measures to combat this dangerous antisocial phenomenon and special measures to prevent the involvement of children and adolescents in professional criminal activities.

Juvenile delinquency in India is a complex social and legal issue shaped by various factors, including poverty, family breakdown, peer influences, lack of education, urban growth, and social exclusion. This research paper looks into this issue from multiple academic viewpoints, incorporating both sociological and legal analyses to explore its causes, effects, and the responses from institutions. It traces the changes in juvenile justice laws, starting with the Juvenile Justice Act of 1986, followed by the updates in 2000 and 2015, and evaluates how international agreements like the UNCRC have influenced India's legal system. The paper assesses important bodies such as Juvenile Justice Boards, Child Welfare Committees, observation homes, NGOs, and government initiatives to determine how effectively they aid rehabilitation and reintegration. It reviews judicial methods that balance reformative and punitive approaches through significant Supreme Court decisions. The research shows that, even though legal measures prioritize rehabilitation, persistent issues such as poor infrastructure, slow legal processes, and societal stigma continue to be challenges. Lastly, the paper suggests policy changes to enhance preventive, corrective, and rehabilitative efforts to support child welfare and minimize repeat offenses.

The phenomenon of delinquency among young people is one that is pervasive in the culture of today. Criminal laws in many countries frequently adopt unique procedures that are separate from those that are used to deal with adult delinquency when dealing with juveniles. These strategies are employed to deal with juveniles. It is because of the distinct psychological, physiological, and socialization levels that are linked with juveniles that this is the case. Not only does this unique scenario serve as an illustration of the humanitarian principles of criminal law, but it also serves as an illustration of the fundamental value orientation of giving precedence to the preservation and correction of the rights of children. In the framework of China’s criminal law, the objective of this article is to analyze the legal underpinnings that underpin the specialized treatment of juvenile delinquency, as well as its institutional practice and process of optimization. Specifically, the study will focus on the treatment of juveniles who have committed crimes.

In the light of European and international regulations, the analysis of the treatment applicable to minors must provide consistency, but also stability and predictability in the treatment of minors who have committed criminal offenses, a response of a criminal and non-criminal nature, oriented mainly on the education and social integration of minors, which means a protective treatment, without prejudice to the aspects of a procedural nature. In this context of the homogenization of criminal justice systems, the possibility of the European Union adopting a single policy on the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency is undoubtedly a desideratum which has given rise to lively debate on the need for a European criminal law, with a description of criminal concepts and the corresponding criminal law responses, given that the exclusive competence of Member States to criminalize certain acts in criminal law has been respected. At the same time, the countries that have been granted candidate status are subject to the need to fulfill the conditions concerning the legal system (including the justice system), which also implies special provisions regarding minors who commit crimes. The broad concept of European integration sometimes also covers substantive law provisions, including the nature of the sanction applicable to minors and its particular limits. As the general rule in the European Union is that the best interests of the child are taken as the primary aim, this study proposes a sequential approach to these concepts that could be useful to the candidate states in the pre-accession negotiations in reconfiguring juvenile justice systems.   Received: 20 April 2025 / Accepted: 2 June 2025 / Published: 25 June 2025

In recent years, juvenile delinquency in Vietnam has shown an upward trend in both number and severity. This is a vulnerable and disadvantaged group that requires special protection in legal relations. Therefore, the State needs to adopt criminal handling policies that are effective while still ensuring the lawful rights and interests of these children. To meet this requirement, criminal law has been amended and supplemented with provisions relating to offenders under 16 years old, with many points better aligned with practical realities. This article analyzes the current regulations, clarifies the criminal policy for juvenile offenders, and proposes priority solutions for the implementation of this policy in Vietnam.  

Juvenile delinquency is a social problem that requires a comprehensive approach from legal, educational, and social aspects. Legal Aid Institutions (LBH) have a strategic role in providing legal protection, education, and assistance for children who are at risk or facing the law. This study aims to analyze the role of LBH Al Kautsar in the prevention of child delinquency through a qualitative approach with case studies. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The results of the study show that LBH Al Kautsar plays a role in legal education for the community, assistance for children who are facing the law, and mediation as an alternative to resolving cases outside the judicial channels. LBH also collaborates with schools, law enforcement, and social organizations to create a conducive environment for children. With a legal protection-based approach and cross-sectoral collaboration, LBH not only helps children facing legal problems but also plays a role in building public awareness to prevent child delinquency. This research contributes to understanding the role of LBH in the prevention of child delinquency and becomes the basis for the development of more effective and sustainable child protection policies.

The alarming rise in Juvenile Delinquency in India has become a significant concern for policymakers, legal authorities,and social institutions. Among the various contributing factors, narcotic drug abuse has emerged as a critical yetunderexplored dimension influencing the behavioral and criminal trajectories of youth. This study investigates thecorrelation between narcotics consumption and the development of delinquent tendencies among juveniles in India.Employing a multidisciplinary framework that integrates criminology, psychology, and legal analysis, the researchexamines socio-economic, familial, and psychological conditions that predispose adolescents to drug use and subsequentcriminal behavior. The study also evaluates the effectiveness of existing legal mechanisms, including the JuvenileJustice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, and the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act,1985, in addressing the nexus between substance abuse and juvenile crime. The findings underscore the necessity ofcomprehensive intervention strategies encompassing education, community support, and mental health careto mitigate narcotic-induced delinquency. This research contributes to the broader discourse on juvenile justice by offeringactionable insights for legal reform, public policy, and youth rehabilitation in India.

ABSTRACT A juvenile delinquent is a person who committed criminal behaviour / illegal behaviour, which is not acceptable to the public or society, whose age lies between 10 to 17 years. This paper is a conceptual paper which is related to the increasing rate of juvenile delinquents in India according to NCRB report. This paper analyse the different ways and various activities adopted by the juvenile by which they become juvenile delinquents and also analyse the reason behind the increasing rate of juvenile delinquents in India, and also incorporated some suggested solutions to prevent them from socially unexpectable behaviour. With this paper, the authors wants to spread awareness to juveniles and society so that juveniles can be secure from illegal activities and illegal behaviour. This paper will be beneficial to all the educational stakeholders like parents, teachers, children, regular schools, educational administration, and society etc.

No abstract available

No abstract available

No abstract available

No abstract available

Introduction: the article presents a general description of the prevention of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances among minors. General and individual prevention is studied in detail, the question of using the method of persuasion as a way of influencing minors is considered. Materials and Methods: the methodological basis of the research was general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, including dialectical-materialistic, comparative-legal and formal-logical. Literature Review: the article analyzes the legislation of the Russian Federation, scientific works of Russian scientists on the research topic. Results: as a result of the study, it was found that the problem of illegal drug trafficking is not new, but it still remains an urgent social phenomenon both in Russia and in the whole world, which causes a combination of antisocial acts and is expressed in the form of painful dependence of the human body on the systematic intake of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Discussion and Conclusions: as a result of the study, the conclusion is argued that the prevention of illegal acts committed by minors in the field of illicit drug consumption and trafficking should be implemented through measures taken by both subjects of the state prevention system and parents (legal representatives), focusing on the use of information technology.

No abstract available

No abstract available

Juvenile crime remains one of the most pressing concerns in India’s criminal justice and social welfare landscape. Although uniform legislation such as the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 governs how the law treats minors in conflict with the law, the societal perception and manifestation of juvenile crimes vary significantly across geographies. This paper conducts a comparative perception study of juvenile crime in small towns versus big cities, aiming to uncover the root causes of these differences in understanding and response. The research employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys, statistical data analysis, and case study evaluation, to examine how factors like socio-economic conditions, law enforcement approaches, education, and media narratives influence public perception.The paper reveals that while crime rates among juveniles are not always higher in cities, urban settings often magnify public concern due to increased media visibility and perceived anonymity of offenders. In contrast, small towns experience underreporting and strong community-based social controls that often camouflage the presence of juvenile crime. Moreover, local culture, community involvement, and institutional effectiveness significantly shape how these issues are approached in both environments. This paper proposes a set of recommendations including awareness campaigns, decentralized policy initiatives, and localized rehabilitation models to align public perception with empirical realities and promote more effective juvenile justice strategies.

No abstract available

Juvenile crime is often reported as never ending. Therefore, the factors that cause this incident need to be studied. Among the crimes that often occur among teenagers are drug abuse, stealing, free sex, violent crimes, and damaging property. This study was conducted at Asrama Akhlak Rusila, Marang, Terengganu with the aim of identifying the factors that cause teenagers to get involved with juveniles. The methodology used is a qualitative method and a research tool using semi-structured interviews. The study sample was divided into two groups, namely two hostel officials and 12 juvenile offenders who were selected according to three groups with different family socioeconomic backgrounds, namely low, medium and high income according to the official government measure. Four juvenile offenders were selected for each group. The results of the study were analyzed using an inductive approach and it was found that the factors of teenage misbehavior are due to the feeling of wanting to try, the influence of friends, and the family's low socioeconomic status. The busyness of working parents causes teenagers to be free outside the home apart from teenagers looking for their own source of income to continue survival, thus causing them to get caught up in juvenile crime. In conclusion, when children are growing into teenagers, their socializing and activities need to be monitored by parents, close family members, and teachers to ensure that they socialize with friends who have good manners so that they do not engage in unhealthy activities. The implications of the study prove that the Children's Act 2011 can teach lessons to juvenile offenders and can give awareness to parents, family members, teachers, the community, and authorities about the factors that cause teenagers to be involved in juvenile crime so that all parties involved can take care and monitor the activities of teenagers so that the involvement of teenagers in juvenile crimes can be avoided.

Juvenile crime in Vietnam has been on the rise in recent years, prompting legal and policy reform to protect society while also emphasizing rehabilitation and education for young offenders. This article examines Vietnam’s current legal framework for juvenile justice – primarily the Penal Code (2015, amended 2017), Criminal Procedure Code (2015), related child protection laws, and the new Law on Justice for Minors (2024) – with a focus on violent crimes committed by persons under 18. We review statistical trends and case studies of youth violence, identify enforcement challenges and legal gaps, and assess the effectiveness of existing statutes and measures. The analysis highlights issues such as inconsistent definitions of “child” (under 16 vs. 18), insufficient specialized courts, heavy reliance on detention, and the need for diversionary alternatives despite progressive legal provisions. We discuss the roles of law enforcement, the judiciary, schools, and social services in prevention and intervention. Drawing on Vietnamese legal traditions emphasizing education and social welfare, we offer detailed recommendations: expanding child-friendly courts and training; enhancing diversion programs and community-based sanctions; improving data collection; strengthening school and family-based prevention (e.g. life-skills programs, parental guidance); and harmonizing legal standards (e.g. raising the child age to 18). These reforms aim to better balance public safety and juvenile rights, consistent with Vietnam’s socialist legal philosophy that criminal penalties should be a last resort and tailored to a young person’s capacity.

The article reviews current issues in the organization of criminal intelligence and surveillance efforts against neo-Nazi groups through the lens of the impact of socio-criminological trends in juvenile crime on law enforcement activities in this area. The paper emphasizes similarity of objectives and methods employed by various extremist organizations, which actively involve minors through informational and behavioral technologies. The authors conclude that the examined socio-criminological troubling trends in crimes committed by minors, who are the primary targets of neo-Nazi recruitment, clearly demonstrate an insufficient level of organization of criminal intelligence and surveillance efforts against this negative social phenomenon. The article brings forward specific organizational and legal measures to enhance the effectiveness of operational units of authorized state bodies in countering neo-Nazi groups.

Juvenile delinquency and crimes are core issues concerning social stability and future development. In recent years, juvenile crime in China has exhibited the characteristics of “three tendencies and one weakness”: younger age of offenders, adult-like and organized criminal methods, coexistence of simplistic motives and serious consequences, and weak effectiveness of correction and intervention. These characteristics pose challenges to the traditional governance system. Based on multi-dimensional criminological theories (biological, psychological, sociological, and legal perspectives), this paper analyzes the causes from four dimensions: individual physical and mental imbalance, lack of family guardianship, gaps in social systems, and difficulties in legal balance. Combining the practical application of laws such as the Minors Protection Law and the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, the paper proposes an integrated systematic governance framework of “prevention-intervention-correction”. It aims to provide theoretical support and practical paths for addressing the dilemma of juvenile crime and realizing the legislative goal of “prioritizing education over punishment”.

The article analyzes certain features of juvenile delinquency, its current state, and certain aspects of prevention. Special attention is paid not only to the characteristics of juvenile offenders and their susceptibility to external factors, but also to the conditions of juvenile delinquency in modern Russia. The analysis of statistical data, supported by the regulatory framework and legal doctrine, highlights the practical need to minimize criminal activities by minors. The results of the study demonstrate the need for comprehensive counteraction to juvenile crime, taking into account its specific features. It is proposed to increase the legal literacy of minors and to implement effective measures in a timely manner to prevent the involvement of minors in a criminal environment. The study also highlights the need to improve the current legislation regarding the criminal liability of minors.

The article considers the directions of prevention of juvenile delinquency in the Russian Empire during the late 19th - early 20th centuries, directly related to the use of incentive as an integral element of domestic criminal policy of that time. The author defines the concept of a minor in the legislation of the Russian Empire, analyzes the reasons for the growth of juvenile delinquency in the designated time period, and examines the measures taken by the state to prevent crime, assessing their effectiveness. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that incentive in criminal law, implemented through the application of incentive norms, needs a court specializing in juvenile crime. At the same time, the peculiarities of its structure, functioning, interaction with public institutions, should fully meet the modern conditions of development of social relations and the main objectives of the state criminal policy.

Juvenile crime is a topic that often occupies the public's attention. Although the dominant public image of juvenile crime implies a narrative of a steady rise in juvenile crime rates, increasingly violent crimes, and increasingly brutal younger generations, the question arises as to whether this is really so. In order to consider the validity of such a position from a phenomenological point of view, the author analyzes available statistical data on various aspects of juvenile crime from judicial records in the eighteen-year period, from 2006 to 2023. Although the focus of the paper is on the problem of violent crime with special reference to serious murders, the starting point in dealing with this issue is the analysis of the phenomenology of overall juvenile crime and primarily the determination of legality in its manifestation. The results of the analysis of the frequency of total juvenile crime represent the basis for a more detailed analysis of the state and dynamics of one form of violent juvenile crime: crimes against life and body. The author considers both the absolute indicators related to the mentioned criminal acts and the relative figures, i.e. the share of those acts in the overall structure of juvenile crime. Serious murder, as one of the crimes from the group of crimes against life and body, is separately and in detail processed in view of the stimulated public debate regarding the way of treating minor perpetrators of such crimes, but also in the context of the Ribnikar case, which once again actualized the issue of lowering the age limit of criminal responsibility. This is one of the most difficult forms of criminal manifestation, so, among other things, longitudinal monitoring and determination of its statics and dynamics in the case of minors is important for the continuation of the debate on the future directions of the development of juvenile criminal law.

 The present study explores the issue of juvenile delinquency, a problem that has become increasingly evident in contemporary society. The causes of this phenomenon are multifaceted, including social changes, the development of modern science and technology, and the lack of legal knowledge among minors. The resulting increase in juvenile involvement in crime has led to significant challenges in the field of prevention. In China, the trend of juvenile delinquency is particularly pronounced, and the existing legal policies and penal measures have proven ineffective in addressing the issue. The purpose of this paper is threefold: firstly, to discuss the current situation and reasons for the aging of juvenile delinquency in China; secondly, to explore the application of juvenile delinquency in criminal law and the challenge to the existing criminal law system; and thirdly, to point out the inadequacy of the existing laws on juvenile delinquency in our country. It will also elaborate on how to build a better criminal law system to effectively deal with juvenile delinquency. In the first chapter, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of China's current laws on juvenile delinquency, with a comparative analysis of both domestic and international legislation. It also delves into the evolution of juvenile delinquency criminal punishment measures in China. The subsequent chapter will address the trend of underage crime, the current state of juvenile delinquency in the country, and the characteristics of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, it will highlight the deficiencies in the criminal law that pertain to underage juvenile delinquency. The rationality of lowering the age of criminal responsibility will also be discussed. The third chapter will synthesise a case with the countermeasures in China to analyse the response to juvenile delinquency. The discussion will span from the social and legal levels, proposing ways to prevent and stop juvenile delinquency and the process of aging. 

This scientific article analyzes the current trends of juvenile group crime in the Russian Federation for the period from 2020 to 2024 based on statistical data. It examines the socio-typological characteristics of juvenile offenders who commit crimes in groups. The socio-typological characteristics of the personality of a person who has committed a crime as one of the constituent elements of the criminological characteristics of the criminal's personality, along with the socio-psychological and socio-role characteristics, and it analyzes a great importance for the development and implementation of measures to prevent criminal behavior among the age group under consideration. The article focuses on the socio-role characteristics of a teenager who has committed group crimes, which allows us to see the teenager's personality in real life and is influenced by the teenager's performance of certain social roles.

The article analyzes some criminological features of juvenile delinquency in modern Russia. The article discusses controversial criminological issues of studying the identity of juvenile offenders, trends in their change, and the growing number of cybercriminals among people aged 14 to 18. The problems of juvenile delinquency prevention in modern conditions, the need to intensify preventive measures aimed at combating juvenile gang crimes. Currently, the expansion of the boundaries of effective counteraction to juvenile delinquency is a necessary condition for the full development of society, ensuring stability and reducing the overall level of criminalization in the future, and changing the negative dynamics of the rejuvenation of crime in general. Juvenile delinquency remains a rather acute and dangerous problem in modern society, posing a threat not only to criminological security, but also to a broader level.

