环磷酰胺导致鹌鹑免疫抑制进而影响新城疫疫苗首免应答

Introduction Immunosuppression in poultry production, particularly in high-value species like the Chinese yellow quail (Coturnix japonica), increases disease susceptibility and economic losses. Plant-derived polysaccharides, such as those from Terminalia chebula Retz (TC) and Rubia cordifolia L. processed Terminalia chebula Retz polysaccharide (RTCP), offer promising alternatives due to their ability to enhance host defense mechanisms without adverse effects. This study investigates RTCP’s efficacy in mitigating cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in quails, focusing on immune function restoration. Methods One hundred and twenty 21-day-old healthy quails were randomly divided into six groups (n=20/group): a blank control (saline), a model group (saline + CTX), and four RTCP-treated groups (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 g/kg + CTX). CTX (80 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly (days 4–7) to induce immunosuppression, except in the blank control. Spleen indices, histology, cytokine profiles, antibody titers, GATA-3/T-bet mRNA expression, and transcriptional networks were analyzed. Results CTX significantly reduced spleen weight, organ indices, cytokine levels, and antibody titers (P<0.05). Compared to the model group, 0.5 g/kg RTCP restored spleen morphology and function, elevated cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IFN-γ) and immunoglobulins, and upregulated complement components (C3, C5) and acute-phase proteins, enhancing T-cell and B-cell activation (P<0.05). RTCP also rebalanced the Th1/Th2 axis by normalizing the T-bet/GATA-3 ratio, indicating immune homeostasis recovery. Discussion RTCP effectively counteracted CTX-induced immunosuppression by modulating innate and adaptive immunity, including complement activation and Th1/Th2 balance. These findings highlight RTCP’s potential as a natural immunomodulator in poultry. Further research should optimize dosing and explore gut-microbiota-immune interactions to enhance therapeutic applications.

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Licorice is a medicinal and food plant widely used to treat diseases and produce food additives, because of its unique chemical constituents like polysaccharides, flavones, and saponins. Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharides (GPS-1) are water-soluble neutral polysaccharides extracted from licorice. Currently, GPS-1 is administrated to chickens by gavage every d for 14 d to observe the impact of GPS-1 on the Newcastle disease vaccine. To determine the immunity of these chickens to NDV, blood serum levels of hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) antibody, and immunoglobulins IgA and IgG were measured. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ were measured to evaluate the degree of immune booster activity. The chickens’ spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes displayed a significant increase in the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after booster treatments with GPS-1. The results indicated that GPS-1 had a significant, dose-dependent, immune-boosting effect which could enhance NDV vaccine immunity in chickens.

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Background and Aim: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) or Gumboro disease is one of the most detrimental diseases in the poultry industry worldwide. Previous scientific studies have shown that live IBD vaccination might induce transient immunosuppression, leading to suboptimal vaccine responses, and therefore lack of protection against other infectious diseases; therefore, selecting an IBD vaccine in commercial farms is a concern. This study aims to compare two commercially attenuated IBD vaccines (intermediate and intermediate-plus strains) in terms of safety and antibody response to IBD and Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) in commercial broilers. Materials and Methods: Overall, 216 Cobb broiler chickens were divided into three groups based on the IBD vaccine strain administered: V217 strain (Group 1), M.B. strain (Group 2), and an unvaccinated group (Group 3). Groups 1 and 2 were orally vaccinated with Hitchner B1 NDV vaccine strain 7 days after IBD vaccination. Blood samples were collected at IBD vaccination day (15 days of age) and at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-IBD vaccination. The immunosuppressive effects of the IBD vaccination were determined by NDV antibody response, the bursa:body weight (B:BW) ratio, and the histopathological lesion scores of the bursa of Fabricius. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed. Results: Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the M.B. strain belonged to a very virulent IBD strain, whereas the V217 strain belonged to a classical IBD virus strain. NDV antibody titers of the two vaccinated groups increased after ND vaccination, reaching their maximum at 14 days post-ND vaccination and decreasing thereafter. The V217 group presented the highest NDV humoral response from 7 days post-vaccination (dpv) to the end of the study. The mean NDV antibody titer of the V217 group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the M.B. group at 14 dpv. In addition, the V217 strain-induced lower bursal lesions post-IBD vaccination and a higher B: BW ratio at 7 and 21 dpv compared to the M.B. group. The higher B: BW ratio, lower bursal lesions, and higher ND antibody response present in the V217 group indicate that the V217 strain induces lower immunosuppressive effects compared to the M.B. strain. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that IBD vaccine selection merits consideration, as avoiding the immunosuppressive effects induced by live IBD vaccination and the consequent impact on response to other vaccines is important.

