西门子、GE、飞利浦（GPS）、迈瑞医疗、东软医疗及学术界 VNC（虚拟平扫）对比度提升的情况

Purpose: This study aimed at evaluating the image quality characteristics of advanced noise-optimized and traditional virtual monochromatic images compared with conventional 120-kVp images from second-generation Dual-Source CT. Materials and Methods: For spiral scans six syringes filled with diluted iodine contrast material (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg I/ml) were inserted into the test phantom and scanned with a second-generation dual-source CT in both single-energy (120-kVp) and dual-energy modes. Images set contain conventional single-energy 120-kVp, and virtual monochromatic were reconstructed with energies ranging from 40 to 190-keV in 1-keV steps. An energy-domain noise reduction algorithm was applied and the mean CT number, image noise, and iodine CNR were calculated. Results: The iodine CT number of conventional 120-kVp images compared with monochromatic of 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-keV images showed increase. The improvement ratio of image noise on Advanced Virtual Monochromatic Images (AVMIs) compared with the Traditional Virtual Monochromatic Images (TVMIs) at energies of 40-, 50-, 60, 70-keV was 52.9%, 35.7%, 8.1%, 2.1%, respectively. At AVMIs from 75- to 190-keV, the image noise value was less than conventional 120-kVp images. CNR improvement ratio at 20 mg/ml of iodinated contrast material for TVMIs and AVMIs compared to 120-kVp CT images and AVMIs compared to TVMI was 18.3% and 56.3%, 32.1% respectively. Conclusion: Both TVMIs (in energies ranging from 54 to 71-keV) and AVMIs (in energies ranging from 40 to 74-keV) represent improvement in the iodine contrast-to-noise ratio than conventional 120-kVp CT images for the same radiation dose. Also, AVMIs compared to TVMIs have been obtained considerable noise reduction and CNR improvement for low-energy virtual monochromatic images. In the present study, we show that virtual monochromatic image and its Advanced version (AVMI) may boost the dual-energy CT advantages by providing higher CNR images in the same exposure value compared to routinely acquired single-energy CT images.

… removed, which are therefore also called virtual non-contrast images (VNC). The generation of virtual … Improved CNR and the availability of low-keV VMI can enhance iodine conspicuity, …

Photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) represents a major technological advance, transforming abdominal imaging from morphology-based assessment to a platform that integrates spectral and quantitative information. Unlike conventional energy-integrating detector CT, PCD-CT directly converts X-ray photons into electrical signals, allowing inherent spectral imaging, improved spatial resolution, and enhanced dose efficiency. These characteristics enable flexible retrospective reconstruction, including virtual monoenergetic imaging and material decomposition, which can be tailored to specific clinical tasks and applications. These capabilities translate into meaningful clinical benefits in abdominal radiology. Low-keV imaging improves lesion conspicuity, facilitating the detection of subtle findings including early-stage pancreatic cancer, small metastases, and inflammatory changes. Further, spectral imaging improves tissue characterization, enabling differentiation between true and pseudoenhancement and supporting more accurate staging in oncologic imaging. Moreover, amplifying iodine contrast may enable substantial contrast dose reduction while maintaining diagnostic quality, potentially benefiting selected patients who require contrast optimization. PCD-CT may support the concept of "one-stop imaging" by providing both systemic and local diagnostic information within a single examination, potentially reducing the need for additional imaging in selected clinical scenarios. Quantitative imaging approaches, including iodine density mapping and extracellular volume assessment, provide functional information that may serve as imaging biomarkers for disease activity and treatment response. Emerging applications, including virtual noncalcium imaging, expand the role of CT into domains traditionally reserved for magnetic resonance imaging. Challenges including increased data volume, technical limitations, cost-effectiveness, and the need for optimized reconstruction strategies, remain despite these advantages. PCD-CT is poised to play a key role in abdominal radiology, shifting CT from simply "seeing more" to "measuring more" and "understanding more" as multi-energy imaging and quantitative techniques continue to evolve.

