统筹推进“五项工作”背景下社区矫正工作创新研究

社区矫正是我国司法体制改革的一项重要举措，在降低刑事处罚成本、改造罪犯、维护社会稳定等方面发挥了积极作用。伴随着“恢复刑”理念的不断深入，社区矫正这一非监禁刑执行方式逐渐得到重视，2019年12月28日《社区矫正法》的颁布也意味着我国社区矫正工作上升到了新的阶段。然而，由于我国农村地区社区矫正工作尚处于起步阶段，实务中存在着诸多问题，如矫正环境不完善、矫正项目单一、矫正力量薄弱等。本文通过分析我国农村地区社区矫正实务中存在的问题，提出了完善矫正环境、丰富矫正项目、加强矫正力量建设等对策，以期为推进农村社区矫正工作提供参考。

青少年是社会中很重要的一类群体，在社会生活中也是很重要的角色，是一个国家发展的未来，但是近年来，青少年犯罪数量在不断增多。司法社会工作介入也成为矫正偏差少年群体的新路径，帮助这些涉罪青少年重新融入社会、再社会化，这是司法社工介入涉罪青少年社区矫正的首要目标。如今的社会越来越注重人的人格和尊严，我国的刑罚制度、刑罚观念也朝着人性化、科学化的方向发展，在这种科学化观念的影响下，世界各国也都在努力探索适合本国国情的矫正制度。本研究立足于当下形势，详细地分析司法社会工作介入涉罪青少年社区矫正的必要性，希望在一定程度上可以在司法社工介入青少年犯罪社区矫正的制度化建设方面有所推动，弥补实践中的不足之处。

至今我国对社区矫正的定位仍然没有定论，《社区矫正法》也没有对此做出回答。社区矫正的性质，是决定能否科学构建具有中国特色的社区矫正制度的基本问题。笔者通过分析国外社区矫正的地位，以及国内学者的主要观点，认为社区矫正应该定性为“非监禁措施”。

由于未成年人同一般社区矫正对象存在差异，具有其特殊性，我国《社区矫正法》对未成年人社区矫正作出了特别规定。我国未成年人社区矫正当前还处于初步发展阶段，在其实施过程中仍存在着一些问题。而域外未成年人社区矫正制度相较于我国实施更早、相关经验更为丰富，因此其相关措施值得我国借鉴。通过分析我国未成年人社区矫正存在的问题，并借鉴域外未成年人社区矫正的相关措施，本文为我国未成年人社区矫正提出了扩大适用范围、增强矫正措施的针对性、配置专业矫正工作人员、落实未成年人权益保障工作的完善路径，以期该制度能够更好地发挥其预防和减少未成年人犯罪、帮助未成年矫正对象融入社会的作用。

在我国社会经济发展转型的关键时期，多种因素的影响导致青少年犯罪成为社会关注的热点。从社会工作的角度来看，青少年社区矫正存在着专业要求高、服务周期长、社会工作者能力不足等问题。因此，要根据青少年的不同特点来开展矫正工作，做到因人施矫；要通过积累总结施矫工作中的经验，从根本上提高解决问题的效率；重视人才队伍的建设与完善，提升社会工作者的能力和水平。通过社会工作帮助青少年社矫对象恢复自我生活能力，促使其更好地融入并参与社会生活。

近年来毒品问题不断泛滥蔓延，毒品犯罪持续高发，吸毒成瘾已经成为一个严峻的社会问题。在这一大背景下，近年来我国吸毒人员年龄构成越来越低龄化。由于青少年群体存在特殊性，在介入吸毒青少年社区矫正时存在许多困难和问题。青少年是一个国家的希望，青少年所处的年龄阶段也是个人价值观、思想观建立的黄金年龄，但是由于目前社会上诱惑较多且青少年心智还在发育阶段，很容易走上歧途。青少年的矫正因此成为青少年工作的重中之重，尤其是吸毒青少年重新融入社区以及被大众认可是非常困难的，比较突出的表现有：家人的冷漠和不解、邻居议论纷纷、就业困难以及社会对于该类人员接受程度较低等问题。矫正对象在矫正完成后如果无法良好融入社区或者无法恢复原有的生活，不仅会对矫正对象造成不利影响，还可能导致社会发展的不稳定性。因此整个社会需要高度关注社区吸毒青少年的矫正问题，帮助吸毒青少年回归社区，融入社会。

目的：了解温州社区矫正人员的心理健康状况及影响因素。方法：用SCL-90症状自评量表和SSRS社会支持评定量表进行调查。结果：社区矫正人员的心理健康总分低于服刑人员P < 0.001；女性在强迫、躯体化、焦虑和抑郁因子得分上显著高于男性，P < 0.05；各因子得分与社会支持各维度均存在显著的负相关，P < 0.05。结论：虽然社区矫正人员的心理健康总分低于服刑人员，但社区矫正人员的心理健康状况不容乐观，并且与社会支持系统息息相关。政府机关应关注社区矫正人员的心理健康，提高他们的社会支持水平。

青少年网络犯罪是当代青少年犯罪的一种新形式、高科技的犯罪方法，具有隐蔽性以及对社会的高危害性等特点，因此对于这类型的犯罪青少年的研究是很有必要的。文章主要从认知行为理论视角，对网络犯罪青少年法律意识淡薄、情绪未能及时缓解以及对网络认知存在偏差方面进行针对性的社区矫正，介绍社会工作介入网络犯罪青少年的三大可行性因素。从认知行为理论中认知、行为、结果三因素出发，提出在认知重构、行为矫正、环境干预三个阶段中社会工作介入网络犯罪青少年社区矫正的策略分析，从而帮助犯罪青少年改变不良认知，构建合理的认知。

社区矫正作为刑罚的执行方式之一，逐渐被各国所采纳，在矫正未成年人犯罪中发挥着不可替代的作用。着眼于我国目前社区矫正的实施情况，虽然社区矫正取得了一定的成果，但是仍然存在一些问题。因此，我们要不断完善社区矫正制度，提高未成年人社区矫正的适用率，制定适合未成年人的矫正项目和评估方案、培养专门的社区矫正人才，使社区矫正制度在未成年人犯罪中发挥积极作用。

研究旨在探讨社区矫正人员的心理健康状况，从而为优化社区矫正干预提供数据支持。方法：研究采用问卷调查法，通过症状自评量表(SCL-90)对某司法所421名入矫和解矫的社区矫正人员进行调查。并采用独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析，以比较不同变量间的心理健康差异。结果显示：解矫阶段的心理健康状况与入矫阶段基本持平，但与全国常模相比，社区矫正成员的部分心理症状(如强迫、抑郁和精神病性)显著偏高于全国常模。各年龄段心理健康状况的比较显示，成年晚期的社区矫正对象在各心理症状维度得分较高，表明该群体面临更大的心理压力。此外，女性在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑等维度上的得分显著高于男性，提示女性社区矫正成员在心理健康方面可能存在更大风险。尽管社区矫正对象在大多数维度上症状较轻，但在躯体化和抑郁等维度上重度症状比例较高，提示应加强针对这些症状的心理辅导。

本研究旨在分析社矫人员亲社会行为的影响因素，帮助社矫人员更好的融入社会，为社矫工作提供心理学相关建议和方案。使用社会排斥体验量表、亲社会行为倾向量表和自尊量表，抽样选取司法所的160名社区矫正人员进行问卷收集。采用SPSS 23.0对数据进行描述性分析、相关性分析、独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析和回归分析，同时使用SPSS宏程序PROCESS 3.5对数据进行中介效应检验。调查结果显示：1) 社会排斥与亲社会行为和自尊均显著负相关(r = −0.35, p p p < 0.05)；3) 自尊在社会排斥与亲社会行为之间部分中介作用显著。研究表明社会排斥既可以直接负向预测社矫人员的亲社会行为，又可以通过自尊的部分中介作用间接影响亲社会行为。