The present study was to evaluate the adjuvant effect of sunflower seed oil containing saponins extracted from the stem and leaf of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (E515-D) on the immune response induced by an inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. The results showed that E515-D promoted significantly higher serum NDV-specific HI and neutralizing antibody responses, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels, and lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A, LPS, and NDV antigen than the conventional adjuvant Marcol 52. Different adjuvant effect between E515-D and Marcol 52 may be attributed to different genes expressed in two groups. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that there were 1198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 539 up and 659 down regulated in E515-D group while 1395 DEGs with 697 up and 698 down regulated in Marcol 52 group in comparison with the control group. Analysis of gene ontology (GO) term and kyoto encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways showed that the predominant immune related pathways included "Toll-like receptor signaling pathway", "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway", "C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway", and "Phosphatidylinositol signaling system" in E515-D group while Marcol 52 were "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway", "Phagosome", and "Lysosome", and the most relevant DEGs in E515-D group were STAT1, STAT2, PI3K, and IL-6. Considering the excellent adjuvant activity and vegetable origin, E515-D deserves further study as an adjuvant for vaccines used in food animals.

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Aim: In this study, the efficacy of five commercial live infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines on antibody (Ab) decay and response to a very virulent IBD virus (vvIBDV) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine La Sota in ISA Brown chicks were assessed. Methods: Seven groups of chickens (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) comprising 50 chicks each were used for the study. Groups A, B, C, D, and E were vaccinated with Bur-706, MB-Strain, B87-Strain, Bursa-B2K, and HIPRA live IBD vaccines, respectively, at 14 and 28 days of age (doa), and challenged with a vvIBDV at 35 doa. Groups F and G served as positive and negative controls, respectively. At 42 doa, all groups were vaccinated with ND vaccine La Sota. Blood was collected at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 doa, and serum was harvested. The serum was analyzed for IBD virus (IBDV) Ab titres using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ND Ab titres using a haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Results: Results revealed significantly (p < 0.05) higher ELISA IBDV Ab titres in groups A to E than in F from 21 to 49 doa, with the highest in group D. At 49 doa, there was significantly (p < 0.05) higher HI Ab titre in groups A to E than in F with the highest in group D. In conclusion, the live IBDV vaccines were immunogenic following vaccination. The vaccines decreased the decay of IBDV Ab and mitigated the decreased response to ND vaccine La Sota in the chicks following the vvIBDV challenge, with more effects induced by Bursa-B2K. Conclusion: The live vaccines (Bur-706, MB-Strain, B87-Strain, Bursa-B2K, and HIPRA) were immunogenic following vaccination.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the immunopotentiating effect of plant-derived soyasaponin and its immunogenicity in chickens challenged with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Soyasaponin was extracted from soybean seeds and detected using the phytochemical tests, followed by quantification through the dry-weight method. One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 90) were divided into 3 groups, named as A, B, and C. Group A birds were orally administrated with soyasaponin (5 mg/kg), followed by immunization with inactivated ND vaccine intramuscularly (IM), whereas group B birds were vaccinated with inactivated ND vaccine alone. Group C birds were kept unvaccinated. A booster dose on day 21 was also administered IM to group A and B birds. At day 35, all 3 groups were challenged with NDV. To determine the immunogenicity potential of soyasaponin, antibody titer was measured using the hemagglutination inhibition test before and after the NDV challenge. Histochemical examination was performed to determine the pathological changes associated with NDV infection. Foam formation and hemolytic activity confirmed the presence of saponin in soya bean extract. Group A birds showed a higher antibody response compared with group B and C birds. The disease challenge study showed that soyasaponin-adjuvanted NDV vaccine provided complete protection to group A birds against ND. Moreover, no side effects of soyasaponin were observed on the growth performance of birds during the experiment. Therefore, we can conclude that soyasaponin is a potential immunogenic agent and therefore could be a promising candidate to launch a protective humoral response against ND in chickens.

