三江-扬子西缘毛坪铅锌矿集区成矿要素时空耦合与三维地质结构及定量找矿预测研究

… Specifically, the discoveries related to tectonic-dominant control and stress-induced differential mineralization not only deepen our understanding of the Maoping deposit’s metallogenic …

… new progress in deep prospecting of Zhaotong maoping leadzinc deposit,northeastern Yunnan Province metallogenic district. Earth science Frontiers,17(3):275 (in chinese) Han Rs,…

The Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic belt (SYG metallogenic belt), a crucial metallogenic unit on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, is a key part of the South China low-temperature metallogenic domain. The incorporation mechanisms and distribution of trace elements (e.g., Ge, Ga, Cd) widely enriched in Pb-Zn sulfides throughout this region remain poorly understood. This study investigates main-ore-stage sulfides (sphalerite and pyrite) from the Maoping Pb-Zn deposit using in situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses and mapping to systematically elucidate the partitioning and occurrence of these trace elements. The key findings are as follows: (1) Sulfides show distinct elemental partitioning: sphalerite preferentially concentrates Cd, Ag, Ge, Ga, and Se, whereas pyrite is significantly enriched in Mn, Ni, As, and Co. (2) Sphalerite is the primary host for many trace elements. Cadmium, Ge, Mn, Cu, and Ag mainly enter the sphalerite lattice by substituting for Zn2+. Coupled substitution mechanisms, such as Zn2+ ↔ Cd2+, 2Zn2+ ↔ Ge2+ + Cu2+, and 2Zn2+ ↔ Ga3+ + Cu+, facilitate the incorporation of Ge and Ga. (3) The sphalerite exhibits a trace element assemblage of high Cd-Ge and low Fe-Mn, which is geochemically similar to typical Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits and differs significantly from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) and magmatic–hydrothermal deposits, indicating a medium- to low-temperature metallogenic environment. Based on these geochemical signatures and epigenetic textures, we confirm that the Maoping Pb-Zn deposit exhibits similarities with MVT deposits. Nevertheless, distinct differences in the tectonic setting and metal grades suggest it is a unique SYG-type Pb-Zn deposit.

The southwestern Yangtze Craton hosts more than 400 carbonate‐hosted Pb–Zn deposits, and is well endowed with enormous base metals. The giant Maoping deposit is one of the most representative deposits, and the mineralization mainly occurs in the Devonian to Carboniferous dolomitic rocks. Its metallogenesis has been thoroughly discussed from many perspectives by previous studies, but it remains controversial, especially about the relationship between the structural process and the Pb–Zn mineralization. In this paper, we conducted large‐scale structural mapping and whole‐rock geochemical analysis to investigate the structural process and its control on the mineralization at Maoping. Three stages of deformation have been recognized, including the NE–SW‐striking folds and thrusts (D1), the N–S‐striking transtensional faults (D2), and the NW–SE‐striking transpressional structures (D3). The geochemical analysis shows relatively higher contents of the ore‐related trace elements in the tectonites from the N–S‐striking faults, indicating a close relationship between the N–S‐striking faults and the mineralization. Combined with field evidence and geochemical analysis, we propose that the N–S‐striking transtensional faults are likely the major ore‐conducting structures, and the NE–SW‐striking interlayer fractures serve as the assistant structures at the deposit scale. The regional NE–SW‐striking fold‐and‐thrust belts are suggested to dominate the spatial distribution and location of the Pb–Zn deposits in northeastern Yunnan at the regional scale. Our study enhances the understanding of the metallogenesis at Maoping and provides new insights into the Pb–Zn prospecting at both the regional scale and the deposit scale.

Carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposits are of major economic importance. The Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou metallogenetic belt (SYGMB), located on the western margin of the Yangtze Block, comprises over 400 carbonated-hosted Pb–Zn deposits. However, ore-forming fluids recorded in these deposits have led to controversy regarding ore genesis. We investigated a fluid system for the Maoping deposit in the SYGMB, based on fluid inclusions, and H–O–He–Ar isotopic studies. The results showed that ore-forming fluids in the Maoping deposit are characterized by mixing of high-temperature and low-salinity metamorphic fluids and low-temperature and high-salinity basinal brines. The Precambrian basement is considered to produce metamorphic fluids, while the basinal brines are said to originate from the Youjiang Basin. The mineralization at the depositional site appears to reflect the coincidence of the metamorphic fluids, basinal brines, Carboniferous coal seams, and structural-stratigraphic traps. Regional-scale data show large-scale heterogeneity in fluid properties, including basinal brines, metamorphic fluids, and organic fluids. Furthermore, the data suggest a precipitation model for some high-grade Pb–Zn deposits in the SYGMB. These findings will contribute to an understanding of deposit types in the SYGMB.

… ore-controlling characteristics of the steep flank of the anticline (Huize fault-fold belt,the ore … the overturned flank of the anticline(Maoping fault-fold belt, the ore body is located in the NW …

… Guizhou Pb–Zn metallogenic (SYG) province… ore bodies are hosted in Devonian and Permian carbonate rocks and structurally controlled by the Yadu–Mangdong thrust fault. Lead–zinc …

The Dahongshan large-scale iron (Fe)–copper (Cu) polymetallic deposit is in the Proterozoic metallogenic domain on the western margin of the Yangtze Block. It is a typical representative of Fe-Cu polymetallic composite mineralization in the Kangdian area. The deposit comprises a group of layered orebodies formed by volcanic exhalation sedimentation and metamorphism, and a group of vein-like orebodies formed by hydrothermal superposition. The large-scale mapping of altered lithofacies in the deposit has resolved issues of weak links and unclear mineralization and alteration zoning of hydrothermal superimposed deposits within the study area. The mineralization type, hydrothermal alteration type and intensity, mineral assemblage, and mineral structure of the vein-type Cu polymetallic deposits during the hydrothermal superposition period are meticulously analyzed and studied. Finally, the zoning relationships of vein orebodies (mineralization) are summarized. On the basis of the results of the study of the distribution pattern of this mineral body, a mineralization alteration zoning model of the hydrothermal superposition period is constructed. The results show that the alteration is primarily silicification, carbonation, and chloritization, and the mineralization is chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and pyrite. The Dibadu anticline and the cutting layer faults and fractures strictly control the hydrothermal alteration zoning. The mineralization alteration zoning from the core to the flank is divided into coarse vein zone (I) → stockwork zone (II) → veinlet zone (III). The corresponding mineral assemblages are quartz–calcite–chalcocite–bornite–(native copper) (I) → calcite–dolomite–quartz–bornite–chalcopyrite–chlorite (II) → dolomite–quartz–chalcopyrite–(pyrite) (III), where the stockwork zone has the most substantial mineralization. The mineral assemblages of each alteration zone, the characteristics of rare earth elements of typical samples, and the test results on the fluid inclusions confirm that pH and Eh primarily control the zoning mechanism. This study has significance for deepening the understanding of the composite metallogenic system, guiding deep and peripheral prospecting, and providing significant enlightenment for the study of this type of deposit.

Mississippi Valley Type (MVT)1 deposits represent the majority of carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposits globally. They typically form in an extensional tectonic setting along passive margins. However, studies on carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposits in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Triangle area (SYGT) reveal differences in terms of the essential features of typical MVT deposits. We discuss the main features of these deposits, controlled by folds and faults, high-grade Zn–Pb ores and symbiotic or associated elements (i.e., abundant Ag and dispersed amounts of Ge, Ga, and Cd) of significant economic value. Based on a comparison of Pb-Zn deposits in SYGT and classical MVT deposits formed in an extensional tectonic setting, as well as a subsequent discussion on deposit classification, we propose that the Huize-style Zn–Pb deposits are a new deposit style, whose basic features can guide future ore exploration. We define the Huize-style deposits based on four factors: i) Hierarchical ore-controlling system of strike-slip fault-fold structures, ii) litho-facies associated with typical alternation and mineralisation, iii) ore-forming geochemical features revealed by typical mineral assemblages, mineralisation alteration zoning, fluid-inclusion, isotope geochemistry and metallogenic acid–alkali geochemical barriers, and iv) different prospecting methods to those typically used for MVT deposits. The Huize-style and typical MVT deposits constitute the carbonate-hosted non-magmatic epigenetic hydrothermal-type (CNHT) Zn–Pb deposits.

