乙酸乙酯的应用

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The study was conducted on the impact of thermophysical properties on eflornithine drug solute–solvent interactions in aqueous ethyl acetate and acetone at different concentrations and temperatures. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of eflornithine’s behavior in different solvents, which is crucial for its effective use in pharmaceutical applications. The density, molar volume, viscometric, and conductometric characteristics of the eflornithine drug solutions (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.125 mol/kg) in acetone and 25% (v/v) aqueous ethyl acetate were measured within a temperature range of 298.15 K–318.15 K. Based on the determined density parameters, the following parameters were assessed: viscosity (η), equivalent molar conductance, limiting apparent molar volume (V0φ), apparent molar volume of transfer (V0φtr), and apparent molar volume (Vφ). The Masson empirical relationship and the viscosity-to-Jones-Dole (JD) equation were used to evaluate the partial molar volume (Vφ), experimental slope (SV), viscosity, and density data. Temperature and concentration were used to determine each parameter. For each set of dilutions, conductometric studies were conducted in both study solvents. The gathered data was analyzed in order to evaluate the ion–solvent interactions. The Walden product Λomηo’s positive temperature coefficient values indicate that the drug eflornithine functions as a structural modifier in acetone and aqueous acetyl acetate systems. The structure-making and breaking characteristics of the polar solvents acetone and ethyl acetate were identified.

Background: Euphorbia milii a medicinal plant from Euphorbia genus, has been used traditionally as a cure for cancer, warts and as a hepatoprotective agent in tropical areas like China, Myanmar, Brazil, and Pakistan. Previous literature investigated the effect of E. milii flower extract in some types of cancer cell lines. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic crude extract of E. milii, in addition to the detection and isolation of some phenolic compounds. Materials and Methods: Detection of the phenolic compounds was achieved using TLC and HPLC chromatographic methods. Isolation was achieved by preparative layer chromatography based on Rf values. The isolated compounds were identified through HPLC and TLC, in addition to FTIR. The anti-angiogenic activity was evaluated employing rat aorta ring anti-angiogenesis assay. Results: Five phenolic compounds were isolated in this study namely, Luteolin, Apigenin, Isorhamnetin, Coumaric acid and Quercitrin. However phenolic compounds detected via TLC were, Silybin, Luteolin, Apigenin, Isorhamnetin, Coumaric acid and Quercitrin. Interestingly, HPLC detected Coumarin, Rutin, Catechin and Quercetin. Anti-angiogenesis assay found that E. milii ethyl acetate fraction inhibited new blood vessel growth significantly (p<0.05) by 94 + 3.6% as compared with DMSO negative control (0%), while when compared with Suramin positive control (100%) it showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: E. milii showed significant anti angiogenic activity of its ethyl acetate fraction, suggesting the association of E. milii traditional use as anticancer and phenolic content, current data must be further evaluated.

Until now, in all state-of-the-art efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), during the fabrication process of the perovskite layer, highly toxic anti-solvents such as toluene, chlorobenzene, and diethyl ether have been used. This is highly concerning and urgently needs to be considered by laboratories and institutes to protect the health of researchers and employees working towards safe PSC fabrication. Green anti-solvents are usually used along with low-performance PSCs. The current study solves the ineptitude of the typical ethyl acetate green anti-solvent by adding a potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) material to it. The KSCN additive causes delay in the perovskite growing process. It guarantees the formation of larger perovskite domains during fabrication. The enlarged perovskite domains reduce the bulk and surface trap density in the perovskite. It enables lower trap-facilitated charge recombination along with efficient charge extraction in PSCs. Overall, the developed method results in a champion performance of 17.12% for PSCs, higher than the 13.78% recorded for control PSCs. The enlarged perovskite domains warrant lower humidity interaction paths with the perovskite composition, indicating higher stability in PSCs.

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BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to select appropriate low-toxicity degreasing solvents to degrease black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L.) larvae to prepare high-quality protein. Aqueous ethyl acetate was chosen as the solvent to extract BSF protein, and traditional solvents, such as petroleum ether, n-hexane, and isopropanol, were chosen as controls. RESULTS The meal degreased by aqueous ethyl acetate (the volume ratio of ethyl acetate to water is 90 to 10, EA+W10) shows a high degreasing rate (29.04%), crude protein content (562.3g kg-1 ), essential amino acid index (EAAI,95.57), and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS, 85). The digestibility of the degreased meal samples in the simulated in vitro intestine can reach 76.52%. Thermodynamic analysis and the apparent morphology of the protein fragments showed that the meal degreased by EA+W10 exhibited thermodynamic stability, which suggests that using aqueous ethyl acetate as the degreasing solvent did not affect the nutritional value of the degreased meal. CONCLUSION The results suggest that aqueous ethyl acetate (EA+W10) can be used as a novel solvent in the degreasing of BSF larvae meal to prepare high-quality protein with high EAAI and DIAAS and good digestibility. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a methoxylated fraction from Vellozia dasypus Seub on myeloperoxidase (MPO)-chlorinating activity and subsequent in silico assays for binding profile prediction. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts from Vellozia dasypus Seub was fractionated on open-column chromatography containing SiO2 and eluted with solvent in crescent polarity to yield a fraction with a mixture of flavonols quercetin 3-O-methyl ether (1) and 6-C-methyl quercetin 3-O-methyl ether (2). Their chemical structures were proposed by HPLC coupled to photodiode array (HPLC-DAD) and mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization multistage analysis (HPLC-MS/MS). The fraction enriched with compounds 1 and 2 inhibited more efficiently the in vitro MPO-chlorinating activity (IC50 = 40 µg/mL) than the ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 64.0 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies revealed that these compounds interact with MPO active pocket similarly to trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic hydroxamate, a well-known MPO inhibitor, co-crystallized at the MPO binding site (PDB ID: 4C1M). Molecular dynamics trajectories confirmed that these two molecules interact with the MPO binding site with a similar energetic pattern when compared to the crystallographic ligand. Taken together, these data expand the sources of phenolic natural compounds that may be further investigated against inflammation-related diseases. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

SUMMARY Research background Antioxidants are important compounds present at low concentrations that inhibit oxidation processes. Due to the side effects of synthetic antioxidants, research interest has increased considerably towards finding natural sources of antioxidants that can replace the synthetic ones. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance require the development of new drugs or some potential sources of novel medicine. This work aims to extract the secondary metabolites of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using ethyl acetate as a solvent and to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these extracted metabolites. Experimental approach The antioxidant activity of the secondary metabolites of S. cerevisiae were determined using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential of the ethyl acetate extract of S. cerevisiae against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was assessed. Results and conclusion Five out of 13 of the extracted secondary metabolites were identified as antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of the S. cerevisiae extract exhibited relatively high IC50 of 455.26 and 294.51 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS respectively, while the obtained FRAP value, expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents, was 44.40 μg/mL. Moreover, the extract had a significant antibacterial activity (p<0.05) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis at the concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/mL, respectively. However, no inhibitory effect was observed against Cutibacterium acnes as the extract was only effective against the bacterium at the concentrations of 300 and 400 mg/mL (inhibition zones ranging from 9.0±0.0 to 9.3±0.6) respectively (p<0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was highly sensitive to the extract, with a MIC value of 18.75 mg/mL. Novelty and scientific contribution This report confirmed the efficacy of the secondary metabolites of S. cerevisiae as a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobials and suggested the possibility of employing them in drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by the tested microorganisms.

Abstract Ethyl acetate is an important chemical raw material and solvent. It is also a key volatile organic compound in the brewing industry and a marker for lung cancer. Materials that are highly selective toward ethyl acetate are needed for its separation and detection. Here, we report a trianglimine macrocycle (TAMC) that selectively adsorbs ethyl acetate by forming a solvate. Crystal structure prediction showed this to be the lowest energy solvate structure available. This solvate leaves a metastable, “templated” cavity after solvent removal. Adsorption and breakthrough experiments confirmed that TAMC has adequate adsorption kinetics to separate ethyl acetate from azeotropic mixtures with ethanol, which is a challenging and energy‐intensive industrial separation.

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A current problem of the lipid extraction from wet biomass is the formation of emulsions during the mixing of the microalgal biomass and organic solvents. It has been suggested that microalgal proteins play an important role in the formation and stability of such emulsions. Herein, the extraction of proteins of the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 was optimized for further extraction of lipids from the wet deproteinized biomass. The optimal (pH 12 at 60 °C for 3 h) and moderate (pH 10.5 at 50 °C for 2 h) conditions of protein extraction resulted in protein yields of 20.6% and 15.4%, respectively. Wet lipid extraction of deproteinized biomass resulted in a less stable emulsion that released twice the solvent than the control biomass. However, the faster separation of phases that occurred during the wet lipid extraction of the deproteinized biomass resulted in a lipid yield twice lower than the control biomass.

Lime peel contains essential oils are used as anti-oxidants or anti-cancer compounds. As a traditional medicine, lime has been widely used as a substitute for antibiotics. This study aimed to identify active compounds in peel extracts from Citrus aurantifolia that grows in Indonesia. Extraction was carried out by maceration using three different solvents: ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that lime peel contained many important compounds and that 28, 27, and 24 different chemical compounds, both minor and major constituents, were extracted by ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane, respectively. Four compounds were found in all three solvent extracts, namely, D-limonene, phytol, α-tocopherol, and 5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin. Forty-seven compounds were uniquely present in one solvent, including 17 in ethyl acetate, 17 in chloroform, and 13 in n-hexane. Among the active compounds extracted, several are of biological importance, for example, stigmasterol, D-limonene, Vitamin E, and α-tocopherol. It can be concluded that a variety of distinct compounds are extracted from the same lime peel sample when different solvents are used and that some of these are bioactive compounds with anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, or anti-cancer properties.

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The extraction of oil from Croton gratissimus seeds was studied using the three-factor five-level full-factorial central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of the three factors selected, viz., extraction time, extraction temperature and solvent-to-feed ratio on the extraction oil yield was investigated when n-hexane and ethyl acetate were used as extraction solvents. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the models developed were 0.98 for n-hexane extraction and 0.97 for ethyl acetate extraction. These results demonstrated that the models developed adequately represented the processes they described. From the optimized model, maximum extraction yield obtained from n-hexane and ethyl acetate extraction were 23.88% and 23.25%, respectively. In both cases the extraction temperature and solvent-to-feed ratio were 35°C and 5 mL/g, respectively. In n-hexane extraction the maximum conditions were reached only after 6 min whereas in ethyl acetate extraction it took 20 min to get the maximum extraction oil yield. Oil extraction of Croton gratissimus seeds, in this work, favoured the use of n-hexane as an extraction solvent as it offered higher oil yields at low temperatures and reduced residence times.

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BackgroundSince long, natural sources have been explored for possible managements of various diseases. In this context, the study is designed to evaluate Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth for biological potentials including antibacterial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, anti-termites and anti-Pharaoh activities followed by GC-MS analysis of active fraction to identify various bioactive compounds.MethodsI. rugosus was investigated against eight bacterial strains using well diffusion method and microdilution method with ceftriaxone as positive control. Similarly, the insecticidal activity was carried out against Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Monomorium pharaonis and Heterotermis indicola following contact toxicity method. Likewise, anthelmintic activity was performed against Ascaridia galli and Pherethima posthuma using albendazole as positive control, in which the paralysis and death times of the worms were observed. The GC-MS analysis of the most active solvent fraction was performed for identifications of various bioactive compounds.ResultsAmong the tested samples of I. rugosus, flavonoids and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited high antibacterial activities. The crude saponins showed highest anthelmintic activity against Pherethima posthuma and Ascaridia galli with death times of 27.67 and 29.22 min respectively at concentrations of 40 mg/ml. In insecticidal activity, chloroform fraction and saponins exhibited notable results against R. dominica (60 and 70%) and T. castaneum (70 and 76%) at concentration of 200 mg/ml. In anti-termite assay, all the plant samples showed overwhelming results, i.e. all the 25 termites were killed on the 3rd day. Similarly, in anti-Pharaoh activity, the chloroform, ethyl acetate and saponins fractions were most potent, each exhibiting LD50 of <0.1 mg/ml. In GC-MS analysis, total of 57 compounds were identified. Some of the bioactive compounds identified in GC-MS analysis are palmitic acid, hinokiol, α-amyrin, phytol, ethyl linolate, cyclohexanone, hinokione, methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate and stigmasterol acetate.ConclusionsBased on our current results, it can be concluded that I. rugosus possess strong antibacterial, insecticidal and anthelmintic potentials having crude saponins and ethyl acetate as the most active fractions. The GC-MS analysis and biological assays reveal that ethyl acetate fraction is a suitable target for the isolation of diverse array of bioactive compounds.

As a new generation of lithium‐ion battery alternative, aqueous zinc (Zn) ion batteries (ZIBs) garner tremendous interests for future energy storage application owing to their inherent incombustible, nontoxic, and low‐cost features. However, their practical utilization is hampered by the electrolyte freezing at subzero conditions. In this study, a novel high‐entropy (HE) electrolyte fabricated is presented with hybrid solvents to mitigate electrolyte freezing at low temperatures, restrain calendar corrosion, and boost Zn‐ion transfer kinetics. Specifically, the isovolumetric combined ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent components not only induce a reconfiguration of hydrogen bonding, but also alter the solvation sheath of Zn ions within the HE electrolyte environment. This synergistic coupling of hybrid co‐solvents effectively harnesses the features of individual solvent additive and facilitates the remarkable advantages on cycling reversibility, especially in the low‐temperature conditions. Benefiting from the anti‐freezing and solvation structure regulation features, Zn symmetrical batteries equipped with HE electrolytes can work over 2500 h in low zinc salt concentration (1 m) at various temperatures. This work provides a facile modulation strategy to achieve the HE electrolyte, promoting the practical application and commercialization of advanced ZIBs with wide‐temperature adaptability.

In the present investigation, we prepared four different solvent fractions (chloroform, hexane, butanol, and ethyl acetate) of Moringa oleifera extract to evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential and cellular mechanism of action in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cell cytotoxicity assay suggested that the solvent fractions were not cytotoxic to macrophages at concentrations up to 200 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction suppressed LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner and was more effective than the other fractions. Immunoblot observations revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction effectively inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 through suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, it upregulated the expression of the inhibitor of κB (IκBα) and blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These findings indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction of M. oleifera exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages via suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Although giant fennel is recognized as a “superfood” rich in phytochemicals with antioxidant activity, research into the antibacterial properties of its fruits has been relatively limited, compared to studies involving the root and aerial parts of the plant. In this study, seven solvents—acetone, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, water, and hexane—were used to extract the chemical constituents of the fruit of giant fennel (Ferula communis), a species of flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. Specific attributes of these extracts were investigated using in silico simulations and in vitro bioassays. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode-array detector (HPLC–DAD) identified 15 compounds in giant fennel extract, with p-coumaric acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, sinapic acid, and syringic acid being dominant. Among the solvents tested, ethanol demonstrated superior antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid contents. F. communis extracts showed advanced inhibition of gram-negative pathogens (Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis) and variable antifungal activity against tested strains. Molecular docking simulations assessed the antioxidative, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of F. communis, facilitating innovative therapeutic development through predicted compound–protein interactions. In conclusion, the results validate the ethnomedicinal use and potential of F. communis. This highlights its significance in natural product research and ethnopharmacology.