目的：为探讨社矫人员自我概念、领悟社会支持与人际关系之间的关系。方法：采用自我概念量表、领悟社会支持量表和人际关系综合诊断量表对137名社矫人员调查研究。结果：社矫人员自我概念、领悟社会支持和人际关系均处于良好水平；社轿人员自我概念、领悟社会支持和人际关系两两相关；社矫人员的领悟社会支持在自我概念影响人际关系的过程中起中介作用。结论：可以通过提高社矫人员的自我概念和加强社会支持来帮助他们建立良好的人际关系。本研究成果为进一步认识社矫人员人际关系和社会融入促进工作改革和体系建设提供了实证研究证据。

青少年矫正对象作为特殊的矫正干预群体，其身心发展处于青春期认知重构与行为模式固化的关键阶段。此类群体普遍存在认知结构的片面性特征，具体表现为辩证思维能力薄弱、社会角色认知偏差及冲动控制机制发育滞后，叠加既往偏差行为形成的标签化效应，致使其在矫正过程中面临多重适应性障碍。为更好地帮助这些青少年矫正对象重新融入社会，再教育问题成为了关注的焦点。本研究旨在探讨青少年矫正对象的再教育问题，通过深入了解青少年矫正对象的需求和困境，并从社会支持的角度出发，提出了针对性的再教育策略。研究发现，有效的社会支持对青少年矫正对象的再教育有显著影响，而当前存在的问题主要包括我国青少年矫正对象再教育面临结构性矛盾：家庭支持系统的断裂与失衡、学校教育的排斥与边缘化、社区支持的缺失与冷漠、社会偏见概念的负面影响等。因此，建议从政策、社区、家庭、学校等多个层面出发，为青少年矫正对象提供更全面的再教育支持。本研究为破解青少年矫正再教育效能衰减问题提供了理论创新与实践范式，对完善我国青少年司法矫治体系具有参考价值。

司法所作为基层司法行政机关的派出机构，作为司法为民的最前沿、化解社会矛盾的第一线，既是推动基层社会治理现代化的关键主体之一，也是作为司法行政机关参与社会治理的重要窗口，在基层社会管理创新中担负着重大使命任务。

Research indicates that indirect exposure to trauma can have a detrimental psychological impact on professionals working within, and interfacing with, law enforcement and the criminal justice system. This systematic review aimed to explore the extent and predictors of work-related distress amongst community corrections personnel. A search of five databases identified 19 papers eligible for inclusion; 16 addressed burnout, and the remainder investigated secondary trauma, vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue. Synthesis revealed that community corrections personnel reported burnout at levels akin to those of other professions working in forensic contexts, though reports of secondary trauma appeared higher. Predictive factors encompassed personal, role-based and organisational factors. Research reporting work-related distress in correctional officers is focused on burnout but uses divergent models of stress, reveals methodological weaknesses, and to date has little examined responses to indirect trauma. The limitations of this review are discussed, alongside clinical implications and areas for future research.

Community supervision is the most frequently used correctional sentence, requiring individuals to adhere to court-ordered conditions. Using a sample of 304 adults under probation supervision, this study investigated the influence of the type and number of special conditions on probation outcomes. Our findings revealed that the type of special conditions significantly predicted probation outcomes. Specifically, individuals ordered to a higher number of treatment conditions were more likely to experience negative outcomes, including technical violations, rearrest, and revocation. Individuals ordered to more control conditions had a higher number of technical violations and were over five times more likely to be revoked. Requiring a higher total number of court-ordered conditions increased the likelihood of technical violations, and greater odds of rearrest and revocation. Findings illustrate the importance of evaluating the imposition of court-ordered conditions, highlighting the potential for the excessive use of conditions to inadvertently undermine the effectiveness of the probation system.

Associations with substance-involved peers, difficulties with daily tasks, and financial struggles are recidivism risks for women under community supervision. Relationship strength between such women and their supervising officers is an emerging area of interest in community corrections, as is exposure to adverse childhood experiences. This research uses longitudinal data on 402 women convicted of substance-related felonies and on probation or parole to examine how their perceptions of relationship strength with supervising officers and exposure to adverse childhood experiences correlate with cohabitation with substance-involved people, experiencing substance-related difficulties with work or school, and financial distress. Better relationships with supervising officers and less exposure to adverse childhood experiences mitigated recidivism risks. Implications for practice are discussed.

ABSTRACT Early scholarship on community corrections officers suggested that officers’ perceptions of their professional role influences how they carry out supervision. While some research has supported this contention, the studies examining the relationship have provided minimal attention to juvenile probation and parole, rarely considered actual as well as intended supervision behaviors, and analyzed samples with limited generalizability. The present study sought to fill this gap. Data were collected through the use of an online questionnaire from a sample of juvenile and adult probation and parole officers employed in seven different agencies in five states during spring 2015. The study found client type to be a significant predictor of both officer actual and intended behaviors, with juvenile PPOs preferring more frequent surveillance techniques and less frequent rewards for probationer progress toward goals. Professional orientation was also a significant predict of both types of behavior. Implications of these findings are discussed.

In the current article, we investigate the occupational stressors parole and probation officers working in provincial correctional services in Ontario, Canada experience. We examine four specific stressors that emerged thematically from participants’ open-ended survey responses, and conceptualize these as operational factors (i.e., the duties of the job) or organisational factors (i.e., structural aspects of the organisation in which parole or probation officers work). Participants identified the operational stressor of exposure to potentially psychologically traumatic events and secondary trauma, as well as three predominant organisational stressors: paperwork and administrative tasks, insufficient human resources, and workplace relationships and tensions. Drawing from literatures on parole and probation, workplace stress, and organisational cultures and behaviours, we analyse how these stressors have detrimental impacts on the mental health and well-being of community correctional workers, which in turn compromises their ability to effectively supervise and support individuals on their caseload. Policy and well-being implications are discussed.

INTRODUCTION Harm reduction resources for people who are involved in the criminal-legal system should be easily accessible. The Rhode Island Department of Corrections (DOC) used funding from a state opioid stewardship fund created through the Rhode Island Opioid Stewardship Act (legislation passed in 2019) to implement five custom-designed vending machines for community corrections offices and state awaiting trial carceral facilities. The vending machines provide resources for overdose prevention, infection prevention, basic needs, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). We aim to describe the development and rollout of the vending machines and present data about items taken most frequently by setting. METHODS Research and design experts, with DOC and community stakeholders, developed and tailored the public-facing design of the vending machines. Before implementation, the researchers from the development team conducted meetings with staff at each location to discuss harm reduction and their role in addressing the opioid crisis in this high-risk population. The machines were manufactured in 2022 and installed in early 2023 (dates varied by location). The community support and advocacy organization tracks and maintains inventory (items taken and replaced) by month. No individual-level client data is collected. RESULTS There were 3720 items dispensed from May 2022 to February 2024 across five locations. Overall, hygiene kits were the most frequently accessed item (28.3 %, n = 1051), followed by NRT (19.0 %, n = 706) and ponchos (16.6 %, n = 616). The fentanyl tests (n = 230), wound care kits (n = 248), resource guide (n = 253), naloxone (n = 221), and safer sex kits (n = 218) each made up between 5.9 % and 6.8 % of items accessed. The pregnancy test was the least accessed at 4.8 % (n = 177). There were statistically significant differences in the monthly number of items distributed by location for the basic needs items, excluding NRT, with 39 items per month at the three Probation/Parole locations compared to 21 per month for the two DOC facilities. CONCLUSIONS The utilization patterns demonstrate the demand for basic supplies and support related to harm reduction. Monitoring and summarizing utilization ensures that the vending machines remain useful to the community and facilitates transparency and communication with stakeholders.