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most common diseases in poultry production, causing high mortality rates and significant economic losses. Controlling this enzootic disease in rural poultry flocks has been challenging in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Aim: This study aimed to assess the antibody response of rural chickens vaccinated with the inactivated LaSota ND vaccine, and to highlight the challenges related to vaccination and biosecurity in Burkina Faso. Methods: A short quantitative survey was conducted of rural family poultry producers keeping indigenous chickens, and a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed on 586 chicken serum samples (351 vaccinated chickens and 235 non-vaccinated chickens) collected in the Central North Region, Burkina Faso, following the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) guidelines. Results: The results revealed that 81.2% of vaccinated chickens had protective antibody titers. In the non-vaccinated chickens, 45.5% had protective titers of ND antibodies. The Student’s t-test revealed a significant difference in ND virus antibody levels between vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens. While the mean titer was suggestive of flock protection in non-vaccinated chickens (3.8 log2), the median HI titer of 2 log2 indicated they were not protected. The mean HI titer in vaccinated chickens was 7.4 log2, while the median was 8 log2. Biosecurity challenges were significant in the study area. A reluctance to vaccinate despite the availability of the vaccine and vaccinators also was recorded. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of both qualitative and quantitative monitoring of post-ND vaccination campaigns to evaluate vaccination efficacy and acceptance, as well as to identify and address constraints and challenges to improving the health of rural family poultry efficiently.

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Chitosan, which combines mucoadhesive and sorption properties, is of interest as a promising vaccine adjuvant. This article is focuses on a comparative assessment of the immunogenicity of various vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus used in combination with chitosan. In groups of chickens, the levels of antibodies were studied in response to immunization with vaccines containing the La Sota and B1 strains of Newcastle disease virus with and without chitosan. There was no local irritant effect or general toxicity of the studied drugs when they were administered to 14-day-old chickens. It was found that chitosan increased the immunogenicity of the experimental vaccines compared to the control vaccines in terms of serum antibody titers. However, its immunogenicity was not the same when combined with different vaccine strains. The highest increase in antibodies was observed when chitosan was combined with the B1 strain vaccine. Сhitosan is safe for chickens and has the ability to nonspecifically increase the immunogenicity of vaccines against Newcastle disease in birds. Its adjuvant effect differs in relation to various vaccine strains of the virus.

The human-induced lead (Pb) contamination brings about serious environmental issues around the world and it also poses severe risks to wildlife including birds. Avian thymus is one of primary lymphoid organs and it plays an important role in regulating T cell-based cellular immunity. Therefore, in this study, we tried to examine toxic effects and potential molecular mechanism of Pb on avian thymus using a biological model species-Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). One-week-old Japanese quails were exposed to 0, 50, 500 and 1000 ppm Pb concentrations in drinking water for three weeks when thymus reached developmental climax. The results showed body weight, thymus weight and thymic size were reduced significantly by Pb exposure. Meanwhile, histopathological changes including vacuolation, cortex atrophy and nuclear debris were detected in thymic cells of Pb exposure. In addition, ultrastructural alterations such as mitochondrial damage, chromatin condensation, and nuclear destruction were found in the thymus of Pb treatments. The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as the inhibition of antioxidant system indicated that Pb exposure caused oxidative damages in the thymus. Pb exposure also increased thymic cell apoptosis. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis revealed that thymic functional pathways were disrupted by Pb exposure. Especially, Pb exposure disturbed T cell differentiation and led to T helper type 1 (Th1) /T helper type 2 (Th2) imbalance by interfering with T cell receptor signaling and cytokine signaling. This study implied that Pb caused thymic immunosuppression through causing morphological deformation, structural destruction, oxidation and molecular signaling disruption.

