系统功能语言学与评价理论：三大元功能（及物性、情态、语篇）及态度、介入、级差系统

No abstract available

Writing in academic English is challenging and complex to learn, the root reasons for the issue, may include differences in the cultural backgrounds of the students, a deficiency in critical thinking skills, and a deficiency in linguistic proficiency. This study set out to investigate how metafunctions may be used to enhance students' writing skills. A research approach incorporating a qualitative case study will be employed to assess ninth-grade students' text composition. The data were gathered through collecting student writing over the school year 2021/2022. The students’ writings were the texts that were learnt in grade nine based on the curriculum. This study used Systemic Functional Linguistic theory and English texts to provide the framework for the text analysis. The texts were analyzed using the metafunction analysis in Hallidayan SFL to uncover the students’ ability to write English text. The teacher applied the Genre-based Approach when instructing his or her students on how to write. The results presented that metafunctions analysis was very important because there were ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. The ideational metafunction revealed the use of some processes in the students’ writing (material, mental, relational, and verbal), interpersonal revealed the importance of mood and residue elements in students’ writing and textual metafunction showed the importance of thematic progression pattern. This study indicated that to alleviate students’ challenges and strengthen their academic writing and critical thinking capacity, teachers should have a better understanding of the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics.

Slogans are now an essential aspect of daily life, commonly encountered in both public businesses and industries such as soft drinks, food, fashion, cosmetics, and markets. While many slogans are written in the national language, numerous others are composed in local dialects. In Indonesia, every region has its own slogan in the local language. On the island of Lombok, there are four regions, and each has its own slogan in the local language, conveying a variety of messages to the inhabitants.  But numerous people from Lombok, especially the younger generation, are unable to understand the meaning and message conveyed through the slogans. As a result, this study is aimed at (1). An analysis of the metafunction conveyed by district slogans on Lombok Island, WNT Province, and (2) Determine the type of transitivity system process that is predominantly used in district slogans on Lombok Island, WNT Province. The study employed a descriptive qualitative and quantitative research design. The sample respondents were selected through purposive sampling and data was collected using survey, observation, and interview methods. Results indicate that the slogan encompasses ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions, and also involves material, mental, relational, behavioural, and extension transitivity system processes. Quantitatively, the slogan employs 28 types of processes, with material processes making up the majority (27%), followed by relational processes (23%) and behavioural processes (19%). The slogan text does not contain any verbal processes. Participants related to the slogan text include human resources, goals, actors, sensing, phenomena, and behaviour.

This article is concerned with how “metafunctions of language” is theorized by M.A.K. Halliday in his Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory, and how the metafunctional framework can be used to analyse and interpret the meaning of text in social context. The paper consists of five sections. Section one introduces the topic of the article. Section two briefly examines the notion of “functions of language” in formal and non-systemic functional (non-SF) models of language. Section three explores in some detail the notion of “metafunctions of language” in the SFL model. The study shows that unlike formal and non-SF models of language, SFL conceptualizes metafunctions of language not just as “uses of language” but as a fundamental property of language itself. To illustrate the applicability of the metafunctional framework to the interpretation of meaning of text in social context, Section four conducts an analysis of two stanzas in the famous Vietnamese poem “Hai sắc hoa ti-gôn” (Two Colours of Antigone) in terms of experiential, interpersonal, textual, and logical meanings. Section five provides a résumé of the issues studied in the article, pointing out the advantages of Halliday’s metafunctional framework. The study aims to contribute to our understanding of language as a system of metafunctions, opening up vast potential for the application of the SFL model to language teaching, learning, and research.

‘Thirukkural’ written by Thiruvalluvar, is the most well-known and highly regarded work in the history of Tamil literature. Also, it is well known for its particular structure and wording. It is a distinctive and highly appealing work. Thirukkural has been studied approaching different literary theories. This paper tries to analyse Thirukkural based on the functional method of M. A. K. Halliday, his Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Here, one chapter – Education - of 133 chapters of the Thirukkural is analyzed using Systemic Functional Linguistic framework to achieve functional groupings of the writer’s linguistic choices in order to express the meanings and find out how functional features contribute to making the poem potentially. The linguistic data collected from the Thirukkural were analyzed by using the functional analysis method. Consequently, how interpersonal relationships are created within texts, how information is organized in texts and how the ideological positions of writer are implanted in texts were shown and interpreted.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the effectiveness of Halliday’s (2014) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) for translator education. It aims to enhance translation education research by following an interdisciplinary approach where SFL is used as a translation pedagogical tool.Design/methodology/approachThe sample of the study (n = 66) comprised translation students at King Saud University. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with control and experimental groups was used. The intervention activities encompassed analyses of texts at three levels: the register level (field, tenor and mode), the semantic level (ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunctions) and the lexico-grammar level (transitivity, mood and modality, and theme). For triangulation purposes, the participants’ perceptions were collected through a questionnaire. The instructor’s observations were collected using a reflective journal. Following Creswell and Creswell (2018), a convergent mixed methods approach was employed (qualitative analysis for the reflective journal, and quantitative analysis for the tests and questionnaire).FindingsThe results provide empirical insights about how SFL is beneficial for translator education. It assists students by reducing errors in meaning transfer or strategic errors.Research limitations/implicationsFurther studies can investigate SFL in other translation fields since every field has its specific features.Practical implicationsThis paper includes practical implications for facilitating SFL for translation education. It provides detailed instructional material on how to implement SFL in every lesson for a translation course.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils the need to support English–Arabic translator education by finding an objective tool to analyze the source text and justify translation choices.