Introduction: Community research (LITMAS) is one of the main tasks of Correctional Centers (Bapas). This task is carried out by the Social Guidance Functional officer. This Litmas aims to provide recommendations in the process of resolving child cases.Purposes of the Research: Research Objectives: This study aims to find out whether social research reports have been used by judges as material for consideration in imposing crimes against children and what are the legal consequences of a judge's decision without considering social research reports.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical research where library materials are the basis for (knowledge) research which is classified as a secondary source material. The problem approach used is the statutory approach, the conceptual analysis approach and the case approach. The legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The collection technique used literature study as well as the processing and analysis techniques of legal materials by way of description using qualitative methods.Results of the Research: The research results show that social research reports have not been considered optimally because there are still judges' decisions that ignore social research results. This is not in accordance with the hope of realizing the best justice for the interests of children provided by the SPPA Law. Therefore, the Government as the legislator must explain in detail how social research reports must be considered, so that judges do not have different interpretations when deciding cases.

Julie Rud is the community corrections field services area director for Hennepin County (Minneapolis). Only five states have more people on probation than Minnesota, yet Hennepin County is a leader in reforms to supervision, including eliminating fees and cutting the use of drug testing in half since 2017. Below is an edited and condensed version of remarks delivered by Rud as a panelist at the “Drug Testing and Community Supervision: Interrogating Policy, Practice, and Purpose” convening in Columbus, Ohio, in November 2023.

This study investigated the detectability of trauma, diversity, and inclusivity (TDI) training in probation and parole officer (PPO) case notes following the implementation of the Made-in-Ontario Core Correctional Practices (CCP) Model of Community Supervision. Adherence to TDI principles pre- and post-CCP training was examined and interrater scores were calculated to measure reliability. Case notes from five PPOs, covering 45 clients, were analyzed pre-training (n = 30) and post-training (n = 15).  Results suggested that after training, officers trended towards using more TDI skills and principles over the course of supervision, but effect sizes were small. Greater inter-rater reliability was observed for TDI skills than for TDI principles. However, challenges in coding adherence to general TDI principles were noted. Implications include the need for larger sample studies and refined coding manuals to improve reliability. 

This study examines the lived experiences of probationers and probation officers on mandatory monthly reporting as a core supervision mechanism of probation in the Philippines. Employing a qualitative descriptive design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of nine probationers and five probation officers in Isabela Province. The inquiry explored how monthly reporting influenced behavioral, psychological, and social dimensions of rehabilitation, and the challenges encountered during its implementation. Thematic analysis revealed that probationers perceive monthly reporting as a constructive process that fosters accountability, self-discipline, and reflective change, thereby supporting rehabilitation pathways. However, both probationers and probation officers identified persistent structural challenges, particularly logistical barriers and resource constraints, which undermine consistent compliance and effective supervision. These interconnected challenges were found to adversely affect monitoring efficiency and the overall rehabilitative potential of probation supervision. The findings underscore the need for adaptive supervision strategies, including more flexible and technology-enabled reporting mechanisms, strengthened collaboration with local social service agencies, and improved alignment between probationers’ rehabilitative needs and available institutional support. By foregrounding experiential narratives, this study contributes qualitative insights to community corrections literature and informs policy-relevant reforms in probation supervision.

Probation is a way of decongesting the penal institution and jail facilities because of its type of correction in the community. It is one of the programs of community-based corrections by letting the convicts out after the declaration of their final judgment. This study focuses on the treatment and acceptance of the community towards the probationer as they reintegrate back into the community. It explored the relationship of the family and community to the probationer’s success in finishing the entire probation program. It explored the coping mechanism of probationers in dealing with challenges. A case study research design with Yin’s5-step data analysis approach was used in generating the theme with the use of an interview protocol in gathering the data. The data gathered resulted in the discovery of five (5) themes, namely: Reconciliation and Acceptance with the Family; Good Community Relations; Positive Mindset; Self-Actualization; and Difficulties in Landing a Desired Jobs.Despiteall of thegoodcommunity feedback are, development of problem is still visible like their difficulties in landing a job. Probationers may continue to become positive and build continuing stronger relationships with the community. In conclusion, the support of the community is essential to the probationers, especially the family’s support, it leaves a big impact on the successful completion of the probation period. Probation Officers or the government may conduct symposiums in the community to orient and educate the people in the community that probationers are trying to change themselves and it will be successful with the support of the community. The community may also support and accept the probationers as they are.

Introduction The USA has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with 1 in 48 adults under correctional supervision. Approximately half of state and federal prisoners are parents, nearly 80% of women in jails are mothers, and an estimated 1 in 14 children have had an incarcerated parent. Incarceration increases the risk of physical and mental health issues, family strain and disconnection and housing and employment instability. Children of incarcerated parents are particularly vulnerable to health problems, behavioural issues and academic struggles. Given these impacts, there is growing interest in using strategies besides incarceration that address both community safety concerns and promote parental and family well-being. Efforts to keep people out of jail and prison most commonly include deflection (before arrest) and diversion or alternatives to incarceration (after arrest but before conviction, or after conviction but as an alternative to prison or jail). However, there is limited understanding of what is known about these approaches when used with parents and a lack of empirical evidence about their effectiveness. This scoping review aims to map concepts, document evidence and identify knowledge gaps about parent and caregiver-focused alternatives to incarceration in the USA. Methods and analysis This scoping review will characterise alternatives to incarceration across the criminal legal system for parents and caregivers and map existing concepts and research in the field. The review will be conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Five interfaces with one or more databases will be searched including EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Web of Science, PubMed, HeinOnline and SCOPUS, in addition to Google Scholar and Google. All available published articles and grey literature on US-based alternatives to incarceration for parents and caregivers (18+) will be considered. Two research team members will independently screen sources based on inclusion criteria and resolve any disagreements through discussion or a third reviewer if necessary. The findings will be charted, synthesised and reported. The study will be conducted from approximately November 2025 to August 2026. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval is not required for this scoping review. The findings will be disseminated through academic publications, conference presentations and to policy and practice audiences. The results will help inform a research agenda aimed at improving the development, implementation and evaluation of parent-focused alternatives to incarceration in the USA. Registration This protocol is registered with Open Science Framework registries (https://osf.io/39zn8).

The reintegration of individuals convicted of violent or extremism-related offenses represents one of the most complex challenges at the intersection of criminology, social policy, and security governance. This paper examines post-prison reintegration and deradicalization through a comparative criminological lens, drawing on both international best practices and the Bulgarian context. Using theoretical frameworks from social disorganization, labeling, and desistance theories, the study argues that successful reintegration requires a shift from punitive and surveillance-oriented models toward socially grounded and preventive approaches. Comparative analysis of the Aarhus Model (Denmark), EXIT-Germany, and the Dutch Comprehensive Approach reveals that cross-disciplinary, individualized support, and community engagement are the strongest predictors of long-term success. Conversely, overly securitized and ideologically driven interventions tend to reinforce stigmatization and social exclusion. The Bulgarian case, though lacking systemic prison radicalization, exhibits structural vulnerabilities: limited inter-agency coordination, insufficiently trained social workers, and weak post-release support mechanisms. The paper concludes that integrating social work into correctional and post-correctional practice can bridge the gap between security and social inclusion. It recommends the establishment of multi-agency case management teams, professional training in deradicalization, and community-based reintegration networks. Ultimately, the study positions social work as both a criminological and preventive resource – an instrument of social resilience that transforms reintegration from a technical task into a shared societal responsibility.