… deposits at the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou lead–zinc metallogenic province were analysed … provide vectors for the geochemical exploration of Pb-Zn mineralization and the Co/Ni ratios …

Abstract The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic province (SYGMP) is an important region for Pb-Zn resources in China. However, considerable controversy remains as to whether the Pb-Zn deposits are Mississippi Valley Type (MVT). The Maozu deposit, a typical example of the carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in the SYGMP, occurs in the late Ediacaran Dengying Formation and its ore bodies are divided into three types: lower layer (LL), vein layer (VL), and upper layer (UL) ore bodies based on their spatial relationship. In this study, laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to systematically analyze the trace-element compositions of sphalerite and galena in these three ore bodies. The results show that sphalerite is characterized by Cd and Ge enrichment; Fe, Mn, and Co depletion; and local In and Sn enrichment. Most of these elements likely appear as solid solutions in sphalerite and show a wide compositional variation, which is probably related to the medium- and low-temperature mixing of the ore-forming fluids. The local enrichment of In and Sn is likely attributed to the long-distance migration of ore-forming fluids through In-Sn-bearing volcaniclastic rocks. In vs. Sn and (Cu + Sb) vs. (Ag + Ge) show strong correlations and similar element distribution in the mapped images, indicating that these elements may be incorporated into sphalerite via a coupled substitution for Zn as 2In3+ + Sn4+ + 2◻ ↔ 5Zn2+ (◻ = vacancies) and 4(Cu+ + Sb3+) + (Ge4+ + 2Ag+) + 2◻ ↔ 13Zn2+. Galena is enriched in Ag and Sb with minor Cd and Se and depleted in Bi, and most of the elements may occur as solid solutions. Ag vs. Sb in galena displays a strong positive correlation, implying the coupled substitution of Ag+ + Sb3+ ↔ 2Pb2+. Notably, the majority of the trace-element concentrations gradually decrease in the order LL → UL except Fe, Co, Cu, and Ge, while Fe, In, and Sn in sphalerite and Ag and Sb in galena have the highest concentration in the VL, indicating that the VL is a secondary migration channel for the ore-forming fluids. Furthermore, the trace-element compositions of the sulfides in the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit are consistent with the typical MVT deposit (hosted in the carbonate sequence) but are markedly different from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and skarn-type deposits. Based on these results, as well as the geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposit, the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit is an MVT deposit.

Abstract The Maoping carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit (25 Mt ores @ 12–35% Zn+Pb) is a representative and the third-largest Pb-Zn deposit in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic province (SYGMP). In this study, Pb-Zn-Cd isotope analyses were performed on sphalerite from Maoping, in order to understand the ore metal source and metallogenesis in the SYGMP. The sphalerite samples have narrow ranges of Pb isotope ratios: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.675–18.751, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.758–15.768, and 208Pb/204Pb = 39.287–38.436. This implies thorough mixing of two Pb sources, which we interpreted to be the Devonian-Carboniferous ore-hosting carbonate wallrocks and the Neoproterozoic Kunyang/Huili Group (Gp.) clastic and metamorphic rocks. The Maoping sphalerite samples have uniform δ66Zn (–0.07 to +0.25‰) and δ114Cd (–0.10 to +0.27‰) values, which further support complete source mixing. In the δ66Zn vs. Cd/Zn plot, the Maoping sphalerite data fall close to the field of basement rocks and distal to the carbonate wallrocks, indicating that the ore zinc was mainly derived from the metamorphic basement with heavier δ66Zn values and low Cd/Zn ratios with certain contributions from the minor carbonate wallrock with lower δ66Zn values and high Cd/Zn ratios. In the δ114Cd vs. 1/Cd plot, all Maoping sphalerite samples fall inside the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) field, and the deposit shares many geological and sulfide geochemical (incl. isotopic) features with MVT deposits. Thus, the Maoping Pb-Zn mineralization is best classified as MVT, and the sulfide precipitation in structural (fault-fold) traps was caused by binary mixing of a metal-bearing and a reduced S-bearing fluid.