To determine the optimal low-keV level using deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) that maximizes lesion detectability, and to assess the potential for iodinated contrast media (ICM) reduction based on detectability improvements across varying patient body habitus. An abdominal phantom was scanned using a standard thoraco-abdomino-pelvic dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) protocol during the portal venous phase, with three rings inserted simulating different body habitus. Virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) were reconstructed from 40 to 70 keV in 10 keV increments using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V) 50% and high-strength DLIR (DLIR-H). Contrast enhancement was quantified, spatial resolution was evaluated with the task-based transfer function, and noise characteristics were analyzed using the noise power spectrum. Low-contrast lesion detectability (5–10 mm) was assessed using an anthropomorphic model observer. Compared to ASIR-V, DLIR-H provided equivalent contrast, reduced image noise, and improved spatial resolution. All lesion sizes with DLIR-H were technically detectable under all conditions. The reconstruction at 40 keV demonstrated the highest detectability of hypovascular lesions under all conditions. However, a decrease in detectability was observed in the large phantom relative to the small and medium phantoms, resulting in a reduced theoretical potential for iodine dose reduction. The theoretical potential for iodine dose reduction using 40 keV with DLIR-H is at least 31.3% based on the phantom-based model. Under phantom conditions, 40 keV with DLIR-H shows superior detectability of hypovascular lesions under all conditions, suggesting the theoretical possibility of reducing iodine load by up to 31.3%, based on modeled detectability performance. Based on a phantom-derived model, the combination of 40-keV VMI reconstruction with DLIR-H suggests the potential for more than 30% ICM reduction in oncologic body CT, a finding that warrants confirmation in clinical studies. Based on a phantom-derived model 40 keV VMI with DLIR-H achieved the highest detectability of hypovascular liver lesions. This approach enabled a 31.3% ICM volume reduction. Larger body habitus limits ICM volume reduction optimization margins. Based on a phantom-derived model 40 keV VMI with DLIR-H achieved the highest detectability of hypovascular liver lesions. This approach enabled a 31.3% ICM volume reduction. Larger body habitus limits ICM volume reduction optimization margins.

… to DS-DECT due to limited spectral separation. This study aims to enhance iodine quantification on … data, where similar gains in iodine quantification and noise reduction were observed. …

ABSTRACT Introduction Dual‐energy computed tomography (DECT) enables improved tissue characterisation and the potential to reduce contrast media dose, yet clinical practice often still uses contrast volumes comparable to single‐energy CT. This study evaluates the accuracy of low‐concentration iodine quantification and image quality across three DECT techniques, with specific objectives to identify the lowest reliably measurable iodine concentration and to compare normalised contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNRnorm) using a clinical abdominal CT protocol. Methods A Multi‐Energy CT Quality Assurance Phantom (CIRS Model 662) filled with iodinated contrast (Iopamiro 370 mgI/mL) at concentrations of 0.025–10 mgI/mL was scanned three times using the clinical abdominal imaging protocol at the study site, without parameter adjustment. Iodine maps and virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) were analyzed using regions of interest to evaluate iodine measurement accuracy for limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) and normalised CNR across the DECT techniques. Results For VMI at 40 keV, all DECT techniques demonstrated high iodine measurement accuracy (R 2 > 0.99). The LODs for rapid kV‐switching, dual‐layer detector, and dual‐source DECT were 0.205, 0.436 and 0.411 mg/mL, respectively. Corresponding LOQs were 0.621, 1.321 and 1.246 mg/mL. The rapid kV‐switching system consistently achieved the lowest LOD and LOQ, while the dual‐layer detector yielded the highest CNRnorm, followed by dual‐source DECT and rapid kV‐switching. Conclusions All DECT techniques accurately quantified iodine on iodine maps. Rapid kV‐switching provided the lowest LOD and LOQ, whereas the dual‐layer detector offered superior image quality in terms of CNRnorm derived from VMI at 40 keV in CT abdominal protocol setting.