Guidance is one of the duties of the Community Guidance Officer which aims to make correctional clients, both adult clients and child clients, become better people, can be accepted in the midst of family and society. Since the enactment of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections, the role of Community Guidance Officers is very important because Community Guidance Officers are tasked with accompanying clients while they are in and outside the criminal justice process to prepare clients for the social reintegration process. The research method used in this study is empirical juridical. The data used in this study uses a descriptive analytical approach, namely research that describes and analyzes data obtained from interviews, documents, and field notes. Guidance carried out by Community Counselors for adult clients begins at the pre-adjudication, adjudication, post-adjudication and follow-up guidance stages with the understanding that after the reintegration program has been successfully proposed, the client will receive a Decree (SK) and will be handed over by officers from the Correctional Institution or State Detention Center to the Correctional Center, then that is the beginning of the guidance stages carried out by Community Counselors. Community Guidance at the Medan Class I Correctional Center also faces obstacles in implementing guidance for adult clients, but several efforts have been made to reduce obstacles with the aim of preventing adult clients from repeating criminal acts that cause client reintegration guidance to be terminated and must be revoked.

: Community correction is a method of education and correction of criminals without isolating them from the society, and making full use of community resources. It is a general term for supervision, management and education and correction of criminals in an open community. In the 1950s and 1960s, based on the theory and practice of "returning to society", "socialization of execution" and "improvement of punishment effect", "community correction" with "social participation" as its main feature appeared. Community correction refers to the resettlement of qualified criminals into the community and the in-depth reform of them, which determines that they must absorb social forces. However, compared with developed countries such as Europe and the United States, the role of social forces in the community in China is not obvious enough, and the influence of traditional ideas makes its role in the community not obvious enough. This leads to its application in practice. Therefore, through the discussion of the role of social forces in community correction, we hope to play a certain role in promoting social forces in community correction.

The recent establishment of Chinese community corrections (CCC) has drawn considerable attention to the question of why offender rehabilitation remains unfulfilled in China, a phenomenon known as the “rehabilitation disjuncture.” Yet, the peculiar organizational logic of the CCC, which structures offender-officer relations and frames their interactions, has received little explicit attention regarding its relationship to the rehabilitation gap. Drawing on ethnographic data from Chinese urban community corrections settings, the study examines the organizational structure, culture, and processes that cause the operation of CCC to deviate from the rehabilitation ideal. The analysis reveals that excessive formalism, an obsession with security, and narcissistic image-building permeate the daily rehabilitation work of correctional teams, collectively undermining the institutional commitment to benevolent care and thus compromising offender well-being. The article concludes with the argument that to truly achieve the welfarist goal, the organizational processes that underpin the practical implementation of offender rehabilitation cannot be neglected.

Imprisonment and rehabilitation are two widely used approaches to crime control in countries around the world. In recent years, numerous scholars have engaged in theoretical reasoning and empirical research from various angles in an attempt to argue that rehabilitation is superior to imprisonment in both feasibility and ethical considerations for offenders. Community sanctions, as a primary form of rehabilitative punishment, indeed exhibit several advantages over traditional retributive incarceration. However, the feasibility and ethical dimensions of rehabilitative community sanctions face significant challenges in the absence of personalized needs assessments, resource constraints within the criminal justice system, a tendency towards conservatism, and a theoretical inclination towards explaining crime through social factors. It is imperative to recognize the complexity and limitations of rehabilitation and adopt a more nuanced approach in sentencing and correction, striving to find a balance between offenders' rights and the public interest.

Based on a recent ethnographic study of community corrections in two large Chinese cities, this study examines how the rehabilitation work, as the cornerstone of Chinese community corrections, is deployed as a people-processing apparatus that counts offenders’ bodies but almost excludes their agency. In practice, offenders are instrumentalized and disciplined to make up the Chinese community corrections machinery, whose subjectivity is either completely muted or selectively mediated. Given justice actors’ adherence to bureaucratic hierarchy and preoccupation with administrative requirements, offenders are mostly marked as counts and treated more as penal objects utilized to fulfill intricate metrics-related requirements. Justice agents’ formalistic pursuit of, rather than substantive investment in, the well-being of offenders renders their participation in Chinese community corrections symbolic and strenuous. It further breeds offenders’ commitment to self-rehabilitation, a process of relying on self-discipline and personally discovered resources for compliance and reintegration. We contend that the current operation of the Chinese community corrections apparatus, under the rehabilitative guise, exacerbates offenders’ structural disadvantages and reinforces their stigmatized identities. Policy and research implications of this study are discussed.

Adopting an offender-centric approach, this paper advances the understanding of the enactment of the rehabilitation ideal inscribed in the newly established Chinese community corrections (CCC). Building on conceptual tools from cultural criminology/sociology, we introduce the concept of “rehabilitation frames” to capture the multifaceted perceptions of and experiences with the CCC’s rehabilitation services. These frames are the interpretive structures and processes through which offenders understand their participation in the CCC, conceive individualized treatment from service professionals, and organize their responses to fulfill compliance requirements. Using ethnographic data, mainly from interviews with participants, gleaned from urban community corrections in China, we identify three main rehabilitation frames: rehabilitation-as-antidote , rehabilitation-as-affirmation , and rehabilitation-as-inception . These frames collectively assemble offenders’ ambivalent experiences into coherent dynamics related to their enrollment in rehabilitation. Our findings underscore the significance of agentic, dynamic, and relational perspectives on the rehabilitation aspiration within the evolving CCC.

This research addresses the use of the restorative justice concept to address issues of overcrowding in correctional facilities. The implementation of coaching inmates and correctional students via an educational, rehabilitation, and reintegration-based correctional system is a responsibility of correctional institutions. However, excessive tamping power might lead to other, more complicated issues, making the coaching development now being implemented suboptimally. A restorative justice strategy is one that may be better suited for addressing the overcrowding in correctional facilities. This research employs a normative juridical methodology. The study's findings demonstrate that Indonesian correctional facilities' overcrowding of inmates may be addressed by using the restorative justice idea. By putting this idea into practice, the usage of criminal penalties in relevant laws and regulations may be reduced, allowing criminals to avoid constantly being placed in community facilities. With a variety of legal analysis techniques, research on restorative justice may still advance, giving scholars a fantastic opportunity to expand on the practice's ideas. In particular, the ability of Indonesian scholars to provide fresh insights on the development of Indonesian law.

Recidivism—the tendency of previously incarcerated people to reoffend—stays one of the maximum urgent demanding situations for crook justice structures worldwide. In Pakistan, this assignment is mainly acute because of intense overcrowding, old punitive approaches, and constrained get right of entry to to established rehabilitation or reintegration projects. Prisons in large part characteristic as webweb sites of containment as opposed to correction, leaving inmates with out the important education, vocational training, or psychosocial aid to reintegrate efficaciously into society. In contrast, worldwide studies from the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union display the transformative ability of rehabilitation-primarily based totally models. The U.S. “Second Chance Act” has funded lots of applications providing vocational training, mentoring, and education, with research inclusive of RAND (2013) reporting a 43% discount in recidivism amongst participants. In the U.K., the Offender Learning and Skills Service (OLASS) and network probation tasks have yielded promising discounts in reoffending, at the same time as in Norway, the “normalization principle” embedded in centers together with Halden Prison has helped obtain a number of the bottom recidivism costs globally (˜20%). This observe examines Pakistan’s contemporary correctional framework, identifies structural and cultural obstacles to powerful rehabilitation, and compares it with worldwide models. Through qualitative evaluation of policies, secondary data, and worldwide quality practices, it explores sustainable reintegration pathways that Pakistan can adopt. The look at argues that with the aid of using transferring from a punitive to a rehabilitative model—anchored in vocational training, education, and network reintegration—Pakistan can wreck the cycle of reoffending and make contributions to safer, greater resilient societies.