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Objective: To investigate the effects of a herb complex extract (HCE) prepared from Cornus officinalis Sieb. Et Zucc., Eriobotrya japonica Lindley, and olive leaves on immune response of mouse spleen NK cells in vitro and in vivo analysis. Methods: The activity of natural killer (NK) cells was measured in splenocytes and YAC-1 cells. Mice were immunosuppressed using cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg body weight). Three different doses of HCE (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight) and red ginseng extract (800 mg/kg body weight) which was used as standard immunomodulatory herb were administered orally for 4 weeks. The body weight, dietary, water intake, organs (liver, thymus, and spleen) weight, completed blood count, and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukin-2) production was measured. Results: At the maximum concentration of HCE, the activity of NK cells was increased by 48.5%. HCE increased liver, spleen, and thymus weights without altering numbers of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression rat model. However, HCE recovered the inhibited cytokine expression; HCE (800 mg/kg) increased cytokines levels. The results indicate the immune enhancement potential of this HCE. Conclusion: The HCE enhances immunity by increasing NK cell activity, regulating cytokine levels, and maintaining spleen weight. Therefore, it may be used as a potential immunity enhancer.

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Newcastle disease (ND) is a critical viral disease in poultry, affecting various avian species worldwide and causing substantial economic losses annually in commercial and backyard poultry operations. Despite its global prevalence, ND can be controlled through proper vaccination and biosecurity management. Over the past 60-65 years, both live attenuated and inactivated ND virus vaccines have been extensively used to mitigate the economic impact of ND. Although live vaccines demonstrate high efficacy against the disease, achieving comprehensive control of ND outbreaks and their financial consequences remains challenging. The primary limitation of most commercially available live vaccines is their heat sensitivity, necessitating a cold chain for quality maintenance, which poses difficulties in village conditions or remote areas of developing tropical countries. This review discusses various methods of ND vaccine administration, their efficacy, and immunogenicity, focusing on the efficacy and stability of thermostable ND vaccines. A thorough understanding of these factors is essential for the long-term control and eradication of ND.

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Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) provide early protection from disease, but may interfere with active immunity in young chicks. In highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV)-enzootic countries, broiler chickens typically have MDA to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and H5 HPAIV, and their impact on active immunity from recombinant vectored vaccines is unclear. We assessed the effectiveness of a spray-applied recombinant NDV vaccine with H5 AIV insert (rNDV-H5) and a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine with H5 AIV insert (rHVT-H5) in commercial broilers with MDA to NDV alone (MDA:AIV-NDV+) or to NDV plus AIV (MDA:AIV+NDV+) to provide protection against homologous HPAIV challenge. In Experiment 1, chicks were spray-vaccinated with rNDV-H5 at 3 weeks (3w) and challenged at 5 weeks (5w). All sham-vaccinated progeny lacked AIV antibodies and died following challenge. In rNDV-H5 vaccine groups, AIV and NDV MDA had completely declined to non-detectable levels by vaccination, enabling rNDV-H5 spray vaccine to elicit a protective AIV antibody response by 5w, with 70-78% survival and significant reduction of virus shedding compared to shams. In Experiment 2, progeny were vaccinated with rHVT-H5 and rNDV-H5 at 1 day (1d) or 3w and challenged at 5w. All sham-vaccinated progeny lacked AIV antibodies and died following challenge. In rHVT-H5(1d) vaccine groups, irrespective of rNDV-H5(3w) boost, AIV antibodies reached protective levels pre-challenge, as all progeny survived and virus shedding significantly decreased compared to shams. In contrast, rNDV-H5-vaccinated progeny had AIV and/or NDV MDA at the time of vaccination (1d and/or 3w) and failed to develop a protective immune response by 5w, resulting in 100% mortality after challenge. Our results demonstrate that MDA to AIV had minimal impact on the effectiveness of rHVT-H5, but MDA to AIV and/or NDV at the time of vaccination can prevent development of protective immunity from a primary or booster rNDV-H5 vaccine.