This study evaluated and compared the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the solvent extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves. Methanolic and aqueous extracts showed high (P ≤ 0.05) extract yields (in %), compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts from both V. amygdalina and A. indica leaves. The study exhibited high phytochemical content in methanol and aqueous extracts compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts, confirming the potential for medicinal use. V. amygdalina methanol and aqueous extracts had higher (P ≤ 0.05) total phenolic content (TPC), in mg GAE/gDW, (158.810±0.846 and 217.883±0.265, respectively) than chloroform (37.574±0.118) and ethyl acetate (104.758±0.236) but higher ethyl acetate content in A. indica extracts. Low polar solvents extracted high (P ≤ 0.05) total flavonoids, in mgQE/gDW, (367.051±0.858 and 149.808±0.009) compared to high polar solvents (14.863±0.071 and 54.226±0.014 ) in V. amygdalina while as in A. indica leaf extracts, low polar solvents showed high TFC ( 658.469±3.451 and 275.288±10.490) compared to high polar solvents (26.312±0.063 and 48.858±0.063) respectively. In vitro total antioxidant capacity, in mg/g, was higher in polar solvents than in low-polar solvents, ranging from 34.300±1.784 to 121.015±6.839 for A. indica ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. A strong correlation between TPC and tannic acid content was observed, except in A. indica methanolic extracts of A. indica. Ferric reducing power was high, except for V. amygdalina chloroform and methanol leaf extracts, which were lower (P≤ 0.05) than that of the standard ascorbic acid. The study revealed that high polar solvents, such as methanol and water, are more efficient in the extraction of antioxidants from A. indica but lower in V. amygdalina extracts. High phytochemical content and antioxidative capacity could be significant in treating various diseases in humans.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of successive extraction (using solvents of increasing polarity, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) of polyphenols from Cistus creticus L. The results were compared with the ones obtained from a single-solvent extraction (ethanol, water, and 50% ethanol: water). According to the results, each solvent used for extraction had a significant effect on the yield of extracted polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The highest extraction yield for successive extraction was achieved with ethanol (95.33 mg GAE/g), whereas a comparable amount could also be extracted with 50% ethanol: water mixture single-solvent extraction (96.51 mg GAE/g). The ethanolic and aqueous extracts had the highest antioxidant activity as indicated by their lowest IC50 values in the DPPH assay, specifically 350.99 μg/mL for ethanolic extract of successive extraction and 341.18 μg/mL for 50% ethanol: water mixture of single-solvent extraction, followed by the extract produced using acetone. However, the acetone extract contained more flavonoids than the other two extracts up to 28.03 mg QE/g. The results obtained were in line with those for the single-solvent extraction. It is concluded that using a range of solvents in succession is a more efficient way of extracting higher amounts of antioxidant compounds with varying antioxidant activity.

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The paper presents the research results on synthesizing silver nanoparticles in aqueous solutions and their extraction into the organic phase. Studies have shown that it is best to perform the extraction process using n-hexane > cyclohexane > toluene > chloroform > ethyl acetate. The results show a correlation between the dielectric constant of the organic phase and its ability to extract nanoparticles. The lower the dielectric constant is, the higher the extractability. The hydrodynamic radius of the silver nanoparticles changes after transfer to the organic phase, depending greatly on the organic phase used. The extraction mechanism is complex and multi-step. As the first step, the Ag nanoparticles are transferred to the phase boundary. As the second step, the octadecylamine (ODA) molecules adsorb on the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) surface. The change in particle shape was also noted. This suggests that the interfacial processes are more complex than previously reported. Below the initial concentration of ODA 2 × 10−4 M, the formation of a third phase has been observed. In a one-stage experiment, the concentration of silver nanoparticles after transferring to the organic phase was increased 500 times in about 10 s. The role of the concentration of ODA, therefore, is not only a measure of the extraction efficiency and productivity but functions as an enabler to maintain favorable biphasic processing, which underlines the role of the solvent again.

Water/ethyl acetate/ethanol is widely used as a “green” extractant system. We show that 2 different types of phase separation can be induced upon centrifugation in this ternary system using ethanol as a cosolvent of water and ethyl acetate: centrifuge-induced criticality and centrifuge-induced emulsification. The expected composition profiles of samples after centrifugation can be represented by bent lines in a ternary phase diagram when gravitational energy is added to the free energy of mixing. The experimental equilibrium composition profiles behave qualitatively as expected and can be predicted using a phenomenological theory of mixing. The concentration gradients are small except near the critical point, as expected for small molecules. Nevertheless, they are usable when accompanied by temperature cycles. These findings open new possibilities of centrifugal separation, even if control is delicate during temperature cycles. These schemes are accessible even at relatively low centrifugation speed for molecules that float and sediment with apparent molar masses several hundred times larger than the molecular mass.

The leaves of the European olive (Olea europaea L.) are characterized by a high content of bioactive polyphenol derivatives that have antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hypotensive, antitumor effects. The aim of the work is to select the optimal extractant and conditions for the analysis of phenolic compounds from European olive leaves. A comparative analysis of the seven obtained extracts was carried out by spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The UV spectra of solutions of the compared extracts show an absorption maximum at 280±2 nm, which can be associated with the absorption of a complex of phenolcarboxylic acid derivatives, including oleuropein. The maximum at 328±2 nm characterizes the presence of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in extracts; in an aqueous extract, it has a short-wavelength shift of 320±2 nm. The presence of the main biologically active compound of the European olive, oleuropein, was found in all extracts by TLC using four mobile phases, and the presence of 2 to 5 polyphenolic compounds was additionally detected. The maximum total content of phenolcarboxylic acids in terms of gallic acid – 2.93% was established for the extract obtained using 40% ethyl alcohol. The highest total content of hydroxycinnamic acids in terms of chlorogenic acid (2.35%) was also extracted with a 40% ethyl alcohol solution. Based on the results of the experiment, it was concluded that for the extraction of the total polyphenols from the leaves of the European olive, it is preferable to use a solution of ethyl alcohol 40%, for oleuropein - water. TLC techniques and spectrophotometric method allow to control the process of extraction of the amount of bioactive compounds from European olive leaves.

Developing high-performance solvents for extraction and optimizing process technologies is crucial for efficient extractive distillation (ED) separation of azeotrope mixtures. In this paper, computer-aided screening was used to study the ED of azeotrope mixtures in ethyl acetate and ethanol systems using organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ionic liquid (IL) ([EMIM][Ac]). The structural relationship between the ILs and the azeotrope mixture was analyzed by σ-profile, molecular surface electrostatic potential, interaction energy, and separation gradient. Subsequently, process simulation was carried out using Aspen Plus software and global optimization was performed with genetic algorithm, which found that both traditional organic solvents and ILs have good separation effects. But considering the high volatility of organic solvents and low saturation vapor pressure of ILs, it is considered to combine them to further explore the cost and carbon emission advantages in extractive distillation separation. Compared with pure organic solvent and pure ILs separation processes, the TAC of the process using an IL-based mixed solvent process decreased by 5.11 and 21.98%, respectively. The carbon emissions of the mixed extractant process were slightly higher than those of the pure organic solvent process, but the addition of ILs made very little volatilization of organic solvents, saving a charge for extractant use. By improving the process, waste heat is effectively recovered, which can save most of the utility engineering costs, and compared with the previous process, the total alkali consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are reduced by 9.43 and 27.17%, respectively. This exploration provides a theoretical reference for the development application and industrial research of ED processes using IL-based mixed solvents.

Hydrothermal treatment for dairy manure into value-added hydrochar and bio-oil is a potential technology for its resource utilization. During the process of treatment, extractant is applied to the separation of hydrochar and bio-oil. In this study, three polar extractants (ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, diethyl ether) and two nonpolar extractants (n-hexane and petroleum ether) were used, and the physico-chemical properties of hydrochar and the composition of bio-oil were investigated. Compared with nonpolar extractants, polar extractants could extract the bio-oil absorbed on the hydrochar exterior and interior surface, resulting in more mass loss of hydrochar and better extraction performance on the production of bio-oil. The decrease of H/C atomic ratio and the increase of O/C atomic ratio indicated the demethanation tendency to occur during the extraction process, and enhanced the hydrochar stability. The scanning electron microscope and specific surface area analysis revealed that polar extractant had a more positive effect than nonpolar extractant on the occurrence of disperse spherical microparticles and the augment of hydrochar specific surface area. The bio-oil from polar extractant mainly consisted of N-containing compounds, ketones, phenols and acids, while the bio-oil from nonpolar extractant mainly consisted of esters, alkanes and aromatics. These results reveal that the hydrochar extracted by polar solvent exerts a greater potential for the production of carbon-based material.

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Environmental hazards and the growing demand for fossil fuels are two major current concerns. The current global situation requires extensive research on renewable fuels. In this experimental study, we investigated different blends of biodiesel derived from litchi seed oil, which is inedible, for engine performance, emissions, and tribological characteristics. Litchi chinensis biodiesel was synthesized from litchi seed oil through a microwave‐assisted transesterification. First, a 30% biodiesel–diesel blend (B30) was prepared and mixed with ethyl ethanoate (EE) in the proportions of 10% (B30EE10) and 15% (B30EE15) by volume. Additionally, 100 ppm of aluminum oxide (abbreviated as Al) nanoparticles were added in all blends (B30Al, B30EE10Al, and B30EE15Al). All six blends were investigated for engine performance and emissions on a diesel engine. The coefficient of friction (COF) was measured using a four‐ball tribo‐tester for a 5% by volume fuel blend in SAE‐40 lubricant (ASTM D4172 standard). Engine performance analyses indicated that, compared to diesel, the B30EE10Al gives most promising results at an engine speed of 1500 min−1 in terms of engine performance and emissions with 4.97% higher brake thermal efficiency and by reducing brake‐specific fuel consumption, and CO, HC, and NOx up to 15.27%, 30.24%, and 3.92%, respectively. Four‐ball tribo‐tester results reveal that 5% B30Al in SAE‐40 oil has the lowest COF of 0.066, which is 34% less than that of diesel. Overall, the addition of aluminum nanoparticles and EE10 in Litchi chinensis biodiesel blend has improved the fuel quality in terms of performance and emission properties.

Abstract α-Terpineol, an abundant oxygenated monoterpene compound, shows a varied range of beneficial bioactivities. This study focused on the efficient extraction and purification of α-terpineol from the biotransformation of limonene using Penicillium digitatum DSM 62840 mutant (PdTP1-overexpressed OE2 strain). The α-terpineol was primarily distributed in the supernatant, with minimal association with the biomass. And the optimal extraction was achieved using ethyl acetate as the extractant, which can directly obtain the highest recovery of α-terpineol without sequential extractions. The equilibrium of mass transfer was quickly reached (≤20 s in vortex). Additionally, the purification method of α-terpineol using column chromatography was described, further improving the purity of product to 96.86% in gas chromatography. Structural identification of purified α-terpineol was confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. This simplified and efficient strategy for the extraction and purification of α-terpineol not only provides a solid theoretical basis for the final step in the relevant study of microbial synthesis of α-terpineol but also is of great significance for its industrial application.

Vitamin D helps absorb calcium and preserve healthy bones. In several countries, vitamin D intake comes mainly from fortified foods. Fortification of wheat flour is a way to improve the low intake of vitamin D in low- and middle-income countries. At the same time, reliable analytical methods are required to perform quality controls to certify the vitamin D content in this matrix. This work presents an analytical method to determine vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in white wheat flour, based on a very simple solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and quantification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). SLE involves 5 g of sample and 15 mL of extractant solution (16 % ethyl acetate in ethanol), shaking for 12 min (in a vortex) and repeating the process. Evaporation of the extract at 1.5 mL complete the sample treatment. The LC-MS/MS determination use atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source in positive mode and monitoring the m/z 385.4 to 259.1 transition. The average recovery was 84 % at the limit of quantification of the method (0.9 μg/100 g of vitamin D3). The coefficients of variation for repeatability and intermediate precision were 11 and 9 %, respectively. The proposed method compares favorably with those few reported in the literature. Due to the delay in the application of the Food Sanitary Regulations that indicate the fortification of flours with vitamin D3 at the national level in Chile, real samples were not available for the application of the method. However, this will allow adequate control when mandatory fortification comes into force.

Equations describing the extraction dynamics of ethyl carbamate from a porous product using an organic solvent were derived. It is noted that the equations are an adaptation of the mathematical description of the adsorption and ion exchange process to the conditions of the solid-phase extraction process. It is concluded that the developed mathematical model will allow optimizing the process by reducing the amount of extractant and significantly reducing the duration of the process, while maintaining the structural and mechanical characteristics of the product.

The plant Combretum camporum is employed in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, with the stem bark being a reservoir of diverse antimicrobial agents. Consequently, the main objective of this research is to authenticate the antimicrobial properties of this plant. Cold extraction was adopted for the extraction of the pulverized plant’s stem bark using dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol as solvents. The chemical composition of the extracts was screened using standard protocols. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), with the TLC sheets developed in an ethyl acetate/petroleum ether solvent system, was used to determine the number of metabolites in the extracts. Evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus Spp, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger, was performed using the serial dilution method. Methanol emerged as the most effective extractant, displaying a higher yield of plant material (11.6 g) compared to dichloromethane (5.8 g). A diverse phytochemical compounds were detected in the plant’s extracts, which include alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and triterpenoids. The thin-layer chromatography showed four and five prominent bands for the DCM and methanol extracts, respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) values against the tested bacteria and fungi ranged from 62.5 to 250 mg/mL, MIC values ranging from 62.5 mg/mL (Salmonella typhi) to 250 mg/mL (Aspergillus niger). The findings suggest that the stem bark of Combretum camporum harbors compounds that exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties. Therefore, Combretum camporum stands out as a promising reservoir of antimicrobial agents. Hence, further research endeavors are imperative to isolate the active constituents’ isolation of flavonoids/alkaloids is recommended due to their high antimicrobial activity, and also conduct additional assessments, such as cytotoxicity studies on the plant’s extracts

Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) has been used as a flavoring and sweetener agent, in addition to its therapeutic properties. It is rich in phytoestrogen and may prevent osteoporosis caused by estrogen deficiency; however, there is no evidence for its effects on proliferation and osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells. So, we were encouraged to investigate whether the ethyl acetate extract of licorice root as a source of phytoestrogen can act similar to estrogen in cell culture. Furthermore, the analysis of the licorice extract (LE) based on HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS indicated that LE comprises phytoestrogen compounds, such as glabridin and glabrene. In this study, the effects of LE on proliferation of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were investigated using MTT assay. In addition, its effects on the osteogenesis were evaluated using alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), calcium deposition, and bone specific gene expression such as ALP, osteocalcin, Runx2, and BMP-2. The quantitative gene expression was studied by real-time RT-PCR. Our results showed a significant increase in proliferation in presence of LE in concentration 10-50 µg/mL. The differentiation of hBM-MSCs increased in doses of LE (10-25 µg/mL) compared to the control group. The effects of LE were similar to those of 17β-estradiol (E2) (10-8 M) and were abolished by ICI 182,780 an antagonist of estrogen receptor (ER) (10-7), indicating that the stimulatory effects of LE occur through estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism . Taking these into account, LE may be a potential candidate for prevention of osteoporosis in menopausal women.