The coexistence of numerous Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits and oil/gas reservoirs in the world demonstrates that a close genetic link between them. The northern Yunnan–Guizhou depression (NYGD) is a tectonic unit containing Pb–Zn deposits, paleo-oil reservoirs and shale gas. However, previous studies on the relationship between hydrocarbon accumulation and Pb–Zn mineralization have been ignored. The Maoping Pb–Zn deposit is a large-sized MVT deposit in the NYGD where a large amount of solid bitumen (i.e., a paleo-oil reservoir) occurs, and it is an ideal area to study the relationship between hydrocarbon accumulation and lead–zinc mineralization. In this paper, the bitumen and pyrite associated with bitumen from the Xujiazhai (discovered in this study) and Xiaocaoba paleo-oil reservoirs and the Maoping Pb–Zn deposit are researched. Geological observation has revealed that bitumen occurs in dissolution pores, fractures and intercrystalline pores in dolomite of the Upper Devonian and Carboniferous. The bitumen from Xujiazhai, Maoping and Xiaocaoba with high and similar Raman equivalent reflectance (RmcRo%) indicates they are in over-mature level and may be derived from the cracking of early-accumulated crude oils. The bitumen in the Xujiazhai paleo-oil reservoir and Maoping deposit has an abundant Pb and Zn content, indicating petroleum liquids may act as the transporting agents of metallogenic metal elements, carrying them to sites where mineralization may take place. The source rocks may have provided not only the oil for paleo-oil/gas reservoirs, but also a portion of ore metals for the Pb-Zn mineralization. The bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) processes were recorded by the pyrite in the paleo-oil reservoir, which was consistent with the mechanism of reduced sulfur formation in the Maoping deposit. In addition, the large negative (−27.7‰ to −5.7‰) and positive (.9‰ to 19.2‰) δ34S values of the pyrite associated with the bitumen in the paleo-oil reservoir were similar to those of the sulfide in the Maoping deposit. We believe that the formation and evolution of the paleo-oil reservoirs are closely related to the metallogenic process of the Maoping Pb–Zn deposit, and the sulfides in them have the same sulfur source and formation mechanism as reduced sulfur. BSR phenomena could occur in prior to migration of the hydrocarbons into the reservoir or low mature oil stage in paleo-oil reservoir; a small amount of H2SBSR was combined with metal ions in ancient oil reservoirs and deposits to form early subhedral, xenomorphic granular, fine-grained strawberry aggregate pyrite and/or gelatinous sphalerite. The paleo-gas reservoir formed by the evolution of the paleo-oil reservoir in the main metallogenic period potentially participated in the mineralization; that is, organic gas acted as a reducing agent and transformed SO4 2− in the upper Devonian Zaige Formation gypsum strata on the periphery of the Maoping lead–zinc mining area into H2STSR through TSR, providing reduced sulfur and creating the environmental conditions for mineralization. During or after the transformation of the paleo-oil reservoir to a paleo-gas reservoir, the decoupling of metals and organic complexes may have provided the ore metals for mineralization. Massive sulfide precipitation may have occurred during or after the paleo-oil reservoir cracked into the paleo-gas reservoir.

… The Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou border region is located in the transitional zone between … These findings indicate that Pb–Zn mineralization caused the mineralizing fluids to be “injected…

… structural planes. Based on this, at the Maoping super-large germanium-rich lead–zinc deposit … exploration engineering layout for other hydrothermal deposits controlled by thrust faults. …

… , wall rock alteration, ore-controlling structure, and ore-forming … the Maoping deposit and typical MVT Pb–Zn deposit, the ore … 3, 4a–c) and structurally controlled by NE-trending Maoping …

The oblique distribution of orebodies is a basic feature of the spatial distribution of orebody groups in hydrothermal deposits, and it is closely related to the shearing effect. However, the oblique distribution patterns of orebody groups controlled by ore-controlling/ore-forming structures at different scales (orebody, ore deposit and ore field scales) and the underlying formation mechanism are unclear but could be used to directly constrain mineral exploration and prospecting breakthroughs in the deep and peripheral areas of ore deposits. This paper uses the northeastern Yunnan Ge-rich Pb–Zn ore concentration area in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou metallogenic area as an example to analyse and demonstrate the oblique distribution patterns of orebodies (orebody groups) controlled by ore-forming/ore-controlling structures at different scales and the underlying mechanical model based on the Theory and Methods of Ore field Geomechanics. The results indicate that in 3D space, the oblique distributions of orebodies (veins), orebody groups and ore deposits are controlled by the mechanical properties, kinematic characteristics, and tectonic stress fields of ore-forming/ore-controlling fault structures of different sequences during the mineralization period. This study has an important guiding role for ore field-scale exploration deployment, evaluation of deep and peripheral prospecting, and exploration project arrangement, with the aim of helping mining companies increase resource reserves and production.