This study aimed to evaluate the image quality of virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) with tube voltage modulation in pediatric abdominal computed tomography (CT) examination and to determine the effect of decreasing contrast agent concentration. Using a 1-year old pediatric phantom, five contrast agent concentration diluent tubes of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of the same concentration as the average Hounsfield unit (HU) in the descending aorta were inserted, and the mixed image and VMIs (40, 60, and 80 keV) acquired using dual-energy CT were compared with single-energy CT (SECT) images. For quantitative evaluation, the HU and coefficient of variation (COV) of each image were compared and analyzed. The analysis revealed that the HU of the 40 keV VMIs, acquired with a tube voltage of 70 kV and 100% contrast agent concentration, was 61% higher than that of the SECT image. The results showed that SECT had the lowest COV among all contrast agent concentration and tube voltage combinations, while the 40 keV image acquired at 70 kV had the second-lowest COV value. The HU of the 40 keV image acquired at 70 kV at a contrast agent concentration of 100% was 9% higher than that of SECT at 80% concentration. This study confirms that 40 keV VMIs are more useful than SECT images for vascular diagnosis with contrast in pediatric abdominal CT examinations and that a 20% reduction in contrast agent concentration can reduce the risk of contrast agent concentration-induced nephrotoxicity in pediatric patients by increasing the subjective acceptability of image quality for diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES To validate virtual non-contrast (VNC) imaging accuracy and related dual-energy CT (DECT) metrics (CT, CM, and iodine density values) under varied iodine concentrations and flow rates using a phantom model. METHODS Iodine solutions (3.7-18.5 mg I/mL) were circulated through a phantom at five flow rates (120-500 mL/min). DECT scanning (SOMATOM go.Top) was performed three times per condition. Four metrics were measured from ROIs on ten central slices per scan (n = 3 per condition ; N = 75). Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test were applied (α = 0.05). RESULTS Iodine concentration was the predominant determinant for all metrics (p < .001). VNC values showed a consistent negative deviation that increased with concentration and high variability across conditions. A significant interaction between concentration and flow rate was observed for iodine density (p = .019), indicating that flow dynamics affect material decomposition. CT, CM, and iodine density values showed stable, predictable responses. CONCLUSION VNC accuracy is compromised at high iodine concentrations, with flow-related disturbances introducing additional instability via material decomposition errors. Flow dynamics should be considered when interpreting VNC imaging, particularly in arterial-phase CTA.

… counting detector CT’, ‘photon-counting CT’, ‘spectral CT’, … , while spectral decomposition with VNC images allows … correction algorithms effectively attenuate pileup-induced CT value …

Purpose To investigate the diagnostic performance of virtual calcium imaging (VCI) parameters from photon-counting detector (PCD) CT for assessing lumbar vertebral osteoporosis. Materials and Methods A phantom study was first conducted using standard- and low-dose PCD CT to assess the stability and reproducibility of VCI parameters. Participants who underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the reference standard for osteoporosis assessment, and standard- or low-dose PCD CT were prospectively enrolled. Partial correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between VCI parameters and DXA-derived T-scores. Measurements were obtained from anterior, middle, and posterior vertebral subregions. Diagnostic performance for osteoporosis was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results In the phantom study, VCI parameters from standard- and low-dose PCD CT showed strong positive correlations with known bone density (r = 0.94-0.95; P < .001). A total of 94 participants (mean age, 69.82 years ± 9.39 [SD]; 55 female) in the low-dose group and 91 participants (mean age, 69.52 years ± 9.32; 53 female) in the standard-dose group were included in the analysis. In the low-dose group, CT attenuation for calcium (Cal), calcium density, and virtual monoenergetic 70 keV (ME70) attenuation values were significantly correlated with T-scores after adjustment for sex and body mass index (r = 0.64, 0.67, and 0.62, respectively; all P < .001). These parameters differed significantly across vertebral subregions and bone mass categories (normal, reduced, and osteoporosis; P < .001). Using thresholds of Cal of 133.70 HU or less, calcium density of 4.93 mg/cm3 or less, and ME70 of 112.43 HU or less, receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated good diagnostic performance for osteoporosis (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.90, 0.91, and 0.89, respectively), with sensitivities of 85%, 87%, and 82% and specificities of 83%, 79%, and 84%, respectively. Similar results were observed in the standard-dose group. Conclusion VCI parameters from PCD CT showed strong correlations with DXA T-scores and demonstrated high diagnostic performance for osteoporosis, suggesting a promising opportunistic screening tool for lumbar vertebral bone density assessment. Keywords: CT Photon Counting, CT Dual Energy, Thorax, Spine Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2026.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the image quality of virtual unenhanced and blending images from dual-energy CT for detecting colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 72 patients with pathologically diagnosed CRC underwent abdominal dual-energy CT, following which virtual unenhanced, linear blending, and non-linear blending images were generated by post-processing reconstruction. Both subjective and objective evaluations were conducted on these images, with signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) calculations conducted for organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and spleen. RESULTS: Virtual unenhanced images of CRC, extraserosal fat of the tumor, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, and subcutaneous fat showed a lower signal intensity than both linear and non-linear blending images (P < 0.05), while the CNR of virtual unenhanced images was higher than linear and nonlinear blending images (P < 0.05). Except for CRC lesions, the SNR of other organs in virtual unenhanced images was higher than in linear and non-linear blending images (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in subjective image scores and the number of conventional lesions between virtual unenhanced image, linear, and non-linear blending (P ≥ 0.05). The Kappa coefficients for evaluating extraserosal invasion were 0.722, 0.584, and 0.584 for virtual unenhanced, linear blending, and non-linear blending images, respectively, with corresponding accuracies of 86.1%, 79.2%, and 79.2%. CONCLUSION: Virtual unenhanced images of patients with CRC can provide high-quality images for diagnostic evaluation, potentially replacing linear blending and non-linear blending images in plain scans.