Amaranthus tricolor L., Amaranthus spinosus L., and Amaranthus viridis L. are well-known for flavoring food products and traditional medicine. This study investigated the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of various solvent fractions from the whole plant of A. tricolor, A. spinosus, and A. viridis in Vietnam. The total extract and solvent fractions of petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (B), and water (W) were tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay and α-glucosidase inhibition. The results showed that the three species of Amaranthus had relatively low antioxidant activity, and the total extract of A. spinosus L. had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 324.96 μg/mL. The EA fraction of A. tricolor had outstanding α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 95.94 μg/mL. It is recommended to continue isolation research to find active ingredients with α-glucosidase inhibition potential in the EA extract of A. tricolor. Additionally, an in vivo assay might be conducted to evaluate the activity and toxicity of this EA fraction.

In the present study, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities, and total phenolic contents of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of various parts of Allium paradoxum, Buxus hyrcana, Convolvulus persicus, Eryngium caucasicum, Heracleum persicum, Pimpinella affinis, Parrotia persica, Primula heterochroma, Pyrus boissieriana, Ruscus hyrcanus, and Smilax excelsa were investigated. These plants, which mostly serve as food flavoring, were collected from Hyrcania region, Sari, Iran. Some extracts of H. persicum, S. excels, P. boissieriana, P. persica, and P. heterochroma exhibited significant antidiabetic activities in α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays, more effective than acarbose (concentrations that cause 50% inhibition = 75.7 μg/mL and 6.1 μg/mL against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively). Also, C. persicus, P. boissieriana, and P. heterochroma showed strong antioxidant activities, compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (concentration that causes 50% inhibition = 16.7 μg/mL). In conclusion, this study can recommend these plants as good candidates for further investigations to find potent antidiabetic natural products or probable lead compounds. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and total phenolic contents (r = 0.711, p < 0.001).

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is commonly used as a spice and flavoring agent. Diterpenes are the main active compounds of R. officinalis. An Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of carnosol, rosmanol, and carnosic acid isolated from R. officinalis in rat plasma, and applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of R. officinalis extract. Sample preparation involved a liquid-liquid extraction of the analytes with ethyl acetate. Butylparaben was employed as an internal standard (I.S.). Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column (ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3, 1.8 μm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm) with a gradient system consisting of the mobile phase solution A (0.1% formic acid in water) and solution B (acetonitrile) at the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The quantification was obtained using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with electrospray ionization (ESI). The UHPLC-MS/MS assay was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability. This study described a simple, sensitive and validated UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of three diterpene compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of R. officinalis extract, and investigated on their pharmacokinetic studies as well.

NADES had an extensive spectrum of applications in the food industry and had increasing popularity for extraction techniques. The current study pioneered a novel extraction process for cottonseed oil utilizing an ultrasound and homogenization-assisted method (UHA) with a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) as a novel co-solvent. This proposed method is entirely aligned with the green extraction concept through the utilization of sustainable green technologies and solvents. D-Optimal mixture design was applied for the first time to discover the optimal solvent combination of NADES (Choline Chloride: Oxalic acid), ethyl acetate, and water for cottonseed oil extraction. The effect of these three solvent components on oil recovery, radical-scavenging activity (RSA), total phenolic content (TPC), free fatty acids (FFAs), and peroxide value (PV) of cottonseed oil were evaluated. The best solvent mixture combination was found by numerical optimization to be 20% NADES, 20.41% water, and 59.58% ethyl acetate. Using this ideal solvent mixture, the maximum oil recovery, RSA, and minimal FFA content of cottonseed oil were practically determined to be 90.68%, 52.21%, and 7.13%, respectively. The addition of NADES significantly enhanced oil recovery from 85.18 to 90.68% based on the initial oil content (reference). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were utilized to ascertain the purity and assess the thermal behaviour of cottonseed oils. Moreover, by analysing and comparing the cost and energy consumption of the UHA-NADES (ultrasound and homogenization-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent) method, its feasibility for industrial applications was confirmed. This research presented a green option that includes economic advantages, diminished operational conditions/risks, and enhanced oil recovery for the vegetable oil industry by using the UHA-NADES method.

The study investigates the phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activities of ethanol (ChL-EtOH) and ethyl acetate (ChL-EtOAc) extracts from Chamaenerion latifolium L. (ChL) harvested in Kazakhstan. The ChL-EtOH extract exhibited higher total phenolic (267.48 ± 3.44 mg GAE/g DE) and flavonoid content (24.18 ± 1.06 mg QE/g DE) compared to ChL-EtOAc. HPLC-UV-ESI/MS identified key phenolic acids and flavonoids, including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin 3-glucoside. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups. Antioxidant assays revealed strong DPPH scavenging and FRAP activities, with ChL-EtOH showing superior results (IC50 = 21.31 ± 0.65 μg/mL and 18.13 ± 0.15 μg/mL, respectively). Additionally, ChL-EtOH displayed notable antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the fungal strain Candida albicans. These findings suggest that ethanol extraction is more efficient for isolating bioactive compounds from ChL, underscoring its potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Tamarindus indica L., is widely used tree in ayurvedic medicine. Here, we aimed to understand the presence of important constituents in seeds and peel of Tamarind fruits and their biological activities. Hence, seeds and peel of Tamarind fruits are used for further extraction process by soxhlet method (chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents). Results suggest that the ethyl acetate extract (seeds) consists of terpenoids (72.29 ± 0.513 mg/g), phenolic content (68.67 ± 2.11 mg/g) and flavonoids (26.36 ± 2.03 mg/g) whereas chloroform extract (seeds) has terpenoids (42.29 ± 0.98 mg/g). Similarly, chloroform extract (peel) has terpenoids (25.96 ± 3.20 mg/g) and flavonoids (46.36 ± 2.03 mg/g) whereas ethyl acetate extract (peel) has terpenoids (62.93 ± 0.987 mg/g). Furthermore, anti-inflammation activity results revealed that the chloroform extract of peel was found to be more effective with IC50 of 226.14 µg/ml by protein denaturation analysis and with IC50 of 245.5 µg/ml on lipoxygenase inhibition activity. Chloroform extract (peel and seeds) shown better antioxidant activity using DPPH than ethyl acetate extract (peel and seeds). Ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed impressive potency by inhibiting the growth of fungus, Candida albicans. Additionally, ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed impressive potency inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli than Bacillus cereus. GC–MS analysis shown the existence of diverse set of phytochemicals in each extract. Overall, comparative studies highlight the effectiveness of seeds extracts than peel extracts. Moreover, GC–MS results suggest that the seeds and peel extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) contains a wide range of compounds (including flavonoids, isovanillic acid, fatty acids and phenolic compounds) which can be utilized for therapeutic purpose.

Brown seaweeds, due to their wide range of bioactive compounds, have a high ability to inhibit free radicals and protect against ultraviolet rays. In the present study, the ethyl acetate fraction (EF) was isolated from the Padina boergesenii brown seaweed. Antioxidant activity (by the DPPH scavenging activity method) and cytotoxicity against UVB-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT human keratinocytes were evaluated. Then, this fraction was used as a bio-filter in the formulation of sunscreen, and the physical properties and stability were investigated. The results showed that the EF could inhibit DPPH radical scavenging (54 ± 1%) and cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to UVB irradiation (81.2 ± 0.1%). The results of the stability study of the cream formulated with EF showed that at temperatures 4 °C and 25 °C it has high stability; and at 40 °C on the 28th day, a slight decrease in its stability was observed. The pH and Sun Protection Factor of the cream formulated with EF were reported at 5.8 and 20.55, respectively. Also, the DPPH scavenging activity of the cream was not altered for 28 days of storage at temperatures of 4–40 °C. According to our results, it was proved that the sunscreen formulated with EF of P. boergesenii brown seaweed has promising properties and characteristics that can create a new opportunity for the development of cosmetics and skin care products.

Fungal endophytes have established new paradigms in the area of biomedicine due to their ability to produce metabolites of pharmacological importance. The present study reports the in vitro cytotoxic and in ovo antiangiogenic activity of the ethyl acetate (EA) extract of Penicillium oxalicum and their chemical profiling through Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis. Treatment of the EA extract of P. oxalicum to the selected human breast cancer cell lines (MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7) leads to the reduced glucose uptake and increased nitric oxide production suggesting the cytotoxic activity of EA extract of P. oxalicum. Our results further show that treatment of EA extract of P. oxalicum attenuates the colony number, cell migration ability and alters nuclear morphology in both the human breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the treatment of EA extract of P. oxalicum mediates apoptosis by increasing the expression of BAX, P21, FADD, and CASPASE‐8 genes, with increased Caspase‐3 activity. Additionally, in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay showed that the treatment of EA extract of P. oxalicum leads to antiangiogenic activity with perturbed formation of blood vessels. Overall, our findings suggest that the EA extract of P. oxalicum show in vitro cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer cell lines, and in ovo antiangiogenic activity in CAM model.

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Conventional antibiotics are associated with various side-effects. Therefore, there is need of using plant-derived antibiotics with fewer side-effects. Grewia tembensis and Xerophyta spekei, which have been extensively utilized in the Mbeere community, were studied to support their folkloric use and demonstrate their antibacterial capabilities. Salmonella Typhi ATCC 1408, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were all used in this study. As a standard reference, Ciprofloxacin (100 μg/ml) was employed, and 5% DMSO was used as a negative reference. Tests for antibacterial activities included disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and bactericidal concentrations. G. tembensis exhibited effects on S. aureus only with Mean Zone Inhibition (MZI) of 07.07 ± 0.07 to 12.33 ± 0.33 mm and 08.33 ± 0.33 to 11.67 ± 0.33 mm for stem bark and leaf extracts respectively. While X. spekei extract had effects on S. aureus with MZI of 07.67 ± 0.33 to 14.67 ± 0.33 mm and B. subtilis with MZI of 09.67 ± 0.33 to 14.33 ± 0.33 mm. Ciprofloxacin demonstrated significantly higher activities as compared to the plant extracts in all the concentrations (p < 0.05), while 5% DMSO had no activity. GC-MS analysis demonstrated the availability of compounds with known antibacterial effects. Therefore, the current study recommends ethnomedicinal and therapeutic use of G. tembensis and X. spekei as antibacterial agents.

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Artemisia absinthium L. is one of the plants which has been used in folk medicine for many diseases over many centuries. This study aims to analyze the chemical composition of the Artemisia absinthium ethyl acetate and its aqueous extracts and to evaluate their effect on the pancreatic α-amylase enzyme and the intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme. In this study, the total contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in ethyl acetate and the aqueous extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves were determined by using spectrophotometric techniques, then the antioxidant capacity of these extracts was examined using three methods, namely, the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method, the iron reduction method FRAP, and the β-carotene bleaching method. The determination of the chemical composition of the extracts was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography—the photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). These extracts were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit the activity of the pancreatic α-amylase enzyme, as well as the intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme, in vitro and in vivo, thus causing the reduction of blood glucose. The results of this study showed that high polyphenol and flavonoid contents were obtained in ethyl acetate extract with values of 60.34 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g and 25.842 ± 0.241 mg QE/g, respectively, compared to the aqueous extract. The results indicated that the aqueous extract had a higher condensed tannin content (3.070 ± 0.022 mg EC/g) than the ethyl acetate extract (0.987 ± 0.078 mg EC/g). Ethyl acetate extract showed good DPPH radical scavenging and iron reduction FRAP activity, with an IC50 of 0.167 ± 0.004 mg/mL and 0.923 ± 0.0283 mg/mL, respectively. The β-carotene test indicated that the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were able to delay the decoloration of β-carotene with an inhibition of 48.7% and 48.3%, respectively, which may mean that the extracts have antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of naringenin and caffeic acid as major products in AQE and EAE, respectively. Indeed, this study showed that the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts significantly inhibited the pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase, in vitro. To confirm this result, the inhibitory effect of these plant extracts on the enzymes has been evaluated in vivo. Oral intake of the aqueous extract significantly attenuated starch- and sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in normal rats, and evidently, in STZ-diabetic rats as well. The ethyl acetate extract had no inhibitory activity against the intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme in vivo. The antioxidant and the enzyme inhibitory effects may be related to the presence of naringenin and caffeic acid or their synergistic effect with the other compounds in the extracts.

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Hydroxycinnamic acids and ethyl acetate were assessed in simulated alcohol-free wine solutions to explore the effect of phenolic acids on the aroma volatility of esters. The results showed that the phenolic acids could inhibit the volatilization of ethyl acetate, and the extent of inhibition was influenced by the concentration and structure of the phenolic compounds. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the phenolic acids and ethyl acetate confirmed the interaction between the two compounds. The thermodynamic parameters of the interaction implied a spontaneous exothermic interaction, driven primarily by hydrophobic effects. Meanwhile, the results of the fluorescence-quenching analysis indicated electron transfer between the reactants. The quantum chemical investigations revealed negative and positive charge density distributions in the structures of ethyl acetate and the phenolic acids, respectively. These results will provide some data reference and theoretical support for further research on the effects of phenolic acid matrix on other structural esters.

Background Medicinal plants have been used for therapeutic purposes and have shown important biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the antioxidant activities, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents of Lavandula mairei Humbert. The ethanol, methanol, ethyl-acetate, and water extracts were used for this purpose. Methods The antioxidant activities were assessed in vitro by free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined spectrophotometrically with gallic acid and Quercetin as standards. Results In either Soxhlet or maceration methods, the flavonoids and the total phenolic contents were significantly higher in the methanolic extract (P<0.05) compared to other extracts. The total flavonoid content of L. mairei ranged between 119 and 224.6 mg QE/g DW for Soxhlet extracts and from 111.8 to 148.51 mg QE/g DW for maceration extracts. While the total phenolic content was between 35.12 and 99.37 mg GAE/g DW for Soxhlet extracts and 27.63 to 58.99 mg GAE/g DW for maceration extracts. In either the Soxhlet or maceration method, the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was obtained using the ethanolic extract, while the aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH and FRAP assays. Conclusion These results showed that Lavandula mairei Humbert has great potential to be a promising candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants.

Marine sponge-derived endozoic fungi have been gaining increasing importance as promising sources of numerous and unique bioactive compounds. This study investigates the phytochemical profile and biological activities of the ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium chrysogenum derived from Cliona sp. sponge. Thirty-six compounds were tentatively identified from P. chrysogenum ethyl acetate extract along with the kojic acid (KA) isolation. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS positive ionization mode was used to analyze and identify the extract constituents while 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were used for kojic acid (KA) structure confirmation. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were assessed in vitro. Both the extract and kojic acid showed potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC 250 ± 0.82 µg/mL. Interestingly, the extract showed strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 93.75 ± 0.55 and 19.53 ± 0.48 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, KA showed the same potency against Fusarium oxysporum and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 39.06 ± 0.85 and 39.06 ± 0.98 µg/mL, respectively. Ultimately, KA showed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 33.7 ± 0.8 µg/mL. Moreover, the extract and KA showed strong cytotoxic activity against colon carcinoma (with IC50 22.6 ± 0.8 and 23.4 ± 1.4 µg/mL, respectively) and human larynx carcinoma (with equal IC50 30.8 ± 1.3 and ± 2.1 µg/mL, respectively), respectively. The current study represents the first insights into the phytochemical profile and biological properties of P. chrysoenum ethyl acetate extract, which could be a promising source of valuable secondary metabolites with potent biological potentials.