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ABSTRACT Viral diseases are the primary cause of disease and economic loss in all bird species. Among viral diseases, Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) have a very special place due to their high morbidity and high mortality. They inflict lots of deaths and economic losses upon poultry and nonpoultry avian species, making them a hot subject in various research. Thus, prevention measures and strategies to control the mentioned diseases are wide. Vaccination is one of the common methods. In this study, we designed a vaccination protocol based on previous and popular methods to evaluate the effect of ND and AI vaccines on the humoral immune response of 14 bird species. We tested 115 birds (sampled twice) with no previous encounter with disease or vaccine. Birds were vaccinated with NDV B1 strain and a bivalent inactivated ND + AI and repeated 5 weeks later. Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) was used for humoral response evaluation and implemented 5 weeks after each vaccination. Our results showed a double vaccination of ND can boost the immune system significantly, but a single AI vaccination will provide enough protection since the second vaccination did not change the titres significantly, even lowering the titre in one case. There were some discrepancies in results, which further studies should be accomplished to elaborate the details.

Meniran is known as an herbal plant with potential as a natural immunostimulator due to its content of flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. These compounds help boost the immune response by stimulating cytokine production, accelerating immune cell activation, and increasing antibody production. Newcastle Disease (ND) is an infectious disease that frequently affects broilers and causes significant economic losses. Vaccination is the primary method for preventing ND; however, its effectiveness can vary depending on the immune response of the chickens. This study aims to evaluate the effect of meniran extract as an immunostimulant on increasing Newcastle Disease antibody titers in booster-vaccinated broilers. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with 30 Lohman MB 202 broilers divided into three treatment groups. The negative control group (K-) received neither vaccination nor meniran extract, the positive control group (K+) received only the ND La Sota booster vaccine, and the treatment group (P) received both the ND La Sota booster vaccine and meniran extract for 14 days before vaccination. Antibody titers were measured using the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test on days 17, 25, and 32. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and regression analysis. The results showed that the administration of meniran extract significantly increased antibody titers (P<0.05), with mean values of 2.7, 4.1, and 6.0 (HI log 2), and an overall mean of 4.27. Regression analysis indicated that the treatment group (P) experienced a higher increase in antibody titers compared to the control groups, with the peak immune response occurring in the third week post-vaccination. The conclusion of this study is that meniran extract can act as a natural immunostimulant that enhances the effectiveness of the ND vaccine in broiler chickens. Therefore, further research with different doses and administration durations is needed to optimize its benefits.

Infectious avian, including Newcastle disease (ND), are a major concern in poultry husbandry. The primary method of preventing viral infections is immunization by vaccines to produce neutralizing antibodies. In the first ten days of life, chicks are protected by maternally derived antibodies (MDA). This study aimed to; evaluate and reveal the strength and importance of maternal immunity against ND in the bird’s life and to compare it with the acquired immunity by measurement of antibody titers with Elisa test. Total number of 150-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) with a history of vaccination of parent against ND, were reared to achieve the study, serum samples were also taken from vaccinated layers with ND to complete the current study. Commercial Elisa kit was used to determine the titers of antibodies against NDV in broilers and layers. The results showed that the chicks have high levels of maternal antibodies at day old with an average titer of 1287. The levels of maternal antibodies declined over time, and by day 31, the average titer was 90.8 in the unvaccinated group. The vaccinated group had higher levels of antibodies on day 31 (21 days after vaccination), with an average titer of 370.4. However, MDA levels on the first day of life were still higher than the levels of acquired antibodies because MDA interfered with the development of acquired immunity after vaccination. This study concluded that maternal immunity is important for providing early protection against ND, and recommended that the chicks must be tested to measure the antibody levels before vaccination to avoid interference between MDA and acquired antibodies.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian diseases that seriously threaten the poultry industry worldwide. Sometimes vaccination might not effectively reduce ND occurrence in some poultry farms for unclear reasons. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases, and the novel variant IBD virus (IBDV) is threatening chicken farms in China. This study evaluated the influence of the novel variant IBDV (SHG19 strain) on immunization of ND vaccine (LaSota strain) in broiler and layer chickens. In commercial broilers, the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against LaSota strain were decreased by the prior infection of the novel variant IBDV. Pathological examination revealed that the novel variant IBDV severely damaged the key immune organs of the bursa and spleen, and the B lymphocytes in the bursa were severely destroyed, which was the primary reason involved in the immunosuppression on ND vaccination. Moreover, the novel variant IBDV dramatically reduced the BW of infected broilers by about 16% compared to that of control, which indicated huge economic losses. Furthermore, this study confirmed the immunosuppression induced by the novel variant IBDV in specific pathogen–free layer chickens. In this study, it was discovered that the novel variant IBDV could interfere with ND vaccination in both broilers and layers, which was one important factor involved in immune failure in poultry farms. This study therefore suggests the urgency to control the novel variant IBDV infection for healthy breeding.

The withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters has intensified the need for effective phytogenic alternatives in broiler nutrition. This study evaluated the effects of dietary BioHerbal (2 g/kg feed) on growth performance, humoral immune response, hematological indices, serum biochemical parameters, and circulating growth factors in Ross 308 broiler chickens over a 42-day period. 240 one-day-old male chicks were allocated to two dietary treatments with three replicate pens per treatment. BioHerbal supplementation significantly increased body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio during both starter and overall growth phases (p<0.05). While primary antibody response to Newcastle disease vaccination was unaffected, secondary antibody titers at day 42 were significantly enhanced (p<0.05). Supplemented birds exhibited reduced serum glucose, triglycerides, and uric acid concentrations, along with increased globulin and calcium levels. Circulating IGF-1, TGF-β, VEGF, and EGF were significantly elevated (p<0.05), whereas growth hormone remained unchanged. These findings indicate that BioHerbal supplementation improves growth efficiency and is associated with increased secondary NDV antibody titers and changes in circulating growth-related factors.

Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute, transmissible, infectious respiratory disease associated with high mortality and morbidity in chickens. Biosecurity, mass vaccination, and improved immunization are suggested as controlling strategies. Enhancing poultry's innate immunity using natural feed additives eventually activates adaptive immune responses. This research was conducted to determine the effect of a diet supplemented with pomegranate peel (Pop) on the immune status of chickens whether vaccinated against NDV or not. Pop antioxidant capacity was determined by calculating radical scavenging activity. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens' basal diet was supplemented with 1.0% Pop. Chickens were divided into four groups (A-D; n=20): (A) NDV vaccination + basal diet; (B) NDV vaccination + Pop feeding; (C) Pop feeding; and (D) control. Day-old chicks were vaccinated against NDV with a booster dose at 14 days of age. The experimental trial lasted 42 days. Kinetics of IFN-γ and chTLR4 immune response gene expressions and nitric oxide production levels were assessed in primary chicken monocyte-derived dendritic cells isolated from the chicken groups. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were also evaluated. Upregulating IFN-γ and chTLR4 expression in the Pop-feeding groups suggested a significant increase in the innate immunity of chickens. The chickens also showed a marked decrease in nitric oxide production levels, which could be attributable to Pop's high total antioxidant capacity. Slight increases in humoral and lymphoproliferative responses against NDV confirmed the synergistic effect of Pop. These findings suggest that Pop potentiated the immunomodulatory impact on chicken’s innate immunity and acted synergistically on adaptive immunity against NDV.

