L 县民兵应急分队突发公共事件应急处置问题研究

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This study investigates collaborative disaster response strategies involving the government and social organizations from a dynamic perspective, incorporating stochastic disturbances that influence emergency resource supply. To examine the strategic interactions among the participants, three stochastic differential game models are formulated under distinct scenarios: centralized decision making for collusive emergency response, decentralized emergency response without a cost-sharing contract, and decentralized emergency response with a cost-sharing contract. Under an infinite-horizon planning framework, the closed-form solutions for the optimal response efforts and the corresponding value functions are derived for all three scenarios and comparatively analyzed. The results indicate that compared with the purely decentralized scenario, introducing a cost-sharing mechanism achieves a Pareto improvement by optimizing both overall system efficiency and emergency supply availability. Although the centralized collusive model results in the highest expected level of emergency resource supply, it is also associated with the greatest uncertainty. Furthermore, a numerical simulation based on emergency resource allocation during the Wenchuan earthquake is conducted. The results show significant differences in resource availability and response performance under different response mechanisms. Centralized collaboration, together with a well-designed cost-sharing mechanism, can significantly enhance the robustness and efficiency of the overall system, offering important insights for optimizing real-world disaster response strategies.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, public sentiment and demands have been prominently reflected on social media platforms like Weibo. Understanding these sentiments and demands is crucial for governments, health officials, and policymakers to make effective responses and adjustments. The study aims to analyze public sentiment and identify key demands concerning COVID-19 policies and social issues using Weibo data, providing insights to improve China’s policies and legal systems in public health emergencies. The study used Python tools to collect public opinion data from Weibo regarding policy adjustments, social issues, and livelihood concerns. A total of 50,249 valid comments on 100 blog posts were collected from December 2019 to October 2023 in China. The SnowNLP algorithm was employed for sentiment analysis, Latent Dirichlet Allocation was used for topic clustering, and sampling coding was applied to further explore public demands by condensing the comment texts. The study categorized 100 blog posts into 23 important topics, with average sentiment scores ranging from 0.24 to 0.66. These scores ranging from 0 to 1 reflect sentiment polarity, where lower values indicate more negative public sentiment. The topics of material safety and information security management had the lowest scores, at 0.24 and 0.34, respectively. The analysis further revealed that the 23 topics could be classified into 57 subtopics, and a total of 101 concepts were identified through coding. The study found that public demands fall into five key categories: transportation and travel security, epidemic protection and health security, law building and policy implementation, social services and public demand, and education demand. The study underscores the complexity of public sentiment during the epidemic, with significant concerns about material safety and information security management. Public demands span basic survival needs to higher-order concerns such as education and legal protections. The findings suggest that policy-making processes must become more responsive, transparent, and equitable, incorporating real-time public feedback and ensuring comprehensive policies and legal systems are in place to address multifaceted public demands effectively.

Disasters pose significant challenges to communities worldwide, necessitating effective disaster management and emergency response systems. This study aims to evaluate current practices in disaster management and emergency response, focusing on enhancing coordination and preparedness. Through qualitative analysis, including literature review and library research, this study assesses existing strategies and identifies areas for improvement. The findings underscore the importance of robust coordination mechanisms among various stakeholders involved in disaster management, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and community groups. Moreover, the study highlights the critical role of preparedness measures in mitigating the impact of disasters and facilitating timely and effective response efforts. By synthesizing insights from existing literature and case studies, this research provides valuable recommendations for enhancing disaster management and emergency response frameworks. The results emphasize the need for comprehensive planning, capacity-building initiatives, and the integration of technology to strengthen resilience and response capabilities. Furthermore, the study underscores the significance of community engagement and public awareness campaigns in fostering a culture of preparedness and resilience. Overall, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on disaster risk reduction and emergency management by offering insights into improving coordination and preparedness strategies in the face of natural and man-made disasters.

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The local government's handling of emergencies has a bearing on the lives of local people, property safety and a series of rights. Therefore, how to build the emergency response capacity of local governments has become an important topic in the field of public management. In this paper, we study the important indexes of local government's emergency management and combine them with the algorithm of systematics to construct the matrix and topological map, and finally calculate the degree of importance and the logic relationship between the indexes The calculation results provide ideas for the focus and logic of local government's emergency response capacity building.