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Diabetes contributes to the rising global death rate. Despite scientific advancements in understanding and managing diabetes, no single therapeutic agent has been identified to effectively treat and prevent its progression. Consequently, the exploration for new antidiabetic therapeutics continues. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic bioactive ethyl acetate fraction of F. lutea at the molecular level to understand the molecular interactions and ligand-protein binding. To do this, the fraction underwent column chromatography fractionation to yield five compounds: lupeol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin acetate, epicatechin, and epiafzelechin. These compounds were evaluated in vitro through α-glucosidase inhibition and glucose utilization assays in C2C12 muscle and H-4-11-E liver cells using standard methods. In silico analysis was conducted using molecular docking and ADMET studies. Epicatechin exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 5.72 ± 2.7 µg/mL), while epiafzelechin stimulated superior glucose utilization in C2C12 muscle cells (33.35 ± 1.8%) and H-4-11-E liver cells (46.7 ± 1.2%) at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. The binding energies of the isolated compounds for glycogen phosphorylase (1NOI) and α-amylase (1OSE) were stronger (<−8.1) than those of the positive controls. Overall, all tested compounds exhibited characteristics indicative of their potential as antidiabetic agents; however, toxicity profiling predicted epiafzelechin and epicatechin as better alternatives. The ethyl acetate fraction and its compounds, particularly epiafzelechin, showed promise as antidiabetic agents. However, further comprehensive studies are necessary to validate these findings.

Ethyl acetate can be synthesized from acetyl-CoA and ethanol via a reaction by alcohol acetyltransferases (AATase) in yeast. In order to increase the yield of acetyl-CoA, different terminators were used to optimize the expressions of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1/2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD6) to increase the contents of acetyl-CoA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ATF1 coding AATase was coexpressed in expression cassettes of ACS1/ACS2 and ALD6 to promote the carbon flux toward ethyl acetate from acetyl-CoA. Further to improve ethyl acetate production, four heterologous AATase including HuvEAT1 (Hanseniaspora uvarum), KamEAT1 (Kluyveromyces marxianus), VAAT (wild strawberry), and AeAT9 (kiwifruit) were introduced. Subsequently mitochondrial transport and utilization of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA were impeded to increase the ethyl acetate accumulation in cytoplasm. Under the optimal fermentation conditions, the engineered strain of PGAeΔPOR2 produced 1.69 g/L ethyl acetate, which was the highest value reported to date by metabolic engineering methods.

Ethyl acetate is an important flavor element that is a vital component of baijiu. To date, the transcription factors that can help identify the molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis of ethyl acetate have not been studied. In the present study, we sequenced and assembled the Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain YF1503 transcriptomes to identify transcription factors. We identified 307 transcription factors in YF1503 using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Some transcription factors, such as C2H2, bHLH, MYB, and bZIP, were up-regulated, and these might play a role in ethyl acetate synthesis. According to the trend of ethyl acetate content, heat map results and STEM, twelve genes were selected for verification of expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR. This dynamic transcriptome analysis presents fundamental information on the transcription factors and pathways that are involved in the synthesis of ethyl acetate in aroma-producing yeast. Of significant interest is the discovery of the roles of various transcription factor genes in the synthesis of ethyl acetate.

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Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection among immunocompromised patients. Its treatment includes the use of antifungals, which poses limitations such as toxicity and fungal resistance. Plant-derived extracts, such as Punica granatum, have been reported to have antimicrobial activity, but their antifungal effects are still unknown. We aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antiviral potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of P. granatum (PgEA) and its isolated compound galloyl-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose (G-HHDP-G) against Candida spp. In silico analyses predicted the biological activity of G-HHDP-G. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of PgEA and G-HHDP-G, and their effects on biofilm formation, preformed biofilms, and phospholipase production were determined. In silico analysis showed that G-HHDP-G has antifungal and hepatoprotective effects. An in vitro assay confirmed the antifungal effects of PgEA and G-HHDP-G, with MIC in the ranges of 31.25–250 μg/mL and 31.25 ≥ 500 μg/mL, respectively. G-HHDP-G and PgEA synergistically worked with fluconazole against planktonic cells. The substances showed antibiofilm action, alone or in combination with fluconazole, and interfered with phospholipase production. The antifungal and antibiofilm actions of PgEA and G-HHDP-G, alone or in combination with fluconazole, in addition to their effects on reducing Candida phospholipase production, identify them as promising candidates for therapeutics.

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Melanin overproduction causes various skin diseases, such as spots, freckles, and wrinkles, resulting in the requirement of melanin synthesis inhibitors like 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU) and kojic acid, which have been commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, these inhibitors can cause side effects such as skin irritation and allergies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop safe and effective melanin inhibitors from natural resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate a whitening agent from natural substances using B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish model. We investigated the melanogenesis-inhibiting activities of the fractions from Sargassum pallidum extract. The ethyl acetate fraction from S. pallidum extract (SPEF) significantly decreased tyrosinase activity. SPEF also significantly reduced α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16F10 cells. Moreover, SPEF inhibited the expression levels of key melanogenic proteins such as tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF by downregulating the phosphorylation levels of CREB and PKA in α-MSH-stimulated melanoma cells. Furthermore, SPEF significantly suppressed melanin synthesis in the zebrafish model with no developmental toxicity. LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified that SPEF was composed of 12 phytochemical compounds, including diterpenes, which were the dominant metabolites. These results altogether show that SPEF effectively suppresses melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and in a zebrafish model, with potential for usage in pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

ABSTRACT. The ethyl acetate fraction of Terminalia catappa Linn. fruit flesh has anti-cancer activity against HeLa cells, with IC50 value is =165.37 ppm. The aim of this research is to isolate active anticancer compound from the ethyl acetate fraction of T. catappa fruit flesh. Anti-cancer active compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of T. catappa fruit flesh were purified using column chromatography and continued with recrystallization. The compound isolate from the ethyl acetate fraction is clear yellowish crystals and has a melting point 150 ± 2 oC, has anti-cancer activity against HeLa cells of  IC50 =413.695 ppm. Results of molecular structure identification using UV spectroscopy; FTIR; 1HNMR, 13CNMR and LC-MS are thought to be the compound 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4- one (Kojic acid) with a molecular weight of 142.36 gram/mol. The Kojic acid content in T. catappa Linn fruit flesh was found to provide information on the potential use of T. catappa fruit flesh extract in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.   Keywords: Anticancer activity, HeLa cells, Kojic acid, T. catappa Linn.

Nicotinic acid has high commercial value and is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and biochemical industries. Due to strict environmental regulations, its recovery from the aqueous stream is essential. Nicotinic acid can be recovered from aqueous solution through various methods, including ion exchange chromatography, membrane filtration, extraction, electrodialysis, precipitation, adsorption, desorption, and crystallisation. The present paper investigated the separation of aqueous nicotinic acid using tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in ethyl acetate, a greener and less toxic ester as a diluent which improved phase separation compared to conventional solvents. Key equilibrium parameters, distribution coefficient (KD), loading ratio (Z), extraction efficiency (E%), and extraction equilibrium constant (KE), were determined. The distribution coefficients ranged from 1.22 to 4.22, with extraction efficiencies of 40.01% to 87.25% at 10-50 vol% of TBP in ethyl acetate. The highest nicotinic acid separation was observed at a concentration of 0.102 mol. L-1 of nicotinic acid and 40% TBP. The system also showed clear phase disengagement and good recyclability, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. The findings indicate that a TBP-ethyl acetate solvent system effectively separates nicotinic acid, contributing to the advancement of a sustainable separation process. The present data is relevant to the sustainable separation process.

Boswellia carterii (BC) resins plants have a long historical background as a treatment for inflammation, as indicated by information originating from multiple countries. Twenty-seven diterpenoids have been identified in ethyl acetate and total methanol BC, comprising seventeen boscartins of the cembrane-type diterpenoids and ten boscartols of the prenylaromadendrane-type diterpenoids. Moreover, twenty-one known triterpenoids have also been found, encompassing nine tirucallane-type, six ursane-type, four oleanane-type, and two lupane-type. The cembrane-type diterpenoids hold a significant position in pharmaceutical chemistry and related industries due to their captivating biological characteristics and promising pharmacological potentials. Extraction of BC, creation and assessment of nano sponges loaded with either B. carterii plant extract or DEX, are the subjects of our current investigation. With the use of ultrasound-assisted synthesis, nano sponges were produced. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of medications in nano sponges was examined using spectrophotometry. Nano sponges were characterized using a number of methods. Within nano sponges, the EE% of medicines varied between 98.52 ± 0.07 and 99.64 ± 1.40%. The nano sponges' particle sizes varied from 105.9 ± 15.9 to 166.8 ± 26.3 nm. Drugs released from nano sponges using the Korsmeyer-Peppas concept. In respiratory distressed rats, the effects of BC plant extract, DEX salt and their nano formulations (D1, D5, P1 and P1), were tested. Treatment significantly reduced ICAM-1, LTB4, and ILβ 4 levels and improved histopathologic profiles, when compared to the positive control group. Boswellia extract and its nano sponge formulation P1 showed promising therapeutic effects. The effect of P1 may be due to synergism between both the extract and the formulation. This effect was achieved by blocking both ICAM-1 and LTB4 pathways, therefore counteracting the effects of talc powder.

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We developed an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict mole fractions in the extractive distillation of an n-hexane and ethyl acetate mixture, which are common organic solvents in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The ANN was trained on 250 data pairs from simulations in DWSIM software. The training dataset consisted of four inputs: Feed flow inlet (T1-F), Feed Stream Mass Flow temperature pressure (FM1-F), Make-up stream mass flow (FM2-MU), and ERC tower reflux ratio (RR-ERC). The ANN demonstrated the ability to forecast four output variables (neurons): Mole fraction of n-hexane in the distillate of EDC (XHE-EDC), Mole fraction of N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone in the bottom of EDC (XNMP-EDC), Mole fraction of ethyl acetate in the distillate of ERC (XEA-ERC), and Mole fraction of N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone in the bottom of ERC (XNMP-ERC).The ANN architecture contained 80 hidden neurons. Bayesian regularization training yielded high prediction accuracy (MSE = 2.56 × 10–7, R = 0.9999). ANOVA statistical validation indicated that ANN could reliably forecast mole fractions. By integrating this ANN into process control systems, manufacturers could enhance product quality, decrease operating expenses, and mitigate composition variability risks. This data-driven modeling approach may also optimize energy consumption when combined with genetic algorithms. Further research will validate predictions onsite and explore hybrid energy optimization technologies.

: Extracting natural compounds from mangroves is common practise, with many of these compounds finding applications in traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. The plant Avicennia marina (Forssk.) has been used for centuries in conventional and alternative medicine. A. marina is a member of the family Acanthaceae, which consists of evergreen trees. The Indo-West Pacific is home to more of this species of mangrove than any other tropical or subtropical region on Earth. Recent research supports the use of A. marina for its medicinal effects. The plant's pharmacological effects are attributed to the presence of a wide variety of phytochemical classes. An initial phytochemical screen of A. marina's ethyl acetate leaf extract revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and anthraquinones, but no protein or saponins. Treatment for 48 h at 800 ppm resulted in 93.567% antioxidant activity, and experimentation over 24 h at the same concentration yielded a rate of 93.234% antioxidant activity. The 48 h experiment with the lowest antioxidant treatment recorded a value of 14.267%. The A. marina tree may live for hundreds of years and thrive in a wide range of climates. It includes a collection of promising phytochemicals that, after further investigation, may be exploited in the development of new medicines. Scientists need to invest time and resources into researching these renewable and natural medication sources and developing therapeutic formulations in order to address today's difficult-to-treat health concerns and combat the drug-resistant era.

Polyphenols are valuable bioactive compounds widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, yet their extraction is often limited by low solubility in conventional solvents. This work extends the solubility database of four polyphenols (trans-polydatin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and trans-resveratrol) by determining and modeling their equilibrium solubility in methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate at 298.2 K and 0.1 MPa. Additionally, solubility in two binary mixtures (methanol + ethyl acetate and ethanol + ethyl acetate) was measured to assess the ester cosolvent effect. Excess solubility was calculated to evaluate nonideality, and experimental data were correlated using the Abraham solvation model, the CNIBS/R–K equation, and solvatochromic (KAT) parameters. Higher solubility was observed in ethanol than methanol for all compounds except for trans-polydatin, while ethyl acetate showed the lowest values. All ternary systems exhibited solubility maxima due to synergistic effect of ethyl acetate, being the greatest solubility enhancement observed for trans-resveratrol, with a 129% increase at 0.4 mole fraction of the ester solvent in the methanol + ethyl acetate binary solvent mixture. Eventually, all systems were accurately described by the Abraham model, CNIBS/R-K equation, and KAT parameters.

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Abstract Context Xiayuxue decoction (XYXD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used for treating liver disease. However, the potential active constituents and mechanisms are still unclear. Objective To explore the main active fraction extracts, active ingredients and possible mechanisms of XYXD for anti-hepatic fibrosis. Materials and methods Different fractions including ethyl acetate fraction (EF) were prepared from XYXD. These fractions, especially EF, were used to evaluate cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle, cytotoxicity and activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Liver fibrosis model was established by CCl4 in C57BL/6 mice, and allocated to CCl4 group, XYXD group and EF group with normal mice as control. Further, mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins of HSCs, destruction and angiogenesis of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and active ingredients of EF were evaluated. Results The inhibition of proliferation, increase of S or/and G2/M phase population and suppression of α-SMA and COL-1 expression were obeserved in EF treated-JS1 and -LX2. Liver fibrosis-related indicators were improved by EF similar to XYXD in vivo. EF induced the apoptosis of HSCs in CCl4-induced fibrosis, and inhibited the expression of HSCs apoptosis pathway-related proteins (JNK and p38-MAPKs), and LSECs destruction and angiogenesis. Multiple ingredients (emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin, prunasin) in EF have shown inhibited the activation of JS1. Discussion and Conclusion EF was the main active fraction extracts of XYXD, and the underlying mechanisms might relate to induction of HSCs apoptosis. Emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin and prunasin were main active ingredients of EF, which provides a potential drug for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) J.F. Pruski is the perennial herb distributed at tropical temperature. In this study, the antioxidant and anticancer properties of the ethyl acetate extract from S. trilobata leaves were investigated against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The antioxidant and anticancer activities were assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay methods, respectively. The extract demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging effect with IC50value equaling to 127.43 μg/mL. The cytotoxic study was conducted on the concentration range of 1–200 μg/mL, and the results exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against MCF-7 with the LC50value of 58.143 μg/mL. The cytotoxic activity of the extract was supported by the induction of apoptosis cell which possessed the apoptosis percentage of 78.80%. Thus, the cheap herbal drug treatment might highly be recommended to treat effectively breast cancers as an ideal choice or combinational therapy.

