中外监狱“三分”（分押、分管、分教）工作比较研究

The penitentiary system of the Republic of Moldova has entered a stage of reform since it was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Justice. For about 20 years under the auspices of the Ministry of Justice, similar to the European penitentiary systems, the national system has been experiencing the same difficulties: a high rate of recidivism, overcrowding in places of detention, an increase in cases of detection of prohibited items and substances in penitentiary institutions, lack of staff and insufficient financial resources. The situation at the national level differs from the general European practice in terms of separate detention of persons sentenced to imprisonment. The penalty of imprisonment is executed in penitentiary institutions of the following types: open, semi-closed, for juveniles (in which conditions correspond to semi-closed penitentiary institutions) and for women, in which the regime of detention corresponds to the regime established for open, semi-closed or closed type of penitentiary institutions, depending on the category of penitentiary institutions assigned by the sentence. The rigidity of the established system is determined by the clear definition in the law of the categories of prisoners and types of penitentiary institutions for serving sentences. It is not allowed to change the type of penitentiary institution. Such a system of imprisonment execution, established by mandatory norms of criminal law, not only creates a problem for the effective implementation of criminal justice (individualization of punishment), but also determines the need to organize three modes of detention in each type of penitentiary institution. Consequently, most penitentiary institutions should have at least 12 separate detention sectors, corresponding to each type of penitentiary and detention regime. At the same time, the problem of choosing the categories of sectors that should be present in a penitentiary institution becomes very relevant. This is due to the fact that the regime of a sentence execution in the form of imprisonment in a penitentiary institution does not consist in simple isolation, but in a regime with a rich content consisting of various aspects of life and activities of convicts during execution of sentences. Based on the results of the study, the author suggests revising the content of the concept “type of penitentiary institution”. This concept should include not only the level of accessibility within the penitentiary institution, but also the restrictions necessary for the detention of persons deprived of their liberty, depending on the assessment of their psychological profile, behavior and individual execution plan.

… In the post–World War II period, dramatic changes have occurred in the penal regimes of many … with more centralized prison systems, counts of prison populations typically include less …

… with the so-called Du Cane regime, ie the period when the prisons of Great Bl-itain were … classification of prisoners and prisons was regarded as havirlg a weakening effect upon it.) …

… identified risk, being unlikely to continue criminality in custody and also unlikely to take advantage of the low security and disrupt the good order or regime of the open prison estate. …

… been applied, control of prisoners should be a matter for the management 'regime'. Ironically, … that a security classification was an imprecise method of allocating prisoners, given that …

… It defined the essentials of prison discipline as due classification, inspection, regular … sen prison, recommended ironing prisoners in order to make stages of a progressive prison regime …

… regime as it applied in women's prisons. The arrival of the Management Protocol thus marks a return to administrative power as a mode of prison … to security classification, segregation …

… prison-level correlates of inmate misconduct. Although this body of literature has yielded insights into how the prison … level of analysis, namely the custody level. As some inmates are …

… of imprisonment known as the ‘separate system’. At a time of … Broadly speaking, the prisons that were entirely rebuilt … chapter examines the separate system prison and the process …

… of custodial confinement may also vary in their attitudes towards these dimensions. An analysis of responses from officers in prison … security prison and non-maximum security prisons, …

… The NIC definition of supermax insists that prisoners are managed in a way whereby they are kept separate from staff and other prisoners. The majority of supermax facilities in the …

Purpose The Life in Custody (LIC) Study is a nationwide prospective cohort study examining the quality of prison life in the Netherlands. The purpose of this paper is to describe Dutch prisoners’ perceptions of prison climate, as well as differences across regimes. Design/methodology/approach The target population of the study consisted of all male and female adult prisoners in the Netherlands who were incarcerated in various regimes in a total of 28 prisons, between January and April 2017. An intensive and personal recruitment strategy was employed. Participants completed a detailed survey, the prison climate questionnaire (PCQ). Self-reported information on a variety of topics was collected, including perceived prison climate, well-being and self-reported behaviour. Findings In total, 4,938 prisoners participated in the survey, which amounts to a high response rate of 81 per cent. Analyses show that respondents’ characteristics are almost identical to those of non-respondents. Ratings of prison climate vary across domains and regimes, with more positive scores for minimum-security regimes. Practical implications A detailed methodological approach is described that can be adopted to achieve a high response rate with survey research among prisoners. The paper alerts researchers and practitioners to a large ongoing study and first findings on prison climate in the Netherlands. The PCQ can be requested from the authors and used in future research (internationally) to gain information about the perceived quality of prison life. The paper gives insight in how different regimes are associated with differences in perceived prison climate. Collaboration on the research project can be sought with the authors. Originality/value Findings of the LIC study illustrate the value of having data on prison climate. Results of the study will contribute to more knowledge on imprisonment and what can be done to improve the humane treatment of offenders by the criminal justice system. Moreover, knowledge about the methodology of the study may enable future comparative research on prison climate.