The article is devoted to topical problems of juvenile psychology. The psychological analysis of the main directions of preventive work on the prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents is carried out. The role of the internal affairs bodies in the operational-investigative counteraction to juvenile delinquency is shown.

Diversion is an out-of-court solution for children in conflict with the law, or children as perpetrators of crimes. The increasing number of crimes committed by children has become an evaluation of the diversion system currently used in the juvenile criminal justice system as stipulated in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This study aims to evaluate and provide solutions for the juvenile criminal justice system by combining restorative justice and integral policies. This study is library research with primary legal materials in the form of the SPPA Law, the Criminal Code, and secondary legal materials in the form of scientific articles, books, and news related to the research topic. Data were analyzed using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, and using grammatical legal interpretation. The results of the study indicate that the evaluation of the diversion system includes a lack of adequate resources, a lack of training and awareness of law enforcement officers, especially regarding child psychology, delays in the judicial process, and the existence of social stigma that influences victims' reluctance to report to the authorities. Recommendations for improving the diversion system need to be implemented through penal mediation between victims and perpetrators through a restorative justice approach, as well as integral efforts starting from the role of the family, school, and the environment.

The article notes that, for a long period of time, theorists and practitioners have found the repeated negative changes in similar typical characteristics of juvenile offenders in the context of different stages of society development. These characteristics include a deepening legal nihilism, a growing pragmatism in criminal activity, a predominance of egocentrism in decisions to commit and carry out illegal acts, and distorted perceptions of the acceptability of socially dangerous behavior. There's no doubt that juveniles are becoming increasingly knowledgeable and able to access information about the methods of committing and concealing crimes, as well as potential victims and targets. Despite the apparent constancy, the personality characteristics of minors of different generations are significantly changed. These differences are due to significant socioeconomic conditions at different stages of societal development. In this regard, the article suggests the need to study the recurring methods of committing crimes and obstructing investigations, committed by minors, characterized by a combination of various personality traits. Interdisciplinary studies are proposed to study the personality characteristics and classification of juvenile offenders. Based on the study of the personality characteristics of minors’ certain groups and the methods of encroachment they implement, it is necessary to identify the signs that such subjects of crime belong to a certain group. Identifying such connections will undoubtedly contribute to the goal of increasing the effectiveness of forensic recommendations for investigating juvenile crimes.

The article examines pressing issues in organizing operational and investigative counteraction to the activities of neo‑Nazi and other extremist organizations, viewed through the lens of how socio‑criminological trends in juvenile delinquency impact law enforcement efforts in this area. The aim of the work is to acquire new scientific knowledge and generalizations necessary for the subsequent development of regulatory, organizational, and technological measures in the field of operational and investigative counteraction to neo‑Nazi formations (organizations, communities). As part of its achievement, the task was to identify both obvious and hidden trends in the transformation of juvenile delinquency, caused by the activation of external and internal destructive forces, including those supervised by the special services of unfriendly states. Attention is focused on the similarity of the goals of activity and the methods of achieving them by various extremist communities and organizations, into whose orbit of activity minors are actively drawn with the help of information and behavioral technologies. The nature and degree of influence of these trends on the effectiveness and specifics of the activities of operational search agencies to identify and neutralize neo‑Nazi and other extremist organizations are analyzed. Research methodology: methods of generalization, analysis, synthesis, analogy, system‑structural, hypothetical, historical‑logical, comparative‑legal, statistical and formal‑legal methods. As a result of the conducted research, the authors summarize that the socio‑criminological problematic trends of juvenile delinquency considered in the complex, which are the main objects of recruitment actions by neo‑Nazis, clearly show the insufficient level of organization of operational investigative counteraction to this negative social phenomenon. The findings should be taken into account when developing further regulatory, organizational and technological measures to improve the efficiency of the operational search authorities in this area.

The resolve to the crimes of rubber theft by child perpetrators in Blambangan Umpu Village, Way Kanan Regency through rembuk tiuh is a form of restorative justice in the form of traditional deliberation which provides justice for the victims and perpetrators. This paper to analyze implementation and inhibiting factors of rembuk tiuh are in the resolve the criminal acts of theft with child perpetrators in Blambangan Umpu Village, Way Kanan Regency. The research uses a normative juridical approach and empirical juridical approach by using primary data in the form of interviews and secondary data in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials which are analyzed qualitatively. The results of the research and discussion show that the implementation of rembuk tiuh in resolve the criminal acts of theft with child perpetrators can be said to be effective in achieving justice for victims and perpetrators. Compensation fine by the perpetrator to the victim is a restoration to the original condition and are not a form of retaliation. The absence of punishment for child perpetrators gives the opportunity to grow and develop properly. The presence of traditional leaders in the discussion as mediators helps seek a common solutions and agreements. The dominant factors inhibiting the implementation of rembuk tiuh are the lack of role of regional government in encouraging the resolution of criminal acts of theft through rembuk tiuh and communities who do not fully understand rembuk tiuh as a way to resolve criminal acts of theft.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of international experience in combating cyberbullying, covering both legislative measures (using the examples of New Zealand, Japan and the USA) and innovative educational programs. Particular attention is paid to statistics on the growth of cyberbullying among minors, including data on the surge in cases during the pandemic. The author examines in detail effective counteraction strategies: from legal sanctions to preventive measures.

This study aims to discuss on some of the main factors that contribute to juvenile crime commitment, and specifically how those factors affect the psychological health of young adults. Factors identified in previous literatures as a significant contributor to juvenile crimes fall under three main categories: family, school, and peers. Structure of the family, parental attachment and treatment of the child during their early childhood are the main elements of family-related factors that determine the likeliness of teenagers leaning towards infliction. For school-related factors, a poor performance (whether academically or extracurricular-wise) and bullying/harassment on campus strongly control the rate of crime conviction in juveniles. Longtime accompany with other anti-social friends and social distancing are the major peer-related factors that play a huge part in leading to offending in the later adolescent stage. Current studies can certainly be a knowledge basis for finding solutions to juvenile crime. Further research can be done in further study of how these factors correlate, and whether slight alternations to them can reduce the rate of crime in those under the age of 18.

This JAMA Forum discusses health strategies that could be used to reduce juvenile crime, including identifying and treating trauma with behavioral health, rethinking the punishment approach, and incorporating other methods to overcome current challenges.

Youth represent the future of the nation and are the beacon of hope for people. Their actions significantly impact the country's trajectory and destiny. Juvenile delinquency has always been a focal point of societal concern. In recent years, incidents of juvenile crime have proliferated, affecting not only the development of the youth but also the progress of the nation. This study aims to compare juvenile crime protection policies between China and the United States. Through this comparison, areas where China can draw references and insights to fill the gaps in its juvenile crime protection legal framework are identified. China proposes effective measures to foster holistic development of youth, enhance the government's comprehensive governance capacity, and effectively drive societal progress and development. This research employs analogy analysis and mixed scanning theory to study the laws and policies of China and the United States. Results indicate differences between the two countries in aspects such as the establishment of juvenile courts, educational guidance, and online privacy. China can strengthen the construction of juvenile courts in underdeveloped regions, intensify community education and guidance efforts, and focus on protecting the online privacy rights of adolescents.

The subject of the paper is reporting on juvenile crime in Serbia on the websites of daily newspapers Kurir and Politika. By applying the content analysis, the author intended to determine whether reporting was approached professionally, as well as whether journalists dealt with the causes of juvenile delinquency, while at the same time trying to educate readers about the specific characteristics of this phenomenon. The aim of the paper is to examine the compliance of media coverage with the relevant norms that bind journalists. The results of the research indicate that, in a formal and legal sense, media reporting is in compliance with the positive regulations governing this area, but that the ethics could be at a higher level. Although reporting is generally based on the named sources and does not contradict the principle of privacy protection, there is no indication of the broader context in which juvenile delinquency manifests itself. The media image of juvenile crime created by the analyzed websites emphasizes violent crime, although juveniles in Serbia predominantly commit property crimes. The author concludes that there is a need for more substantive reporting that would not be limited to the mere transmission of information about the most serious forms of juvenile crime, but would also educate the general public about this topic.

There has been, understandably, much attention paid to school shootings by students and carjackings by young teens as far as public interest is concerned. The facts, however, show a general decline in youth arrests over the past three decades. Nevertheless, the uptick in public perception of juvenile crime presents an opportunity to create what could be a better deterrence method than the currently favored law enforcement approach: better health strategies.

Curfew regulations have long been a popular strategy to lower juvenile crime, but do they actually work or are they just a band-aid solution? This review of the literature explores whether prohibiting minors from being in public places late at night substantially reduces juvenile criminal behaviour, which is at the core of this inquiry. As communities and policymakers look for ways to balance individual liberties with the protection of youth from delinquency, it is imperative that they comprehend the role curfews play. This study examines the literature from a variety of angles in order to determine the true effect of curfew enforcement on juvenile crime. The importance of this research extends beyond statistics. Juvenile crime has lasting consequences, affecting not just the lives of those directly involved but also the safety and harmony of entire communities. Curfews are still being imposed in many cities and towns, so it's important to assess if these laws actually accomplish anything or if other influences—like family dynamics and social inequality—have more of an impact. This review will provide a nuanced perspective on the successes, difficulties, and controversies surrounding curfew enforcement by analyzing these dynamics in both urban and rural communities. Studying this topic is important in shaping future policies that are not only effective, but also just. This literature review attempts to add to the ongoing conversation about juvenile crime prevention as we explore the complicated terrain of evidence-based curfew laws. Finding out if curfews are effective in lowering juvenile crime or if more extensive measures are required to address the underlying causes of juvenile delinquency is the ultimate objective. KEYWORDS: Curfew Hours, Juvenile, Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act, Delinquency

This paper focuses on elaborating and analyzing the state of criminality from the phenomenological dimension and the reaction to juvenile crime in Kosovo in the 2017-2019 research period. In the paper, after the conceptual definition of juvenile delinquency, we will analyze the statistical data of juvenile delinquency registered in the prosecutor's office, their dynamics, such as the imposition of diversity measures, educational measures and punishments in the three-year research period. The purpose of the research is mainly focused on the registered criminal offenses committed by minors and the imposition of diversity measures, educational measures and punishments against minors for committing criminal offenses in Kosovo. The approach to dealing with this topic lies in the recent concerns about the increase in the percentage of juvenile delinquency in Kosovo, especially the increase in the percentage in the Gjilan Region. The method that is used to analyze the phenomenological dimension and criminality is the desk research method. Given the topicality of the topic, the scientific approach, we estimate that the results of this research-scientific paper will serve the competent bodies and institutions for the prevention and fight against this negative phenomenon in Kosovo.

The comprehensive strength of minors affects whether China can stand on the international stage for a long time in the future. The country issued several special laws and regulations and judicial interpretations about juvenile crimes, but in recent years, with China’s reform and opening up and the influence of multiple factors such as social environment, juvenile crime began to grow, the social influence and crime happens, minor crime become the main influencing factors of social unrest. To effectively prevent and reduce juvenile delinquency, it is necessary to accurately analyze and grasp the types of juvenile delinquency, crime trends, and characteristics of crime, then to dig out its internal reasons, to provide solutions to this social problem.

The literature regularly discusses the need to prevent juvenile delinquency, but the state of affairs demonstrates the low efficiency of the efforts undertaken. The problems of prevention development include: weak interdepartmental cooperation; lack of specialized educational institutions for juvenile offenders; insufficient training of specialists; organizational and regulatory miscalculations in the organization of social rehabilitation, etc. The article offers a critical look at the problems of crime prevention in the perspective of social security of minors, the absence of which creates prerequisites for the reproduction of crime. This approach helps to place accents in the formulation of prevention problems in a slightly different way, to note the relativity of knowledge about the risks of criminal behavior and the insufficiency of the classical explanation of crime. When developing preventive programs, the focus should be on everyday practices in which the triad "risk factors - protection factors - mechanisms of influence on the situation" operates. Each element of the triad reflects the degree of social security of children's life, and their unfavorable combination for the individual entails the development of destructive behavior. It is also necessary to include in the scientific circulation the concept of the culture of growing up. The development of measures based on it can contribute to increasing the effectiveness of preventive measures.

The article discusses the issues of the introduction of the juvenile justice system in foreign countries as one of the measures aimed at combating juvenile delinquency. The general trend towards the humanization of juvenile justice is characteristic of the entire modern society and most countries of the world. Despite the criticism of the juvenile justice system, the authors note the need for its preservation and development, the development of new mechanisms that would take into account the interests of both victims of crime and society as a whole, and would provide an opportunity for juvenile offenders to re-socialize.

The article talks about the conditions that can serve as a good motivation among minors to commit a criminal offense. The author states that the negative influence of peers can have a detrimental effect on a minor, therefore, in this case, even children from well-off families are at risk if the parents failed to react in time. An important aspect of the research is the determination of the situation in higher education institutions regarding the proper control and implementation of educational measures that can reduce the risk of juvenile delinquency. According to the results of research, the scientists came to the conclusion that it is precisely in institutions of higher education there may be favorable conditions for the growth of juvenile delinquency if it is not countered. The article reveals the question of the stages of juvenile delinquency divided into four main areas: accidental - when a child falls into an unfortunate coincidence of circumstances and, not realizing all the consequences, may break the law; unstable – sometimes a certain situation pushes teenagers to commit theft, such as poor financial security or a strong desire to get something; negative - children who are characterized by extremely aggressive behavior and a negative personality orientation, as a rule, is caused by a certain psychological trauma; malicious - juvenile criminals with a persistent, antisocial personality orientation. The article describes the causes of juvenile delinquency and identifies their main factors. It was determined that minors are characterized by underdeveloped psychological and physiological states, lack of experience in social communication, and the ability to correctly assess life situations, in particular from the point of view of the law. It is substantiated that the consequences of psychological trauma of children of war related to the armed conflict may manifest themselves over time, which will lead to an increase in the number of intentional murders under aggravating circumstances, hooliganism, serial rapes, qualified and especially qualified robberies, kidnappings, extortion combined with violence, illegal possession of vehicles and other violent crimes.

The article discusses issues of preventing juvenile delinquency. By examining relevant examples of law enforcement practice, identifying the causes of a specific criminal act, the author suggests directions for combating juvenile delinquency. He proposes to apply the pedagogical theory of A.S. Makarenko to increase the organizational effectiveness of Russian cyber squads.

No abstract available

No abstract available

AbstractIn the Nordic countries, social work and child welfare interventions have traditionally played a central role in preventing children’s involvement in future crime. Hence, child welfare authorities, rather than the criminal justice system, have handled cases with children involved in crime. However, in 2019, Denmark enacted a new policy reform that constitutes a radical break with this long-standing tradition of welfarism. The policy reform introduced court-like proceedings for children under the minimum age of criminal responsibility. Cases concerning juveniles aged 10 to 17 who commit serious offences are now handled by Youth Crime Boards and the Youth Probation Service. In this article, we explore the complexities of these new responses to juvenile crime in Denmark. We do this by combining quantitative analyses of administrative data with qualitative interviews with case managers. We argue that the new Danish system is highly complex and targets a diverse group of children with punitive measures. With this, we hope to provide insights relevant to policy makers and practitioners implementing new juvenile crime prevention strategies. 

Introduction. The current state of the Russian Federation is characterized by an increase in the social disadvantage of a significant part of the population, which aggravates the situation in its socio-economic, spiritual, and moral spheres. These factors determine increase in crime. To date, the prevention of juvenile delinquency is one of the most pressing issues in the police activities. In this regard, it is necessary to name the purpose of the study, which is aimed at reviewing and studying preventive work carried out with minors to prevent crime. Methods. The methodological framework for the study is the general scientific dialectical method. The methods of induction and deduction used have contributed to obtaining most of the formulated conclusions. Results. Based on the research on the prevention of juvenile delinquency, the authors have comprehensively reviewed some aspects of preventive activities, identified the problems related to the prevention of offenses in this area, and formulated ways to solve them. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the role of the family and teachers in the prevention of juvenile delinquency, which is one of priorities in their activities, has been identified; the main factors contributing to crimes in this area, as well as methods of prevention, and its types are defined.

Norio Nagayama was a 19-year-old serial killer in 1968 in Japan. Nagayama’s life and works were also evaluated as a contact point for showing the lowest classes in the 1960s and 1970s. In this article, I will progress a comprehensive study of various academic issues by focusing on juvenile crime. Also, examine how he influenced Japan’s current view on juvenile crime and find out the possibility of modern interpretation. First, as for the legal impact, established the criteria for choosing a juvenile death penalty, such as the ‘Nagayama Standard,’ informs that the argument of severe punishment of juvenile crimes, and death penalty issues were reviewed early in Japan. Second, Nagayama’s notes led to an apology for the victim’s family without showing off the crime itself. Accordingly, Japan learned that the cause of crime can be found in the (non)fictions of juvenile criminals. It confirmed that it is important to set up a place for thinking about analyzing and transmitting various causes of juvenile crimes through non-fictions or literary works. Finally, Nagayama’s novels were meaningful as a realisㄴtic work and record to find the cause of a juvnile’s crime.