Microbial lipases are used for the synthesis of various short chain esters such as octyl acetate, methyl salicylate, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate. In this study, a purified lipase of Aspergillus fumigatus was utilized for the synthesis of two esters i.e. ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate. The purified lipase from Aspergillus fumigatus performed esterification of ethanol and acetic acid (at a molar ratio of 1:1) when incubated at 40℃ under shaking (130 min-1) for 12 h resulting in the formation of ethyl acetate (89%). In case of ethyl lactate maximum esterification (87.32%) was achieved when ethanol and lactic acid (500:100 mM ) was used in heptane resulting in the synthesis of ethyl lactate at 40°C under shaking (120 rpm) after 12 h of reaction time. These esters of short chain carboxylic acid and alcohols belong to the highly important natural aroma compounds and are used as green solvents in food and pharmaceutical industry.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. (E. spinosa) locally known as "hillaioua" has always been used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation and pain. It is still being exploited by pharmaceutical companies for its potential remedial effects. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, the effects of E. spinosa (L.) Campd. against acute inflammation, pain and oxidative damage were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total phenols and flavonoids were evaluated. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities the E. spinosa ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial (Es EtOAc-AP) and underground (Es EtOAc-R) parts were assessed on carrageenan-induced paw oedema (100 mg/kg BW) and acetic acid-induced writhing response (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg BW), respectively. The E. spinosa fractions effects on oxidative stress markers and inflammatory parameters were determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify various chemical components. RESULTS The ethyl acetate fractions were shown to be the most active thanks to their phenolic and flavonoid contents richness. Intraperitoneal administration of E. spinosa ethyl acetate fractions at 100 mg/kg BW, one hour before carrageenan injection, significantly inhibited the oedema formation by 89.31% and 97.7% for the aerial and underground parts respectively when compared to the reference drug "dexamethasone" (51.9%). Besides, a significant increase (p ≤ 0.001) of the dermal antioxidant enzymes (the superoxide dismutase (SOD)), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was observed five hours after carrageenan administration. The best restoration was obtained with Es EtOAc-R (82.04%, 93.55% and 93.55% respectively for SOD, CAT and GPx activities). Moreover, EtOAc-fractions treated mice proved their ability to restore both of CRP and fibrinogen (p < 0.001). In addition, E. spinosa EtOAc-fractions attenuated abdominal contractions (p < 0.05) by 71.69% and 82.41% for the aerial part and roots respectively at 150 mg/kg BW against 100% for dichlofenac sodium used as standard drug. The phytochemical analysis of Es EtOAc-AP and Es EtOAc-R by GC-MS may explain the obtained results. The analysis of the fractions demonstrated the presence of palmitic and linoleic acids known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic capacities. CONCLUSIONS These findings explain the traditional use of E. spinosa in folk medicine and suggest that E. spinosa fractions could be a promising herbal drug.

HIGHLIGHTSNovel UPLC–MS/MS method was developed to detect 12 terpenoids simultaneously in KS‐1/2.Evaluate the toxicity of KS‐1 and KS‐2 by using the zebrafish embryo model.Useful information was provided for safe clinical application of Euphorbia kansui. ABSTRACT The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui T.N. Liou ex T.P. Wang have been traditionally used for edema in China. However, the severe toxicity caused by Euphorbia kansui has seriously restricted its clinical application. Therefore, in order to study the material basis of the toxicity attenuation effect of processing with vinegar, a rapid, sensitive, validated and reliable UPLC–MS/MS method was developed to determine twelve compounds in ethyl acetate extracts of Euphorbia kansui before and after fry‐baked with vinegar simultaneously. Meanwhile, the study of their toxic effect on zebrafish was conducted. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on Waters BEH C18 UPLC column. 0.3% formic acid in water and acetonitrile were used as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.40mL/min and a temperature at 30°C. The analysis was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using positive electrospray ionization (ESI). Furthermore, the toxic research results indicated that the toxicity of Euphorbia kansui was decreased after vinegar‐processed, which might because of the increase in the content of 5‐O‐benzoyl‐20‐deoxyingenol and the decrease in the contents of the remaining terpenoids in ethyl acetate extracts of Euphorbia kansui fry‐baked with vinegar. This study demonstrated that the method used is a powerful approach to determine the content of twelve compounds that responsible for the toxic effect of Euphorbia kansui at the same instant. And provided the experimental evidence for the rationale behind the reduction of toxicity.

We evaluated the in-vitro antiproliferative and apoptotic potential of the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of Peltophorum africanum, a member of the family Fabaceae (Sond) in order to validate its pharmacological use. Antiproliferation of human breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines by EAE was investigated using the Cell Titer-Blue viability assay and the mechanism of action delineated using the Nucleic Acid and Protein Purification Nucleospin® Tissue Kit, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange (AO) double-staining techniques. We observed a significant reduction in cell viability of the MCF-7 cells from 100% (untreated) to 54.33 ± 1.84% after 72 h of treatment with 5 µg/mL of EAE (P. value < 0.05). Internucleosomal DNA of MCF-7, HT-29 and HeLa cells was randomly fragmented into an uninterrupted spectrum of sizes, complemented by the intercalation of nucleic acid-specific fluorochromes by PI and AO spotting two phases of apoptosis; early (EA) and late (LA) apoptosis. Distinctive ultramorphological changes observed included; cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and typical cell induced death. The ethyl acetate extract of P.africanum has the potential to induce apoptosis and is undergoing further studies in-vivo as a likely template for new anticancer therapy.

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Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a potent toxic material that can cause necrosis and subsequent fibrosis in the liver. Based on the previously reported hepatoprotective effect of Limonium tetragonum against the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, we tested the EtOAc soluble fraction of L. tetragonum extract (EALT) in a DEN-induced hepatotoxic rat model. The development of hepatotoxicity including mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal injections of DEN (70 mg/2 mL/kg body weight (b.w.) per week) was observed at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the first DEN treatment. Administration of EALT (200 mg/kg body weight, per os (p.o.)) induced significant reductions in serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and triglycerides (TG) in DEN-injected rats. Increased oxidative stress in DEN-induced liver fibrosis rats was diminished by EALT treatment through a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histologic findings that included markedly attenuated mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrosis could be observed in liver samples from the EALT-treated groups. An extract of Hovenia dulcis fruit and Sylimarin were used as positive controls. The present study provides direct experimental evidence for EALT attenuated hepatic injury and fibrosis in DEN-treated mice. The L. tetragonum EtOAc fraction might be useful in treating fibrotic liver diseases.

ABSTRACT Artemisia absinthium, an aromatic herb distinguished by its characteristic bitter flavour, has been used in a variety of culinary applications. This study investigates its metabolites through phytochemical methods. The primary minerals in Artemisia absinthium stems are potassium (41%) and calcium (38.3%), forming most of its mineral content. The ethanolic extract exhibited the highest phenolic compound content, with 37.6 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DE. The primary volatile compound identified was β-thujone, comprising over 26.6% of the volatile content. Palmitic acid is the predominant fatty acid in the hexanic extract (18.7%), while linoleic acid is the main fatty acid in the ethyl acetate extract (42.4%). Twenty phenolic compounds were identified, with 8-methoxyflavone, (+)-catechin hydrate, and chlorogenic acid as major compounds in dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts, respectively. ADME modeling indicating that 8-methoxyflavone, a major component in the dichloromethane extract, is a promising candidate for drug development targeting the central nervous system.

The health and beauty sectors are significant drivers for the continuous growth of related product markets. Solanum trilobatum L. (S. trilobatum), locally known as Ma Waeng Krue, is a popular medicinal plant utilized in primary health care in Thailand. Renowned for their remarkable antimicrobial, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal characteristics, the leaves and fruits of this plant yield abundant quantities of saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, and tannins. This study investigated the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and inhibitory effects of unripe and ripe S. trilobatum fruit extracts against collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase, specifically methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The ethyl acetate extracts from unripe fruits contained the highest TPC and showed the greatest antioxidant activity as demonstrated by the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods. In contrast, methanol extracts from ripe fruits had the highest yield and demonstrated the greatest antioxidant activity according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Notably, methanol extracts from unripe fruits exhibited the most potent inhibition of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase compared with ethyl acetate extracts.

Column chromatography is a technique widely used for the purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). One of the common solvent systems used by this technique is blends of dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH), thereby exposing workers to health and safety risks and making the pharmaceutical sector one of the major contributors to chlorinated solvent waste. In this work, API separation and purification using several alternative safer solvent blends in column chromatography were evaluated and compared to DCM/MeOH. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen were used as model APIs, and caffeine was used as a model additive. Overall, some of the safer solvent blends tested provided better performance, with higher API recovery and purity compared to DCM/MeOH, in addition to potential health, safety, and environmental benefits. Specifically, blends of heptane/ethyl acetate and heptane/methyl acetate showed the most promise. Our work demonstrates the potential of these safer solvent blends as possible replacements for DCM/MeOH in API purification, thereby addressing a critical safety concern in the pharmaceutical industry.

Despite a long traditional of use of Abies webbiana Lindl. (Talispatra; family-Pinaceae) in the treatment of mental disorders, the plant has not been investigated systematically to validate its traditional claims. Thus, the present investigation was undertaken with an objective to investigate neuropharmacological activities of methanol extract of Abies webbiana aerial parts and its ethyl acetate fraction. Properly identified aerial parts were defatted with petroleum ether and then extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. Ethyl acetate fraction was prepared by partitioning methanol extract with ethyl acetate using standard procedure. In acute toxicity study, no mortality was observed in animals after oral administration of 2 g/kg dose of methanol extract. The methanol extract (200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and ethyl acetate fraction (25 or 50 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated for antianxiety, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, sedative, antistress and analgesic activities using well established models. The methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Abies webbiana aerial parts exhibited significant antianxiety, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, sedative, antistress and analgesic activities with respect to control. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids in bioactive ethyl acetate fraction of Abies webbiana aerial parts. It is finally concluded that flavonoids are the bioactive constituents responsible for most of neuropharmacological activities of Abies webbiana.

This paper studies the optimal ratio that gives the highest caffeine amount and improves the efficiency and quality of extraction from Arabica Gayo coffee beans. No previous studies have explored the best ratio of Gayo Arabica coffee beans to ethyl acetate solvent for extracting caffeine. The paper explains the method used, which has four main steps: preparing materials, extracting and measuring caffeine, and analyzing the results. The paper presents the experimental findings and discusses how different ratios affect caffeine content in Arabica Gayo coffee beans. It uses statistics to show significant differences between the ratios and compares them using Tukey tests. The paper concludes that the best solvent-to-coffee ratio for maximizing caffeine in ethyl acetate extracts is 1:5, resulting in a concentration of 1411.1 ppm. This ratio gives the best balance between caffeine yield and solvent usage.

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An ultrafine‐fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)–SiO2 membrane was successfully fabricated using the solution blow spinning (SBS) method. This membrane demonstrated superhydrophobicity (water contact angle > 150°) and oleophilicity (ethyl acetate contact angle = 0°) compared to a commercial PTFE membrane. Additionally, the SBS PTFE–SiO2 membrane exhibited a high porosity of 83% compared to 55% in the commercial PTFE membrane. When used for membrane‐assisted extraction, the PTFE–SiO2 membrane exhibited a higher caffeine transport rate (3.84 × 10−7 m s−1) than the commercial PTFE membrane (2.18 × 10−7 m s−1). The addition of SiO2 nanoparticles provided better hydrophobicity and higher phase stability during membrane‐assisted solvent extraction. Given the excellent thermal and chemical stability of PTFE–SiO2, this type of membrane shows potential for high‐value solvent extraction and stable long‐term operation with no emulsion generation. The SBS method offers a promising alternative for the sustainable fabrication of PTFE membranes on a larger scale without the need for organic solvents or lubricants.

One of the chemical elements found in coffee is caffeine, which is the second-largest secondary metabolite after chlorogenic acid. Robusta coffee has a higher caffeine content than Arabica. Low-caffeine coffee is an alternative choice for people who are aware to negative effects of caffeine. Process caffeine reduction was carried out in this reseerach by using the maceration method, soxhletation and microwave exposure with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water as solvents. Soxhletationee caffeine content was originally 2.2 % after caffeine was extracted using the soxhletation method using 15 % ethyl acetate solvent, coffee caffeine content was 0.87 %, antioxidant activity (IC 50) was 1 867 mg L-1, total flavonoids were 420.3 mg L-1, lightness 45.7, redness is 2.3 and yellowness 10. The reduction of caffeine content in coffee beans is influenced by the method and duration of extraction as well as the solvent used to dissolve the caffeine.

Medicago yields several food and medicinal values due to the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, lignin, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, carotenoids, sterols, phytoestrogens, flavones and isoflavonoids. Because of the Medicago plant’s rich and beneficial chemical components and its various benefits, this study was conducted to extract phenolic and alkaloid compounds from the plant in central and southern regions of Iraq. A total of nine species of the genus Medicago (Fabaceae) from central and northern Iraq were concluded from this study: M. polymorpha, M. monspeliaca, M. lupulina, M. rigidula, M. radiata, M. noeana Boiss, M. orbicularis, M. sativa and M. monantha. Extraction was performed by a 72 hr maceration with ethyl acetate (10 g/10 mL) and resulted extracts were filtered, concentrated in vacuum and prepared for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The investigated compounds included rutin, gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, caffeine and ergotin, and the species showed different endogenous accumulation levels. R-Rutin was found at the highest concentration compared to the other phenolic compounds, in the following sequence: M. sativa with a concentration of 598.863 ppm, M. radiata with 272.2776 ppm, M. lupulina with 235.089 ppm, followed by M. orbicularis at 177.148 ppm, then M. polymorpha at 172.969 ppm, M. monspeliaca at 169.786 ppm, M. noeana Boiss at 136.3892 ppm, then M. rigidula at 129.6292 ppm and finally M. monantha at 122.2005 ppm. Despite this, the phenolic compound Quercetin was observed in the M. radiata species at a high concentration of 343.7141 ppm, while it did not appear in any of the other plants this suggests perhaps both chemical diversity and potential utility in providing therapeutically useful compounds from these species. This study found that nine plant samples from different locations of Iraq have identical phenolic and alkaloid contents, indicating that they belong to the same genus. Rutin is found in all plant species in high amounts relative to other phenolic and flavonoid chemicals, indicating that they are from the same genus.

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Anthraquinone has been linked to potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. The most commonly employed methods for the analysis of coffee and tea cause the extraction of matrix interferents such as the methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine, which hinder the analysis of anthraquinone. A new manual extraction method - using ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent with a dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up step based on primary-secondary amines - has been developed. The new developed method allows for the quantitation of anthraquinone at 5 μg kg-1 concentration levels, four times lower than the current maximum residue limit for coffee and tea in the European Union (20 μg kg-1). Alongside, a new automated extraction method has also been developed. Finally, a pilot monitoring programme of 90 coffee and tea samples from several countries within the European Union has been performed, in which anthraquinone has been detected in a concentration range of 5.1-18.8 μg kg-1 in 32% of the monitored samples, below the current 20 μg kg-1 maximum residue limit, and in 48% of the monitored tea samples, revealing the need for including anthraquinone in a more extensive monitoring programme of tea.

The aim of the study was to investigate the biological activity and chemical composition of Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. LC–PDA/MS analyses for the aqueous extracts (A1-stem, leaves and flowers, A2-leaves and flowers) and ethyl-acetate extracts (E1-stem, leaves and flowers, E2-leaves and flowers) obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction enabled the identification of thirty-four compounds. Quantitative analysis revealed that the aqueous extract obtained from leaves and flowers was the richest in total phenolic acids (65.36 mg/g) and flavonoids (21.17 mg/g). The total polyphenol content was the highest in the aqueous extract obtained from leaves and flowers (274 ± 2.4 mg Gallic Acid equivalents/g). The best antioxidant activity was observed for the same extract using the DPPH (SC50 20 ± 10 µg/mL), ABTS (2.834 ± 0.02 mg Ascorbic Acid/g), FRAP (1.922 ± 0.03 mmol Fe2+/mg), and total reducing power tests (16.4 ± 1.0 mg Ascorbic Acid/g). Both ethyl acetate extracts were the most active against strains of Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus flavus (MIC 1.70–1.99 mg/mL and 1.99–3.41 mg/mL, respectively). They were more efficient against Aspergillus ochraceus (MFC 0.86 mg/mL) and towards HeLa cell lines. All the obtained results implied the good potential of the investigated extracts to be used as effective preservatives and functional ingredients in food products and dietary supplements.