Abstract Most Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) Pb–Zn deposits have a common host-rock lithofacies sequence known as the hydrothermal dolomite (HTD) facies; however, the spatial and temporal relationships between dolomitization and Pb–Zn mineralization remain unclear. In this paper, we report a detailed cathodoluminescence (CL) study on the HTD facies of the No. II orebody in the Maoping Pb–Zn deposit in northeastern Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The results indicate that the dolomite in the Carboniferous limestone is part of a spectrum of hydrothermal mineral deposits, and the diagenesis and mineralization processes, in which the acidity of fluids played an important role, can be divided into six steps. A dolomite prototype formed during the first and second steps. In the third step, acid fluids produced by sulfide precipitation interacted with the dolomite prototype, resulting in dissolution and alteration, thus forming cavities. The fluid that formed during the first three steps flowed along open tensional faults. Dolomitization in the first step covered most of the region of later mineralization and gradually extended toward the center of the orebody. In the fourth and fifth steps, vugs and fractures were the main pathways for fluids, with only a small volume of fluid in the fifth step. Dedolomitization occurred in the sixth step and vugs were filled mostly by calcite. However, the fact that voids are present in only a small number of vugs is indicative of fluid exhaustion. Dolomite with growth zoning is characteristic of precipitation by ore-forming fluids accompanied by pulsed filling. There is no significant correlation between vugs and the locus of mineralization. Rather, the vugs indicate that the ore-forming fluids had passed through them, and the locus of massive ore formation was the center of the migrating fluid body. The saddle dolomite was deposited during pauses in sulfide precipitation. Cathodoluminescent zonation of HTD can be used as an aid in understanding the ore-forming process and for mineral prospecting in the Maoping deposit and other MVT deposits.

… , Nayongzhi, Fule, Fuli, Wusihe, and Maoping deposits, which may be due to the variations in … Daliangzi, Nayongzhi, Maoping, Shaojiwan, and Wusihe Zn-Pb deposits indicates that Ge …

… calculation of orebody reserves[2–4], 3-D geological mapping[5], 3-D geological … body, and finding the distribution features which indicate the relationship between different orebodies…

… In this paper, we propose a stepwise refinement method with multi-source data integration … naturally simulate geological structures no matter whether the available geological data is …

Abstract In early geological data analysis, most geological maps were drawn as raster images by hand or with software, and there were disadvantages such as the inability to edit at any time or change the scale with fidelity. Therefore, the use of modern information technology to perform in-depth processing of geological maps with outdated geological data can meet the purpose of repeated use, analysis, and further knowledge discovery. To address this issue, this study proposes a semi-automatic generation approach for generating geological profiles by integrating multi-source data. This approach utilizes the text content of the stratigraphic information layer in the geological report and the corresponding digital elevation model (DEM) data of the study area. It solves the problem of the reuse of outdated data and can reconstruct geological profiles at a low cost in the absence of field measurement data (e.g., drilling data). Finally, we propose two application scenarios, including lithology classification of the stratum and knowledge representation of each stratum object, both of which have sound application effects for further analysis and knowledge discovery. The semi-automatic reconstruction method proposed in this study considers the smooth treatment of geological profiles and topological relations between stratum objects. This method solves the problems of interleaving and morphologic coordination between stratum curves associated with previous methods. The result of the vector geological profile can be used for geographic information systems (GIS) functions such as spatial analysis and attribute queries.