… Derive from material decomposition Allow better qualitative and quantitative evaluation of iodine enhancement in tissues and lesions than do conventional single-energy CT images …

… Advances in CT technology—particularly dual-energy CT (DECT) and photon-counting … , with proper protocol optimization, VNC imaging can replace TNC acquisitions in CT urography …

… to investigate the optimal energy level of VMI for accurately determining the CT numbers of … and 1.10 was scanned using a dual-energy CT across monoenergetic levels ranging from 40 …

… the basic principles of dual-energy CT with post-processing … CT scans, which can significantly reduce patient dose. It will also discuss the potential advantages of dual-energy CT in …

… the use of virtual non-contrast (VNC) images derived from CT … -contrast and 1391 in virtual non-iodine. Calcium score from … enhancement, but has lower CNR than MRI, which can be …

… , and combining these algorithms with spectral imaging … images derived from dual-source rapid kVp-switching DECT … SECT, despite a 33% reduction in iodine dose, with an acceptable …

Abstract Objective This article studies the role of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) enterography with iodine material decomposition images in activity assessment of tuberculosis of the bowel. Materials and Methods Twenty-four patients with suspected tuberculous bowel involvement were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent DECT enterography as well as endoscopy and biopsy. Quantitative assessment of iodine overlay images was done to map the absolute and relative iodine uptake in involved segments of the bowel and lymph nodes. Comparison of the iodine uptake was made with histopathological activity grading using Spearman's correlation. The temporal change in the iodine uptake on posttreatment versus pretreatment group was recorded and tested for significance using Student's t -test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results Excellent correlation was found between grading of inflammatory activity on histopathology and relative bowel enhancement measured on iodine maps (Spearman's rho 0.895, p  < 0.001). Attenuation values and absolute iodine uptake in the bowel showed no significant difference in the pre- and posttreatment groups ( p  > 0.05), while relative bowel as well as lymph nodal enhancement were significantly different ( p  = 0.001 and 0.008, respectively). Conclusion Uptake on the iodine maps in DECT data set showed correlation with histopathology as well as posttreatment resolution, suggesting the role of DECT in disease activity assessment.

… Therefore, if beamhardening causes a reduction in CT values in the low-energy images, it … of iodine in SFDE. The two DECT techniques used in this study both employ image-based …