With the development of the economy and science and technology, the threat of various emergencies has brought severe governance challenges to governments. In order to minimize the harm and loss of emergencies and further improve the authority and credibility of government, this study uses the two-tuple linguistic information method to assess the indicator system of H Government of China constructed according to the GB/T37228-2018 standard (Societal security—Emergency management—Requirements). The result shows that the management of emergency resource management, information collection methods, response and guarantee plans, and other aspects is relatively standardized. However, the middle and late stages of emergency management are relatively weak, which is mainly reflected in the continuity of situation assessment, in information sharing and feedback, and in the coordination process. The current work implies that the GB/T37228-2018 standard broadens the approach of government emergency response assessment and strengthens the standardization process of emergency response. It also challenges the implicit knowledge of emergency response, the integration of time and space variables, and other issues.

Policy is an important support for risk society to prevent and resolve crises. Based on the content analysis of the policy text and PMC-Index model, this paper takes texts of 327 public health emergency response policies (PHERP) at the central level in China from 1989 to 2022 as the analysis object, designs an indicator system, and combines qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the existing policies. The results of content analysis indicate that current policy focuses on emergency rather than preventive control, the main policy-making and issuing authority is the Ministry of Health and policies are mostly issued in the form of notice. The PMC-Index of ten selected policies is all ranked above acceptable, which means that the overall quality of policy text is relatively high. However, the PMC-Surface shows that there is still considerable variability in the scores of the main indicators for each policy. The top three main scoring indicators are policy nature, policy evaluation and policy instrument, while the bottom three are policy time, policy release agency and policy target groups, which reminds us that the design of policy text can still be improved in terms of optimizing policy time, policy issuing institutions and expanding policy target groups. In response to these problems, this paper puts forward six suggestions for optimization.

Emergency response capability evaluation is an essential means to strengthen emergency response capacity-building and improve the level of government administration. Based on the whole life cycle of emergency management, the emergency capability evaluation index system is constructed from four aspects: prevention and emergency preparedness, monitoring and early warning, emergency response and rescue, and recovery and reconstruction. Firstly, the entropy method is applied to measure the emergency response capability level of 31 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2020. Second, the Theil index and ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) are applied in exploring the regional differences and spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of China’s emergency response capacity. Finally, the obstacle degree model is used to explore the obstacle factors and obstacle degrees that affect the emergency response capability. The results show that: (1) The average value of China’s emergency response capacity is 0.277, with a steady growth trend and a gradient distribution of “high in the east, low in the west, and average in center and northeast” in the four major regions. (2) From the perspective of spatial distribution characteristics, the unbalanced regional development leads to the obvious aggregation effect of “high-efficiency aggregation and low-efficiency aggregation”, and the interaction of the “centripetal effect” and “centrifugal effect” finally forms the spatial clustering result of emergency response capability level in China. (3) Examining the source of regional differences, inter-regional differences are the decisive factor affecting the overall differences in emergency response capability, and the inter-regional differences show a reciprocating fluctuation of narrowing–widening–narrowing from 2011 to 2020. (4) Main obstacles restricting the improvement of China’s emergency response capabilities are “the business volume of postal and telecommunication services per capita”, “the daily disposal capacity of city sewage” and “the general public budget revenue by region”. The extent of the obstacles’ impacts in 2020 are 12.19%, 7.48%, and 7.08%, respectively. Based on the evaluation results, the following countermeasures are proposed: to realize the balance of each stage of emergency management during the holistic process; to strengthen emergency coordination and balanced regional development; and to implement precise measures to make up for the shortcomings of emergency response capabilities.

Emergency policies are among the most challenging policies that policy makers have to deal with, because of their extreme seriousness, the lack of time, and the high uncertainties that are involved. Policy analyses have demonstrated that good structural and organizational strategies are important, but not sufficient, to systematically guarantee a high level of resiliency in response processes. Some scholars have therefore suggested the need to verify whether individual cognitive and relational mechanisms can contribute to explaining the different levels of resiliency that emerge in emergency response processes. From such a perspective, this article presents the findings of a research that was aimed at testing whether emotional mechanisms matter. The affect infusion model was used to provide the analytical framework that was considered to identify the evidence necessary for the empirical research, and the ‘most similar system design’ was applied to select and compare two couples of emergency response processes with similar contextual, structural and organizational features, but different levels of resiliency. The empirical research was conducted from April 2020 to February 2021, through periods of job shadowing and semi-structured interviews with personnel from the public and private organizations involved in the response processes. The research has substantially corroborated the hypothesis and has highlighted that, despite very similar contextual, structural and organizational conditions, a negative emotional mechanism, triggered by fear and anxiety, was pervasive among managers involved in the two lower-resiliency emergency response processes, while a positive emotional mechanism, triggered by pride, was dominant among managers involved in the two lower-resiliency processes.