Persea americana (avocado) is widely recognized for its nutritional and therapeutic value; however, its leaves, abundant and often discarded, remain underexplored. With growing interest in plant-derived bioactives, comprehensive phytochemical profiling of avocado leaves is essential to validate their pharmacological and nutraceutical potential. Fresh leaves of P. americana collected in Uganda were shade-dried and extracted by cold maceration using ethanol and ethyl acetate. Phytochemical characterization was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify functional groups and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect bioactive constituents. Extraction conditions and analytical parameters were optimized for reproducibility. FT-IR spectra revealed functional groups characteristic of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and esters, including hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (C=O), alkenes (C=C), aromatic (C–H), methylene (C–H₂), methyl (C–H₃), and esters (C–O). GC-MS showed distinct solvent-dependent profiles: the ethanolic extract (PA-ETH) contained major compounds such as 13-Octadecenal (35.90%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (10.50%), and linoleic acid ethyl ester (7.02%), noted for antioxidant and cardioprotective properties. The ethyl acetate extract (PA-ETHYL) exhibited higher compound diversity, including 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (1.12%), 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (Z,E)- (12.31%), and Caryophyllene oxide (1.48%), linked to anti-inflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic, and anticancer activities. Notably, some compounds with no previously reported pharmacological activity may represent novel bioactives. Solvent polarity significantly influenced phytochemical composition, with ethanol favoring polar antioxidants and ethyl acetate enhancing extraction of non-polar bioactives. This study highlights the therapeutic promise of P. americana leaves and establishes a robust chemical foundation for future bioactivity-guided isolation, pharmacological validation, and natural product drug discovery.

Malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) is one of the plants that is often by the community in the Aceh Besar district of Indonesia as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungals, antivirals, antimutagenic, antimalaria, and antiallergic. This research was conducted to analyze the content of chemical compounds in the ethanol extract of the Malacca leaf (EEDM) using a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). Malacca leaves were extracted by the maceration method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The GC-MS analysis showed EEDM contained 22 chemical compounds. The highest chemical content of EEDM is octadecanoic acid reaching 22.93%, 9,12-octadecanoic acid 14.99%, octadecanoic acid 7.59%, 9-hexadecenoic acid 6.17%, octadecanoic acid 5.95%, octadecanal 5.59%, 9,12-octadecanoic acid 5.06%, 3-eicosyne 4.75%, 1-hexadecenoic acid 4.08%, 11-tetradecen-1-ol 2.92%, 2-furanmethanol 2.83%, delta-guaiene 2.43%, cyclohexane 2.13%, hexadecanoic acid 1.99%, sativen 1.87%, octadecanoic acid 1.52%, 1H-cyclopropaanaphthalene 1.40%, tetradecanoic acid 1.40%, 3,7,11-tridecatrienenitrile 1.20%, caryophellene 1.11%, 2H-pyran 1.07%, and trans-caryophellene 1.03%. This study clearly shows the presence of fatty acids which play a major role in the efficacy of these traditional medicines particularly as antioxidant and antimalarial.

Olive (Olea europaea) processing results in large amounts of by-products that contain valuable molecules such as phenolic compounds and phytosterols. These molecules have demonstrated to reduce blood cholesterol levels. This work proposes the development of a method to obtain simultaneously phenolic compounds and phytosterols from the olive stone using CO2-expanded liquid extraction. Hansen solubility parameters were employed for the theoretical prediction of the most suitable bio-based solvent to extract target compounds. The Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to select the optimal conditions of pressure (8–25 MPa), the molar fraction of CO2 in ethyl acetate (0.15–0.55), and the temperature (40–80 °C). Extracts showing the highest and the lowest reductions of micellar cholesterol solubility capacity were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to find out the compounds responsible for this activity. Different phenolic compounds, free fatty acids, and phytosterols were identified in the extracts. β-Sitosterol and, especially, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol were the compounds that primarily contributed to the reduction of micellar cholesterol solubility capacity.

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The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate the pharmacodynamic constituents of Ardisiae Japonicae Herba (AJH) for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). To fully analyze the chemical contents of various extraction solvents (petroleum ether site (PE), ethyl acetate site (EA), n-butanol site (NB), and water site (WS)) of AJH, the UPLC–Orbitrap Fusion–MS technique was employed. Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory properties of the four extracted components of AJH were assessed using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MH-S cellular inflammation model. The parts that exhibited anti-inflammatory activity were identified. Additionally, a technique was developed to measure the levels of specific chemical constituents in the anti-inflammatory components of AJH. The correlation between the “anti-inflammatory activity” and the constituents was analyzed, enabling the identification of a group of pharmacodynamic components with anti-inflammatory properties. ALI model rats were created using the tracheal drip LPS technique. The pharmacodynamic indices were evaluated for the anti-inflammatory active portions of AJH. The research revealed that the PE, EA, NB, and WS extracts of AJH included 215, 289, 128, and 69 unique chemical components, respectively. Additionally, 528 chemical components were discovered after removing duplicate values from the data. The EA exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the cellular assay. A further analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between anti-inflammatory activity and components. Seventeen components, such as caryophyllene oxide, bergenin, and gallic acid, were identified as potential pharmacodynamic components with anti-inflammatory activity. The pharmacodynamic findings demonstrated that the intermediate and high doses of the EA extract from AJH exhibited a more pronounced effect in enhancing lung function, blood counts, and lung histology in a way that depended on the dosage. To summarize, when considering the findings from the previous study on the chemical properties of AJH, it was determined that the EA contained a group of 13 constituents that primarily contributed to its pharmacodynamic effects against ALI. The constituents include bergenin, quercetin, epigallocatechingallate, and others.

The extraction of powdered nutraceuticals is challenging due to the low water content and high concentration of matrix components that can lead to significant matrix effects in liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI+-MS/MS). In this study we assess the feasibility of using pressurized solvent extraction with ethyl acetate to reduce the co-extraction of polar matrix components. Pigment attributed to chlorophyll was removed with in-cell clean-up utilizing Anasorb 747, Florisil®, and C18. Visible inspection of the extracts showed that pigment was removed from matcha, a powdered green tea sample. Pressurized solvent extraction with in-cell clean-up can be utilized to remove pigments from powdered samples such as nutraceuticals. Average matrix effect of the 32 target analytes that observed mass spectrometric signal suppression or soft MS signal enhancement was −41 ± 19% with the majority of analytes having a protonated molecular ion with m/z of 250 to 412. As generally moderate signal suppression was observed for conazole fungicides and structurally related compounds analyzed by LC-ESI+-MS/MS, it is recommended that matrix matched or standard addition calibration is used for quantitation. Catachins, other polyphenols, and caffeine are expected to contribute to the matrix effects observed in LC-ESI+-MS/MS. Diniconazole, fenbuconazole, and tebufenozide were the only target analytes with severe MS signal enhancement. Low levels (0.002–0.004 mg/kg) of prothioconazole-desthio and flusilazole were detected, along with trace levels of tebuthiuron in matcha.

No abstract available

Background: Damage of the blood brain barrier (BBB) during the process of cerebral ischemic injury is a key factor which influences the therapeutic efficacy to the cerebral ischemic injury. The present study was designed to verify the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extraction from Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) on the BBB by developing a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Material and methods: MCAO/R model in rats was developed through a thread embolism method. The neurological scales, the moisture and the evans blue (EB) contents of brains were detected. Meanwhile, the release of nitric oxide (NO) and activities of NO synthase (NOS) in brain tissues were measured. Western blotting analyses were also performed to assess the protein expressions of AQP-4, Occludin and Claudin-5 in brain tissue. Results: After rats were pretreated with different concentrations of EtOAc extractions from GEB, the neurologic scores, the EB contents in the brain tissues and the moisture of the brains were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the release of NO, the activities of nNOS and iNOS were notably inhibited. Furthemore, the protein expression of AQP-4 was markedly decreased, but the protein expressions of -5 and Occludin were significantly increased. Conclusion: the EtOAc extracts of GEB may decrease the permeability of BBB when focal cerebral ischemia occurs. The inhibition of the NOS pathways, the attenuation of the protein expression of AQP-4 and the enhancement of the expressions of the tight junction proteins may contribute to the protective effects of the EtOAc extracts from GEB on BBB.

No abstract available

The aim of this work was to investigate the xanthine oxidase (XO)-inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and to identify the active compounds in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Extraction of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and then ethanol extracts were concentrated, and the polyphenolic compounds were extracted with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform, EtOAc, n-butanol (n-BuOH), and residual ethanol fractions. Their effects on XO activity were then compared separately. The polyphenolic components of the EtOAc fraction were identified by HPLC and HPLC–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that all these extracts showed XO-inhibitory properties, and among them the EtOAc fraction had the strongest inhibitory effect (IC50 = 101.04 μg/mL). The inhibitory constant (Ki) of the EtOAc fraction on XO activity was 65.20 μg/mL, showing excellent inhibition on XO in the competitive mode. Sixteen compounds were identified from the EtOAc fraction. The study demonstrates that the EtOAc fraction of Smilax china L. may be a potential functional food to inhibit XO activity.

The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wastewater containing nonvolatile salts has become an important and interesting case of the application of the pervaporation (PV) process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of salts on the PV removal of ethyl acetate from wastewater using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The fouled membrane was then characterized via scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX) to investigate salt permeation. The membrane backflushing process was carried out by periodically flushing the permeate side of the tubular membrane. The results demonstrated that salts (NaCl and CaCl2) could permeate through the PDMS membrane and were deposited on the permeate side. The presence of salts in the feed solution caused a slight increase in the membrane selectivity and a decrease in the permeate flux. The flux decreased with increasing salt concentration, and a notable effect occurred at higher feed-salt concentrations. A permeate flux of up to 98.3% of the original flux was recovered when the permeation time and backflushing duration were 30 and 5 min, respectively, indicating that the effect of salt deposition on flux reduction could be mitigated. Real, organic, saline wastewater was treated in a pilot plant, which further verified the feasibility of wastewater PV treatment.

An electrochemical investigation of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes was carried out with platinum macro- and microelectrodes using square wave and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Furthermore, the effect of the two solvents—acetic acid and ethyl acetate—was compared. When using square wave voltammetry, signals only appeared at lower frequencies and only when the supporting electrolyte was in excess, as expected due to the relatively low permittivity of the used solvents. The behavior of hydroquinone and catechol did not differ significantly from that of their derivatives (dihydroxybenzaldehydes, dihydroxybenzoic acids and 2′,5′-dihydroxyacetophenone). When the cyclic voltammetric experiments using a microelectrode were extended to higher anodic potentials, electrode fouling was very significant in ethyl acetate after the potential region where steady-state oxidation to the corresponding quinone occurs. The substituent effect was not significant here either, which was proven by using different functional groups in different positions. In contrast, the position had a dramatic influence on the susceptibility to electropolymerization, as 1,2-dihydroxybenzenes—independent of the nature of the substituent on the benzene ring—deactivated the electrode, while 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes did not, possibly due to the different solubilities of the polymers formed from the primary oxidation product (quinones). A user-friendly analytical procedure is also proposed that uses an electropolymerization reaction and does not require frequent cleaning of the electrode via polishing, which is required usually especially with a microelectrode.

The success of bottom-up proteomic analysis frequently depends on the efficient removal of contaminants from protein or peptide samples before LC-MS/MS. For a peptide clean-up workflow, single-pot solid-phase-enhanced peptide sample preparation on carboxylate-modified paramagnetic beads (termed SP2) was evaluated for sodium dodecyl sulfate or polyethylene glycol removal from Arabidopsis thaliana tryptic peptides. The robust and efficient 40-min SP2 protocol, tested for 10-ng, 250-ng, and 10-µg peptide samples, was proposed and benchmarked thoroughly against the ethyl acetate extraction protocol. The SP2 protocol on carboxylated magnetic beads proved to be the most robust approach, even for the simultaneous removal of massive sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) contaminations from AT peptide samples in respect of the LC-MS/MS data outperforming ethyl acetate extraction.

Generic extraction methods for the multi-compound pesticide analysis of food have found their solid place in laboratories. Ethyl acetate and acetonitrile extraction methods have been developed as fast and easy to handle standard multi-compound methods, both feature benefits and limitations. The direct injection to gas chromatography can be impaired by a high burden of coextracted matrix, resulting in deterioration of the chromatographic system and matrix effects, requiring frequent maintenance. Therefore, common clean-up methods, such as dispersive solid-phase extraction, freeze-out of fats, or gel permeation chromatography, have been applied in clean-up. Automated clean-up using micro-solid-phase extraction (µSPE) is a recent development with several demonstrated advantages when employed in the analysis of pesticides and other contaminants in foods extracted with acetonitrile, but it has not yet been evaluated in this application using ethyl acetate for extraction. In this study, an automated procedure using µSPE cartridges was developed and established on an x,y,z robotic sampler for the raw extract clean-up and preparation of diluted samples for injection on a GC-MS/MS system. Validation experiments for 212 pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lettuce, avocado, raspberry, paprika, egg, and liver extracts were performed using µSPE with MgSO_4, PSA, C_18, and CarbonX. The performance in routine operation is briefly discussed. Graphical abstract

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Removing unwanted materials, such as organic coatings and soil, from the cultural relic surface is a complex and significant task in the field of cultural heritage conservation. Microemulsion-loaded gel can effectively and safely remove those organic coatings and soil. Here, we employed a simple solvent exchange strategy to prepare a microemulsion-loaded polyvinyl alcohol/polyethyleneimine (PVA/PEI) hydrogel. First, PVA and PEI were dissolved into DMSO to form a gel. Then, the gel was immersed into a microemulsion composed of water, ethyl acetate, propylene carbonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 1-pentanol to exchange DMSO. Microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel can be synthesized by completely substituting DMSO. To investigate the microstructure, rheological properties, and mechanical properties of the gel, scanning electron microscopy, a rheometer, and a universal testing machine were used, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis was conducted to explore the synthesis mechanism and confirm the successful loading of microemulsion within the microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel. Furthermore, FT-IR, a depth-of-field microscope, and a glossmeter were utilized to evaluate the cleaning efficiency of the microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel for removing animal glue and soil from the surfaces of cultural relics. Moreover, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to analyze the element component of the ancient coin. The application results showed that the microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel can effectively remove animal glue from an ancient wall painting surface. Moreover, it is capable of removing soil from an ancient coin surface as well, which helped to confirm the age of the coin. This offers a novel method to prepare microemulsion-loaded hydrogel and demonstrates great potential in the cleaning for cultural heritage.