Restorative justice is an alternative approach in the criminal justice system that balances offender rehabilitation, victim recovery, and community interests. This article analyze the implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia, its contribution to offender rehabilitation, and its role in facilitating victim recovery and strengthening a sense of social justice. The research method used is normative-juridical with descriptive analysis, reviewing laws and regulations, court decisions, academic literature, and international practices as comparative material. The results of the study indicate that restorative principles have been institutionalized through the Juvenile Justice and Child Protection Law, the Criminal Code, Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2024, and regulations related to the termination of prosecution through a peace agreement. Offender rehabilitation is achieved through education, counseling, skills training, mediation, and community involvement to reduce recidivism. A victim-centered approach prioritizes compensation, psychosocial support, and community participation, fostering justice, social reintegration, and local wisdom–based collective harmony. Obstacles such as limited facilities, officer training, inter-agency coordination, and social stigma need to be addressed for effective implementation. Restorative justice affirms the philosophy of humanist criminal law, creating an inclusive, participatory, and recovery-oriented justice system, while strengthening social harmony and public trust in the law.

This research paper explores the critical issue of resocialization and rehabilitation of convicted individuals within the criminal justice system of the Republic of Kosovo. Crime is a phenomenon that threatens society according to external and internal negative factors. It affected the functioning of security, the social environment, and the economy in modern society for years. State institutions and civil and academic society must be engaged to have activities adequate for the resocialization, and re-education of persons convicted of criminal offenses. At the same time, preventive measures should be taken to avoid criminal behavior for which behavior then only unconditional measures should be taken, which is Prison. The paper proposes evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, correctional institutions, and community stakeholders. These recommendations aim to enhance existing strategies and foster a more inclusive and effective resocialization process for convicted persons in Kosovo.

The correctional system in Indonesia faces significant challenges, including overcapacity, low effectiveness of rehabilitation, and a lack of integration of spiritual values. This research aims to explore the application of maqāṣid al-syarīʿah as a value foundation in the reform of the correctional system to enhance the effectiveness of rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates. This research employs a qualitative method with a normative-empirical approach, encompassing an analysis of regulatory frameworks, particularly Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections and observational techniques. The research results show that maqāṣid al-syarīʿah, with principles such as the protection of life (hifz an-nafs), intellect (hifz al-aql), spirituality (hifz ad-din), lineage (hifz an-nasl), and property (hifz al-māl) provide a holistic framework to support the rehabilitation of prisoners. Programs based on religious values and practical skills have proven capable of supporting individual moral and economic changes, while community involvement through community mentors strengthens social reintegration. However, challenges such as limited resources, cultural resistance to religious-based approaches, and the lack of oversight based on maqāṣid al-syarīʿah indicators hinder optimal implementation. Therefore, this research recommends a revision of more specific regulations, including the provision of religious-based facilities, officer training, and the strengthening of technology-based evaluations. This research includes formulating more humane and inclusive correctional policies in line with Islamic values and universal human rights. By integrating maqāṣid al-syarīʿah, the correctional system in Indonesia can transform into an instrument that is punitive and rehabilitative, creating sustainable social harmony.

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Learning objective After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to: • Assess characteristics of forensic assertive community treatment programs Abstract Forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) has emerged internationally as an intervention strategy for people with serious mental disorders who are involved with the criminal justice system. Studies to date have shown marked variability, however, in FACT program design and operation. Based upon a literature review and relevant experience, the authors present their perspective on the essential elements of FACT. Given that FACT is an adaptation of the evidence-based assertive community treatment (ACT) model, it is recommended that FACT programs maintain a high-fidelity ACT component. FACT programs should also have both mental health and criminal justice admission criteria because service recipients are involved in both service systems. For optimal effectiveness, FACT team clinicians must partner with criminal justice agencies that provide community-based supervision to their patients. Prospective FACT enrollees should receive a clear explanation of the program, including how their respective mental health and criminal justice service providers will work collaboratively with them to prevent incarceration. FACT programs should also use risk/need assessment to inform treatment planning, evidence-based mental health and community correctional practices to promote both wellness and public safety, and shared training to promote effective collaboration. Additional elements to consider include housing, medical care, and transitional services. These elements are presented and discussed, including a rationale and evidence to support each component. The article concludes with introduction of a FACT fidelity scale, the Rochester Forensic Assertive Community Treatment Scale (R-FACTS). By operationalizing essential FACT elements, the R-FACTS is designed to support FACT program development, implementation, and dissemination in a more consistent and measurable manner.

Prison population reductions have resituated many offenders and their treatment needs into community corrections. As local jurisdictions increasingly deliver recovery services for drug misuse and behavioral health disorders, examination of jail population trends can inform program enrollment, capacity, and services alignment—especially for jurisdictions offering multiple interventions. Accordingly, this study relates a jail population analysis of recent Jasper County, Missouri detention facility data to observe how jail flow effects program enrollment and sustainability. The discussion advocates for analysis of jail populations in the development of both new programs as well as expansions in jurisdictions offering multiple recovery opportunities.

This study analyzes the implementation of restorative justice in handling theft committed by individuals with mental disorders in rural Indonesia, focusing on its compatibility with human rights and social rehabilitation principles. The research was motivated by the recurring challenge of criminalizing mentally disordered offenders without adequate medical and social considerations, leading to ineffective deterrence and recurring offenses. Using a normative juridical method with a qualitative descriptive approach, the study examines statutory provisions, legal doctrines, and empirical practices involving the prosecution and correctional systems. The findings reveal that restorative justice offers an alternative framework that emphasizes accountability, rehabilitation, and social reintegration rather than punitive measures. However, its application remains inconsistent due to limited institutional understanding, a lack of coordination between law enforcement and mental health institutions, and inadequate legal infrastructure in rural areas. The novelty of this research lies in its integration of restorative justice with mental health protection as a model for humanizing criminal law enforcement. The study concludes that the restorative justice approach can effectively bridge the gap between criminal responsibility and medical treatment, thereby promoting a more humane, inclusive, and community-based justice system in Indonesia.

ABSTRACT Since the 1970s, feminist criminologists have challenged researchers and practitioners to center gender in their theories, research designs, and practice approaches. Because of this, a large body of research examines correctional approaches to assess the question “what works” for women? Researchers have, for example, examined: how gender shapes pathways into the system or how correctional programming and staff can meet women’s needs. At times these queries include studying the effectiveness of using gender responsive approaches. Little is known, however, regarding the effects of these strategies in the community corrections context. Women make up a substantially larger proportion of the community corrections population than they do prison or jail. Additionally, because the philosophy of this context is well suited to engage rehabilitative and treatment-based programs—needs of amplified importance for system involved women—understanding what we know as researchers and practitioners is particularly important. To assess the state of knowledge in this area, we conducted a scoping review of research on gender responsive programming within community corrections settings. Our analysis reviews the findings from these articles and highlights implications for practitioners and researchers working in this area.

Purpose of Review We offer reflections on practitioner service provision for sex offenders when working in remote communities. The social ecological model framework is used to capture the influence on practitioner working at an individual, relationship, community, and societal level. Recent Findings The social construction and geographic conditions of sexual offending within remote communities present myriad challenges for professionals working in these isolative settings in which they are embedded. Challenges include being the sole expert in a community, unavoidable dual relationships, community anxieties, and restrictive guidelines and assessment measures. Summary Despite the challenges presented to practitioners operating in remote communities, many opportunities are available for building local and international peer relationships, connecting with the community, individualized treatment for clients, and flexibility in the adaptation of best practice to fit the needs of remote communities while maintaining ethical integrity.

The COVID-19 pandemic occurred in the midst of a reform movement in probation and parole supervision in the United States. Because social distancing orders created significant disruptions in probation and parole, the pandemic provides an opportunity to explore the innovative ways that probation and parole officers adjusted their supervision strategies with clients. We surveyed probation and parole officers in the United States (N = 1,054; 65% female, 66% probation) in May–June 2020 about the supervision strategies they used with people on their caseloads before and immediately after the pandemic’s onset. Data indicate that overall rates of contact did not change, but that in-person contacts were replaced with remote communication strategies. Client access to electronic communication platforms, especially video conferencing, facilitated more frequent contact and more reliance on behavioral tactics and treatment-oriented case management approaches in the post-COVID period. Results reveal the potential role for video conferencing as an integral element of probation and parole reform.