The article devoted to the 100th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian legal scholar Professor Genrikh Mikhailovich Minkovsky reviews the main directions of his scientific research and their results, reveal-ing the significance of his contribution to the development of the doctrine of juvenile crime investigation. Em-phasis is placed on G.M. Minkovsky’s interdisciplinary approach to identifying and resolving criminal law, crimi-nological and other problems arising in criminal proceedings against minors. The role of G.M. Minkovsky in studying the identity of a juvenile suspect and accused is noted. The article substantiates the theoretical and practical significance of the scientific developments of G.M. Minkovsky, who not only focused on the most complex and controversial aspects of juvenile crime investigation which are still the object of study at the theo-retical level, but also made suggestions and recommendations, many of which are applied in practice. Current problems of modern criminalistics, reflected in the works of Professor G.M. Minkovsky, are discussed.

In juvenile criminal cases, the age limit of children is of great importance, since this obligation to determine whether a suspect belongs to the category of children or not is related to the criminal liability of children. In discussing the extent to which a person can meaningfully be prosecuted as a child, it appears that many laws are inconsistent in their boundaries because they are motivated by the goals of each law. itself. In order to examine the purpose of this study, the purpose of this study is to examine the regulations for determining the age of consent for criminal responsibility of children in the current Indonesian criminal law. This research method uses normative legal research methods, a legal approach, a conceptual approach, a comparative approach and a case approach. The results of this study show that from the minimum age at which children can become important as adults, any legal act of a legal entity can become possible once they reach this legal capacity of adulthood. Aspects of legal protection in determining the age of consent in Indonesian criminal law are related to the criminal liability of children. The measure of a species' ability to assume responsibility can be derived from several factors, ranging from the age to the psychology of the perpetrator. After examining the facts, one can come to the conclusion that the age limit for adulthood, which is pluralism, may lead to ambiguity in determining when a person is declared of adulthood and held responsible for the crimes committed by him becomes

The most effective means of preventing juvenile crime are recognized to be special preventive measures aimed at this vulnerable group of the population. The authors argue for the necessity of organizing post-penitentiary work with persons released from juvenile correctional facilities. The object of the research is the problem of continuous deviant and delinquent behavior of teenagers who, after leaving places of confinement, require special socio-psychological, legal and pedagogical supervision provided by the state. Specific gender and physiological features of juvenile criminals, continuously stable indices of repeat offences that they commit, and a poor organization of re-socialization work, all testify to the necessity of creating specialized rehabilitation centers for persons released from juvenile correctional facilities in the Russian Federation. The conducted comparative analysis allowed the authors to conclude that a number of developed foreign countries view comprehensive aid to teenagers after their incarceration as a priority task of high importance, and it is advisable to incorporate this approach into the Russian legal system. It is proven, both theoretically and empirically, that, in order to establish correct complex preventive work, it is important to provide temporary supervision over teenagers after their release from incarceration by using a system of electronic bracelets, which has a powerful preventive potential. The authors stress that the adaptation work in this sphere could be advanced by the adoption of a Federal Law «On Re-socialization and Social Adaptation of Persons Released from Juvenile Correctional Facilities». The authors present an approximate structure of this normative act. It is concluded that a complex approach should be a priority when enforcing the suggested measures on optimizing the rehabilitation and resocialization work with young people who served the sentence of incarceration.

ABSTRACT Introduction Adolescent sexual offending is a complex and multifaceted issue; however, existing research is predominantly derived from Western contexts, leading to gaps in understanding these behaviors in underrepresented regions. Criminal characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses, and cognitive factors, which are recognized to affect offending trajectories and reporting patterns, may differ in these underexplored contexts. Methods The objective of the research is to categorize male adolescents with a history of perpetration of sexual offenses based on the age of their victims (peer/adult vs. child) and to conduct a comparative analysis of their psychiatric diagnoses, socio‐demographic profiles, intelligence scores, and offense characteristics in a forensic setting in Türkiye. Results The study includes 119 male juveniles referred for criminal responsibility evaluations—43 with child victims and 76 with peer victims. Both groups displayed borderline to low‐average IQ scores, with intellectual disability as a common diagnosis. The most common offence in both groups is qualified sexual assault. In the majority of cases, the initiation of judicial proceedings occurs as a result of the family complaints. Alcohol and substance use disorders were less prevalent than reported in Western samples, potentially reflecting cultural and religious influences. The majority of the perpetrators were school dropouts, suggesting that educational disruptions may have played a significant role in the perpetrators' backgrounds. Conclusion The findings highlight the importance of implementing tailored interventions that address cognitive impairments and social skills deficits. Identifying the factors that contribute to school dropout and implementing preventive measures may prove to be an effective strategy for preventing future criminal behavior and promoting healthier adolescent development.

: This study analyzed the Pathways to Desistance dataset to examine whether principles of deterrence affected offending behaviors in youth categorized as serious juvenile offenders. Deterrence theory is grounded in the classical school of criminology and its rational choice perspective, arguing that individuals weigh the costs and benefits associated with crime and act in ways that maximize benefits and minimize costs. Testing deterrence theory with negative binomial regression across four waves of data demonstrated that deterrence predicted decreases in offending among study participants. These findings support the relevance of deterrence-based strategies in mitigating offending patterns among serious juvenile offenders. They further demonstrate the importance of the perception of legal consequences in shaping decision-making and deterring future criminal behavior in this population.

Juvenile firesetting remains underexamined in non-Western forensic populations. This study investigated the psychiatric, motivational, and familial characteristics of 55 adolescents (mean age = 15.05 years; 92.7% male) referred for court-ordered forensic psychiatric assessment in Turkey between 2019 and 2025. Structured coding captured motivational subtypes, family adversity, psychiatric diagnoses, co-occurring offending, and incident characteristics. Motivations included antisocial/criminal, anger- or revenge-driven, impulsive, curiosity-related, and distress-linked acts. Family adversity-particularly fragmented caregiving and neglect-was common, alongside high rates of conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and depression. Fires most frequently occurred at home or outdoors and were typically ignited with lighters. Recurrence occurred in 14.5% of cases and was more strongly associated with delinquent behavior patterns than with psychiatric diagnoses; co-occurring offending independently predicted recurrence (odds ratio = 7.78, p = 0.046). Findings highlight heterogeneous externalizing pathways shaped by cumulative family adversity and extend the international literature by providing forensic evidence from a non-Western context. Results may inform structured assessment and tailored intervention strategies within juvenile justice systems.

ABSTRACT Many juvenile justice agencies rely on risk assessments to inform administrative decisions about youth placement. While many studies within recent years have explored patterns in criminal offending over time, little research has explored the heterogeneity in youth placement decisions by the juvenile justice system. There is a need to document the patterns, levels, and trends in offense risk among youth entering and reentering the justice system. This study used latent class analysis to identify subgroups of n = 388 male juveniles repeatedly entering a U.S. juvenile justice system based on youth placement decisions. The persistent juvenile offenders were best classified into either a moderately increasing risk placement group or a severely increasing risk placement group. The moderately increasing group experienced more bullying involvement, while the severely increasing group was older and experienced more sexual assault, sexual partners, treatment for drug use problems, and elevated depression. Policy recommendations are made.

Violence and crime in South African communities, particularly the influence of youth gangs, threaten economic stability and social cohesion, affecting social reproduction and intergenerational poverty. Recidivism among young offenders results from personal, familial, community, and institutional interactions. This study examined recidivism patterns among youth at the Thohoyandou Correctional Centre, identifying factors that contribute to repeated offending. Through purposive sampling, 20 juvenile reoffenders were interviewed to gain insight into their experiences within the criminal justice system. The findings revealed five recidivism dimensions: poverty and unemployment driving crime, substance abuse impairing judgement, peer pressure and gang involvement, family dysfunction hindering reintegration, and institutional environments fostering recidivism by mixing first-time and repeat offenders. Effective interventions must address systemic inequality and provide individualised support. The study shows how correctional environments may perpetuate criminal careers among young South Africans, highlighting the need for policy reforms to address institutional practices and the social determinants of youth crime.

The relationship between juvenile offending and substance use is well-documented. Understanding this relationship in the context of other criminogenic needs could lead to more effective treatment programming, in an effort to reduce future justice system involvement. This study retrospectively classified 276 substance-using youth in the justice system into unique profiles based on the nature and severity of self-reported substance use and criminogenic needs. We tested competing latent profile analysis (LPA) models with a variable number of profiles. A four-profile model was optimal and included: (a) clinical drug and alcohol use with high criminogenic needs; (b) borderline-clinical drug use with low criminogenic needs; (c) clinical drug use with high criminogenic needs; and (d) clinical drug use with low to moderate criminogenic needs. Profiles demonstrated unique patterns of demographic and clinical factors, index offense, and rates of recidivism. Clinical implications for justice-involved youth with substance abuse are discussed, particularly related to treatment needs/services.

No abstract available

This study assesses how different forms of abuse and neglect are associated with juvenile offending, with specific emphasis on whether youth commit offenses analogous to the illicit parental behaviors to which they were exposed. Using statewide child welfare system data linked with juvenile offending records, we assess rates and types of offending among a cohort of youth exposed to child maltreatment, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (N = 7,787). Findings suggest that the maltreatment-delinquency link is better characterized as a general rather than a specific cycle of violence, though sex abuse victims tend to specialize in sex offending. Youth exposed to physical abuse, moral neglect, and parent incarceration offend at high rates overall and should be prioritized for prevention and treatment services.

We leveraged administrative and self-report data to compare male youth who were involved in the juvenile justice system (Juvenile-Justice-only (JJ) youth) and who were additionally involved with the child welfare system (Dual-System (DS) youth) in Orange County, California. Data were available for 532 youth (346 JJ youth, 186 DS youth). Analyses examined differences in individual factors, contextual factors, and offending behaviour before and at age 18. Although DS youth had more arrests before age 18 compared to JJ youth, the groups did not differ on self-reported offending and other factors (i.e., mental health, substance use, neighbourhood disadvantage, peer delinquency). Moreover, these higher arrest rates were significant even after controlling for self-reported offending and exposure to violence. Thus, results isolate child welfare involvement as uniquely linked to a greater risk for arrest. Data expands existing knowledge on high-risk youth populations who have involvement in one or more systems of care. Discussion includes implications for researchers and practitioners, including the importance of combining self-report and administrative data to distinguish between the detection of behaviour within a system (e.g., arrest) from the behaviour itself (e.g., offending).

The description of risk factors of justice-involved youths is a target for researchers and public agencies with preventive objectives. This paper analyzes the risk profile of 1.317 youth involved in the criminal justice system from 2012 to 2021. Sex differences and differences related to family risk factors were analyzed. Results showed that family risk factors were related to an increased prevalence of risk factors among juvenile offenders. Family drug problems, family offending, and family mental health problems, in this order, showed higher numbers of differences between the groups. Nevertheless, none of these classifications exhibited differences in the perpetration of violent crimes. Differences related to the presence of violence at home and between the sexes were the less frequent, although violence at home was the only influence on the perpetration of violent crime. Females were more prevalent in the family offending, family mental health problems, and social-services use groups, while males only exhibited more drug use. Family variables are shown to be a differentiating risk factor in the study of juvenile offenders, indicating the need for family-centered intervention and prevention plans.

Research suggests that co-offending among juveniles can be problematic. Few studies examine how specific locations moderate the relationship between age, co-offending, and subsequent violence. Using the National Incident-Based Reporting System (2016–2020), this study will analyze the influence of age on the impact of solo and co-offending in shopping malls while considering situational factors that affect victim injuries. By treating the shopping mall as a consistent environment, this paper investigates the correlation between age and co-offending using the logic of offender convergence settings. Findings show that when juveniles engage in co-offending behavior, they are more likely to do so at shopping malls. Implications for theoretical progress, security strategies, and potential research are also addressed.

ABSTRACT Although numerous studies to date have examined recidivism outcomes for juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs), little scholarly attention has been devoted to exploring the post-release factors that contribute to recidivism for this population of offenders. Given several rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court in the past two decades, it is important to understand why they persist in serious criminal behavior after release. The present study was designed to examine the influence of post-release factors on recidivism, using a sample of 19 male JHOs from a Southeastern U.S. state who were convicted as adults and sentenced to prison in the 1980s. These men were interviewed approximately 35 years after their original homicide offense, and official arrest data were collected on them. Eleven of the 19 sample subjects were identified as persistent offenders, which means that they had been rearrested for serious crimes and/or reincarcerated following their release for the homicide conviction. Qualitative analyses uncovered 6 dominant themes in the lives of these persistent offenders. Moreover, several factors associated with Sampson and Laub’s social control theory facilitated late desistance. The implications of the findings for prevention of reoffending among JHOs, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

In this paper, we examine the connection between gendered criminality and punishment in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, we examine how the presence of a criminal associate, type of criminal associate, prior criminality, type of court, and number of presiding judges affect what types of punishments are meted out to juvenile male and female offenders. Using a sample of 437 court cases drawn from several court systems, we found that males were more likely to commit substance use-related crimes, whereas females were more likely to commit the offenses of adultery and fornication. We also found that males were more likely than females to engage in kidnapping, a relatively violent crime. In addition, our findings reveal that juvenile males tended to commit crimes with both juvenile and adult associates, whereas juvenile females were more likely to have only adult criminal associates. Also, males were more likely than females to commit murder than substance use-related crimes if they had criminal associates. Lastly, male offenders whose cases were adjudicated by two or more judges were far more likely than male offenders whose cases were tried by a single judge to receive longer prison sentences. Interestingly, we did not find an association between punishment type and gender. The implications of our findings for the juvenile justice system, policy, and future research are discussed.

No abstract available

This study aimed to identify early risk factors experienced by youth with high-incidence disabilities (HID) and investigate their juvenile justice outcomes. Using statewide administrative data in a Midwestern U.S. state, this study identified that 9% of students ( n = 5,377) were diagnosed with an HID condition in the special education system. Latent class analysis revealed three meaningful subgroups of youth with HID, based on underlying patterns of early risks they experienced: low risk (47.6%), academic risk (37.5%), and child welfare risk (14.9%). These within-group differences accounted for the varying developmental outcomes among these youth. The odds were 4 times and 19 times higher for youth with HID in the Academic Risks and Child Welfare Risks class, respectively.

There is a wealth of research that shows juvenile justice systems that utilize structured and validated assessment tools, such as the YLS/CMI, are far more effective at reducing rates of recidivism than those who do not. In line with this research, the Department of Justice (DoJ) in Western Australia adopted the YLS/CMI as the standard risk assessment tool for evaluating the criminogenic risk and needs of youth entering the justice system. While there is evidence supporting the utility of the YLS/CMI in predicting recidivism, there is little research demonstrating its effectiveness in Australian juvenile populations and no such research in a West Australian population. There is also a lack of research on the utility of the tool with young Indigenous offenders, which is particularly concerning given the significant overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the Australian criminal justice system. Our study was the first to examine the reliability and predictive validity of the YLS/CMI on a sample of West Australian juvenile offenders. In this paper, we present the results of two analyses. The first examines the properties of the YLS/CMI in a cohort of 4,653 juvenile offenders in Western Australia, including factor structure, internal consistency, and differences between male and female youth and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth. Consistent with our hypotheses, the tool demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = .91) and cross-validation analyses identified significant differences between groups on total YLS scores and risk domains. The second analysis examines the predictive validity of the YLS/CMI in a subsample of 921 youth with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. The overall recidivism rate was 74.8% and there were differences in scores and recidivism rates for Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous youth, although the predictive accuracies in terms of AUC were similar (c. = 0.65 and 0.66, respectively).

Given the limited information on positive developmental outcomes for youth after justice system involvement, the present study aimed to identify patterns of gainful (i.e., career and education) expectations and behavior with 1,110 male and female youth adjudicated for a serious offense through group-based trajectory modeling. Using the Pathways to Desistance data set, we assessed whether expectation and behavior groups differed on demographic, peer, or romantic partner characteristics and modeled the codevelopment of expectations and behaviors through dual trajectory modeling. Approximately 30% of youth positively changed their expectations or behaviors after system involvement. Peer characteristics more robustly differentiated expectation and behavioral groups than romantic partner characteristics. The dual trajectory model presented a clear picture of developmental paths for youth with consistently low and high expectations for and engagement in gainful behaviors, but an unclear picture on how moderate or changing expectations and behavior codevelop. Overall, the results suggest it is important to consider the potential for positive change in juvenile justice dispositions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

No abstract available

No abstract available

No abstract available

Background Incarcerated youth are characterized by particularly high rates of childhood trauma, a significant risk factor for outcomes including risky behaviors and recidivism. Trauma-based interventions can ameliorate the negative effects of childhood trauma; however, a critical part of success is careful trauma screening. Due to the limitations associated with commonly used self-report trauma assessments, our team developed the Trauma Checklist (TCL), a trained-rater assessment of childhood trauma specifically created for use with forensic populations. The TCL is designed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of trauma, incorporating categories that are of specific relevance for incarcerated individuals (e.g., traumatic loss). Here, we discuss the continued development made to our original trauma assessment and explore the psychometric properties of this expanded assessment (herein termed the TCL 2.0). Method We examined relationships between TCL 2.0 scores, measures of psychopathology, and psychopathic traits in a sample of incarcerated male juvenile offenders ( n  = 237). In addition, we examined whether TCL 2.0 scores were associated with time to felony re-offense via Cox proportional-hazard regression analyses. Results We examined dimensionality of the TCL 2.0 using a principal component analysis (PCA), the results of which were confirmed via exploratory structural equation modeling; the PCA yielded a two-component solution (i.e., PC1 and PC2). We observed that PC1 (Experienced Trauma) scores were positively correlated with mood disorder diagnoses. TCL 2.0 total scores were positively correlated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology and psychopathic traits. Finally, higher PC2 (Community Trauma) scores were associated with faster time to felony re-offending. Conclusions These results suggest that the TCL 2.0 may be a beneficial screening tool to provide high-risk youth with appropriate trauma-informed treatment.