… , and geological … geological settings, especially for deep-seated or concealed deposits, due to their limited capability to integrate and interpret highly heterogeneous multi-source …

… , integrated geophysical surveys and joint data interpretation … dealing with complex data from multiple sources or varied … that integrates diverse geophysical and geological datasets …

… data and AI, this study proposes a novel 3D modeling method based on multisource heterogeneous geological data … is employed to conduct the 3D geological modeling of the X area …

By stepwise refinement on multiple data, the method increases the accuracy of 3D models gradually and effectively. In addition, the mechanisms used in the method for organizing and manipulating information can have an equally important impact upon geologists’ thought, the interpretation of geological data, and 3D modeling methodology. A concrete example of using the method to Huai Bei fault and fold belt shows that the method can be applied to broad and complex geological areas. The technology of 3D geological modeling will bring about great changes in the methods of acquiring, storing, processing and displaying geological data. The 3D modeling methods frequently used are mainly based on plenty of 2D/3D seismic data or borehole data with cross sections between boreholes. Outlined a prospective 3D model construction method that depends on a 2.5D geological mapping anddata extraction technique. An open CORBA-based system architecture was presented that connects two existing geoscientific software tools—the geological 3D modeling and visualization tool (GOCAD) and a geophysical 3D modeling tool (IGMAS)––via a 3D Geo-database kernel. We propose a stepwise refinement method with multi-source data integration and present a comprehensive yet convenient 3D modeling system. The method can naturally simulate geological structures no matter whether the available geological data is sufficient or not. By stepwise refinement on multiple data, the method increases the accuracy of 3D modeling gradually and effectively. In addition, the mechanisms used in the method for organizing and manipulating information. 3D subsurface visualization system (SVS) has been developed. The SVS implemented in Visual C++ 6.0 and OpenGL graphics library and being able to run on the PC platform, provides a comprehensive yet convenient environment, which makes it possible for the user to build 3D models in oil exploration where there is enough available data, as well as in geological survey and mineral extraction where the geological data is insufficient. The method/SVS can be applied to broad and complex geological areas. The proposed method builds 3D models from multisource data in a stepwise manner and involves six steps: (1) integration of 2D/2.5D data, (2) supplement of cross sections, (3) Simulation of faults, (4) definition of a template, (5) construction of horizons, and (6) representation of solids. Data of different types and qualities are first merged into a 3D geologic model by data conversion interfaces. The diverse data are classified into three types: direct data, indirect data, or assistant data, depending on the type and the purpose of the information and application.• 1-Direct data, such as borehole data and property data, is original sampling data obtained by direct observation and survey, and is highly accurate.• 2-Indirect data, being original too, has different precision with different resolutions of graphs, such as boundaries, faults, folds and DEM derived from geological maps, topographic maps and structural geology maps, as well as 2D/3D seismic-reflection data, exploring data, etc. This type of data should be stored as files after being digitized. However, this kind of data cannot be used as direct input data for the 3D modeling system.• 3-Assistant data will be used in the process of 3D modeling as icons like 2D/3D primitives, and texture maps including satellite or aerial imagery, scanned maps, etc. The research in the past has focused on generating 3D models from borehole and cross-section data. This has limitations, however, since these data are lacking in many areas. In this section, we emphasize on how to use data of different types and qualities, as well as various mathematical methods to gradually refine 3D models to a desired accuracy.

Geological remote sensing interpretation enables the extraction of task-specific geological information from imagery, playing a vital role in geological investigation and analysis. Nevertheless, deep learning-based methods still lag behind expert visual interpretation in terms of accuracy, owing to the high spectral similarity, fragmented spatial distributions, and class imbalance of geological elements. This study proposes a multilevel feature integration network (MLFIN) to address the above challenges in multiclass geological element interpretation. Specifically, a class-wise random sampling strategy is designed to alleviate class distribution imbalance, improving the capability of MLFIN to learn features from diverse geological elements. The encode–decode modules can enhance feature representation and improve the utilization of element information. The former integrates convolution operations with attention mechanisms to extract multiscale spatial–spectral features, while the latter enables the adaptive fusion of multilevel features. To mitigate the boundary ambiguity segmentation, the global attention module models long-range contextual dependencies, while the segmentation module refines spatial features, enriching the spatial details of geological elements and strengthening boundary feature discrimination. Experimental results on two geological datasets indicate that MLFIN outperforms current deep learning-based segmentation methods, achieving Overall Accuracy value of 72.83% and 67.36%, and mean Intersection-over-Union values of 55.6% and 46.16%, respectively. It validates the strong generalization capacity across diverse geological environments and proves the effectiveness of its submodule in multiclass geological interpretation tasks.