There are 4.5 million adults in community corrections (e.g., probation and parole), nearly twice the number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons combined. Research suggests that more than half of men in jail have experienced at least one traumatic brain injury (TBI). Very little is known about TBI history in probation. This study reviewed TBI history, cognitive and psychosocial data, and judicial records. Results showed that 47% of persons on probation report TBI. People on probation with TBI also had comorbid behavioral health conditions like mental illness, substance abuse, trauma history, and attempted suicide. They were more likely to be determined to be high risk by probation officers, had a higher rate of felony convictions, had lower rates of successful probation completion, and were significantly more likely to re-offend. Attention to responsivity factors like TBI may help probation provide accommodations that support successful engagement in probation and treatment.

Prison overcrowding leads to serious problems for prison authorities. It is related to serious health hazards and disturbs penal rehabilitation and reformation programs. As a result, security problems, terrorism, and subversive actions may occur. If prison is overcrowded hard and soft criminals interact with each other, which may lead to connecting mild offenders to hardcore criminals. Overcrowded prisons cause stress for prison officials and further strain prisoners as they live in unacceptable conditions. In Sri Lanka, we have very few non-institutional treatment methods, and those methods have not been effective due to administration problems and provisions. Therefore, it is time to improve the treatment of offenders through the enhancement of community-based corrections process alternatives to incarceration. Many countries have probation, parole, and community service which are commonly known as traditional alternatives to imprisonment. These non-institutional treatment methods are widely used in many developed and developing countries. The non-institutional measures are mostly community-based corrections. The concept has evolved with the thinking that correction if linked to the community, will be less costly, more humane, and more effective than imprisonment in dealing with offenders convicted of minor offenses. There is a need in the field of community corrections for a systematic and orderly development having due regard for local conditions and local needs. In developing such a system, it is necessary to ensure that no individual who does not require incarceration for the protection of others is confined in an institution and that no individual is subjected to more supervision or control than required. On the other hand, the creation of community-based programs should ensure that they respond not only to the needs of the offenders but also to the interest of the community. If they are not administered properly it will amount to the criminal justice system going soft on crimes and criminals. (Glaze, 2011). The research leads to identifying the effectiveness of community-based corrections when the initial threat is recidivism. Recidivism means the person who relapses in the rehabilitation process frequently. And how it’s developed through the community-based corrections functions. There are several direct and indirect causes of recidivism from a psychosocial perspective, but this research focused on community corrections itself because community-based corrections emerged as an alternative to prisons. When utilizing community-based corrections resources in an effect should be possible to reduce recidivism (Bouffard and Muftic 2006). The introduction clearly explains the evaluation of community corrections through the ancient period and then the rationale of the study explained the justification of the topic to the support conceptual study. To collect information and data about this problem a researcher able to use primary data and secondary data, to get primary data researcher use observation, focus group discussions and interview with clients & professionals. For secondary data researcher used a community-based corrections performance annual report. This data collection and data findings were clearly explained accordingly than explained the way of findings and the way of choosing the sample size and to analyze the whole data about the research and researcher used thematic analysis to find out the accurate problem which they are having when engage in proving services for respondents. Finally, it will focus on the social work interventions in the effective discharge planning for offenders, roles of professionals, specifically social workers, in discharge planning/re-entry planning, issues surrounding recidivism, community-based programs, and evaluation of the work surrounding them. I hope this research helps to study future researchers to do better involvement in their research and it’s allowed to empower Community based corrections parliament Act, policies, and programs in the process that especially focus on the challenges faced by community-based corrections officers and recidivists.

Alternative measures were introduced into the Macedonian penal system in 2004 with the aim of reducing prison overcrowding and strengthening the application of the principle of individualization. The aim is to apply community treatment for minor crimes, i.e. the perpetrator is not placed in a penitentiary institution. This paper has as its subject of research the effects of the application of alternative measures in practice, starting from the fact that 20 years have passed since their normative regulation. The results of the research showed that the essence of the alternative penal policy in North Macedonia has not been achieved. Namely, for a long time there was an institutional gap that imposed the need to create a Probation Service through the adoption of the Probation Law. The first results of the Probation Service appeared in 2019. The research shows that in the following years the numbers have improved, but institutional inconsistency, different approaches and poor implementation of measures requiring supervision in the community have been shown. The research showed that even after 20 years, the dominant alternative measure is the suspended sentence (without supervision), in fact, this measure has retained the monopoly it had before the introduction of alternative measures. In addition, there has been no significant reduction in the prison population in order to adequately treat convicts in prison and their rehabilitation. The research applied the methods of content analysis and the statistical method, and also used data from several competent institutions.

Individuals released from jails and prisons face extremely high risks of fatal overdose and reincarceration, yet many jurisdictions continue to underprovide medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), recovery housing, and supervised consumption services. At the same time, recovery residences and diversion courts are expanding without a clear framework for institutional design. This paper develops a mechanism-design model of harm-reduction policy at the interface of criminal justice and community treatment. A public funder chooses a funding regime and certification rules, diversion judges set the stringency of supervision and treatment conditions, recovery residence providers decide whether to operate abstinence-only or MOUDinclusive housing, and high-risk individuals choose whether to comply or relapse. The model yields a punitive equilibrium, supported by abstinence-only funding and strict conditions, and a harm-reduction equilibrium under MOUD-inclusive funding and flexible conditions. Using effect sizes from Rhode Island's statewide corrections MOUD program, Massachusetts' jailbased MOUD pilots, and recent recovery housing evaluations, we show that the harm-reduction equilibrium is Pareto-superior for funders, judges, providers, and high-severity residents, yet the punitive equilibrium can remain risk-dominant because of political and informational frictions. We then embed the game in a computational social choice framework: stakeholders hold multidimensional preferences over policy bundles-combinations of funding rules, certification standards, diversion guidelines, and overdose prevention interventions such as supervised consumption sites-and social choice is constrained by justice-based requirements that rule out policies generating avoidable lethal risk or systematic exclusion of MOUD patients from housing and treatment. The analysis characterizes which harm-reduction mechanisms are implementable as equilibrium outcomes of the institutional game while respecting these constrained social preferences, and it identifies simple instruments-MOUD-inclusive funding commitments, performance-based transparency, and structured diversion defaults-that can move jurisdictions from punitive to harm-reduction equilibria within existing legal constraints.

People involved in the criminal justice system have higher rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) and are less likely to receive recovery services. Medications to treat OUD, such as extended-release naltrexone, have been found to reduce relapse and recidivism. We hope to provide practical lessons learned from the evaluation process of the Department of Corrections’ Extended-Release Naltrexone Program and considerations for incorporating medications to treat OUD into a reentry program. The program evaluation followed participants for 1 year and conducted interviews and surveys on health, well-being, and community reintegration. The program experienced significant barriers to effective implementation; few participants received extended-release naltrexone after release, and no case management was provided after release. Despite barriers to implementation, participants reported the need for medications to support treatment of OUD. Results of this program evaluation reveal barriers and opportunities to inform longer-term strategies for similar programs, including considerations for programs pre- and postrelease, participant follow-up, and treatment options. In addition, the lack of reentry planning and coordination between the correctional system and the community introduced barriers. Opportunities exist for holistic supportive reentry starting with needs identification and coordination among correctional facilities, discharge planners, and community providers.