In the post-epidemic era, public panic has emerged as a highly significant secondary disaster, necessitating an urgent enhancement of emergency management capabilities by governments at all levels. In order to ensure a robust assessment of the government's ability to manage public panic, it is crucial to effectively address the influence of uncertain and ambiguous factors associated with such scenarios. This paper proposes a governmental public panic emergency management capability assessment method based on fuzzy Petri nets. By analyzing the factors influencing public panic across the four evolutionary stages, namely gestation, outbreak, diffusion, and fading, we establish a hierarchical evaluation index system for assessing emergency management capabilities. Additionally, we develop a range of multi-scenario emergency management strategies. To address the challenges posed by uncertainty, randomness, fuzziness, and insufficient statistical data within the assessment index system, we introduce fuzzy Petri nets and fuzzy reasoning rules to evaluate the emergency management capability of the assessment system and derive the optimal emergency management strategy. According to example simulations, the effectiveness and practicality of models and rules constructed using fuzzy Petri nets are demonstrated, highlighting their superiority over traditional assessment methods. This comprehensive approach equips the government with a versatile toolkit for effectively managing public panic emergencies.

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To reveal the interaction and influence mechanism between emergency rescue entities, and to explore and optimize a cooperation mechanism of emergency rescue entities, a tripartite evolutionary game model of emergency rescue cooperation based on government rescue teams, social emergency organizations, and government support institutions was constructed. The stability of each game subject’s strategy choice was explored. Simulation analysis was applied to investigate the influence mechanism of key parameters on the evolution of the game subject’s strategy combination. The research results show that government rescue teams, social emergency organizations, and government support institutions have consistent political demands and rescue targets in emergency rescue cooperation. The game subjects are driving forces for each other to choose positive strategies. The game evolution process of the emergency cooperation model shows a “mobilization-coordination” feature. At the same time, the emergency capital stock formed based on trust relationships, information matching, and institutional norms between game subjects can promote the evolution of the game system toward (1,1,1). In addition, for government organizations with limited emergency resources, the average allocation of emergency resources is not the optimal solution for emergency rescue efficiency. However, it is easier to achieve the overall target of emergency rescue cooperation by investing limited emergency resources in key variables that match the on-site situation. On this basis, combined with the practice of emergency rescues in emergencies, countermeasures and solutions are proposed to optimize the mechanism and improve the efficiency of emergency rescue cooperation.

From the perspective of collaborative governance, it is found that volunteers have become an indispensable force in the process of responding to disasters. However, due to the late start but rapid development of emergency volunteer service in China, the current emergency management system lacks a coordination mechanism to ensure the orderly participation of emergency volunteers in disaster rescue, and there are problems such as the lack of the concept of polycentric governance, the disorder of self-organized behavior, the lack of coordination within the system, the excessive emphasis on the gratuitous nature of public welfare, and the lag in the construction of laws and regulations.

Disaster politics is the science that studies how the state uses the power of political power to carry out response activities such as prevention and emergency preparedness, monitoring and early warning, emergency response and rescue, and post-event recovery and reconstruction of various major disasters. As the earliest self-help and mutual rescue behavior taken by human beings to fight against disasters, the interactive relationship between emergency volunteer activities and national rescue activities originated from the tension between man and nature and between people, and gradually became an important symbol of social civilization and progress under the role of culture. However, in recent years, emergency volunteer activities have faced many difficulties in the process of interacting with the state, such as insufficient ability to obtain resources, lack of rule of law, lack of digital platforms, lack of coordination and action mechanisms, uneven professional capabilities, and insufficient incentives and guarantees. To solve many problems in the whole process of disaster co-governance, it is necessary to continuously strengthen education and guidance, promote the connection between supply and demand, strengthen the role of the rule of law, promote social co-governance, build a "peacetime and emergency" system, establish an on-site command mechanism and an effective coordination mechanism, and improve the evaluation standards and incentive and guarantee systems, so as to continuously improve the effectiveness of emergency volunteer activities at a time when disasters tend to be extreme and frequent.