Abstract Newcastle disease remains a major concern to the poultry industry; however, it can be managed with effective vaccination programs. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 1× doses of live LaSota strain Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine administered oculo‐nasally on d one and 21 on development of humoral and cell‐mediated immune response in broilers, and to compare different immunization schedules. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment I (n = 320), Ross 308 birds were randomly assigned to an unvaccinated control group or vaccinated treatment. [Both treatments consisted of 4 pens per treatment and 40 birds per pen]. At d one, live NDV LaSota strain vaccine was used as a primary immunization to evaluate its impact on adaptive immunity. No substantial NDV‐specific humoral immune response was established. Body weights were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the vaccinated birds on d 4 and 7. Spleen index of the vaccinated birds was significantly (P < 0.05) lower at d 28 and 35. Flow cytometry showed reduced levels of peripheral and splenic B and T lymphocytes. Interferon gamma secreted by splenocytes and in circulation was measured; the results showed a reduced expression post‐secondary immunization. In Experiment II (n = 180), the role of maternal antibodies and primary vaccination at d one was evaluated using 3 vaccination protocols. Protocol 1 used live B1 strain as primary immunization, whereas protocol 2 used live LaSota strain. Protocol 3 used live LaSota strain after maternal antibodies had decayed. Protocol 3 resulted in the highest NDV‐titer level during the trial. Protocol 2 had the lowest NDV titer. Feed conversion was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in protocol 3 compared to 1 and 2. Overall, the results indicate that the use of live LaSota strain NDV vaccine as primary immunization at d one has a detrimental effect on the development of adaptive immunity in broilers; however, its use after the level of maternal antibodies decays results in a robust antigen‐specific humoral immune response.

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This study investigated the impact of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on lymphoid organ weights and antibody production in response to the Newcastle Disease Vaccine (NDV) in Ross 308 chicks. A total of 120 one-day-old chicks were divided into four groups with three replicates of 10 birds each, receiving different concentrations of Bacillus subtilis (Bs): Control (Bs-0), 0.05% (Bs-0.05), 0.10% (Bs-0.1), and 0.15% (Bs-0.15) for six weeks. Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease vaccines were administered in drinking water on days 3, 11 and 15 of age, respectively. Blood and serum samples were harvested on day 21 to assess antibody production against NDV and lymphoid organ weights on day 42. On day 21, the antibody titers against the NDV vaccine were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in all chick groups supplemented with Bacillus subtilis compared to the control; the highest titer was observed in the Bs-0.15 group. By day 42, the final body weight (FBW) was significantly (P≤0.01) higher in the supplemented group Bs-0.15 than in others. The supplemented group, Bs-0.05, showed a numerically higher FBW than Bs-0.1 and the control group. The absolute and relative weights of lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius) were significantly higher (P≤0.01) in the supplemented groups than in the control. The highest organ weights were recorded in chicks receiving the highest concentration of Bacillus subtilis (Bs-0.15). These findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis at 0.15% enhances BW and the immune response and organ development associated with immunity in chicks. This supplementation levelimproves immune system health, bolsters disease resistance, and inspires and motivates further exploration of its potential utility in poultry nutrition strategies.

Chitosan is a natural polymer that is produced from chitin of crustaceans by partial deacetylation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, safe, biocompatible, and has sorption properties [5]. Live vaccines against Newcastle bird disease, which are actively used in poultry farming, are reactogenic and have a relatively short protection period. Intranasal administration of chitosan together with the vaccine antigen can increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine, while reducing its reactogenic properties. The immunomodulatory activity of chitosan in combination with a vaccine against Newcastle disease was studied. Data on the effect of chitosan, when co-administered intranasally with a live vaccine containing an avelogenic enteropathogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus in birds, on the formation of an immune response in chickens are presented. Data on the effect of chitosan, when co-administered intranasally with a live vaccine containing an apathogenic pneumotropic strain of the Newcastle disease virus, on the formation of an immune response in chickens are presented. Antibody titers and duration of intense immunity to the Newcastle disease virus were determined. It was found that the antibody titers in chickens immunized with the Newcastle disease vaccine with chitosan were significantly higher than in the control group. The prospects of using chitosan as a vaccine adjuvant in poultry farming are considered.