Aims: With reform planned for the England and Wales (E&W) Mental Health Act (MHA)1983 as amended by the MHA 2007, a comparison of the current E&W Act with the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) MHA 2015 was undertaken, including to examine whether differences were associated with variations in involuntary hospitalisation and Tribunal reviews. Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted examining the E&W and ACT MHAs. Cross-jurisdictional analysis incorporated datasets from the Office for National Statistics (E&W) and ACT Health Services for three key metrics: per capita involuntary admission rates, mean duration of detentions, and frequency of Tribunal reviews, and analysed in relation to both legislative frameworks. Results: The ACT mental disorder definition is narrower, includes intellectual disability but not personality disorder. Applications for the 3-month renewable ACT Psychiatric Treatment Order (PTO), limited to mental illness, are made to the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal (ACAT). It applies in hospital, the community, or correctional facilities. In E&W, the comparable Section 3: Admission for treatment detention period is 6 months. ACAT can authorise compulsory medication and ECT, a role in E&W of a Second Opinion Appointed Doctor (SOAD). Criminal courts can request ACAT to assess a defendant for fitness to enter a plea and if not guilty by reason of mental impairment. This is the criminal courts’ role alone in E&W. In E&W Crown Courts can make 'hybrid orders', a sentence of imprisonment allowing for treatment in hospital ensuring offenders are placed where their mental health needs can be best met. Comparing E&W with ACT, the respective approximate populations served were 56 million and 431,000 and the annual involuntary hospitalisation numbers were 48,000–50,000 compared with 300–350 (statistically not significant; 0.087% compared with 0.075% of the population). The average detention length was longer in E&W (30–45 days compared with 21–35) which has more Forensic units than the ACT. Annual numbers of Tribunal reviews were 7000–8000 in E&W, while in ACT 200–250, per detained patient significantly more (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The definition of mental disorder differs between the two legislations. The new MHA reforms in E&W will raise threshold for detention and require faster access to Tribunals. The ACT PTO applies to patients not only involuntarily hospitalised, but to those in the community and correctional facilities. This, with shorter detention periods and more frequent Tribunal reviews, may be factors in the shorter detention lengths in hospital in ACT compared with E&W. Compared with E&W, there is a much greater role for the ACAT Mental Health Tribunal, including in authorising mental health orders, medication and ECT, which likely accounts for the significantly greater use of Tribunals in ACT. In comparison to E&W, ACAT hearings are briefer and rely more on written than oral evidence. Innovatively, ACAT can be delegated by a Criminal Court to determine medico-legal issues in defendants.

BACKGROUND Problem-solving courts (PSCs) provide alternatives to prosecution and incarceration for drug-related crimes and offer integrated support for people who have lost custody of children due to drug use. Methadone and buprenorphine are lifesaving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) but are underused by PSC clients. Even when PSCs lack a court-level prohibition against MOUD, court staff still make individualized decisions about whether a court client can use MOUD. Therefore, we sought to identify factors involved in such individualized PSC court decisions about clients' use of MOUD. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups between Summer and Fall 2022 with a convenience sample of 54 PSC staff members from 33 courts across four states. Data were analyzed using iterative categorization. RESULTS Interviewees indicated that their courts had eliminated blanket prohibitions against MOUD due to federal and state policy funding requirements, widespread dissemination of voluntary best practice standards, fear of lawsuits, and MOUD education targeting courts. Courts allowed MOUD if the court client accessed it through a treatment provider with whom the court collaborates. Some courts only allowed court clients to access MOUD from non-partnering treatment providers after a court-led "vetting" process of the proposed MOUD provider. MOUD provider characteristics considered during the vetting process included the provider's willingness to communicate with the court, frequent drug testing, adjustments of medication or dosage in response to aberrant results, offering of counseling, and acceptance of Medicaid or sliding scale payments. PSC staff were least comfortable with court clients using methadone treatment. CONCLUSIONS The presence (or lack of) a PSC-MOUD partnership is a key factor involved in court staff decisions when a court client desires MOUD. Therefore, increasing the number of partnerships between PSCs and MOUD providers could lead to higher rates of MOUD utilization. It is unclear whether court-led vetting processes for non-partnering MOUD treatment providers are necessary or appropriate, and such vetting processes could reduce treatment choice or access in communities with few MOUD providers.

Practice frameworks are a unique type of theory that bridge the gap between abstract explanatory theories, knowledge categories, normative assumptions, and treatment theories. The values component of practice frameworks is particularly critical as it frames the problem space (niches) within which practitioners engage in practice tasks, for example, moral repair, risk reduction, or community integration. It also picks out the specific kinds of entities and their relationships that researchers are most interested in. In effect, values and their related principles play a major role in abstractly mapping out domains of practice while the knowledge related assumptions (e.g., core categories and causal powers) flesh out core entities and processes indicated by these values. In this paper we provide an overview of practice frameworks and examine the role of their normative assumptions in mapping out correctional research and practice tasks.

Due to the continuous acceleration of social development in China, there are real problems such as large income gap, severe employment situation, and un-reasonable social structure. Social contradictions are easily exacerbated, and many teenagers are forced to embark on the path of illegal and criminal activi-ties. Juvenile delinquency has also become a common problem in China. Based on this, this article analyzes the current situation of judicial and social work intervention in community correction of juvenile delinquency, and provides suggestions and countermeasures for reference.

Against the backdrop of the deepening concept of socialized execution, the connotation and function of the community corrections system urgently need broader expansion and reconstruction. This paper, based on the legislative status and practical dilemmas regarding the applicable objects of community corrections in China, systematically examines the operational mechanisms and institutional logic of the alternative to incarceration model in Western developed countries through a comparative law perspective, offering a critical deconstruction of its conceptual foundations, applicability standards, and practical effectiveness. Building on this analysis, the paper proposes a gradual expansion plan for the scope of applicable objects in Chinas community corrections, clarifying a reconstruction path combining intra-system optimization and gradual reform. This aims to enable the community corrections system to play a greater role in effectively alleviating the burdens of imprisonment and promoting offender reintegration, thereby providing intellectual support for the modern transformation of Chinas criminal execution system.

: With the transformation and evolution of China's social governance, "Fengqiao experience" has been continuously optimized and upgraded, and it has gradually evolved from the initial social management experience to social governance experience. With the advancement of the whole construction of the rule of law society, the rule of law country and the rule of law government in our country, "Fengqiao experience" is also becoming more and more rule of law. In the new era, inheriting and innovating the "Maple Bridge experience", accelerating the establishment of a grassroots social governance system led by the Party organization, realizing the combination of rule of law, rule of virtue and autonomy in rural grassroots governance, and forming a social governance pattern of co-construction, co-governance and sharing are not only an important content of rural grassroots governance in China, but also a concrete embodiment of the modernization of social governance in China in the new era.

: In China, citizens enjoy extensive rights and interests and freedoms. Although the objects of community correction are not ordinary citizens, their legitimate rights and interests such as employment, schooling, personal dignity and residence infringement are still protected by the Constitution. With the development of the society, the community correction work has become more and more complex, and the protection of the rights and interests of the community correction objects has become more and more sudden. The existing laws on the provisions on the protection of the rights and interests of community correction objects are too general and backward, and cannot be open and transparent. Through the in-depth analysis of the problems caused by the lack of community correction hearing system, the conclusion is reached through field research, in order to better protect the legitimate rights and interests of community correction objects and broaden the community correction relief channels, it is particularly important to add the community correction hearing system.