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PurposeThis study aims to answer the question: What dynamic capabilities do diverse humanitarian organizations have?Design/methodology/approachWe examine this question through the lens of dynamic capabilities with sensing, seizing and reconfiguring capacities. The research team interviewed 15 individuals from 12 humanitarian organizations that had (a) different geographic scopes (global versus local) and (b) different missions (emergency response versus long-term development aid). We also gathered data from secondary sources, including standard operating procedures, company websites, and news databases (Factiva, Reuters and Bloomberg).FindingsThe findings identify the operational and dynamic capabilities of global and local humanitarian organizations while distinguishing between their mission to provide long-term development aid or emergency relief. (1) The global organizations, with their beneficiary responsiveness, reconfigured their sensing and seizing capacities throughout the COVID-19 pandemic by pivoting quickly to local procurement or regional supply chains. The long-term development organizations pivoted to multi-year supplier agreements with fixed pricing to counter price uncertainty and accessed social capital with government bodies. In contrast, emergency response organizations developed end-to-end supply chain visibility to sense changes in supply and demand. (2) Local humanitarian organizations developed the capacity to sense demand and supply changes to reconfigure based on their experiential learning working with the local community. The long-term-development local organizations used un-owned and scalable relief infrastructure to seize opportunities to rebuild affected areas. In contrast, emergency response organizations developed their capacity to seize opportunities to provide aid stemming from their decentralized decision-making, a lack of structured procedures, and the authority for increased expenditure.Originality/valueWe propose a theoretical framework to identify humanitarian organizations' operational and dynamic capabilities, distinguishing between global and local organizations and their emergency response and long-term aid missions.

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This article aims to critically examine implementation of the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) to cope with humanitarian assistance caused by disasters, complex emergencies and conflicts in South East Asian countries. It focusses on how the ASEAN member States initiate and implement coordination and simplification of procedures on how to deliver humanitarian assistance to victims once those situations are declared as regional concern. The analysis in this paper is mainly construed by normative legal research relied on information of facts and information of legal bases in order to find out legal gaps, ambiguity, overlapping institutions and conflict of norms on coordination and procedures between national and regional regulations, policies, programs and actions. It provides framework for analysis on how constructive engagements under the AADMER generate a distinctive legal feature for regional concerns dealing with humanitarian issues in South East Asian Countries. This article reveals that effective coordination and simplification of procedures are back bones for the AADMER implementation. Factually, regulatory impacts assessments have been assessed and factually carried out by ASEAN member States in terms of increasing their understanding, allocation of all available resources and reducing potential risks when they create and implement their national rules and regulation on disaster, complex emergency and conflicts. However, at the same time, they tend to be reluctant to take measures on underlying necessity of legitimate reasons, authority as well as their advanced resources. It is necessary to be shared to reduce capacity gaps for better effective coordination and simplification of procedures due to their narrowed understanding of state’s sovereignty to shield their unwillingness to cooperate

Many countries were ill prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic and the sudden border closures introduced to stem contagion. To address this planning and response gap, Health Systems Trust and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Global Migration and Quarantine jointly implemented a capacity-building project among eight Southern African countries during 2022. The intention was to strengthen collaboration among the countries in implementing public health emergency response strategies. Shared analysis of cross-border movement patterns, and building neighbouring countries’ capacity to identify priority areas for such response planning, strengthened relationships for communicating health risks and events. This chapter presents findings from project participants’ perspectives on whether and how the project supported improved regional collaboration for emergency responses to public health events, and their perceptions of how the project strengthened their border health systems. Country delegates were convened in multi-sectoral regional and sub-regional meetings and workshops to facilitate cross-border public health information-sharing and co-ordination, and to align surveillance for emergency preparedness and response. They drafted procedures to: strengthen cross-border and multi-sectoral communication; prioritise points of entry for cross-border co-ordination; map population movement patterns; and identify national and regional border health priorities. Training focused on points of entry to enhance planning for future disease outbreaks by introducing the Population Connectivity Across Borders Toolkit for analysing population movement data to guide the design of public health interventions. Collaboration with global and regional institutions strengthened the countries’ ability to comply with International Health Regulations in responding to communicable disease outbreaks. The outcomes indicate that sustained engagement, refinement of standard operating procedures, and multilateral agreements that ensure balancing of country priorities with global health requirements, can be achieved. Continued analysis of and reflection on country work plans are needed to assess similarities and differences in priority identification, which will guide future training and development of regional strategies to build stronger border health systems.

This perspective article outlines Japan’s contributions to strengthening the global health emergency workforce through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. It highlights Japan’s strategic initiatives in training, expert deployment and institutional collaboration, underscoring how national efforts can enhance global health security.