Juvenile crime holds a special place in the general system of crime prevention because it contributes to the destabilization of domestic social climate, leads to a disbalance in providing the right value-legal guidance for the new generation as the basis for the future sustainable development of the country, which should ideally live without criminal propaganda or a spread of unacceptable forms of behavior. The authors describe modern criminogenic factors of juvenile delinquency as well as the specific features of the system of their prevention. The subject of the research is the regularities of delinquent behavior and criminogenic factors contributing to the spread of juvenile crime. The authors also prove the necessity of analyzing new types of deviant behavior in order to understand the scope of their influence on the life orientations and morals of minors, as well as the problems of their socialization. It is shown that the regularities of deviant behavior of minors lie in the cultural archaization connected with the growing speech of social contacts and the intensification of information exchange processes, which leads to the emergence of various subcultures in the youth environment. The research of the transformation of legal and moral guidelines of juveniles should be based on the conceptual, organizational-legal and theoretical conclusions and take into consideration the analysis of the influence of modern teenage subcultures on the development of personal deformities of juveniles with the purpose of involving them in the criminal environment. It is noted that when juveniles reject the dominant Russian culture and develop their own minor “cultures”, it becomes a prerequisite for the development of delinquent forms of behavior aggravated by the negative examples of others and the defects of a juvenile’s socialization. The authors name the criminal subculture as one of the criminogenic determinants. They prove the danger of its spread and outline the necessity of further research in order to prevent it from penetrating the social environment of juveniles. It is concluded that the psychology of juveniles is vulnerable in the conditions of a large-scale spread of destructive information and the dependence of delinquent behavior on the degree of influence of specific criminogenic factors, which determine criminal activities. The regularities of criminal behavior of juveniles are analyzed from the social-economic, political, legal, psychological and cultural-moral standpoints.

Crimes and punishments of juvenile delinquents have always been the focus of attention of the society and the state. Due to objective and subjective reasons, and its qualitative and quantitative characteristics, this type of crime acts as a “breeding ground” for youth, adult, repeat and other offences. In this connection, the state policy of counteracting crime in general and juvenile crime in particular should be based on the analysis of the experience of enforcing the measures of state coercion, including criminal punishment. High-quality, complex analysis of the vectors of state criminal and penitentiary policy, substantiated from the standpoint of criminal law and criminological doctrines, will make it possible to work out the most effective algorithms of implementing the measures of criminal liability for juvenile offenders. Juveniles, who are convicted to the strictest form of criminal liability — criminal punishment. Although there seems to be a wide range of criminal punishments applicable to the age group under analysis, it should be recognized that the specific weight of the so-called “alternatives” to the restriction and deprivation of liberty hardly reaches a third in the court practice. On the one hand, the announced more humane attitude to teenagers guilty of criminal offences is reflected in the formal clauses of criminal law. On the other hand, the practice of law enforcement, as proven by the official court statistics, demonstrates certain objective and, sometimes, subjective difficulties connected with making decisions on sentencing juveniles to criminal punishments not connected with the restriction or deprivation of liberty. Besides, according to numerous criminological studies, these types of punishments are characterized by a heightened level of danger in terms of the possible and actual level of repeat offences in the term and process of their execution. Currently, when the criminal activities of juveniles are on the rise due to, among other things, structural demographic changes, there is an evident need for criminological research connected with determining the policy of the state aimed at preventing juvenile crime.

In the current study it is examined if the impact of vicarious and personal perceptions of procedural justice on legal cynicism, legitimacy, and offending across time is invariant across race/ethnicity. Using longitudinal data from a sample of serious juvenile offenders from the Pathways to Desistance, the within- and between-individual associations of procedural justice, legal orientations, and offending were tested. Race/ethnic-specific models were estimated to examine differences across race/ethnicity. Positive personal and vicarious experiences with police had positive effects on legal orientations (i.e., legitimacy and cynicism), while vicarious experiences were more influential on offending compared to personal experiences. These effects were consistent across race/ethnicity. Both changes in legitimacy (positive) and cynicism (negative) were important for understanding changes in offending; however, the effect of cynicism was more consistent across race/ethnicity. The findings suggest that procedurally just treatment of juveniles by police can enhance legal compliance.

(1) Background: Maltreated children are at increased risk for juvenile delinquency. Extant research has explored the effect of child maltreatment on either the initial risk of juvenile delinquency or general juvenile recidivism. However, little is known regarding the effect of child maltreatment on chronic offending. (2) Methods: Using a sample of 695 male juvenile offenders incarcerated in a centralized juvenile reformatory of the province X located in Southwest China, this study investigates both the prevalence of child maltreatment and the effect of child maltreatment on chronic offending among the juvenile offenders. Descriptive statistical analyses and multinomial logistic regression were utilized to conduct the analyses. (3) Results: A vast majority of the juvenile offenders experienced at least one type of child maltreatment. Moreover, maltreatment was generally found to be more prevalent in chronic offenders than in one-time offenders and recidivists. Results from a series of logistic regression analyses revealed that among five specific maltreatment types, only physical abuse exerted a statistically significant and positive impact on chronic offending. (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of providing early prevention and intervention programs to juvenile offenders who were physically abused in order to reduce general chronic offending as well as chronic violent offending.

The current study castssome of the first light into the initial impacts of the largest global health crisis in a generation on family and domestic violence, the long-term repercussions of which may take decades to unpack. Statewide trends in juvenile arrests for domestic violence (DV)-related offending are examined, taking into account school closures for in-person learning in March 2020 and the subsequent mandate for an in-person learning option in Florida in August 2020. Additionally, trends by sex, race/ethnicity, and severity of the offense are examined. Contrasting with growing studies demonstrating an increase in DV-related arrests among adults, we find a significant decrease upon school closures then subsequent increase when schools reopened with an in-person option. Results held across examined subgroups, yet the extent of increase following mandatory in-person learning availability was not as uniform, with Hispanic youth showing the smallest increase and Black youth the largest. Implications are discussed.

Victimization is considered a serious issue which affects children across the globe and this is particularly accentuated in the prison environment Research on prison victimization and psychological health however, has primarily focused on adult prisoners. There is little documentation on how victimization impacts the psychological health of juvenile offenders in correctional facilities. This article therefore explores the experiences of victimization among juvenile offenders in the Senior Correctional Center, Ghana. A total of 20 juvenile offenders were purposively sampled from Ghana's Senior Correction Center. Using thematic analysis, three themes were generated and discussed: forms of victimization, causes of victimization and impacts of victimization. It was revealed that, besides taking the form of either direct and or indirect physical assault, victimization also manifested in the form of verbal assault. Moreover, victimization was found to usually occur when young offenders direct their built-up frustrations at others or when victims possess specific attributes that make them targets. The various forms of victimization experienced by these young offenders impacts their well-being physically, psychologically and socially. It is recommended that stakeholders should practice stress management exercises, and establish a buddy system for juvenile offenders in the correctional facility.

Objective: Youth in contact with the justice system have higher rates of risky behaviors such as substance use than youth not in contact, yet the mechanisms underlying these behaviors are not clearly understood. Research with incarcerated and post-adjudicated adolescent samples have examined some of the individual level factors by examining the relationship between psychosocial maturity and substance use; however, adolescents at point of first contact with the juvenile justice system, a crucial point of intervention and diversion, have been given little attention. Method: The current study examined the relationship between psychosocial maturity, including emotion regulation, and high-risk behaviors such as substance use and delinquency in court-involved, non-incarcerated youth at point of first juvenile court contact. Results: MANCOVA analyses and logistic regressions partially supported our hypotheses that lesser psychosocial maturity was associated with earlier onset of substance use and increased delinquent behaviors. Conclusion: Findings inform potential intervention needs around specific elements of psychosocial maturity for youth involved in the justice system.

A proliferation of parent and family-oriented interventions has emerged within the field of juvenile justice, aiming to reduce youth offending through better parenting practices. While there is robust evidence for the efficacy of a few model programs, many family interventions have received less empirical attention despite mixed evidence on their efficacy. This study aims to assess the efficacy of a voluntary parenting program (Family Support Services; FSS) for parents of youth on juvenile probation in a Midwestern state over the span of 15 years (N = 1,844). Analyses reveal that after controlling for robust predictors of recidivism, FSS was not associated with a decrease in recidivism but rather youth whose parents participated in FSS were more likely to recidivate compared with youth of non-FSS parents. Further moderating analysis found that the iatrogenic association was stronger for low-risk youth.

Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and parental attachment may play a role in juvenile offending. Identifying these factors could contribute to both the prevention of juvenile offending and the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between juvenile offending, EMS and parental attachment.

The paper will discuss how restorative justice (RJ) can be used in relation to juvenile offending with its potential of offering a more humane and effective, rights-compliant alternative to existing punitive systems. Informed by the comparative experience in New Zealand, Europe and North America and other jurisdictions, the study examines how RJ focuses on accountability, victim involvement and community reintegration. RJ is supported by the international standards, especially the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as a child-centered approach that focuses on rehabilitation more than on punishment. It has been revealed in the paper that the successful implementation is based on key design principles such as voluntariness, proportionality, cultural sensitivity and robust oversight. Simultaneously, it provides a critical evaluation of the issues of net-widening, unequal access and coercion risks, which may decrease the legitimacy in case of the absence of the safeguards. The analysis finishes by concluding that, though not a panacea, when combined with diversionary frameworks and reinforced with robust legal, social and institutional frameworks, RJ has significant potential to change juvenile justice to a model based on accountability and reintegration.

This case study delves into the aggressive conduct and criminal goals of Master B, a 15-year- old adolescent who has been detained in a juvenile facility for five months on murder accusations related to a family property dispute. Master B testifies to deliberately killing another individual 16 times in retribution, motivated by strong resentment and family loyalty. His violent history includes a notable episode of aggressiveness at school, in which he beat an acquaintance for verbally assaulting his girlfriend. Despite his activities, Master B shows no regret and openly professes his desire to become a gangster, claiming that he intends to do more violent acts. His separation from cultural standards, academic failure, alongside lack interest in participating in rehabilitation are evident, despite the fact that he participates in academic endeavours and recreational carrom only sometimes whilst in the juvenile centre. Master B's treatment consists of planned learning opportunities and behavioral interventions; however, his persistent antisocial tendencies indicate the requirement for specific strategies that incorporate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), anger management, and familial therapy to address his violent impulses and criminal ambitions. Anger management, logotherapy, interpersonal training, and criminal thought treatments are all possible methods for dealing with such conduct.

Antisocial-delinquent behavior refers to antisocial acts that break or transgress the law, i.e., the typification established by the penal codes at any given moment and that receive some type of sanction. These acts serve as high predictors of individual and social psychological adjustment problems, including delinquent behavior during adulthood.  In Mexico, the need arises to evaluate the adolescent population in conflict with the law in order to improve the treatment of juvenile delinquents. Method.  Sample of 52 male adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, with schooling from 5 to 11 years; 26 from a social reinsertion center and 26 controls. The Antisocial-Delinquent Behavior Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Anxiety Inventory were applied. Results. The social reintegration center group reported more delinquent behaviors and the control group more non-delinquent antisocial behaviors. Medium-high and high levels of antisocial criminal behavior were identified. There were significant differences in depression. Both groups presented minimal levels of anxiety. Levels of depression and anxiety were correlated with the levels of those who presented medium-high and high antisocial criminal behavior, finding a medium positive correlation for depression and low positive for anxiety. Conclusions: Delinquent behaviors were more reported in the group from the social reintegration center, which also presented mild level of depression and anxiety. It was slightly seen that, the higher the level of antisocial criminal behavior, the higher the level of depression and anxiety.

In this article, we summarize key findings from 20 years of research conducted at the intersection of developmental psychology and juvenile justice in the United States. We predominantly examine data from two large-scale, multisite longitudinal studies involving justice-system-involved adolescents—the Pathways to Desistance study and the Crossroads study. Topics of discussion include predictors of offending and desistance from crime; youth outcomes and psychosocial needs; and emerging research, programs, and policy initiatives. First, individual-level (e.g., age, psychosocial maturity) and contextual-level (e.g., antisocial peers, exposure to violence) risk factors associated with offending are explored. Second, we discuss short-term and long-term outcomes of justice-system contact for youths engaging in moderate offenses. We highlight main findings from the Crossroads study indicating that youths who are sanctioned by the justice system at their first arrest have worse outcomes than youths who are diverted from formal processing. Additionally, we discuss the high prevalence of youths’ exposure to violence and mental health disorders as well as the differential treatment of youths of color in the justice system. Third, we extend the conversation to justice-system-involved young adults and discuss emerging, innovative legal solutions, including young adult courts. Last, we discuss real-world implications of these findings.

Background Juvenile antisocial behavior can have long-lasting and devastating effects for juveniles themselves, victims, and society. Evidence-based treatment is vital. Forensic Outpatient Systemic Therapy (Forensische Ambulante Systeem Therapie; FAST) is a promising treatment for juveniles showing severe antisocial behavior including aggression, (domestic) violence, and delinquent behavior. FAST has a flexible intensity and length, addresses individual and systemic risk and protective factors, and is responsive to the abilities of the client (system), intervention characteristics all considered crucial for effective treatment. The current study will investigate whether FAST is effective in reducing aggression of the juvenile, reaching client formulated subgoals, and improving family functioning. Processes of change will be examined, as well as mediation by reaching client formulated subgoals and improved family functioning. Methods A Multiple Case Experimental Design (MCED) with an ABC design will be performed (A = baseline, B = intervention, and C = follow-up). Juveniles with primary aggression and/or anger problems (N = 15) and their caregiver(s) will be recruited. Data collection will consist of self-report questionnaires and case file analysis. Participants fill out frequent short self-report questionnaires (twice a week during phase A, every other week during phase B, and every week during phase C) and two main questionnaires at the start of the intervention and immediately after intervention end, thereby covering a period of 5 to 11 months. Both visual and statistical analyses will be performed. Discussion This study will generate robust knowledge and inform clinical practice on the effectiveness, processes of change, and mediating mechanisms of FAST, aiming to improve the treatment of future families within youth forensic care. Trial registration This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 28/08/2023, protocol ID 60-63600-98-1138a.

Previous research has reported high prevalence rates of head injury amongst juvenile justice involved youth and relations between head injury and different forms of offending. However, little is currently known about the extent to which head injury is associated with antisocial personality features – characteristics that are strongly correlated with adult antisocial personality disorder symptomatology. The current study aimed to address this void in the existing body of research by analyzing a longitudinal sample of juvenile detainees (N = 881) to examine the relationship between head injury during childhood or early adolescence and a wide range of antisocial personality features in late adolescence. Results from a series of logistic regression models reveal that head injury is associated with impulsivity and aggression more than other features of antisocial personality. The implications of these results for juvenile justice intervention programming and avenues for future research are discussed.

Almost every juvenile offender is diagnosed with one or more categories of mental disorders. Currently, the role of psychology at the police level in handling juvenile offenders serves as a supplementary element when deemed necessary, as stipulated in Article 27 of Law No. 11/2012. This forensic psychology process provides the legal system with clinical data and analyses of the defendant's mental function, mental status, and capacity at the time of the alleged crime. By producing assessments, forensic psychologists offer law enforcement agencies a basis for making informed decisions regarding criminal responsibility and appropriate measures for juvenile offenders. This article focuses on the influence of psychology on criminal responsibility and the role of forensic psychology in determining criminal responsibility during the investigation of juvenile offenders. The research method employed is normative-legal research. The findings indicate that the element of fault is synonymous with the element of criminal responsibility, with fault being fundamentally psychological. The central role of clinical psychologists in evaluating criminal responsibility for juvenile offenders involves obtaining and providing the legal system with clinical data and analyses of the defendant's mental function, mental status, and capacity at the time of the alleged crime. This includes determining whether the defendant was suffering from mental disorders, mental illness, mental disabilities, or mental retardation at the time of the alleged crime. The emphasis is on documenting criminal histories related to the emotional or mental condition of juvenile offenders.

Introduction There is a consensus hidden in the criminal legislation of many countries that the criminal responsibility capacity of juvenile offenders is not significantly different from that of their peers. The purpose of this paper was to test this hypothesis. The research objects of this paper were 187 juvenile offenders in J Province, China, who are under detention measures, and 2,449 students from junior high school, senior high school and university in S Province as comparison objects. We subjected the gathered materials to independent-samples t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results (1) The self-control ability (109.30, 123.59) and empathy ability (63.86, 72.45) of juvenile offenders were significantly different from those of ordinary minors, but the difference of dialectical thinking ability was not statistically significant; (2) Except for the influence of mother’s education level and family income on dialectical thinking ability, the other variables had no statistical significance on the three kinds of ability. Therefore, it was suggested that the correction plan and means for juvenile offenders should focus on the improvement of self-control ability and empathy ability.