The high rate of recidivism in Indonesia is caused by the legal paradigm and politics of society which place imprisonment as a premium remedium. Consequently, various problems arise in prisons, such as prison overcapacity and other problems. The government has made an effort to countermeasures by issuing a new Correctional Law and Criminal Code which carries a new sentencing paradigm through restorative justice; however, the panitentiary has not had a breakthrough that is in line with the new paradigm. Community-based correction which was first recognized in New Zealand is deemed appropriate to be applied in Indonesia with adjustments according to philosophical, sociological, and juridical foundations to fill the void in norms in arranging community-based correction as a form of fostering prisoners in jails. This study is a normative legal research with a literature study. This study uses statute, case, fact, and comparative approaches. Community-based correction implemented in New Zealand bears similarities to the fostering of convicts implemented in Indonesia, such as probation, parole, work release, and residential center or the halfway house program. In the future, the concept of fostering convicts based on the principles of restorative justice will be implemented using the pattern of community-based correction. Community-based correction is conceptualized in two forms, namely as an alternative to conviction and an alternative to imprisonment. As an alternative to conviction, the concept can accommodate the implementation of supervision and social work punishments that are regulated in the new Criminal Code. As an alternative to imprisonment, community-based correction can take the form of optimization of the function of open prisons by providing an opportunity for convicts with a maximum sentence of three years to be placed in open prisons from the start of serving their sentence. Keywords: community-based correction, conviction, imprisonment, restorative justice

The article analyzes the significance of the rule of law to the promotion of community governance, and analyzes the problems in the process of promoting the rule of law in the community, including the lack of scientific top-level design and the lack of standardized management of rules and regulations. Learning from the theory of multiple co-governance can better solve this reality The problem is to realize the legal transformation of the community grid governance system by optimizing the overall structure of multiple governance bodies. It focuses on the analysis of the interrelationship of the two and the explanatory power of collaborative governance to the innovation of grassroots social management. At the same time, the four theoretical foundations studied in this paper are analyzed, namely, system theory and synergy theory, governance theory, topic-agent theory, grid governance and seamless government theory.

The traditional community correction model adopts the method of artificially formulating correction strategies, which has problems such as strong subjectivity and inconsistent judicial level. Because of the wide distribution of community corrections personnel, the uneven standards for correction strategy formulation by local judicial personnel and the problem that it is almost impossible to form effective correction strategies in poor and remote areas, and the amount of data for correction personnel information is large, the way to manually formulate correction strategies The efficiency is low. This paper proposes a clustering algorithm for correcting personnel status information based on feature subspace, localizes the high-dimensional data search problem in related dimensions, solves the problem of automatic labeling of correction strategy tags, and provides some references for judicial personnel to formulate correction strategies.

Pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction with methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone has proven efficacy in reducing illicit opioid use. These treatments are under-utilized among opioid-addicted individuals on parole, probation, or in drug courts. This paper examines the peer-reviewed literature on the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction of adults under community-based criminal justice supervision in the US. Compared to general populations, there are relatively few papers addressing the separate impact of pharmacotherapy on individuals under community supervision. Tentative conclusions can be drawn from the extant literature. Reasonable evidence exists that illicit opioid use and self-reported criminal behaviour decline after treatment entry, and that these outcomes are as favourable among individuals under criminal justice supervision as the general treatment population. Surprisingly, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the extent to which pharmacotherapy impacts the likelihood of arrest and incarceration among individuals under supervision. However, given the proven efficacy of these three medications in reducing illicit opioid use and the evidence that, in the general population, methadone and buprenorphine treatment are associated with reduction in overdose mortality, the use of all three pharmacotherapies among patients under criminal justice supervision should be expanded while more data are collected on their impact on arrest and incarceration.

Adults with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders (CODs) are overrepresented in jails. In-custody barriers to treatment, including a lack of evidence-based treatment options and the often short periods of incarceration, and limited communication between jails and community-based treatment agencies that can hinder immediate enrollment into community care once released have contributed to a cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among this vulnerable and high-risk population. This paper describes a study that will develop research and communication protocols and adapt two evidence-based treatments, dual-diagnosis motivational interviewing (DDMI) and integrated group therapy (IGT), for delivery to adults with CODs across a jail-to-community treatment continuum. Adaptations to DDMI and IGT were guided by the Risk-Need-Responsivity model and the National Institute of Corrections' implementation competencies; the development of the implementation framework and communication protocols were guided by the Evidence-Based Interagency Implementation Model for community corrections and the Inter-organizational Relationship model, respectively. Implementation and evaluation of the protocols and adapted interventions will occur via an open trial and a pilot randomized trial. The clinical intervention consists of two in-jail DDMI sessions and 12 in-community IGT sessions. Twelve adults with CODs and four clinicians will participate in the open trial to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of, and fidelity to, the interventions and research and communication protocols. The pilot controlled trial will be conducted with 60 inmates who will be randomized to either DDMI-IGT or treatment as usual. A baseline assessment will be conducted in jail, and four community-based assessments will be conducted during a 6-month follow-up period. Implementation, clinical, public health, and treatment preference outcomes will be evaluated. Findings have the potential to improve both jail- and community-based treatment services for adults with CODs as well as inform methods for conducting rigorous pilot implementation and evaluation research in correctional settings and as inmates re-enter the community. Findings will contribute to a growing area of work focused on interrupting the cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among adults with CODs. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02214667 . Registered on 10 August 2014.

Despite high rates of individuals with opioid use disorder, community correctional agencies underutilize medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Knowledge about the mechanisms which motivate correctional employees to refer buprenorphine remains underdeveloped, and differences in these patterns by employee status are unknown. This study has two objectives: (1) investigate the presence of a reciprocal relationship between familiarity with buprenorphine and efficacy beliefs among community corrections and community treatment staff and (2) identify whether this relationship differs by staff status in referral intentions. Data were used from the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies 2 (CJ-DATS 2) among correctional and treatment employees (N = 873). Four models investigated whether a reciprocal relationship existed between buprenorphine familiarity and efficacy beliefs. Then, the best fitting model was used to test the influence that prior training had on future referral intention through familiarity and efficacy beliefs among the analytic sample (n = 612), by comparing two separate structural equation models (SEMs) among correctional staff and treatment staff, respectively. The fully cross-lagged model provided a significantly better fit to the data than other models ( Findings show that training may influence correctional staff intent to refer individuals to receive buprenorphine through familiarity. Tailored training for MOUD treatment for specific staff populations may prove more beneficial than existing approaches.

Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is effective for alcohol and opioid use disorders but it is stigmatized and underutilized in criminal justice settings. This study cluster-randomized 20 community corrections sites to determine whether an experimental implementation strategy of training and an organizational linkage intervention improved staff perceptions of MAT and referral intentions more than training alone. The 3-hour training was designed to address deficits in knowledge, perceptions and referral information, and the organizational linkage intervention brought together community corrections and addiction treatment agencies in an interagency strategic planning and implementation process over 12 months. Although training alone was associated with increases in familiarity with pharmacotherapy and knowledge of where to refer clients, the experimental intervention produced significantly greater improvements in functional attitudes (e.g. that MAT is helpful to clients) and referral intentions. Corrections staff demonstrated greater improvements in functional perceptions and intent to refer opioid dependent clients for MAT than did treatment staff. Knowledge, perceptions and information training plus interorganizational strategic planning intervention is an effective means to change attitudes and intent to refer clients for medication assisted treatment in community corrections settings, especially among corrections staff.

Trauma is highly prevalent among vulnerable populations, including those who are incarcerated, in treatment for substance use, or seeking mental health services. Trauma-informed yoga seeks to create a safer yoga practice for individuals with a trauma history and may improve emotional and physical wellbeing. Thus, we conducted an evaluation of a trauma-informed yoga program to gain insight into participant experiences. Trauma-informed yoga classes were led by trained volunteers and held in three sectors that work with vulnerable populations: corrections and reentry, substance use treatment and recovery, and community and mental health. Data were collected via anonymous survey using a retrospective pre-post design. The survey instrument captured reasons for student participation and perceived effects of yoga on emotional and physical wellbeing. Students were motivated to participate in yoga classes by expectations of physical, mental, and spiritual benefit. Students reported perceived improvements in emotional and physical wellbeing and greater use of self-regulation skills after starting yoga. Our findings suggest trauma-informed yoga is perceived as beneficial by vulnerable individuals, especially those in the correctional system or recovering from substance use. Our results support the value of offering trauma-informed yoga in institutionalized and community settings. Improvements in emotional and physical wellbeing warrant formal study.