… A separate analysis of higher-custody state prison revealed that only 4 facilities (representing 2 states) of the 49 selected (from 25 states) practiced a responsibility model management …

… in custody; the social services function of the American carceral system; and even what humane prison … housed in entirely separate facilities, the claim that rape in men's prisons is a …

… from a larger study of differential treatment of prison inmates across prison settings. Prior to … selected prisons in Lagos and Ogun States were sought. The selection of these prisons was …

… addition, behavior which resulted in a disciplinary transfer from Morgantown would not necessarily have led to the same outcome for inmates at Ashland. The ability to retain inmates at …

… The inmate group is conceived as a problem-solving system, … Institutions that stress treatment goals are distinguished from … Results indicate that in treatment institutions inmates have …

… The present research is one of the few reported studies to date that has documented a differential treatment effect utilizing a randomized control group design. Several treatment studies …

… Yet by institutionalizing differential treatment, the reformatories legitimated a tradition of … of differential treatment. The women's prison system is not, then, merely a miniature version of …

… By allocating treatment resources accordingly, the differential treatment proponents argue, the corrections system sllould be more effective in reducing recidivism rates. …

… THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES CASES CONCERNED WITH THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE INMATES. ARGUMENTS ARE …

… Last, specific programs have differential effects dependent … , called the differential classification and treatment position.… comments regarding the differential treatment posi tion, three …

… The procedure classifies inmates into ten different typology groups based on their differential responses on the MMPI and the resultant elevation, slope, phasicality, and code type. Two …

… This unemployment rate, however, was no different from the unemployment rate for the non-Native inmates (83.8%). Differential treatment of Native and non-Native inmates may occur …

… Few studies have examined the differential impacts of prison TC compared to less intensive … we predicted that higher risk inmates would do better in more intensive treatment—ie, prison …

Correctional classification is at the core of the prison experience. Classification processes determine what, with whom, and how an inmate will spend his or her time while incarcerated. Classification designation influences virtually all dimensions of prison life, including the structure of inmate routines, ability to move about the facility premises, program eligibility, mandatory treatments, and housing location or style. Yet it is very challenging to speak about correctional classification in general terms, because there are 51 different classification schemes in the United States, one for each of the 50 states and the federal prison system. Correctional classification can be centralized or decentralized to varying degrees across institution, facility, and unit levels of prisons. Although often used interchangeably in correctional argot, the two predominant correctional classification types are security (referring to the characteristics of the prison) and custody (referring to the permissions of the inmate). Classification structures and processes shape much of the prison experience and, as such, are central to investigations of the effects of prison on inmate outcomes. Indeed, the extent of the deprivations inmates face during incarceration is largely determined by their institution, facility, unit, and custody levels. Discussing correctional classification across systems is challenging because classification designations take on a heterogeneous, nested structure, meaning that in some systems institution and facility are the same, in other systems facility and custody are the same, and in still other systems institution, facility, and custody are all distinct, with custody nested in facilities nested in institutions. In addition to classification structures, there are classification processes which are the set of procedures that correctional administrators use to determine security and custody levels. Classification criteria, processes, and timelines vary across departments of corrections. The general goals of classification procedures are to minimize the probability of escape and maximize the security of the department facilities, inmates, and staff, while housing the inmate at the least restrictive level possible and providing appropriate services. Correctional administrators must balance security and rehabilitative concerns in custody and security classification practices. In what is often described as a direct trade-off, most agencies prioritize the security and safety of inmates and staff over the treatment needs of inmates.

… classification system works and to discuss several policy issues. … correctional institutions for felons. First, California was one of the first states to adopt an objective inmate classification …

… as well as some key correctional stakeholders, their tasks and … current approaches to correctional classification are not able … -specific classification systems and develop the …

… Primary consideration in the present investigation has been given to that aspect of correctional classification which is related to the identification of inmates who are most likely to exhibit …

… characterize most correctional classifications; however, the … Policy orientations and choices of classification systems interact. Changes of policy often require changes in classification, …

… to comment on prison policy or procedure. They have little voice in correctional decisions. This … Do we want correctional departments to spend more tax dollars on concrete and steel or …

… The classification systems now used in both correctional facilities and community corrections … offenders in the post policy group had fewer officer/offender contacts than those in the pre-…

… and implementation activities of correctional agencies having … judicial scrutiny of correctional systems, institutions, policies, and … thwarted attempts to improve correctional management. …