No abstract available

No abstract available

Antisocial behaviour among delinquent youth in India has emerged as a critical concern for policymakers, mental health professionals, and the juvenile justice system. Despite ongoing reforms under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, the interaction between psychological vulnerabilities and structural legal conditions remains underexplored. This study examines how factors such as impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, family instability, and exposure to community violence intersect with legal determinants including police procedures, socio-legal disparities, and institutional responses within India’s juvenile justice framework. By synthesizing empirical findings and contextual analyses, the study highlights how socioeconomic marginalization, inconsistent rehabilitation resources, and variations in legal processing contribute to the persistence of antisocial behavior among Indian youth offenders. The findings emphasize the need for integrative approaches that couple psychological assessment with culturally grounded legal reforms, strengthening rehabilitation, diversion programs, and long-term preventive strategies. This work aims to advance a more holistic understanding of youth delinquency in India while offering evidence-based recommendations for improving juvenile justice outcomes.

In order to identify family predictors of the development of antisocial behaviour in adolescents, 260 people have been interviewed: 120 minors serving sentences in correctional institutions for committing serious and especially serious crimes; 80 adolescents sentenced without isolation from society for crimes of medium severity; 60 law-abiding teenagers studying at general education programmes. The following methods have been used during the survey: “Adverse Childhood Experiences” (A.B. Kholmogorova, 2024); Gilbert child hood memories scale (2003); questionnaire on attachment to parents for older adolescents (M.V. Yaremchuk, 2005); “Profile of feelings in relationships” (L.V. Kulikov); “Teenagers about parents” (cze. Adolescent o Rodičoch), (author E. Schafer, modification by Z. Matejczyk and P. Rzichan). After data processing, it is revealed that in the families of juvenile convicts, negative emotional background prevailed, as a result of which adolescents felt more depressed, and also experienced neglect and lack of positive interest on the part of family members. Based on the results of the study, the possibility of their application in practical work in the field of crime prevention among minors is discussed.

The criminological analysis of juveniles who are sentenced without isolation from society is an important aspect of the study of modern criminal policy. This approach is aimed at minimizing the negative impact of criminal liability on juvenile offenders and at the same time ensuring their social rehabilitation. Minors who have committed criminal offenses usually come from socially vulnerable groups. They often grow up in dysfunctional families and have limited access to quality education and a positive social environment. The main factors contributing to their deviant behavior include: low level of family financial security; insufficient control and attention from parents or guardians; influence of criminal environment or antisocial companies; psycho-emotional and behavioral problems. Alternative punishment measures that are applied to minors without isolating them from society include: probation supervision, which provides control over the behavior of the convicted person and promotes his or her social adaptation; community service and correctional labor, which promote the development of a sense of responsibility and integration into society; fines and suspended sentences, which are used as additional measures to prevent repeat offenses. The use of such penalties has both advantages and disadvantages. Positive aspects include reducing recidivism rates, preserving family ties, and supporting social adaptation. At the same time, the disadvantages include possible insufficient severity of punishment and risks to public safety. One of the key principles in working with juvenile offenders is individualization of punishment. Taking into account the age, level of socialization, circumstances of the offense and psycho-emotional state allows to ensure a fair approach and promote effective rehabilitation of a minor. Keywords: criminological characteristics, juvenile, age, without isolation from society, punishment.

No abstract available

This article examines popular narratives about juvenile offenders—their psychology, propensities, and reformation—in the context of legal popularization (pufa 普法) in the early reform era. With the end of the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), the Chinese Communist Party mobilized a series of anti-crime campaigns to combat high crime rates especially among youth—but with only short-term success. In 1985, the party officially circulated a five-year plan to disseminate “common legal knowledge,” which, among other things, encouraged the production of works that featured fictional and true crime narratives. This article discusses two such works—the award-winning film Juvenile Offenders 少年犯 (1985) and the true crime anthology Snares upon First Venturing into the World 初涉人世的陷阱 (1988)—as emblematic of popular criminological discourses on troubled youth during this period. Both works insisted on the law and legal knowledge as rational safeguards against the “poisons” of the Cultural Revolution and the irrational impulses and aberrant psychological complexes behind juvenile criminality. At the same time, they continued to utilize the Mao-era paradigm of the party as a surrogate parent and promoted stories of wayward children who were rehabilitated through the love and care of dedicated adults. In these ways, popular criminology of the early reform era comprised heterogeneous discourses that ultimately cast a shadow over the principal claims of pufa: the curative effects of legal knowledge and the law’s scientific objectivity.

Relevance. Insufficient attention of state bodies to the problem of juvenile crime also leads to the aggravation of antisocial manifestations in society, neglect of social and cultural norms, and increased manifestations of crime and cruelty. Child welfare and protection of children's rights are among the main tasks of every democratic, social, and legal state. Purpose. Despite the close attention to the problem of juvenile crimes, many of the relevant aspects are still understudied; they require scientific and theoretical interpretation and substantiation, including problems in the criminological characteristic of the juvenile criminal identity. Methodology. The study employed a variety of methodologies including dialectical analysis, historical legal method, comparative legal analysis, logical legal method, documentary analysis, statistical analysis, and sociological method to comprehensively examine and understand the criminological characteristics of juvenile criminal identity and develop proposals for enhancing prevention and intervention strategies. Results. The study covers doctrinal approaches to the criminological characteristic of the personality of juvenile criminals, to find out the variability of ideas and concepts aimed at identifying the essence and features of the juvenile criminal identity on the territory of various states, and also to conclude that the system of social prevention of offences, including crimes, that has developed in the past, which has practically ceased to exist in our time, requires a qualitative reform. Conclusions. The study has substantiated that there is currently an urgent need to reproduce such a system based on new principles and unified foundations of the criminological characteristic of the juvenile criminal identity, to create an appropriate legislative framework for this purpose and to widely involve the public in this activity.

To identify individual, familial and behavioural correlates of recidivism among female juvenile offenders in Turkey and to draw practice‐relevant implications for forensic risk assessment and rehabilitation. We retrospectively analysed forensic psychiatric case records of 456 girls aged 12–18 years at the time of the index offence, referred by judicial authorities between 2011 and 2021. Variables included demographics, schooling, family structure, family criminal/incarceration history, abuse, self‐harm, tattoos, substance use, offence type and intellectual functioning. Group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify independent correlates of repeat offending. The recidivism rate was 30.9%. Compared with non‐recidivists, recidivists showed higher rates of school dropout, larger sibling numbers, parental separation, family crime and incarceration history, tattoos, self‐harm and substance use; they also more frequently committed property offences and had prior institutionalisation. In multivariable models, number of siblings (OR = 1.17), family criminal history (OR = 2.57), tattoos (OR = 3.18), substance use (OR = 5.51) and property offences (OR = 6.60) were independently associated with higher odds of recidivism. Property offenders were younger, had prior incarceration, family risk markers and borderline intellectual functioning. Female juvenile recidivism clustered with family criminogenic context, substance use and behavioural risk markers. These variables should be interpreted as correlates rather than causal determinants of reoffending, given the retrospective design. Findings support gender‐attentive prevention efforts, including school retention, family‐focused supports and substance use interventions within case management. They also provide guidance for triage and supervision planning in legal and criminological psychology settings.

Abstract This article argues that 1961 to 1967 was a critical period when federal, state, and academic institutions looked with hope toward emerging methods in behavioral and social psychology to train juvenile justice officials and to treat delinquent children. Reflecting liberal optimism regarding the possibility of reforming individual behavior without structural change, the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 provided project funding to cities, nonprofits, and universities. Using the University of North Carolina’s Training Center on Delinquency and Youth Crime as a case study, this article examines how federal funding was used for “experiments” with group therapy, youth incarceration, and cocreation of juvenile justice. Though largely inconclusive, these experiments demonstrated the existence of alternatives to the hyperinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders that accelerated after the Supreme Court’s 1967 decision of In re Gault.

Taking China as an example, “Reintegrative Shaming” can provide new ideas for the progress of juvenile criminal justice, especially educational correction. Although “Reintegrative Shaming” is often regarded as a philosophy of law, it is not only a theory but also a feasible method under the verification of psychology. Because the emotional experience of shame has a moderating effect on the behavioral habits of minors, appropriate forgiveness can avoid the negative effects of excessive shame. In order to effectively apply “Reintegrative Shaming” in juvenile criminal justice, it is also necessary to rationalize the conduct of persuasive sessions and to give due consideration to the participants.

Although the level of life in society has evolved, the Romanian society, as the Western civilization in general, still faces a significant number of cases of juvenile crimes, and certainly this number is much higher than is desired by the authorities. This article has as a goal to provide an overview of the criminal liability of minors in Romania (defined as persons under the age of 18). This article will also provide a broad view of the criminal sanctions that can be applicable to minors who committed crimes. Of course, the current legal framework has resolved some issues that were faced in the past, but in some cases has generated others, which will be underlined, and, when possible, also solutions will be provided. The procedure of work and the methods for this article included the analysis of the legal national provisions, the read of the main legal authors that commented the relevant legal provisions. We have also included several psychology studies that have analyzed the particularities of the juvenile criminals, which differ in many aspects from adult criminals, and their needs that should be taken into consideration by the legal system that must, especially in their case, not only punish, but also educate and transform.

The importance of preventive conversation as a tool of educational influence on a juvenile offender is revealed. The goals of preventing unlawful behavior of minors are scientifically based provisions of criminology, pedagogy and general psychology on the problems of formation, studying and correcting the personality of juvenile offenders using the effectiveness of the educational impact of preventive conversations. Individual prevention of minors covers measures that directly involve identifying specific teenagers who commit offenses, including minor ones (early prevention), corrective influence on the personality of these minors for the purpose of their correction and re-education, identification and elimination of the causes of their unlawful behavior. The most tried and tested tool for individual prevention is conversation

Introduction:- The Justice Act represents India’s legal and moral commitment to deal with children in conflict with law through a framework that recognises their vulnerability, capacity for reform, and need for care rather than retribution. Rooted in constitutional values, international conventions such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and evolving understandings of child psychology, the Act seeks to balance the objectives of child protection, social reintegration, and public safety. However, this balance has consistently generated debate, particularly around the question of whether juveniles who commit offences, especially serious and heinous crimes should be subjected primarily to rehabilitative measures or punitive sanctions akin to those imposed on adults. The Juvenile Justice Act thus becomes a contested legal space where the ideals of reformative justice intersect with societal demands for deterrence and accountability. The rehabilitative philosophy underlying the Juvenile Justice Act is premised on the belief that children, due to their age and developmental stage, lack full mental maturity and are therefore more amenable to reform. The Act emphasises care, protection, treatment, education, and social reintegration as core objectives, reflecting the view that juvenile delinquency is often a consequence of socio-economic deprivation, family breakdown, abuse, or neglect rather than inherent criminal intent. Institutions such as Observation Homes, Special Homes, and the role of the Juvenile Justice Board are designed to provide a child-friendly and non-adversarial environment, ensuring that the child’s best interests remain central. This approach aligns with the reformative theory of punishment, which prioritises correction and reintegration over retribution.

The study of legal psychology can actively promote the legal adjustments of traditional social relationships, which is already reflected in the current legislation in China. Provisions regarding the mental health of citizens can be found in various written laws and legal articles. For example, the Criminal Law clearly distinguishes the criminal responsibility of mentally ill patients, while the Administrative Penalty Law has special provisions regarding the cognitive status of intellectually disabled individuals. In terms of judicial practice, in response to the increase in juvenile delinquency issues in recent years, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate have issued multiple judicial interpretations to provide case guidance. In the rapidly developing era of informatization, facing the emergence of a digital society such as the "metaverse", it is crucial to exploit the future research emphasis of legal psychology.

The article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of the formation of state juvenile policy. In particular, the initial principles on which an effective juvenile policy should be based are considered, in particular the principles of human rights, social justice, a preventive approach and an interdisciplinary approach. The author analyzes the role of state institutions in ensuring children’s rights, as well as the interaction between different levels of government and public organizations. The importance of integrating social, legal and psychological aspects into the process of developing juvenile policy, as well as its adaptation to changing socio-cultural conditions, is emphasized. The key challenges and prospects facing the state in the context of protecting children’s rights and preventing juvenile delinquency are also highlighted. The importance of interagency and intersectoral cooperation for the implementation of juvenile policy is also discussed. The emphasis is placed on the need for a comprehensive approach to the problem, which includes the interaction of social protection bodies, education, healthcare, law enforcement bodies and justice bodies. The author proposes a vision of a model of state juvenile policy, which is aimed not only at punishing offenders, but also at creating favorable conditions for their rehabilitation and social adaptation. The issue of ensuring children’s access to necessary social services, in particular in the field of psychosocial support and education, is also considered. An important aspect of the article is the identification of priority areas for the development of juvenile policy, including improving the legislative framework, modernizing the system of upbringing and support for children, and improving preventive measures to prevent delinquency among minors. In addition, the author emphasizes the need for constant assessment of the effectiveness of state juvenile policy and its adaptation to changes in society, in particular by taking into account the latest approaches in the field of psychology, sociology, and pedagogy. The article provides important recommendations for specialists in the field of juvenile justice, social workers, teachers, and representatives of state bodies who work with children and adolescents in difficult life situations.

The article is devoted to the study of various approaches to understanding the essence, purpose and significance of the disciplinary impact measures common in the science of criminal executive law. The author considers the scientific positions of both Soviet and modern Ukrainian researchers on the given problem. The author emphasizes that the legislator does not outline the essence and significance of the disciplinary impact measures, but only partially formulates their purpose, denoting that the objectives of the criminal executive legislation of Ukraine are to determine the procedure for applying influence measures to convicted persons for the purpose of correcting and preventing antisocial behavior (Part 2 of Article 1 of the Criminal-Executive Code of Ukraine). The article emphasizes that the system of the disciplinary impact measures, which can be applied to persons sentenced to imprisonment, is one of the means of ensuring the regime of serving the punishment, which is claimed, in particular, by such scholars as O. Dzhuzha, M. Romanov, A. Stepaniuk, S. Stefanov. Consequently, the author reveals the meaning of the regime as an established order of execution and serving of punishment, highlighting the positions of Ukrainian researchers O. Kolb and A. Stepaniuk regarding the understanding of its essence. At the same time, it is emphasized that the legislator understands the regime as one of the main means of correction and resocialization of convicts (Part 3, Article 6 of the CEC of Ukraine). The article states that the application of the disciplinary impact measures is based on a combination of the use of the method of persuasion and the method of coercion, which was pointed out, in particular, by the Soviet scholars M. Belyaev, I. Noy, M. Struchkov, Y. Tkachevsky, as well as the Ukrainian scientist A. Gel and representatives of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine. The author summarizes that the Ukrainian theoreticians of criminal executive law, namely A. Gel, S. Miroshnychenko, G. Semakov, A. Stepaniuk and I. Yakovets, summarizing the understanding of the essence expressed in legal science concerning the disciplinary impact measures, recognize them as means of stimulating convicts to obey the law. Therefore, the author states that the application of the disciplinary impact measures (that is, both incentives and sanctions) to the juveniles sentenced to imprisonment is intended to stimulate juvenile prisoners to obey the law and, therefore, to serve the purpose of correction and resocialization of the convicted, and as well as prevention of new offenses.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze a sample (n = 65) of juvenile homicide/attempted homicide cases in terms of psychiatric, demographic, criminal characteristics, IQ scores, and Rorschach test (where available) characteristics and decisions on criminal responsibility. METHOD Data were collected through a retrospective chart review of cases between the ages of 12 and 18 at the time of the offense, who were referred to the Observation Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine (Adli Tip Kurumu Baskanligi, Gözlem İhtisas Dairesi) for determination of criminal responsibility between 2014 and 2019 and who were assessed under inpatient status by law. RESULTS There were 65 juvenile homicide/attempted homicide offenders (7 female, 58 male). Reduced or no criminal liability was found in seven cases (10.7 %). Recent and past trauma was found in 21.5 % and 16.9 % of our cases respectively. The percentage of alcohol or illicit drug use disorder was 35.4 %. Non-suicidal self-injury was found in 38.5 % of our cases, and 6.4 % of these had a concurrent suicide attempt. Most of our cases (55.4 %) were neither in employment nor in education at the time of the offense. CONCLUSION The juvenile homicide/attempted homicide offenders were a heterogeneous group. Rates of serious mental illness were low. School and working functionality were low. Antisocial personality traits, alcohol/substance use disorders, past and recent trauma, emotional regulation problems, and poor school and work functioning appear to be important in the development of this serious offending.

Crime prevention strategies based on early intervention depend on accurate risk assessment instruments for identifying high risk youth. It is important in this context that the instruments be convenient to administer, which means, in particular, that they should also be reasonably brief; adaptive screening tests are useful for this purpose. Adaptive tests constructed using classification and regression trees are becoming a popular alternative to traditional Item Response Theory (IRT) approaches for adaptive testing. However, tree-based adaptive tests lack a principled criterion for terminating the test. This paper develops a Bayesian decision theory framework for measuring the trade-off between brevity and accuracy, when considering tree-based adaptive screening tests of different lengths. We also present a novel method for designing tree-based adaptive tests, motivated by this framework. The framework and associated adaptive test method are demonstrated through an application to youth delinquency risk assessment in Honduras; it is shown that an adaptive test requiring a subject to answer fewer than 10 questions can identify high risk youth nearly as accurately as an unabridged survey containing 173 items.