In the current study, Pesticide residue extraction in beeswax was carried out using a mixture of acetonitrile-ethyl acetate (1:3, v/v). This mixture of solvents not only enables the melting of beeswax sample at a lower temperature than when using acetonitrile only but also introduces one phase solution. The sample extract was directly injected into both GC-MS/MS, of the commonly used split-less inlets, and into LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation and clean-up were also optimized. The developed method was validated according to SANTE/11813/2017 European Union guidelines. Three spiking levels of low concentrations 20, 50, 100 µg/kg were studied for the analysis of a total of 373 pesticides. Most of the studied pesticides have acceptable recovery between 80 and 110% with good reproducibility <10. There are 265 and 139 pesticides having a lower limit of quantifications equal 20 µg/kg using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of real beeswax samples.

Furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris may be separated from ballast substances by liquid-liquid extraction with changing polarity of the extractant, depending on the dynamics of the process. Treatment with chloroform removed the maximum number of lipid-like compounds and showed minimal losses of furostanol saponins, and subsequent treatment with ethyl acetate retrieved low-polarity substances. Fourfold extraction with butanol was used to extract furostanol saponins from an aqueous solution. Optimal conditions were developed for spray drying of furostanol saponins. The greatest yield of “Dry extract Tribulus” was obtained with a solution feed rate of 80 l/h, a spray head rotation speed of 8000 rpm, and a heat carrier velocity of 2000 kg/h. Technology was developed for obtaining “Dry extract Tribulus” from Tribulus terrestris that contained at least 45% furostanol saponins. The reproducibility of the developed technology was shown with the obtaining of 5 series of substances that meet the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation on the lines of the Scientific and Technological Center for GMP Requirements the Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances.

Introduction: The environmental impact of synthetic dyes have sparked interest in eco-friendly, biodegradable, non-toxic natural colorants. Microbial pigments hold considerable potential for applications in industries such as textile, food, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, a violet pigment producing Streptomyces violaceoruber strain DP6 was isolated, characterized and explored for its use in fabric dyeing. Materials and Methods: Strain DP6 was isolated from a soil sample collected from Dalhousie, Himachal Pradesh, India. The strain producing a violet pigment was characterized using morphological, cultural, chemotaxonomic, and 16S rRNA sequencing methods. Various physical parameters were studied to obtain the maximum yield of the extracellular pigment. Dyeing potential of the pigment was evaluated on silk and wood fabrics. Further, pigment was purified and characterized. Results: Optimum pigment production was achieved when DP6 was cultivated for 10 days in ISP5 medium (International Streptomyces Project), at an initial pH of 5.0-5.5, with 2% inoculum, and incubated at 30oC under shaking conditions (160 rpm). The violet pigment was extracted using ethyl acetate and was found to be highly sensitive to changes in pH and sunlight. The dyeing ability of the violet pigment, produced under optimized conditions was evaluated on wool and silk fabrics. The color yield was observed to be better on wool as compared to silk. Additionally, mutagenicity tests confirmed the non-mutagenic nature of the pigment. Purification and preliminary characterization suggested that the pigment may possess an anthraquinone type structure with a methoxy group. Conclusions: The study results indicate that the violet pigment from Streptomyces DP6 hold potential to be exploited as a safe dye for use in the textile industry.

The use of flame retardants, namely bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (BDBPP) and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), in textile products such as curtains, carpets and sleeping clothes is banned in Japan under the 'Act on the Control of Household Products Containing Harmful Substances'. Herein, we developed a GC-MS based method to quantify these compounds with greater accuracy and safety than the current official method. For accurate and sensitive quantification, deuterated compounds, BDBPP-d10 and TDBPP-d15, were used as surrogate standards. In consideration of the safety of the analyst, certain solvents and reagents used for the pretreatment that are carcinogenic or have a risk of explosion were replaced. For the extraction step, benzene was replaced by ethyl acetate, and for the methyl derivatization step, the reagent was changed from a self-prepared solution of diazomethane in ether to a solution of trimethylsilyl diazomethane in hexane, a safe and easy-to-use commercially available reagent. The calibration curves were liner in the range of 0.5-8.0 μg/mL for both methylated BDBPP (BDBPP-Me) and TDBPP. The detection limit was 0.05 μg/g for BDBPP-Me and 0.3 μg/g for TDBPP, which is sufficiently low compared to the current detection limits of 10 μg/g for BDBPP-Me and 8 μg/g for TDBPP. The recoveries in various curtain material were 66-108% and relative standard deviations were 1.2-10.2% when 5 μg BDBPP and TDBPP were added to 0.5 g of samples. Thus, the developed method is applicable to textile products of various materials.

Several types of pesticides used in museum collections over time become dangerous for people who may handle textile articles treated with such substances. In the case of the analysis of ancient, modern, and contemporary textile materials, it is particularly important to keep the artifacts intact, as they cannot be replaced. The need to use micro- or nondestructive techniques led to the development of methods such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), liquid‒liquid dispersive microextraction (DLLME), and single-droplet microextraction (SDME). In this paper is described an optimized extraction method of three pesticides (malathion, methoxychlor, and permethrin) by creating a non-destructive solid phase extraction system on a textile support, abbreviated FPSE – 100 % cotton fabric coated with a sol-gel solution prepared from a polymer (PEG or PDMS). To obtain a suitable FPSE, the following parameters were evaluated: polymer selection (individual or mixture of polymers), acid catalyst (trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid and hydrochloride acid), amount of polymer (1.0 g, 2.5 g or 5.0 g), polymerization time (30 min, 120 min and 240 min), ultrasonic bath temperature (40 °C and 70 °C), and type of bath to obtain the sol-gel (ultrasonic bath, water bath with stirring and mechanical stirrer). To complete the FPSE optimization, the influence of pesticide extraction time on FPSE and desorption from FPSE in ethyl acetate was also assessed. The pesticides extraction yields obtained for the laboratory textile samples are in the range of 52.7 %–128.0 %. The technique proposed in the manuscript proved to be effective as a nondestructive tool for evaluating and quantifying the presence of pesticides in textile museum collections. The approach described here reduces heritage object damage due to sampling compared to methods commonly employed and may represent a starting point for future research.

BackgroundPropolis is a natural substance produced by bees and is known to have antimicrobial activity. Our aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of micellar nanocomposites loaded with an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis as a cavity cleaning agent and its influence on the color and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of the dentin/resin interface.MethodsAn ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) assay was used to determine the flavonoids and isoflavones present in an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis (EARP) and micellar nanocomposites loaded with EARP (MNRP). The antimicrobial activity of EARP and MNRP was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. One of the following experimental treatments was applied to etched dentin (phosphoric acid, 15 s): 5 μL of MNRP (RP3, 0.3%; RP6, 0.6%; or RP1, 1.0% w/v), placebo, and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Single Bond adhesive (3 M/ESPE) was applied and a 4-mm-thick resin crown (Z350XT, 3 M/ESPE) was built up. After 24 h, the teeth were sectioned into sticks for the μTBS test and scanning electron microscopy. Spectrophotometry according to the CIE L*a*b* chromatic space was used to evaluate the color. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test or Kruskal-Wallis test and the same test for pairwise comparisons between the means (P < 0.05).ResultsThe UPLC-DAD assay identified the flavonoids liquiritigenin, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, and isoliquiritigenin and the isoflavonoids daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A in the EARP and micellar nanocomposites. EARP and MNRP presented antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and for Candida albicans. ΔE values varied from 2.31 to 3.67 (P = 0.457). The mean μTBS for RP1 was significantly lower than for the other groups (P < 0.001). Dentin treated with RP1 showed the shortest resin tags followed by RP6 and RP3.ConclusionsThe EARP and (MNRP) showed antimicrobial activity for the main agents causing dental caries (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and for Candida albicans. MNRP at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.6% used as a cavity cleaner do not compromise the aesthetics or μTBS of the dentin/resin interface.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract for assessing whether Dendropanax morbifera Léveille can be used for the development of natural mouthwash and denture cleaning solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract was obtained from branches of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille. The solvent fractions were acquired by fractionating Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and butanol solvent. Paper disc test was used to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract and solvent fractions against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The analysis of antioxidant activity was carried out through DPPH radical scavenging assay. The cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract was analyzed through MTT assay using normal human oral keratinocytes. RESULTS Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and especially Candida albicans. The solvent fractions of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille showed strong antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in n-hexane and butanol solvent fraction, respectively. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract also showed outstanding antioxidant activity. Butanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvent fraction of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille tended to have increased antioxidant activity as the concentration increased. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract showed high cell survival rate in cytotoxicity test. CONCLUSION Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract turned out to have antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytophilicity. Based on these results, it is expected that Dendropanax morbifera Léveille is applicable as an ingredient for natural mouthwash and denture cleanser.

Liquid-crystalline (LC)-spinning of graphene oxide (GO) is a promising method for producing conducting fibres. However, achieving continuous wet-spinning via a multi-hole spinneret with organic solvent-based spinning dopes remains challenging, primarily because of the limitations in coagulation without ion crosslinking agents, such as Ca2+ and Fe3+. In this study, we report the colloidal engineering of an LC GO-based spinning dope with highly oxidised single-walled carbon nanotubes (ox-SWCNTs) for continuous multi-hole wet-spinning. With 10 wt% ox-SWCNTs, GO retains its LC phase using a controlled solvent exchange strategy in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which is a prerequisite for wet-spinning. The heterogeneous mixing of the ox-SWCNTs in the LC GO phase allows coagulation in ethyl acetate within a few seconds, which is facilitated by the rapid exchange of the dope solvent and coagulant through the ox-SWCNT networks. Moreover, ox-SWCNTs are utilised to modify fibre surfaces for applications in textile supercapacitors. The GO/ox-SWCNT@ox-SWCNT fibres exhibit an enhanced specific capacity of 138 mF/cm2. This study presents a promising approach for the continuous wet-spinning of nanocarbon materials through a multi-hole spinneret for textile electronics, addressing the challenges associated with dispersion in colloidal nanocarbon systems.

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The ethyl acetate-based multi-residue method for determination of pesticide residues in produce has been modified for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis by implementation of dispersive solid-phase extraction (using primary–secondary amine and graphitized carbon black) and large-volume (20 μL) injection. The same extract, before clean-up and after a change of solvent, was also analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). All aspects related to sample preparation were re-assessed with regard to ease and speed of the analysis. The principle of the extraction procedure (solvent, salt) was not changed, to avoid the possibility invalidating data acquired over past decades. The modifications were made with techniques currently commonly applied in routine laboratories, GC–MS and LC–MS–MS, in mind. The modified method enables processing (from homogenization until final extracts for both GC and LC) of 30 samples per eight hours per person. Limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.01 mg kg−1 were achieved with both GC–MS (full-scan acquisition, 10 mg matrix equivalent injected) and LC–MS–MS (2 mg injected) for most of the pesticides. Validation data for 341 pesticides and degradation products are presented. A compilation of analytical quality-control data for pesticides routinely analyzed by GC–MS (135 compounds) and LC–MS–MS (136 compounds) in over 100 different matrices, obtained over a period of 15 months, are also presented and discussed. At the 0.05 mg kg−1 level acceptable recoveries were obtained for 93% (GC–MS) and 92% (LC–MS–MS) of pesticide–matrix combinations.

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This paper presents an analytical multiresidue method for the quantification of 7 nitroimidazoles, 19 anthelmintics, 3 amphenicols, and 4 dyes in poultry, pork, beef, horse, shrimp, and fish samples by isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in a single 6 min run. Samples were prepared using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS)-type extraction with ethyl acetate and Na2SO4-NaCl (2:1), concentration into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and defatting by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane. No clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges or dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) was necessary. The linearity ranges (in μg kg−1) were 0.10-0.60 for chloramphenicol, 0.50-3.0 for dyes, 1.5-9.0 for nitroimidazoles, and 5.0-30.0 for the other drugs. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were established at the lowest calibration curve levels. Except for chloramphenicol in the horse matrix, analyte recovery and reproducibility were satisfactory (recovery (fREC): 75.0 to 116.6%; coefficient of variation (CV): 1.2 to 29.9%). For the unapproved substances and the substances with a maximum residue level (MRL), respectively, the decision limits (CCα) were 0.14-4.10 and 5.28-1003.60 μg kg−1, while the detection capabilities (CCβ) were 0.13-3.33 and 5.46-11.56 μg kg−1.

This study offers novel and valuable insights into the spontaneous production of biosurfactant extracts from olive mill waste (OMW) through a steeping process with water at 37 °C for 15 days, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The results showed that steeping process significantly improves the extraction efficiency and produces biosurfactant extracts with more favorable critical micellar concentration (CMC) and wettability properties than those from non-steeped OMW. Under best conditions, it yielded 104.6 g/Kg of OMW. Elemental analysis and comparative ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed that ethyl acetate biosurfactant extracts is compatible with biosurfactant extracts that contains phospholipids and lipopeptides. It reduced water surface tension to 46.7 mN/m and exhibited a CMC of 0.22 g/L. Conversely, the biosurfactant extract obtained through solid–liquid extraction with PBS was more compatible with glycopeptides biosurfactants, reducing the water surface tension to 50.4 mN/m, similarly to the surface tension values achieved by biosurfactants produced by lactic acid bacteria, but achieving reduced CMC value (0.19 g/L). Therefore, this approach presents a sustainable method for valorizing OMW, promoting sustainability, and circular economy principles. These extracts could have potential applications in various fields, such as soil bioremediation, surface cleaning, and in cosmetic and agrochemical formulations.

Chemical recycling offers a valorization pathway for expired prepregs with the potential to recover both monomers and well-preserved fiber fabrics, yet this approach has been largely overlooked. Here, we present the first chemical recycling protocol capable of realizing this potential, recovering both fine chemical monomers and intact, re-manufacturable fiber fabrics from expired amine/epoxy prepregs. From bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA)/3,3 ′ -diaminodiphenyl sulfone (3,3 ′ -DDS) prepregs, an organic solvent wash in ethyl acetate at 75 ◦ C and ambient pressure enabled isolation of 3,3 ′ -DDS in high yield (up to 90 %) and high purity through liquid-– liquid extraction and recrystallization. DGEBA-derived species were also isolated and subsequently converted to bisphenol A (BPA) with high purity and yield (up to 72 %) under hydrothermal conditions developed in this work. Carbon fiber (CF) fabrics were further cleaned under depolymerization conditions, retaining > 92 % tensile strength and > 98 % modulus, while preserving fabric architecture. The recovered CF fabrics were remanufac-tured into prepregs to produce second-generation composites that were well consolidated and exhibited short beam shear (SBS) strength comparable to virgin composites. Diamine hardener, 3,3 ′ -DDS, was derivatized under the depolymerization conditions and then restored to the parent diamine through hydrogenolysis. Collectively, this work establishes the first closed-loop chemical recycling pathway that valorizes resin, hardener, and fiber fabric from expired prepreg.