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) acquires images at two X-ray energy levels, enabling material differentiation beyond conventional single-energy CT. DECT generates iodine maps, virtual non-contrast images, and other reconstructions that enhance diagnostic performance while reducing contrast dose and radiation exposure. These advantages are particularly relevant for critically ill patients, where accurate and rapid imaging with reduced contrast exposure can be organ or life saving. This review summarizes current evidence on DECT in critical care. In pulmonary embolism, DECT provides anatomical and functional assessment through iodine perfusion maps, improving detection of segmental and subsegmental emboli. In post-thrombectomy intracerebral hemorrhage, DECT can distinguish true hemorrhage from post-procedural contrast staining. In acute abdominal pathology, DECT can improve visualization of ischemia, inflammation, infection, and hemorrhage. In urolithiasis, DECT can identify uric acid stone composition, informing treatment selection. In aortic imaging, DECT may improve diagnostic confidence while enabling iodine dose reduction and substitution of true non-contrast scans with virtual alternatives. In musculoskeletal imaging, DECT accurately detects bone marrow edema, potentially reducing the need for magnetic resonance imaging when access is limited. DECT also has applications in tendon and ligament injury, and metal artifact reduction. Across these scenarios, DECT offers advantages over conventional CT in critical care, including material differentiation, functional assessment, and potential reductions in contrast dose and radiation exposure. It generally demonstrates high specificity and variable sensitivity, with the level of supporting evidence varying by indication, ranging from meta-analyses to small retrospective studies. Wider adoption will require standardized protocols, targeted training, and additional high-quality studies.

Dual-energy CT (DECT) has increased the diagnostic capabilities of CT in abdominal imaging, overcoming many of the limitations of conventional CT by leveraging information about radiation beam energy and material composition to generate multiple datasets. Exploiting DECT-derived energy- and material-specific datasets has improved CT image quality and expanded its clinical applications in abdominal imaging. DECT makes it possible to noninvasively detect, characterize, and quantify clinically relevant materials, improving tissue characterization and providing multiple quantitative parameters that expand the role of CT in abdominal imaging and support development of imaging biomarkers. Nevertheless, implementing these advanced CT applications and quantitative parameters in clinical practice remains challenging. The authors provide an overview of various applications of quantitative clinical DECT parameters in abdominal imaging. First, they describe the basic principles underlying DECT, reviewing the fundamentals and challenges of DECT material characterization and derived quantitative parameters. They then examine current applications of DECT-based quantitative imaging in abdominal disease, discussing their strengths and limitations. Finally, they explore potential applications of DECT in abdominal imaging, including artificial intelligence and DECT-derived radiomics and imaging biomarkers. ©RSNA, 2026 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has become an essential tool in emergency radiology, significantly enhancing diagnostic capabilities for a variety of acute conditions. By utilising two distinct X-ray energy spectra, DECT differentiates materials based on their attenuation properties, providing detailed insights into tissue composition and pathology. In emergency settings, DECT is used in thoracic imaging for the detection of pulmonary embolism, in abdominal imaging to enhance the diagnosis and characterisation of conditions such as pancreatitis, appendicitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and bowel ischaemia and in the genitourinary system for identifying kidney stones, pyelonephritis, and urinary bleeding. In neuroimaging, DECT enables image optimisation through virtual monochromatic images and the reduction of metal artifacts. It helps in the differential diagnosis of haemorrhage versus tumour-related haemorrhage, haemorrhage versus contrast extravasation, and in the dating of vertebral collapse. DECT offers several advantages, including enhanced visualisation, the potential to reduce radiation exposure and contrast medium, and improved diagnostic accuracy across a wide range of conditions. However, its routine clinical adoption is still evolving due to challenges such as limited availability, cost, and the need for specialised training. This pictorial essay aims to encourage the broader integration of DECT into emergency imaging protocols by showcasing its clinical applications and benefits.

… images (eg, iodine and water), effectively reduces image noise and maintains diagnostic image … optimally balances artifact reduction with improved vascular contrast in DECT. Further …

… Third, we looked at only one level of iodine dose reduction with DECT. Other contrast … size on DECT image quality. Fifth, we used 40% ASIR for SECT and 70% ASIR for DECT. Finally, …

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of the quantitative measurements obtained using dual-energy computed tomography with metal artifact reduction software (MARS). Methods Dual-energy computed tomography scans (fast kV-switching) are performed on a phantom, by varying the number of metal rods (Ti and Pb) and reference iodine materials. Objective and subjective image analyses are performed on retroreconstructed virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) (VMI at 70 keV). Results The maximum artifact indices for VMI-Ti and VMI-Pb (5 metal rods) with MARS (without MARS) were 17.4 (166.7) and 34.6 (810.6), respectively; MARS significantly improved the mean subjective 5-point score (P &lt; 0.05). The maximum differences between the measured Hounsfield unit and theoretical values for 5 mg/mL iodine and 2-mm core rods were −42.2% and −68.5%, for VMI-Ti and VMI-Pb (5 metal rods), respectively, and the corresponding differences in the iodine concentration were −64.7% and −73.0%, respectively. Conclusions Metal artifact reduction software improved the objective and subjective image quality; however, the quantitative values were underestimated.