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Abstract Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease. This study was conducted to determine the antibody titer in Japanese quails following vaccination against ND and feed-supplementation with vitamin-C, probiotics and antibiotic-growth-promoters. Forty Japanese quails were equally grouped in four groups (A1 to A4) and were vaccinated by LaSota, B1, F and VG/GA strains, respectively, at the age of 10 days. Another forty Japenese quails were equally grouped in four groups (B1 to B4), were vaccinated with the vaccines of the previous groups that showed a higher effect, and were fed with mesh-feed (control-B1), supplemented with vitamin-C (B2), probiotics (B3), and antibiotic growth promoter (B4). Serum samples were obtained on 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age and were subjected to a hemagglutination inhibition test. The mean antibody titer (Log2) had no significant difference between groups A1-A4. The highest titers were recorded in A4 (6.20±0.37) and A3 (6.00±0.71). The mean titer was significantly different among the groups at 4 weeks, but insignificant in the other weeks of the supplemented groups. A higher mean titer was found between 8 and 10 weeks in group B2 (7.40±0.60) and B3 (7.20±0.58). The relative weights (gm/kg) of the spleen, thymus and bursa were significantly higher in group B3 (1.947±0.109, 5.951±0.312 and 2.624±0.083, respectively). They had no significant correlation with antibody titer at 12 weeks. In conclusion, vitamin-C and probiotic supplemented feeds can boost up the antibody titer against ND in Japanese quail when given during VG/GA strain vaccination.

Newcastle Disease, Avian Influenza and Infectious Bursal Disease are three important broiler diseases with high morbidity and mortality that can increase broiler antibody titers. The aims of this study were to determine the effect and the best dose of immunomodulatory supplementation of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) liquid extract by increasing the antibody titer of Newcastle Disease, Avian Influenza and Infectious Bursal Disease of broilers. The study was conducted for 30 days in the Karang Anyar broiler farm unit, Jati Agung District, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, experimentally five treatments and five repetitions for each treatment. Each repetition used five broilers. Five treatments with different doses, namely drinking water without liquid extract of Andrographis paniculata (P0); drinking water with liquid extract of A. paniculata 3 mg/kg BW (P1); 6 mg/kg BW (P2); 12 mg/kg BW (P3); (24 mg/kg BW (P4) 31-day-old broiler blood serum was obtained from the brachial vein using a 3 mL disposable syringe. Testing ND and AI antibody titers with HI test and IBD antibody titer with indirect ELISA test at MediLab Laboratory Antibody titer data in tabulation and analyzed descriptively. The content of andrographolide and flavonoids are thought to act as immunostimulants for specific and non-specific immune functions through the production of NK cells, macrophages, cytokine induction, IL-2 production, and lymphocyte proliferation. The conclusions of this study were supplementation of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) liquid extract at a dose of 6 mg/kg BW in broiler drinking water could increase antibody titers against Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease and at a dose of 24 mg/kg BW in broiler drinking water could increase antibody titres against Avian Influenza.

Newcatle disease (ND) is a disease in poultry that can cause considerable losses for farmers. Common symptoms seen at the beginning of infection are decreased appetite for chickens, lethargy, conjunctivitis, and decreased egg production. There is no effective treatment for ND disease. One of the efforts to prevent ND is to do vaccination and good biosecurity. This study aimed to determine ND antibody titer in layer chicken in Narmada district, West Lombok. The serum sample used was 87 divided according to the length of post vaccination 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks post vaccination. The method used to determine the antibody profile was the Haemaglutination inhibition test. A total of 87 serum chickens were sampled, and the antibody titer was still protective 2-2. Measuring antibody titer can help farmer to make health programs even better, so that livestock more resistant to virus infection.

Simple Summary The ideal arginine/lysine is maintained in broiler ration to reach the target weight without wasting nitrogen content in the environment. An improved body weight gain at 1.05 and 1.10 arginine/lysine and a better feed conversion ratio at 1.10 and 1.15 arginine/lysine were shown during the current trial. The nutrient digestibility of dry matter and crude fat was improved, while the digestibility of crude protein remained unaffected by the arginine/lysine in the diet. Moreover, better titers of Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease were observed at a higher Arg/Lys. Thus, this study provides evidence that adjusting the arginine/lysine ratio in feed is recommended to enhance broilers’ growth performance and immune response.