Matching is one of the most widely used study designs for adjusting for measured confounders in observational studies. However, unmeasured confounding may exist and cannot be removed by matching. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis is typically needed to assess a causal conclusion's sensitivity to unmeasured confounding. Sensitivity analysis frameworks for binary exposures have been well-established for various matching designs and are commonly used in various studies. However, unlike the binary exposure case, there still lacks valid and general sensitivity analysis methods for continuous exposures, except in some special cases such as pair matching. To fill this gap in the binary outcome case, we develop a sensitivity analysis framework for general matching designs with continuous exposures and binary outcomes. First, we use probabilistic lattice theory to show our sensitivity analysis approach is finite-population-exact under Fisher's sharp null. Second, we prove a novel design sensitivity formula as a powerful tool for asymptotically evaluating the performance of our sensitivity analysis approach. Third, to allow effect heterogeneity with binary outcomes, we introduce a framework for conducting asymptotically exact inference and sensitivity analysis on generalized attributable effects with binary outcomes via mixed-integer programming. Fourth, for the continuous outcomes case, we show that conducting an asymptotically exact sensitivity analysis in matched observational studies when both the exposures and outcomes are continuous is generally NP-hard, except in some special cases such as pair matching. As a real data application, we apply our new methods to study the effect of early-life lead exposure on juvenile delinquency. We also develop a publicly available R package for implementation of the methods in this work.

We analyze the staggered entry of rideshare services across U.S. metropolitan areas, estimating its effect on the spatial redistribution and real outcomes of residents. Ridesharing services gentrify urban areas-especially those with ex-ante lower housing values-causing housing prices to rise 9 percent, with the in-migration of rich-younger individuals more than offsetting the out-migration of incumbent residents and reduced in-migration of poorer individuals. Impact on incumbent residents is conditional on ex-ante homeownership. For homeowners, there is no displacement and a decline in delinquency rates. For non-homeowners, displacement and delinquency rates rise 11 percent and 42 percent, respectively. Our study emphasizes how the private provision of high-end transportation technologies can increase urbanization and exacerbate inequality.

Stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOM) are a broadly applied modelling framework for analysing network dynamics using network panel data. They have been extended to address co-evolution of multiple networks as well as networks and behaviour. This paper extends the SAOM to the analysis of multiple network panels through a random coefficient multilevel model, estimated with a Bayesian approach. This is illustrated by a study of the dynamic interdependence of friendship and minor delinquency, represented by the combination of a one-mode and a two-mode network, using a sample of 81 school classes in the first year of secondary school.

The causal link between victimization and violence later in life is largely accepted but has been understudied for victimized adolescents. In this work we use the Add Health dataset, the largest nationally representative longitudinal survey of adolescents, to estimate the relationship between victimization and future offending in this population. To accomplish this, we derive a new doubly robust estimator for the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) when the treatment and outcome are not always observed. We then find that the offending rate among victimized individuals would have been 3.86 percentage points lower if none of them had been victimized (95% CI: [0.28, 7.45]). This contributes positive evidence of a causal effect of victimization on future offending among adolescents. We further present statistical evidence of heterogeneous effects by age, under which the ATT decreases according to the age at which victimization is experienced. We then devise a novel risk-ratio-based sensitivity analysis and conclude that our results are robust to modest unmeasured confounding. Finally, we show that the found effect is mainly driven by non-violent offending.

Sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding under incremental propensity score interventions remains relatively underdeveloped. Incremental interventions define stochastic treatment regimes by multiplying the odds of treatment, offering a flexible framework for causal effect estimation. To study incremental effects when there are unobserved confounders, we adopt Rosenbaum's sensitivity model in single time point settings, and propose a doubly robust estimator for the resulting effect bounds. The bound estimators are asymptotically normal under mild conditions on nuisance function estimation. We show that incremental effect bounds can be narrower or wider than those for mean potential outcomes, and that the bounds must lie between the expected minimum and maximum of the conditional bounds on E(Y^0|X) and E(Y^1|X). For time-varying treatments, we consider the marginal sensitivity model. Although sharp bounds for incremental effects are identifiable from longitudinal data under this model, practical estimators have not yet been established; we discuss this challenge and provide partial results toward implementation. Finally, we apply our methods to study the effect of victimization on subsequent offending using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), illustrating the robustness of our findings in an empirical setting.

Antisocial behavior (ASB) on social media -- including hate speech, harassment, and cyberbullying -- poses growing risks to platform safety and societal well-being. Prior research has focused largely on networks such as X and Reddit, while \textit{multi-party conversational settings} remain underexplored due to limited data. To address this gap, we use \textit{CyberAgressionAdo-Large}, a French open-access dataset simulating ASB in multi-party conversations, and evaluate three tasks: \textit{abuse detection}, \textit{bullying behavior analysis}, and \textit{bullying peer-group identification}. We benchmark six text-based and eight graph-based \textit{representation-learning methods}, analyzing lexical cues, interactional dynamics, and their multimodal fusion. Results show that multimodal models outperform unimodal baselines. The late fusion model \texttt{mBERT + WD-SGCN} achieves the best overall results, with top performance on abuse detection (0.718) and competitive scores on peer-group identification (0.286) and bullying analysis (0.606). Error analysis highlights its effectiveness in handling nuanced ASB phenomena such as implicit aggression, role transitions, and context-dependent hostility.

No abstract

In the last three decades there has been ample research to demonstrate that instituting Multisystemic Therapy for serious juvenile offenders, keeping them in the community with intensive intervention, can significantly reduce recidivism. When there is recidivism, it is less severe than in released incarcerated juveniles. Multisystemic Therapy provides 24 h available parental guidance, family therapy, individual therapy, group therapy, educational support and quite importantly a change of peer group. In New York City, there is the new mandate through the Juvenile Justice Initiative to implement interventions to keep juvenile offenders in the community rather than sending them to be incarcerated. However, this paper aims to examine how teaching prosocial values in early childhood can reduce the incidence of first-time juvenile delinquency. Programs such as the Perry School Project will be discussed to demonstrate that although somewhat expensive, these innovative programs nonetheless are quite cost-effective as the cost to society of adjudication, incarceration and victim damages are significantly greater. Along with teaching prosocial 0020 values, there has been renewed interest in early identification of youth at risk for developing Antisocial Personality Disorder. An update is given on the status of both promising approaches in early intervention to prevent serious juvenile delinquency and hence adult criminality.

No abstract

Participation in sports activities is very popular among adolescents, and is frequently encouraged among youth. Many psychosocial health benefits in youth are attributed to sports participation, but to what extent this positive influence holds for juvenile delinquency is still not clear on both the theoretical and empirical level. There is much controversy on whether sports participation should be perceived as a protective or a risk factor for the development of juvenile delinquency. A multilevel meta-analysis of 51 published and unpublished studies, with 48 independent samples containing 431 effect sizes and N = 132,366 adolescents, was conducted to examine the relationship between sports participation and juvenile delinquency and possible moderating factors of this association. The results showed that there is no overall significant association between sports participation and juvenile delinquency, indicating that adolescent athletes are neither more nor less delinquent than non-athletes. Some study, sample and sports characteristics significantly moderated the relationship between sports participation and juvenile delinquency. However, this moderating influence was modest. Implications for theory and practice concerning the use of sports to prevent juvenile delinquency are discussed.

Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem in the United States, and is likely to remain so for many years to come. Because delinquency often is accompanied by high rates of coincidental and causal comorbidities, effective treatment programs for CD youths must use multimodal approaches tailored to each youth's particular set of psychopathologies. Child psychiatrists are uniquely qualified to provide assistance and leadership in the treatment of delinquent youths, as their problems are best captured by a developmental psychopathology model. Knowledge regarding the epidemiology of CD, and of the risk factors associated with it, is excellent, although a thorough understanding of resilience and treatment is still developing. Successful involvement in the treatment of delinquent youth requires that psychiatrists maintain a diverse set of skills, a high level of flexibility in treatment approaches, and a special awareness of the legal parameters governing the rehabilitation of these youngsters.

Juvenile firesetting is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Male gender, substance use, history of maltreatment, interest in fire, and psychiatric illness are commonly reported risk factors. Interventions that have been shown to be effective in juveniles who set fires include cognitive behavior therapy and educational interventions, whereas satiation has not been shown to be an effective intervention. Forensic assessments can assist the legal community in adjudicating youth with effective interventions. Future studies should focus on consistent assessment and outcome measures to create more evidence for directing evaluation and treatment of juvenile firesetters.

Juvenile crime is a serious public health problem that results in significant emotional and financial costs for victims and society. Using etiologic models as a guide, multiple interventions have been developed to target risk factors thought to perpetuate the emergence and persistence of delinquent behavior. Evidence suggests that the most effective interventions tend to have well-defined treatment protocols, focus on therapeutic approaches as opposed to external control techniques, and use multimodal cognitive-behavioral treatment strategies. Moving forward, there is a need to develop effective policies and procedures that promote the widespread adoption of evidence-based delinquency prevention practices across multiple settings.

The study of juvenile delinquency has focused primarily on conduct disorder and aggression in males, while relatively little attention has been paid to females who commit delinquent acts. This article offers a critical review of the existing theories of and research on female delinquency and the juvenile justice system's response to female delinquency. The inadequacies and persistence of historical theories and the conceptual and methodological strengths and weaknesses of contemporary perspectives in female delinquency are reviewed. Understanding and treatment of female and male delinquency could be enhanced through the adoption of a gender-integrated theory of delinquency that is informed by the comprehensive study of developmental, psychological, and social-ecological determinants.

No abstract

The related literature is studied to explore the psychological characteristics of juvenile delinquency groups and implement their psychological characteristics model for the intervention of health behavior. Drawing on the results of current literature research, the Youth Psychological Characteristics Crime Prevention Questionnaire (YPPQ) was compiled, which can be simply referred to as the Crime Prevention Questionnaire. The whole psychological characteristics of juvenile delinquency are analyzed by means of a questionnaire. Firstly, the YPPQ scores of different groups were compared, and a structured interview was conducted on the reasons for the crime of the problem youth group. Secondly, data analysis was carried out on the results of questionnaires and interviews, and the psychological characteristics of juvenile delinquency were summarized. A "mixed hierarchical intervention model" was proposed to intervene in the mental health behavior of juvenile delinquency groups, and corresponding intervention strategies were also proposed. The results reveal that through the questionnaire survey, the educational background of juvenile subjects was generally distributed in middle school, the number of juveniles with primary school education was less than 30% of the juvenile delinquency groups, the middle school education accounted for more than 60% of the juvenile delinquency groups, and the approximate age was about 18 years old. The largest number in each group were adolescents with secondary school education, indicating the importance of psychological education on crime prevention for adolescents in secondary school. By comparing the YPPQ test scores of different groups, the adolescent group has higher test scores than the juvenile delinquency groups in five of the dimensions. Through the comparative analysis of the YPPQ test results of the juvenile delinquency groups, the problem youth group, and the normal youth group, it is found that the YPPQ has high reliability and validity, so its detection and evaluation are highly feasible. By comparing the odds ratio (OR) of each question in the YPPQ test between the experimental group and the control group, it is found that the psychological characteristics of the experimental group are significantly affected by family, school, and even society. Finally, it proposes a "mixed hierarchical intervention model" for juvenile delinquency to intervene in health behaviors. The purpose is to provide some research ideas for the study of the psychological characteristics of juvenile delinquency groups and to put forward some suggestions for the prevention of juvenile delinquency and the intervention of health behavior.

Not all behavior problems develop into juvenile delinquency nor do all juvenile delinquents become adult criminals. Environment is not in itself the only determining factor in the development of delinquency; rather, environment may offer the opportunity for acting out conflicts in an antisocial way. Conflicts are dealt with by antisocial behavior patterns rather than through various neurotic defense mechanisms. There appears to be a defect in conscience. Parental roles are extremely important in helping the growing child develop those positive aspects of his personality which lead to adult maturity and adult happiness. Included in parental factors are the relationships of both parents to the child, not just in what is conscious and deliberate in the relationship, but in what also can occur unconsciously or without awareness in the relationship.

According to the White Paper on Crime 1994 published by the Ministry of Justice in Japan, the delinquent rate in Japan was highest when juveniles were approximately 14 to 16 years old, and declined as they grew older. The analysis of juvenile offenders in Japan showed that 70% of them had two living parents, 90% of them from families which were financially stable or affluent. The breakdown of their parents attitudes showed, however, that 48.2% were classified as neglectful, followed by harshness at 30.3% and spoiling or overprotection at 17.3% in 1993 in Japan. In the following, social factors leading to juvenile delinquency were reviewed. Factors leading to juvenile delinquency were classified into social factors, school factors and home factors, and recent findings concerning those three factors were explained. A fairly clear outlook on the efforts required by society, schools and families to reduce juvenile delinquency was shown by revealing important factors leading juveniles to delinquency.

In 2007, Mexico implemented a strategy to combat drug trafficking through military intervention, after which a significant increase in homicides, mainly among young men, was observed and linked to structural problems as well as organized crime, especially the recruitment of youth, with adolescents being particularly vulnerable. Through a systematic review of the literature from 2013 to 2022, we have compiled the reported factors influencing the recruitment of adolescents by organized crime in Mexico and conducted a metasynthesis of the data according to the multiple levels that affect adolescents: individual, family, community, cultural, and social. This research has shown that many of the factors reported are interrelated and need to be studied holistically. In addition, many of the factors are common to other forms of juvenile delinquency, but the main difference is the presence of organized crime itself in the community and culture.

Sexual offending by juveniles accounts for a sizable percentage of sexual offenses, especially against young children. In this article, recent research on female juvenile sex offenders (JSOs), risk factors for offending in juveniles, treatment, and the ways in which these youth may differ from general delinquents will be reviewed. Most JSOs do not go on to develop paraphilic disorders or to commit sex offenses during adulthood, and as a group, they are more similar to nonsexual offending juvenile delinquents than to adult sex offenders. Recent research has elucidated some differences between youth who commit sex offenses and general delinquents in the areas of atypical sexual interests, the use of pornography, and early sexual victimization during childhood.

The perpetration of murders by juveniles (individuals under age 18) has been a serious concern in the United States since the 1960s. As a result of four decisions by the United States Supreme Court during the 21st century, the likelihood that juvenile homicide offenders will be released back into society is substantially higher than it was in the year 2000. Given these changes in sentencing policies and practices, understanding why youths under 18 engage in homicidal behavior is more important than ever for two reasons: to prevent juveniles from killing in the first place and to determine whether their reasons for killing are related to post-release outcome. This research is a part of a 35-year follow-up study of 59 boys, age 14 to 17, who were convicted of murder or attempted murder, and sentenced to adult prisons in a southeastern state. Twenty of these men discussed the reasons for their involvement in murder in person in a second interview conducted by the author 35 years after her first interview with them. These men's reasons for engaging in serious homicidal behavior reflected both psychological and sociological factors. Although the type of explanation for criminal involvement was not significantly related to post-release outcome, some interesting patterns were discernible. The implications of these findings, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

No abstract

This study aims to empirically explore the crime-commission process of juvenile sexual homicide offenders (SHOs). First, a comparison between the crime-commission process of juvenile and adult SHOs is undertaken, while as a second step, this study also provides an empirical classification specific to juvenile SHOs. The sample used in this study consists of 55 juvenile SHOs and 281 adult SHOs. A sequential binomial regression was used to compare at the multivariate level the two groups of offenders, while a latent class analysis was used to examine the relationships between each step of the crime-commission process of juvenile SHOs. Our findings suggest that the crime-commission process of juvenile SHOs present differences when compared with adult SHOs. Moreover, we identified four different patterns in juvenile sexual homicide: explosive opportunistic, sadistic, overcontrolled anger, and predator. Theoretical and practical implications in terms of criminal investigations as well as offenders' management and treatment are discussed.

Youth who acquire a juvenile crime record may be at increased risk of perpetrating gun violence as adults. North Carolina and 22 other states permit young adults who were adjudicated by a juvenile court - even for some felony-equivalent offenses - to legally access firearms. Effectiveness of gun restrictions for adults with juvenile crime histories has not been systematically studied. This article reports findings from a longitudinal study of arrests and convictions for gun-involved and other offenses in 51,059 young adults in North Carolina, comparing those with gun-disqualifying and not-disqualifying juvenile records. The annualized rate of arrest for gun-involved crime in those with a felony-level juvenile record was 9 times higher than the rate of reported comparable offenses in the same age group in the North Carolina general population (3349 vs. 376 per 100,000). Among those with a felony-equivalent juvenile delinquency adjudication who became legally eligible to possess firearms at age 18, 61.8% were later arrested for any criminal offense, 14.3% for a firearm-involved offense. Crimes with guns were most likely to occur among young adults who had committed more serious (felony or equivalent) offenses before age 18; had been adjudicated at younger ages; acquired a felony conviction as a youth; and spent time in prison. The prevalence of arrests for crimes involving guns among young adults in North Carolina with a gun-disqualifying felony record acquired before age 18 suggests that the federal gun prohibitor conferred by a felony record is not highly effective as currently implemented in this population. From a risk-based perspective, these restrictions appear to be justified; better implementation and enforcement may improve their effectiveness. Gun crime prevention policies and interventions should focus on these populations and on limiting illegal access to firearms.