BACKGROUND Ivermectin (IVE) is an antiparasitic sold in the form of tablets, pastes, and injectable solutions. Neither the literature nor the official compendiums present an environmentally friendly method for analyzing the final IVE product by thin layer chromatography (TLC) assisted by digital images. This combination strengthens the advantages of cost, handling, time, execution and process optimization. Items, which the green and clean analytical chemistry values, and the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools measure. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to develop and validate an eco-efficient, fast, economical and easy-to-perform method for analysis of IVE injectable solution by TLC assisted by digital images. METHOD Silica gel plate, microsyringe and ethyl acetate: ethanol (13:2, v/v) as mobile phase were used in the method. The pixels were analyzed by Image J software after the spots were photographed under UV light. RESULTS The method was selective when comparing standard and sample, indicative of stability by forced degradation test, linear (100-900 µg/mL), precise (RSD < 2%), accurate and rugged to modifications in the analytical process. The method was able to quantify commercial products, showing an average content of 98.95%. The greenness of the developed method presented NEMI with 4 green quadrants, ESA and AGREE with a score of 83 and 0.61, respectively, and GAPI predominantly green and yellow. CONCLUSIONS The method was selective, indicative of stability, linear, precise, accurate, rugged and green, by NEMI, ESA, AGREE and GAPI, to quantify IVE in injectable solution. Additionally, it combined the advantages of TLC and digital image analysis. HIGHLIGHTS The work shows a TLC method assisted by digital images for analysis of ivermectin-based product.

In this study, a new selective solvent extraction analytical method combined with solid phase cleanup procedure was developed for the analysis of residues of organochlorine, organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in the honey samples, using GC-ECD instrumentation. Parameters affecting the extraction and clean-up processes such as the type and volume of extraction solvent, type and volume of clean-up solvent, time of extraction and shaking speed were studied. The optimum experimental conditions required silica gel cartridge for matrix cleanup; with 15 mL of 80:20 v/v volume ratio of n-hexane/ethyl acetate as elution solvents, 70 mL of acetonitrile as extraction solvent, 30 min extraction time and a shaking speed of 280 rpm. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the developed analytical method offered good linearity with the correlation coefficients greater than or equal to 0.997, low detection limit (0.07-0.78 μg kg-1) and quantification limit (0.25-2.49 μg kg-1). The reproducibility and repeatability of the method were ranged from 0.45 to 10.7% and 0.61 to 4.34%, respectively. Recovery of the method was determined and found to vary from 71.5 and 93% that lies within the acceptable range. Only chlorothalonil was detected at trace level in the honey sample. KEY WORDS: GC-ECD, Honey, Multiclass pesticide residues, Selective solvent extraction, Silica gel clean-up Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(8), 1465-1478. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i8.2

BACKGROUND Honey is a nutrient-rich food item with a complex matrix due to its diverse nutritional components. This complexity poses challenges in the analysis of pesticide residues, affecting accuracy and precision of results. A comprehensive and reliable method is required for the detection and quantification of these contaminants. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a method for simultaneous analysis of pesticide residues in various honey types using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). METHODS Honey samples (5 g) were extracted using acetonitrile (10 mL) and water (10 mL) for LC-MS/MS analysis, while ethyl acetate (10 mL) was used for GC-MS/MS analysis. The extract was cleaned using primary secondary amine (PSA) before pesticide residue quantification by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The method performance was evaluated based on recoveries (70-120%) and repeatability (RSD <20%) at a limit of quantification of 0.01 mg/kg, in accordance with SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines. RESULTS The developed method demonstrated compliance with regulatory requirements, ensuring reliable determination of pesticide residues in honey samples. A study on matrix variability from 14 different honey samples revealed that each honey type exhibited a unique matrix effect for the targeted pesticides. To minimize this effect, the use of honey type-specific matrix-matched standards is recommended. CONCLUSION The study successfully developed a simple, robust, and high-throughput analytical method for the quantitative determination of pesticide residues in honey. Given its high selectivity, sensitivity, and rugged performance, the method can be implemented in regulatory testing for the analysis of targeted compounds across a wide range of honey matrices. HIGHLIGHTS A method for pesticide residue analysis in honey was developed using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The method showed acceptable recoveries (within 70-120%) and repeatability (RSD <20%) at an LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg. Each honey type exhibited a unique matrix effect, emphasizing the need for matrix-matched standards for residue quantifications. The method demonstrated high throughput, selectivity, and sensitivity, making it suitable for regulatory testing.

The process of chemical-dynamic polishing of the surface of metal-halide perovskite PbCsBr3 by etchants based on solutions of the dimethyl sulfoxide – ethyl acetate (DMSO-EA) system has been studied. The dependences of the perovskite dissolution rates on the content of ethyl acetate in the etchant solution were investigated. The qualitative characteristics of the surface, obtained as a result of etching, were analyzed by optical microscopy. It has been established that the process of dissolution of PbCsBr3 in the DMSO-EA etching solution is carried out by the diffusion mechanism. On the basis of the obtained results, the compositions of etching solutions and technological modes of chemical-dynamic polishing of PbCsBr3 single crystals were optimized. The ethyl acetate-modified etching solutions are promising for use in the technology of perovskite materials when the main goal is to slowly remove the surface layer of the semiconductor and obtain a high-quality, structurally perfect surface.

Background: Human nails are primarily composed of keratin, a fibrous protein. As nails grow, drugs that have been misused can become embedded in the keratin fibers, allowing detection even months after use. This prolonged retention has led to increased interest in utilizing keratinized matrices for both forensic and therapeutic purposes. Unlike traditional biological samples such as blood and urine, which have shorter detection windows, keratinized matrices can preserve evidence of repeated drug exposure for extended periods. Materials and Methods: This study analyzes nail clippings from five individuals with documented ketamine (KET) misuse. Before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis, the samples underwent a series of preparatory steps, including decontamination, hydrolysis in 1 M sodium hydroxide at 90°C for one hour with sonication, extraction using ethyl acetate, and reconstitution in methanol. Results: Calibration curves were created using reference standards, covering KET concentrations from 0.20 ng/mg to 16 ng/mg and norketamine (NKT) concentrations from 0.30 ng/mg to 16 ng/mg. The limits of quantification and detection for KET in spiked nail clippings were found to be 0.2 ng/mg and 0.05 ng/mg, respectively. For NKT, the respective values were 0.07 ng/mg and 0.15 ng/mg. Conclusion: This study presents a targeted analytical method for detecting KET and its metabolite, NKT, in human nails. The proposed approach could be valuable for applications such as monitoring drug misuse, investigating drug-facilitated crimes, and assessing cases of medical negligence.

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. (great horsetail) belongs to the Equisetaceae family and its aerial parts have been traditionally used for skin conditions and to achieve healthy and resilient skin, nails, and hair. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of skin-related enzymes by, the antioxidant capacity of, and the phytochemical composition of E. telmateia. Additionally, a novel emulgel was formulated from the main methanolic extract and characterized in terms of pH, viscosity, determination of content quantification, textural profile analysis, and spreadability. After the characterization studies, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation and penetration studies were performed. Firstly, the dried aerial parts of E. telmateia were macerated in methanol, followed by partitioning with solvents of increasing polarity: n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, and TOAC assays, while enzyme inhibition was analyzed for collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 53 phytochemical compounds. Protocatechuic acid, the main phenolic compound, was quantitatively analyzed in each subfraction by HPTLC. The in vitro release studies showed sustained release of the reference substance (protocatechuic acid) and the kinetic modeling of the release was fitted to the Higuchi model. The ex vivo permeation and penetration studies showed that the formulation exhibited a retention of 3.06 ± 0.21 µg.cm−2 after 24 h, whereas the suspended extract demonstrated a skin retention of 1.28 ± 0.47 µg.cm−2. Both the extracts and the formulated emulgel exhibited inhibitory effects on skin-related enzymes. Our finding suggested that E. telmateia might be a valuable ingredient for wrinkle care and skin-regenerating cosmetics.

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Abstract A new HPTLC-densitometric method for diosgenin determination in fenugreek seeds was established after optimization of the conditions for efficient saponin extraction and acid hydrolysis. Several procedures were tested, the best of which was a three-step Soxhlet extraction, followed by hydrolysis of the obtained methanolic extract with 2 mol L-1 H2SO4. Best diosgenin separation from other hydrolysis products was obtained on HPTLC Si60F254 plates u sing a mixture of n-heptane/ethyl acetate (7:3, V/V) and modified anisaldehyde as a spraying reagent. The method was preliminarily validated and the determined amounts of diosgenin in fenugreek seeds of Polish and African origin were found to be similar and ranged from 0.12-0.18 %.

Fungi, yeasts and bacteria produce volatile compounds during their metabolism. In this study, the volatile compounds produced by yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) and fungal strains (Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus ochraceus) during competitive interactions were investigated by solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fifty‐six volatile compounds were identified representing alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, aromatic compounds, acids, furans, phenols, and nitrogen compounds, being the largest amount in the class of esters and alcohols. Eight compounds were identified only in interactive culture conditions such as 2‐amino‐1‐propanol, isopropylamine, dimethylamine, pentyl propanoate, ethyl‐2‐aminopropanoate, acetone, oxalic acid, and β‐elemene and five of these were produced in cocultures including A. carbonarius. These will be developed for future biotechnological applications such as in the pharmaceutical and biological industry to produce drugs. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities; Solvent and herbicide; flavoring ingredient; solvent, plastic synthesis, nail polish remover and thinner, pesticide and herbicide; important in the complexation of minerals in the soil; and plant‐environment interactions, defending predators, pathogens, and competitors.

information regarding drug abuse and pharmaceutical use. In recent years, drug analysis in human nail clippings has proven its significant value in forensic toxicological applications, identification of in utero drug exposure, monitoring of drug treatment programmes, and therapeutic drug monitoring. Nails have various advantages over conventional matrices (blood and urine), which include a longer detection window (months to years), non-invasive sample collection, and easy storage and transportation. These aspects make nails a very significant matrix for forensic toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring. Because of the low concentrations of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals present in nails and the complexity of the keratinized matrix, analytical techniques need to be more sensitive, and sample preparation is crucial. The aim of the present study is to develop a simple, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) method for the identification and quantitation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in fingernail and toenail clippings. Finger and toenail clippings were collected from six users undergoing treatment at a rehab center in Ujjain, M.P., India. Nail clippings were initially decontaminated, then hydrolyzed in 1 M NaOH at 370°C, extracted with ethyl acetate, diluted with methanol, and then subjected to LC-MS analysis. The calibration curve was constructed over the 0.5 to 30 ng/mL concentration range using the MDA reference standard. The limit of detection was calculated at 1.10 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was recorded at 3.67 ng/mL in standard solutions, whereas the respective values in spiked nail clippings were 1.21 and 4.6 ng/mg. The developed method has obtained significant results in original nail clippings with mean concentration ranges of 0.12 ng/mg in fingernails and 0.08 ng/mg in toenails in six abuser samples. The new method developed has been found to be capable of detecting the 3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine MDA drug in nail clippings even after 90 days of drug intake.

Background: The emergence of microorganisms’ new resistance mechanism, the emerging and reemerging of new infectious disease and side effects of antimicrobials threatening our ability to treat infectious diseases. Therefore, researches for the innovation of new drugs are needed through identification of the best candidate like plants which are used in traditional medicine. In Ethiopia, women dye their palms and nails by a root paste of the study plant (Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich) as a beauty treatment, to toughen the skin and to control fungal infections. Objectives: To investigate the antifungal activities, phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography profiling of aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich. Methods: The roots of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich were collected from Gurage Zone around Butajira town and processed and extracted using solvents of ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. Agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods were used for screening the antifungal activity of the extracts and for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration, respectively. The minimum fungicidal concentration of the extracts was determined and the plant extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. Result: From the tested fungi T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes were more susceptible. The study screened the presence of at least 7 phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinens, terpenoids, glycosides, quinones and saponins) and 6 compounds in the roots of the study plant. Ethyl acetate extract was more potent and broader spectrum of antifungal activities than ethanol and aqueous extracts. Conclusion: The roots of the study plant showed notable antifungal potency. However, further research should be undertaken to elucidate the involved phytochemicals and compounds present in the extracts and mechanism of action which clear out the road for developing new antifungal drugs.

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Titanium nitride (TiN) is a robust ceramic material extensively used in semiconductor manufacturing due to its exceptional hardness, chemical resistance, and thermal stability. These properties make TiN an ideal choice for applications such as gate electrodes and diffusion barriers. Additionally, TiN serves as a hard mask in semiconductor fabrication, providing high chemical resistance and compatibility with high-aspect-ratio patterning. However, the intrinsic hardness and chemical inertness of TiN necessitate the development of effective etching techniques. Conventional methods such as plasma etching, atomic layer etching (ALE), and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) provide precise control but are often impeded by slow processing speeds, high operational costs, and the potential for material damage. Additionally, achieving high selectivity against copper (Cu) and dielectric materials remains a significant challenge. Plasma etching frequently suffers from low selectivity for Cu and the risk of metal damage; while ALE offers improved process control, it still requires protective strategies for Cu. CMP, on the other hand, lacks material selectivity and may induce mechanical damage to both Cu and dielectric layers. In contrast, wet etching has emerged as a promising technique for TiN removal due to its superior selectivity over dielectric materials and its ability to minimize substrate damage. Furthermore, wet etching presents advantages in terms of lower equipment complexity and reduced operational costs, making it economically favorable for large-scale semiconductor manufacturing. To enhance etching efficiency in wet etching processes, this study proposes two distinct approaches. The first approach is inspired by the commercially used Standard Clean 1 (SC1) solution, an alkaline mixture composed of H₂O, NH₄OH, and H₂O₂. In the SC1 system, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) acts as an oxidizing agent, decomposing under alkaline conditions to generate hydroperoxide ions (HO₂⁻). These reactive species facilitate the formation of soluble titanium complexes through interactions with Ti ions, thereby promoting material removal(Figure1). Building upon this mechanism, we propose substituting water with an organic solvent to reduce the surface tension of the etching solution. A lower surface tension enhances the wettability of the solution on TiN surfaces, improving its ability to penetrate surface features and interact with the TiN layer. This improved interfacial compatibility is expected to enhance removal efficiency. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate that replacing water with 70 wt% ethyl acetate in an SC1-like solution significantly increases the etching rate, from 5.66 nm/min to 9.88 nm/min, as shown in Figure 3. The second approach draws inspiration from mechanisms reported in the selective wet etching of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), where SN1- and SN2-like reactions are employed. In this system, H₂PO₄⁻, a weak nucleophile derived from H₃PO₄, substitutes the NH₂ group on the Si₃N₄ surface via an SN1-like mechanism. This is followed by the hydrolysis of Si–N bonds through an SN2-like attack by water, ultimately forming Si–OH and facilitating removal. Analogously, we explore a chlorination-based strategy, as illustrated in Figure 2, wherein the chlorinating agent, trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), is utilized to generate electrophilic chlorine species (Cl⁺) or chlorine radicals (Cl•) capable of reacting with TiN. This reaction pathway facilitates the formation of volatile titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), which can be easily removed from the substrate surface. Prior studies have confirmed the efficacy of such chlorination reactions in gas-phase plasma environments. In our wet chemical system, this chlorination approach similarly enhances the etching rate, with results showing an increase from 1.12 nm/min to 9.34 nm/min in the presence of chlorinating reagents, as shown in Figure 4. To elucidate the fundamental etching mechanisms underlying these two approaches, systematic investigations into the effects of etchant concentration, temperature, and oxidizing agent presence on the etching rate and material selectivity are being conducted. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were employed to identify and confirm the formation of titanium-containing etching byproducts. Additionally, post-etching surface morphology and chemical bonding alterations were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Through comprehensive mechanistic understanding and parameter optimization, this study aims to establish a controllable and efficient TiN wet etching process suitable for advanced semiconductor manufacturing applications. Keywords: Titanium nitride, wet etching, organic solvent, chlorination Figure 1