… This study refines the processes of element activation, migration, and enrichment of Nb under tectonic fluid coupling. The meta-alkaline volcanic rocks, which were pre-enriched in Nb, …

… , Tectonic‑fluid‑mineralization coupling, Jiaodong gold deposit … of gold precipitation and metallogenic mechanism in shear … Mesozoic geodynamic evolution and metallogenic series of …

Metallogenic research on structural levels can reveal vertical patterns of mineralization and facilitate the deep exploration of economic minerals. However, research focusing on the correlation between structural levels and mineralization remains limited. In this study, we summarize the deformation patterns and associated mineral deposits observed at different crustal levels (i.e., surface, shallow, middle, and deep structural levels, corresponding to depths of <2, 2–8, 8–15, and >15 km, respectively). Furthermore, we examine the genetic association between structural levels and metallogenesis, demonstrating that distinct structural levels are linked to specific types of mineralization. Key factors that vary across crustal levels include temperature, pressure, and fluid circulation. Ore‐forming processes involve interactions between structures and fluids under varying temperatures and pressures. Structural levels influence mineralization by controlling the temperatures, pressures, and deformation mechanisms that drive the activation, migration, and enrichment of ore‐forming materials.

… Many researches have carried out on the geological-tectonic evolutions, metallogenic series and metallogenesis of several ore belts in this region by many geologists worldwide, and …

… fluids represent the core issue in tectonic-fluid coupling research and prospecting target … m in Lannigou challenge existing shallow-focused metallogenic models and demand a new …

The article presents papers discussing the geological features of rich chemical elements deposits including zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), Germanium (Ge) and silver (Ag) in Northeastern Yunnan…

Based on geological surveys and experimental data, numerical modeling of metallogenic dynamics (NMMD) establishes a mathematical model (mathematical-physical equation) that quantitatively characterizes metallogenic processes using the basic laws of mathematics, physics and chemistry. Then, using the finite element or finite difference method, the model is built through efficient computer calculation, simulating the metallogenic dynamic process and its metallogenic response, revealing metallogenic law and guiding prospecting. NMMD integrates theories and methods of geology, mathematics, physics, chemistry, computers and other disciplines and has distinct characteristics of interdisciplinary integration. In recent years, driven by the rapid development of computational science and mathematical geology, important progress has been made in NMMD. This paper summarizes the basic theories and methods of NMMD, compares the characteristics of four metallogenic numerical simulation software programs, and introduces the development and application status of NMMD with progress of the author′s team in the past decade. The main conclusions and understandings are as follows: ①Multi-field coupled metallogenic dynamics numerical simulation is the only feasible method to reproduce the large-scale complex metallogenic process. With the rapid development and improvement of high-performance computing technology and nonlinear dynamics theory, it becomes one of the research hotspots and development directions of modern mathematical geoscience. It is important to reveal the metallogenic mechanism and obtain mineral exploration information, which has great potential for development; ②At present, there are some limitations in NMMD, such as uncertain simulation parameters and incomplete coupling of multifield processes, which will be the focus of its future development. Numerous studies have been devoted to solving these problems; ③Under a new paradigm of scientific research driven by big data, a combination of NMMD and machine learning can effectively invert the metallogenic process and quantitatively predict mineral resources. This method is an important breakthrough in the application of NMMD in deposit genesis and mineral exploration. This paper clarifies the basic methods and key problems of NMMD in promoting the study of deposit genesis and exploration, and expounds the frontier direction of NMMD, which provides basic guidance for the study of computational modeling of metallogenic dynamics.

… The Sanshandao gold metallogenic belt, located at the western extremity of the Jiaodong gold pro… Based on the tectonic-fluid evolution described above, this study conducted simulation …

The Shawan Formation in the Chepaizi region of the Junggar Basin represents a strata containing both oil and uranium, and the exploration and development of uranium resources …