This study explores modeling crime-scene characteristics of juvenile homicide in the French-speaking part of Belgium. Multidimensional scaling analysis was carried out on crime-scene characteristics derived from the court files of 67 individuals under 22 years old, who had been charged with murder or attempted murder (1995-2009). Three thematic regions (Expressive: multiple offenders; Instrumental: theft; Instrumental: sex/forensic awareness) distinguished types of aggression displayed during the offense. These themes reaffirm that the expressive-instrumental differentiation found in general homicide studies is valuable when attempting to discriminate juvenile homicides. The proposed framework was found useful to classify the offenses, as 84% of homicides were assigned to a dominant theme. Additionally, associations between crime-scene characteristics and offenders' characteristics were analyzed, but no associations were found, therefore failing to provide empirical support for the homology assumption. Cultural comparisons, as well as the influence of age on the thematic structure are discussed.

The juvenile justice system's interventions are expected to help reduce recidivism. However, previous studies suggest that official processing in juvenile court fails to reduce adolescents' criminal behavior in the following year. Longer term effects have not yet been investigated with a rigorous method. This study used propensity score matching to assess the impact of juvenile court processing into young adulthood. Participants were part of a prospective longitudinal study of 1,037 boys from low- socioeconomic areas of Montreal, followed from ages 6-25 years. During their adolescence, 176 participants were processed in juvenile court, whereas 225 were arrested, but not sent to court. Propensity score matching was used to balance the group of participants exposed to juvenile court and the unexposed comparison group on 14 preadolescent child, family and peer characteristics. The two groups were compared on their official adult criminal outcomes. The risk of conviction for an adult offence was 50.0% for court-processed participants compared with 24.3% for their matched counterparts, OR = 3.13, 95% CI = 1.80-5.44. Court-processed participants committed an average of 0.39 violent crimes, compared with 0.15 for their matched counterparts; Poisson model IRR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.39-4.87. They also committed an average of 2.38 nonviolent crimes, compared to 1.30 for their matched counterparts, IRR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.19-2.93. Rather than decreasing recidivism, juvenile court intervention increased both violent and nonviolent future crimes. Along with previous studies, this study highlights a pressing need for more research and knowledge transfer about effective interventions to reduce recidivism among youths who commit crime.

The aim of this study was to analyze the role of psychopathic traits in the age of crime onset of female juvenile delinquents. Using a sample of 132 young females from the Juvenile Detention Centers of the Portuguese Ministry of Justice and from schools in the Lisbon region, a group of early crime onset (n = 44), a group of late crime onset (n = 44), and a nondelinquent school group (n = 44) were formed. Results showed that early crime onset participants score higher on psychopathy measures, self-reported delinquency, and crime seriousness than late crime onset participants and school participants. Psychopathic-traits scores were significantly associated with age of crime onset, age at first trouble with the law, and frequency and seriousness of crime.

Several strands of research are consistent with the possibility that expansions in psychiatric medication usage have reduced crime and delinquency. Estimates suggest that medication usage has increased to as much as 9% of the youth population and up to 20% of the adult population in the United States and is high among populations associated with the criminal justice system. Studies show that four classes of commonly used psychiatric medication do reduce aggressive behavior, and crime rates are lower among diagnosed patients receiving such medications compared to those not. Prescriptions for medication increased fivefold for youth during the time that crime has declined in the United States and elsewhere, and two population-level analyses find some association between prescription rates and crime trends over time. However, true experimental studies are lacking, and one of the better trend studies does not show strong associations. This article proposes a research agenda for this issue.

No abstract

We examined the prevalence of mental disorders and the recommendations regarding criminal responsibility and treatment in pre-trial mental health evaluations requested by Dutch juvenile courts for youths between the ages of 12 to 17. Youths of native Dutch (n=2694) and of ethnic minority background (n=1393) were compared. The prevalence of mental disorders was similar for both groups (76.8% versus 74.4%). Criminal responsibility in native Dutch youth was more often considered 'diminished' or 'strongly diminished' than in ethnic minority youth. Admission to a juvenile institution was more often recommended for ethnic minority juveniles than for native Dutch juveniles. It remains unclear from our data whether these differences reflect a false stereotype of ethnic minority populations as being more dangerous and threatening.

Historically, juvenile justice policy has oscillated between rehabilitative and punitive approaches to managing young offenders. Policy and practice in the 1970s and 1980s emphasized individual treatment for young offenders in nonsecure, community-based programs. An increase in violent youth crime during the past decade has renewed interest in punishing delinquent youths. Cyclic fluctuations in juvenile justice policy and their relationship to policy, practice, and youth crime are examined. Our analysis suggests that overall crime rates have remained relatively stable over the past three decades and are independent of prevailing juvenile justice policies. The findings support the need for targeted prevention efforts addressing the root causes of juvenile crime. Needed policy reforms, public education efforts, and practice approaches are outlined.

No abstract

In consideration of the widespread adoption of juvenile drug court programs during the past decade, the purpose of this review is to examine the effectiveness of juvenile drug courts and suggest priorities for juvenile drug court research. Consistent with the much more extensive adult drug court literature and the few uncontrolled evaluations of juvenile drug court, findings from a recent randomized clinical trial suggest that juvenile drug court is more effective than family court in decreasing participant criminal behavior and substance use. Perhaps due to the intensive surveillance that juvenile drug court participants receive, however, these favorable outcomes did not translate to reduced rates of rearrest or incarceration during the 12-month study period. In addition, the integration of evidence-based substance-abuse treatments into juvenile drug court enhanced participant substance-related outcomes and rates of juvenile drug court completion. Although the widespread dissemination of juvenile drug courts has exceeded clear and unambiguous evidence of their effectiveness, few other criminal justice programs have shown such promise with drug-abusing offenders. Moreover, the integration of evidence-based treatments of adolescent substance abuse holds the potential to further enhance the effectiveness of juvenile drug courts.

Despite high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and personality-related disturbances among delinquent juveniles, associations among ACEs, youth personality, and juvenile crime involvement are still unclear. High-risk samples of institutionalized youth are in specific need of a comprehensive assessment of ACEs and personality features in order to broaden the current knowledge on the occurrence and persistence of juvenile crime and to derive implications for prevention and intervention. We examined a heterogeneous high-risk sample of 342 adolescents (35.1% females, 64.9% males) aged between 12 and 18 years (

No abstract

Serious offenses against persons perpetrated by juveniles raise fundamental questions about the background, causes, and prevention of future crime. The current study addresses the potential of future crime of all juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs) in the Netherlands in the period 1992-2007. In contrast to former research on recidivism of JHOs, which has been merely descriptive, the present study integrates theoretical perspectives as to why some of these juveniles turn back to crime, while others do not. To this end, relationships are investigated between recidivism behavior and risk factors. Results indicate that male JHOs, and JHOs who maintain relationships with delinquents, run a greater risk of reoffending.

There is an almost total lack of empirical research on stalking among juveniles. To examine the characteristics, nature and impacts of stalking by juveniles. Analysis of consecutive court applications for a restraining order against a juvenile because of stalking behaviours. A total of 299 juvenile stalkers were identified. The majority were male (64%) and their victims predominantly female (69%). Most pursued a previously known victim (98%), favouring direct means of contact via unwanted approaches (76%) and telephone calls or text messaging (67%). Threats (75%) and physical and sexual assaults (54%) were common. The contexts for juvenile stalking involved an extension of bullying (28%), retaliation for a perceived harm (22%), a reaction to rejection (22%), sexual predation (5%) and infatuation (2%). Juvenile stalking is characterised by direct, intense, overtly threatening and all too often violent forms of pursuit. The seriousness that is afforded to adult forms of stalking should similarly apply to this behaviour among juveniles given the even greater rates of disruption to the victim's life and risks of being attacked.

While several prior studies have examined the prevalence and predictors of recidivism among juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs), much less scholarly attention has been devoted to exploring the post-release factors that influence JHOs to desist from criminal behavior. Given relatively recent rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court, individuals who commit homicide offenses as juveniles are less likely to spend the rest of their lives in prison. Accordingly, it is important to understand the factors associated with desistance in the post-incarceration lives of JHOs. The present study was designed to assess the effects of post-release factors on JHOs' recidivism outcomes, using a sample of 19 male JHOs from a southeastern U.S. state who were convicted as adults and sentenced to serve time in prison in the 1980s. These men were interviewed approximately 35 years after their original homicide offense about their adjustment to life in prison and after release, as well as their reasons for engaging in criminal behavior during adolescence. Thematic qualitative analysis was used to identify the post-release factors that were prevalent in the lives of the JHOs who desisted from crime. These five factors included avoiding old neighborhood and friends, positive intimate relationship, stable employment, human agency, and generativity. The implications of the findings for the prevention of recidivism among JHOs, as well as avenues for future research, are discussed.

No abstract

Sexual violence research in Africa is overwhelmingly focused on victims with little attention given to perpetrators. In the case of juveniles who perpetrate sexual violence the evidence is mainly from studies in Western industrialized societies. The consequence is that interventions for juveniles who commit sexual violence in Ghana and Africa lack evidential basis. This study investigates prevalence, correlates and risk factors for juvenile sexual offending. The study utilised a sample of 264 male juveniles aged 12-18 in schools and young offender institutions in southern Ghana. Prevalence of the juvenile sexual offending was estimated based on self-report. Odds ratio (OR) was used to calculate the risk for the juveniles engaging in sexual violence. The predictive significance of variables within various domains was estimated using logistic regression models. Results show that about a fifth (16.7 %) of the juveniles have committed a sexual offense. A deviant sexual tendency such as paying for sex constitutes an important risk marker for juvenile sexual offending (OR: 6.41, 95 % CI [3.28-12.54]). Risk factors for juvenile sexual offending are concentrated in the family domain with parental neglect (OR: 4.55, 95 % CI [2.46-9.44]), parental conflict (OR: 4.45, 95 % CI [2.35-8.44]) alcoholic parents (OR: 3.07, 95 % CI [1.66-5.69] parental abuse (OR: 2.90, 95 % CI [1.63-5.19]), and deprived family economic condition (OR: 2.64, 95 % CI [1.47-4.75]) emerging as statistically significant factors. Prevalence estimates of juvenile sexual offending are influenced by types and number of questions with multiple questions eliciting more accurate estimates than a single item measure. Risk factors for juvenile sexual offending vary based on context. Interventions to reduce juvenile sexual violence must be informed by evidence from the social context.

No abstract

We estimate the effect of local access to office-based mental healthcare on juvenile arrest outcomes. We leverage variation in the number of offices of physicians and non-physicians specializing in mental healthcare in a county over the period 1999-2016 in a two-way fixed-effects regression. Office-based treatment is the most common modality of mental healthcare received by juveniles. We find that 10 additional offices of physicians and non-physicians specializing in mental healthcare in a county leads a decrease of 2.3%-2.6% in the per capita costs to society of juvenile arrest. Findings are similar for arrest rates although often less precise, which suggests that accounting for social costs is empirically important. Crime imposes substantial costs on society and individuals, and interventions during early life can have more pronounced effects than those received at later stages, therefore our results imply increased juvenile access to mental healthcare may have an unintended benefit for the current and future generations.

The catalyst for this study was a widely publicized U.S. government-sponsored report forecasting alarming increases in violent juvenile crime. Working from data for the entire United States given in annual FBI Uniform Crime Reports, the study presented a descriptive statistical, historical profile of violent juvenile crime in America based on the percentage of all arrests for criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault attributable to juveniles, 1941-1995. Markedly different patterns resulted from focusing on rates and rates of change calculated for 1-, 5-, and 10-yr. periods. Thus, for example, the most recent 5-yr. trend for criminal homicide indicated an average annual increase of 7.81% in the incidence of arrests attributable to juveniles, with a corresponding projected increase of 117% from 1995 to 2010. An average annual rate increase of 5.13% was indicated over the most recent 10-yr. period, leading to a predicted increase of 77% in 2010 as compared to 1995. By sharp contrast, focusing on the 15.3% rate increase which occurred in the most recent single year led to the expectation that juvenile arrests will account for 229% more of this nation's criminal homicide arrests in 2015 than was the case in 1995. In every case, widely discrepant, 15-yr. projection differences such as those noted above, are magnified considerably if we assume validity of U.S. census estimates concerning increases in the size of America's juvenile population over the time period considered. Results of the study are taken to underscore the importance of qualifying archival data-based inferences about violent juvenile crime, in terms of the specific measure(s) used and time-frame context(s) of the unit(s) of analysis.

Current American policies and responses to juvenile sex offending have been criticized for being based on myths, misconceptions, and unsubstantiated claims. In spite of the criticism, no organizing framework has been proposed to guide policy development with respect to the prevention of juvenile sex offending. This article proposes a developmental life course (DLC) criminology perspective to investigate the origins, development, and termination of sex offending among youth. It also provides a review of the current state of knowledge regarding various parameters characterizing the development of sex offending (e.g., prevalence, age of onset, frequency, persistence, continuity in adulthood, and versatility). The review highlights some heterogeneity across these developmental parameters suggesting the presence of different sex offending patterns among youth. In fact, it is proposed that, based on the current knowledge, such heterogeneity can be accounted for by a dual taxonomy of adolescents involved in sexual offenses: (a) the adolescent-limited and (b) the high-rate/slow-desister. The DLC criminology approach and the dual taxonomy are proposed as organizing frameworks to conduct prospective longitudinal research to better understand the origins and development of sex offending and to guide policy development and responses to at-risk youth and those who have committed sexual offenses.

Evaluation of juveniles is an integral process that includes a broad bio-psycho-social clinical perspective together with the use of auxiliary instruments. The aim of this review is to report relevant issues for this process found in recent publications. Several evidences lead to broadening the assessment process of children and youngsters to include family functioning style. Mental health services allow the evaluation of multiple factors associated with antisocial behavior that may lead to devising preventive actions. In the Juvenile Justice System a wide-ranging evaluation must include the exploration of general personality characteristics and psychopathic traits in particular; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; intelligence; substance abuse and conduct disorder must be considered. A number of factors that have an impact on juvenile antisocial behavior have been identified and can be assessed using the appropriate methodology. The exploration of these factors at different developmental stages and in their various manifestations provide guidelines for devising preventive and therapeutic actions as well as for supporting judicial decisions. Though enriching the present state of the art is always a challenge, it is imperative to encourage the governments to utilize this knowledge to improve the care system of children and adolescents.

Current sex offending legislation and public opinion present an image of sexual offenders as specialized predators who are likely to exhibit continued sexually deviant behavior over the life-course. Although sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has been independently assessed in prior research, the potential link between sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has yet to be investigated. Using data collected at two different time points from a sample of sex offenders who served a prison sentence for an adult sex offense, the present study examines the prevalence of sex offending continuity, and its potential linkages with subsequent sex and general recidivism as well as identifying risk factors related to these outcomes. The multivariate results indicate a low rate of sex offending continuity in general but suggest the presence of identifiable risk factors that predict sex offending continuity. Specifically, non-sexual juvenile offending is the most notable of the numerous risk factors found to be associated with those displaying sex offending continuity from adolescence into adulthood. Subsequent analyses also reveal a significant association between sex offending continuity and sexual recidivism but not general recidivism. Policy implications, study limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed.

Although past studies demonstrated the heterogeneity of the criminal career patterns of juveniles with sexual offenses (JSOs), such studies did not directly assess whether JSOs have different adult offending outcomes compared with juvenile nonsex offenders. Using data on a subsample of males from the Incarcerated Serious and Violent Young Offender Study, JSOs (

Several conditions related to health and development in adolescence can increase the risk that a young person will be exposed to the criminal justice system. Such determinants include neurodevelopmental disability, poor mental health, trauma, and experiences of maltreatment. Furthermore, the risk of exposure to the criminal justice system seems to be amplified by social marginalisation and inequality, such that young people are made susceptible to criminal behaviour and criminalisation by a combination of health difficulties and social disadvantages. This Review presents evidence on the health determinants of criminalisation among adolescents, providing a persuasive case for policy and practice reform, including for investment in approaches to prevent criminalisation on the basis of health and developmental difficulties, and to better address related needs once within a criminal justice system.

Researchers have found that legal cynicism is a significant predictor of crime. Although legal cynicism developed as a form of anomie, it is also plausible that legal cynicism is itself a deviant rationalization to justify one's criminal behavior. As such, legal cynicism might be a derivative manifestation of other individual-level constructs that bear on criminal propensity. We test this possibility by controlling for temperament traits related to antisocial behavior and psychopathic personality features in a sample of residentially incarcerated youth (N = 253). Results from negative binomial models revealed that legal cynicism was significantly associated with self-reported delinquency (including violence), but not total arrests. The significant associations with general delinquency and violence held even when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. However, the associations were rendered either non-significant or greatly attenuated when we included temperament and psychopathy measures in the models. Overall, findings are convergent with the notion that legal cynicism is a consequence or product of antisocial traits and criminal propensity.

This study examined all group sexual offending cases in the Netherlands between 1995 and 2009 (n = 26) in which at least one juvenile female offender (n = 35) had been adjudicated. Information from court files showed that the majority of juvenile female group sexual offenders have (inter)personal problems and (sexual) abuse experiences. The aims of the offender groups in committing the offense could be categorized in three themes: harassing the victim, sexual gratification, and taking revenge. The reasons why juvenile female offenders participated in a group could be categorized into group dynamics versus instrumental reasons. The findings are contrasted with findings on juvenile male group sexual offenders. Implications of the findings for research and treatment are discussed.