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT (DECT) iodine maps in comparison to conventional CT series for the assessment of non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI). We evaluated data from 142 patients (72 men; 50.7%) who underwent DECT between 2018 and 2022, with surgically confirmed diagnosis of NOMI. One board-certified radiologist performed region of interest (ROI) measurements in bowel segments on late arterial (LA) and portal venous (PV) phase DECT iodine maps as well as LA conventional series, in both ischemic and non-ischemic bowel loops, using surgical reports as reference standard, and in a control group of 97 patients. Intra- and inter-reader agreement with a second board-certified radiologist was also evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to calculate the optimal threshold for discriminating ischemic from non-ischemic bowel segments. Subjective image rating of LA and PV iodine maps was performed. DECT-based iodine concentration (IC) measurements showed significant differences in LA phase iodine maps between ischemic (median:0.72; IQR 0.52–0.91 mg/mL) and non-ischemic bowel loops (5.16; IQR 3.45–6.31 mg/ml) (P <.0001). IC quantification on LA phase revealed an AUC of 0.966 for the assessment of acute bowel ischemia, significantly higher compared to both IC quantification based on PV phase (0.951) and attenuation values evaluated on LA conventional CT series (0.828). Excellent intra-observer and strong inter-observer agreements were observed for the quantification of iodine concentration. Conversely, weak inter-observer agreement was noted for conventional HU assessments. The optimal LA phase-based IC threshold for assessing bowel ischemia was 1.34 mg/mL, yielding a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96.48%. Iodine maps based on LA phase significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy for the assessment of NOMI compared to conventional CT series and PV phase iodine maps.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effect of tube voltage, tube current-time product, and iterative reconstruction on iodine quantification using a dual-layer spectral CT scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two mediastinal iodine phantoms, each containing six tubes of different iodine concentrations (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg I/mL; the two phantoms had tubes with contrast media diluted in water and in 10% amino acid solution, respectively), were inserted into an anthropomorphic chest phantom and scanned with varying acquisition parameters (120 and 140 kVp; 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, and 200 mAs; and spectral reconstruction levels 0 and 6). Thereafter, iodine density was measured (in milligrams of iodine per milliliter) using a dedicated software program, and the effect of acquisition parameters on iodine density and on its relative measurement error (RME) was analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS Tube voltages (all, p < 0.001) and tube current-time products (p < 0.05, depending on the interaction terms for iodine density; p = 0.023 for RME) had statistically significant effects on iodine density and RME. However, the magnitude of their effects was minimal. That is, estimated differences between tube voltage settings ranged from 0 to 0.8 mg I/mL for iodine density and from 1.0% to 4.2% for RME. For tube current-time product, alteration of 100 mAs caused changes in iodine density and RME of approximately 0.1 mg I/mL and 0.6%, respectively. Spectral level was not an affecting factor for iodine quantification (p = 0.647 for iodine density and 0.813 for RME). CONCLUSION Iodine quantification using dual-layer spectral CT was feasible irrespective of CT acquisition parameters because their effects on iodine density and RME were minimal.

… reduce image noise of non-contrast cardiac CT scans acquired … AI-based random forests or CNNs are used for coronary … PE on venous phase contrast-enhanced chest CT has also …

Accurate evaluation of the axillary lymph node (ALN) status is needed for determining the treatment protocol for breast cancer (BC). The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based tumor heterogeneity in assessing ALN metastasis in BC is unclear.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the use of computational techniques to mimic human thought processes and learning capacity. The past decade has seen a rapid proliferation of AI developments for cardiovascular computed tomography (CT). These algorithms aim to increase efficiency, objectivity, and performance in clinical tasks such as image quality improvement, structure segmentation, quantitative measurements, and outcome prediction. By doing so, AI has the potential to streamline clinical workflow, increase interpretative speed and accuracy, and inform subsequent clinical pathways. This review covers state-of-the-art AI techniques in cardiovascular CT and the future role of AI as a clinical support tool.