Juvenile delinquency is a multi-causal social phenomenon, in which socio-cultural and economic, family and individual factors are interrelated. In young people with a greater number of associated risk factors, the measures seem to be insufficient, both in open and closed environments, since the rate of recidivism is higher. Identify the psychosocial risk factors that exist at intra and interpersonal level in juvenile offenders, as well as determine if these factors are interrelated. A literature review of articles found in different databases was carried out. The articles containing the key words selected at the beginning of the study were reviewed, and of all of them, those that met the established inclusion requirements, which are date of publication and language, were included. The results of all the studies analyzed confirm the idea that a greater number of psychosocial risk factors occur in young offenders than in normalized young people. There are factors related to a family that has inadequate socialization styles, even negligent ones, accentuated by very substandard economic situations that are usually present. Along with this, the consumption of substances is a variable that is repeated continuously in these young people; united to a group of deviant pairs, that favor the appearance of criminal behaviours. It is possible to identify the main psychosocial risk factors that occur in young offenders, and define an interrelation between these factors, but it is not linear nor can it be homogenized. More resources and prevention programs, as well as intervention, are needed at the individual, family and community levels. La delincuencia juvenil es un fenómeno social multicausal, en el cual se interrelacionan factores socioculturales y económicos, familiares e individuales. En los jóvenes con mayor número de factores de riesgo asociados, las medidas parecen ser insuficientes, tanto en un medio abierto como cerrado, ya que la tasa de reincidencia es más elevada. Identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales que existen a nivel intrapersonal e interpersonal en menores infractores, así como determinar si dichos factores están interrelacionados entre sí. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos encontrados en distintas bases de datos. Se revisaron los artículos que contenían las palabras clave seleccionadas al comienzo del estudio, y de todos ellos, se incluyeron los que cumplían los requisitos de inclusión establecidos, que son la fecha de publicación y el idioma. Los resultados constatan la idea de que, en los menores infractores, se dan una serie de factores de riesgo psicosocial en mayor medida que en los jóvenes normalizados. Existen factores relacionados con una familia que tiene estilos de socialización inadecuados, incluso negligentes, acentuado por situaciones económicas muy bajas que suelen estar presentes. Junto a ello, el consumo de sustancias es una variable que se repite continuamente en estos jóvenes; unido a un grupo de pares desviados, que favorecen la aparición de conductas delictivas. Es posible identificar los principales factores de riesgo psicosocial que se dan en menores infractores, así como definir una interrelación entre dichos factores, pero no es lineal ni se puede homogeneizar. Se necesitan mayor número de recursos y programas de prevención, así como de intervención, tanto a nivel individual como familiar y comunitario.

This study examines male-female differences of juveniles arrested for a sex offense. A cross-national sample of juvenile boys (n = 177) and a population of juvenile girls (n = 177) arrested for a sex offense are utilized for this analysis. It is hypothesized that (1) boys and girls differ substantially in their offending patterns. Based on Moffitt's social-amplification hypothesis, it is also hypothesized that (2) juveniles who act with a co-offender commit more serious offenses (i.e., more likely to be arrested for rape and have more victims) compared to those who act alone. The results show boys differ from girls: juvenile girls are slightly younger, more likely to be White, more likely to have a co-offender, less likely to commit rape, and be processed formally by law enforcement. The results yielded indicated social amplification appears to occur when girls offend with a co-offender, but not when boys acted with a co-offender.

Extensive research has associated adolescent delinquent behavior with verbal deficits, yet for some subgroups of youth offenders better verbal ability has been associated with increased risk. This study examined associations between specific oral language skills and established markers of high-risk youth offending comprising callous and unemotional (CU) traits, early age of the first offence, and violent offending. Measures of language, CU traits, anxiety, as well as official youth justice data, were collected for adolescent male offenders and non-offenders (n = 130; aged 13-19 years; 62% youth offenders). Pragmatic language was found to be differentially associated with distinct variants of CU traits based on high/low levels of anxiety. Furthermore, among youth offenders with primary variant (low anxiety) CU traits, more violent offending was associated with better structural language skills, while earlier age of first offence was associated with better pragmatic language skills.

The overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system relative to their population percentage, a phenomenon termed disproportionate minority contact, has been examined within general adult and adolescent offender populations; yet few studies have tested whether this phenomenon extends to juvenile sexual offenders (JSOs). In addition, few studies have examined whether offender race/ethnicity influences registration and notification requirements, which JSOs are subject to in some U.S. states. The present study assessed for disproportionate minority contact among general delinquent offenders and JSOs, meaning it aimed to test whether the criminal justice system treats those accused of sexual and non-sexual offenses differently by racial/ethnic group. Furthermore, racial/ethnic group differences in risk, legal classification, and sexual offending were examined for JSOs. Results indicated disproportionate minority contact was present among juveniles with non-sexual offenses and JSOs in Alabama. In addition, offense category and risk scores differed between African American and European American JSOs. Finally, registration classifications were predicted by offending characteristics, but not race/ethnicity. Implications and future directions regarding disproportionate minority contact among JSOs and social and legal policy affecting JSOs are discussed.

The juvenile justice system in the USA adjudicates over seven hundred thousand youth in the USA annually with significant behavioral offenses. This study aimed to test the effect of juvenile justice involvement on adult criminal outcomes. Analyses were based on a prospective, population-based study of 1420 children followed up to eight times during childhood (ages 9-16; 6674 observations) about juvenile justice involvement in the late 1990 and early 2000s. Participants were followed up years later to assess adult criminality, using self-report and official records. A propensity score (i.e. inverse probability) weighting approach was used that approximated an experimental design by balancing potentially confounding characteristics between children with Between-groups differences on variables that elicit a juvenile justice referral (e.g. violence, property offenses, status offenses, and substance misuse) were attenuated after applying propensity-based inverse probability weights. Participants with a history of juvenile justice involvement were more likely to have later official and violent felony charges, and to self-report police contact and spending time in jail (ORs from 2.5 to 3.3). Residential juvenile justice involvement was associated with the highest risk of both, later official criminal records and self-reported criminality (ORs from 5.1 to 14.5). Sensitivity analyses suggest that our findings are likely robust to potential unobserved confounders. Juvenile justice involvement was associated with increased risk of adult criminality, with residential services associated with highest risk. Juvenile justice involvement may catalyze rather than deter from adult offending.

Research suggests that callous-unemotional (CU) traits, a recent addition to psychiatric classification of serious conduct problems, may moderate the influence of a number of contextual factors (e.g., parenting, deviant peer influence) on an adolescent's adjustment. The current study sought to replicate past research showing that formal processing through the juvenile justice system increases recidivism and tested the novel hypothesis that CU traits would moderate the relationship between processing decision and future antisocial behavior. A diverse sample of first-time male offenders (N = 1,216; M age = 15.12, SD = 1.29) in three regions of the United States was assessed within 6 weeks of their first arrest and then at 6-month intervals for 36 months. Compared to those who were informally processed (i.e., diverted), adolescents formally processed through the court were at a higher risk of self-reported offending and rearrests as measured by official records, after controlling for preexisting risk factors. However, baseline CU traits moderated this association such that those with high CU traits reported offending at high rates across the subsequent three years regardless of how the juvenile justice system processed their case. CU traits are important to psychiatric classification for designating a subgroup of antisocial youth who may respond differently to contextual influences, including being less susceptible to the negative effects of juvenile justice system involvement. The public health significance of this moderation is significant by suggesting that previous estimates of the harmful impact of formal processing by the juvenile justice system may underestimate its impact, given that the majority of arrested adolescents have normative levels of CU traits.

In this article, we investigate whether the life events of marriage, parenthood, and employment were associated with general offending for a Dutch sample of 498 juvenile sex offenders (JSOs). In previous empirical studies, these life events were found to limit adult general offending in the population as well as high-risk samples. A hybrid random effects model is used to investigate within-individual changes of these life events in association with general offending. We also investigated whether the findings differed for child abusers, peer abusers, and group offenders, as they have distinct background profiles. We found that JSOs make limited transitions into the state of marriage, parenthood, and employment, showing overall stagnating participation rates. For the entire sample of JSOs, employment was found to be associated with a decrease in offending. Group offenders benefited most from employment. Marriage and parenthood were not associated with the general offending patterns, whereas for child abusers, parenthood was associated with an increase in offending. We conclude that policies aimed at guidance toward employment, or inclusion into conventional society, may be effective for JSOs.

Early or excessive sexualized behaviors and preoccupations with sexuality (SB) exhibited by juveniles who have sexually offended (JSO) are considered risk factors for sexual recidivism. However, research into SB among JSO is scarce. The present study retrospectively examined prevalence rates and patterns of SB among JSO prior to sexual offending and their relation to psychopathology and sexual recidivism. We systematically assessed information from psychiatric and psychological expert reports in case files of 230 JSO aged 12-18 years (M = 14.46, SD = 1.49) from a population sample of JSO with contact sexual offenses. A total of 93 (40.4%) JSO exhibited SB prior to the index sexual offense. Latent class analysis revealed three SB profiles: (1) "low/no SB" (n = 188), (2) "preoccupied SB" (preoccupation with sexuality, e.g., early pornography consumption, excessive masturbation; n = 29), and (3) "dysregulated SB" (exhibiting inappropriate sexualized behaviors toward others, e.g., sexualized speech, touching others inappropriately; n = 13). The preoccupied SB and the dysregulated SB groups showed higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than the low/no SB. However, none of the JSO of the preoccupied SB or dysregulated SB groups reoffended sexually within 365 days after conviction for the sexual index offense (low/no SB: 12.8%). Overall, our findings do not support a general notion of the presence of SB as an indicator of high risk for persistent sexual offending among JSO. Instead, JSO with SB appear particularly burdened regarding a range of psychiatric disorders that should be treated accordingly.

Risky behavior is common among traumatized youth and is associated with juvenile offending. This study examined predictors of posttraumatic risky behavior, the unique contribution of posttraumatic risky behavior in predicting offending, and tested whether a distinct class of youth was characterized by high levels of posttraumatic risky behavior. Participants were 400 adolescents (25% girls) between the ages of 12 and 19 years old (M = 15.97, SD = 1.25) who were involved in the Utah juvenile justice system. Approximately 54% of the sample identified as an ethnic minority. Youth completed self-report measures of trauma exposure, posttraumatic risky behavior, posttraumatic stress symptom severity, and offending. Formal legal records of offending were also collected. The results indicated that female sex was significantly related to posttraumatic risky behavior, though age was not significantly associated with posttraumatic risky behavior. Age and ethnicity were associated with both self-reported and formal offending, and male sex was associated with formal offending. Posttraumatic risky behavior was not related to formal offending, but was related to self-reported offending in some of the tested models. Latent class analysis identified 92 youth characterized by high levels of posttraumatic risky behavior; these youth also evidenced the highest rates of trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptom severity, and self-reported offending. There were no ethnic, age, or sex differences between youth in the high and low posttraumatic risky behavior groups. These results add to the extant literature documenting the associations among exposure to trauma, posttraumatic stress, and juvenile offending.

Social support is frequently cited as a protective factor against juvenile offending. The current study examined whether a close relationship with an adult in childhood decreases the risk for offending among individuals with a history of child maltreatment. This research utilized data from a prospective cohort design study in which children with court-substantiated cases of abuse and neglect and nonmaltreated children matched on age, sex, race, and approximate family social class were followed into adulthood (

The past two decades have seen a movement toward harsher legal sanctions and lengthy, restrictive treatment programs for sex offenders. This has not only been the case for adults, but also for juveniles who commit sex offenses. The increased length and severity of legal and clinical interventions for juvenile sex offenders appear to have resulted from three false assumptions: (1) there is an epidemic of juvenile offending, including juvenile sex offending; (2) juvenile sex offenders have more in common with adult sex offenders than with other juvenile delinquents; and (3) in the absence of sex offender-specific treatment, juvenile sex offenders are at exceptionally high risk of reoffending. The available data do not support any of the above assumptions; however, these assumptions continue to influence the treatment and legal interventions applied to juvenile sex offenders and contributed to the application of adult interventions to juvenile sex offending. In so doing, these legal and clinical interventions fail to consider the unique developmental factors that characterize adolescence, and thus may be ineffective or worse. Fortunately, a paradigm shift that acknowledges these developmental factors appears to be emerging in clinical areas of intervention, although this trend does not appear as prevalent in legal sanctions.

In response to concerns regarding the rise in female juvenile violent crime and the dearth of gender-specific research, this study aimed to identify predictors of violent offending in female offenders. Data were extracted from risk assessments of 586 male and female juvenile offenders (aged 11-17 years) conducted between 2005 and 2009 by the Youth Offending Service in Gloucestershire, an English county. Information regarding the young people's living arrangements, family and personal relationships, education, emotional/mental health, thinking and behavior, and attitudes to offending was recorded. Comparisons were made between the violent male offenders (N = 185), the violent female offenders (N = 113), the non-violent male offenders (N = 150), and the non-violent female offenders (N = 138) for these variables. These were followed by a multinomial logistic regression analysis. The findings indicated that engaging in self-harm was the best predictor of being a female violent offender, with the predictors of giving into pressure from others and attempted suicide nearing significance. Furthermore, non-violent females were significantly less likely to lose control of their temper and more likely to give in to pressure from others than their violent counterparts. Non-violent males were significantly less likely to lose control of their temper and more likely to self-harm and give in to pressure from others than violent males. Although many similarities existed between sexes for predictors of violent offending, the findings of this study indicate that more attention needs to be paid to the mental health of female offenders.

Mental health concerns among juvenile-justice-involved youth (JJIY) continue to be a major health crisis in the United States (US). While scholarship has explored mental health concerns among JJIY, and the link to negative life outcomes, there are gaps in the existing research, particularly in effective interventions and models aimed at addressing both the mental health concerns and criminogenic risk contributing to recidivism and other negative life outcomes of this population. In this paper, we present Justice-Based Interdisciplinary Collective Care (JBICC), an innovative framework to address both the mental health needs and delinquent behavior of youth offenders. The model bridges community partners, with the purpose of informing future interventions, implementations, and research in this area. Increased justice-based interdisciplinary collective collaboration between the juvenile justice system and community programs/organizations would be a major benefit to youth offenders and their families. We also focus on the need for cultural responsiveness to be interwoven throughout all aspects of treatment. JBICC offers an opportunity to expanded services outside traditional settings and methods to ensure that youth offenders and their families receive validating and culturally responsive access to services.

It is well established within the literature that early childhood trauma and maltreatment increase risk for adolescent offending behaviors. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are not currently well understood. The construct of moral injury, or distress and psychopathology stemming from events that violate an individual's deeply held moral beliefs, has most frequently been studied in adult veterans. However, researchers have recently begun to apply the concept of moral injury to child and adolescent populations. From a developmental psychopathology perspective, moral injury offers a novel lens through which to view the victim-offender overlap in adolescents. The current paper reviews existing empirical evidence regarding the prevalence and sources of moral injury in justice-involved youth. It further synthesizes theory and research from diverse subfields of developmental and clinical psychology and criminology in order to describe how disruptions to cognitive, affective, and social development might link moral injury with juvenile offending and justice involvement. A novel, dynamic model of moral injury and juvenile offending is proposed, and implications for future research, clinical practice, and juvenile justice policy are discussed.

Studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among adult populations demonstrate that such injuries can lead to aggressive behaviors. Related findings suggest that incarcerated individuals have high rates of brain injuries. Such studies suggest that traumatic brain injury may be related to the etiology and recidivism of criminal behavior. Relatively few studies have examined the prevalence of TBI using a delinquent juvenile sample. In order to assess the relationship between TBI and juvenile offender status, the current study used meta-analytic techniques to examine the odds of having a TBI among juvenile offenders. Across 9 studies, we found that approximately 30% of juvenile offenders have sustained a previous brain injury. Across 5 studies that used a control group, a calculated summary odds ratio of 3.37 suggests that juvenile offenders are significantly more likely to have a TBI compared to controls. Results suggest that the rate of TBIs within the juvenile offender population is significant and that there may be a relationship between TBIs and juvenile criminal behavior.

Most juvenile risk assessment tools heavily rely on a risk-focused approach. Less attention has been devoted to protective factors. This study examines the predictive validity of protective factors in addition to risk factors, and developmental differences in psychometric properties of juvenile risk assessment. For a national Dutch sample of 354 juvenile and young adult offenders (16-26 years) risk and protective factors were retrospectively assessed at discharge from seven juvenile justice institutions, using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) and Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk - Youth Version (SAPROF-YV). Results show moderate validity for both tools predicting general, violent, and nonviolent offending at different follow-up times. The SAPROF-YV provided incremental predictive validity over the SAVRY, and predictive validity was stronger for younger offenders. Evidently both the SAVRY and SAPROF-YV seem valid tools for the assessment of recidivism risk in juvenile and young adult offenders. Results highlight the importance of protective factors, especially in juvenile offenders, emphasizing the need for a balanced risk assessment.

This review analyzes the bioecological model of human development as a comprehensive framework of adolescent antisocial behavior. Variables such as family and peers with antisocial backgrounds, antisocial peer attitudes, alcohol consumption, offensive behavior, education level, perception of safety in the community, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder, are discussed. This review supports the bioecological model as a plausible framework for understanding antisocial behavior during adolescence.