This study examines the linguistic features of political disinformation on Indonesian social media during the 2024 presidential election using Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The study employed a qualitative descriptive method, collecting data from Twitter (now X) and Instagram posts related to the 2024 Indonesian presidential election, focusing on posts containing clear evidence of disinformation. The analysis mapped the lexicogrammatical features of disinformation at three levels: ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions to explain how these features shape the overall discourse. The study reveals frequent use of Material and Relational processes to misrepresent political figures, while Verbal processes distort statements through selective quoting. Attitude, engagement, and graduation features are also prominent, with disinformation posts expressing strong negative judgments about political opponents. Engagement techniques, such as selective citation and heteroglossia, create an illusion of balanced argument, while graduation features amplify emotional intensity through exaggerated language and forceful assertions. Disinformation posts rely on declarative clauses, rhetorical questions, and high modality to present falsehoods as factual, while causal conjunctions and marked themes enhance the coherence of biased narratives. The study underscores the need for a metalinguistic approach to social media literacy, equipping users with tools to critically analyze disinformation.

This study investigates the discourse between judges and defendants in Iranian criminal courts using the theoretical framework of Halliday and Matthiessen’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Courtroom discourse, as one of the most critical types of legal discourse, plays a decisive role in uncovering the truth, determining guilt or innocence, and ensuring justice. Considering that no systematic research based on this model has been conducted on courtroom discourse in Iran, this study aims to offer a significant innovation in the field. Data were collected from official transcripts of criminal court proceedings and analyzed through the three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Within the ideational metafunction, various process types—including material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential—were identified. For the interpersonal metafunction, declarative, interrogative, and imperative clauses as well as power relations between judges and defendants were examined. Regarding the textual metafunction, thematic structures and marked/unmarked sequences were analyzed. The findings revealed that judge–defendant discourse in Iranian criminal courts is goal-oriented, with material processes and interrogative clauses playing a prominent role in courtroom interactions. Additionally, power relations are linguistically manifested, where judges employ imperative statements and guided questions to control the flow of conversation. These results align with similar international studies and emphasize the significance of language as a tool for exercising power and seeking truth in criminal proceedings. The present research contributes to the advancement of forensic and legal linguistics in Iran and highlights its potential applications in judicial, educational, and interdisciplinary contexts.

In the era of short videos, most platforms, as emerging communication media, generate Internet buzzwords with multimodal characteristics. These buzzwords construct metaphorical meanings through symbol systems such as text, images, music, and body language, forming a unique linguistic landscape. To better understand this linguistic landscape, this study, from the perspective of the three metafunctions of Systemic Functional Linguistics, explores the multimodal metaphorical features of the internet buzzword “city not city”. Taking this buzzword as an example, it analyzes its multimodal metaphorical features in the conceptual, interpersonal, and textual functions. Simultaneously, based on the theoretical framework of multimodal metaphor, this study also examines the interaction among language, image, and sound modalities in this buzzword, revealing that its metaphor is not limited to the literal meaning but also presents multiple social and cultural implications such as seeking recognition, making choices, and group maintenance. Through in-depth analysis of this phenomenon, the aim is to provide a new perspective and theoretical basis for the study of internet language.

This paper offers an overview of Halliday’s three metafunctions—ideational, interpersonal, and textual—as they operate across multimodal discourse. Drawing on the framework of systemic functional linguistics (SFL), it explores how meaning is jointly constructed through diverse semiotic resources, including language, images, film, and architecture. The analysis highlights how ideational meaning is conveyed in print advertisements (O'Halloran 2008), how interpersonal meaning emerges in film scenes (O'Halloran 2004), and how textual meaning can be identified in three-dimensional forms such as buildings (O’Toole 2004). By illustrating how meaning is mapped across different modes, the paper emphasizes the value of SFL in understanding multimodal semiosis.

Genre analysis from functional perspectives has been extensively applied to various discourses in recent decades. However, movie trailer discourse (MTD), as a crucial promotional tool, remains understudied. This research conducts a generic analysis of 20 English movie trailer transcriptions drawing on Hasan’s Generic Structure Potential (GSP) theory and Martin’s Schematic Structure framework. Adopting a descriptive and qualitative methodology, the study investigates the generic properties of MTD and explores its semantic realizations through the three metafunctions (ideational, interpersonal, and textual) within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).The study addresses a gap in genre research by tentatively applying SFL to MTD analysis. Findings reveal that MTD exhibits a fixed schematic structure with distinct stages for meaning realization. Furthermore, MTD serves three key functions: (1) providing a narrative preview, (2) engaging audiences, and (3) integrating seemingly fragmental elements into a cohesive unit. This study not only expands the application of SFL to MTD but also offers insights into enhancing language mechanism for language learners to express their ideas appropriately in multimodal discourse.

This paper aims to explore the linguistic mechanisms and contextual triggers of humorous language in English sitcoms from the perspective of Systemic Func-tional Linguistics (SFL), with the classic American sitcom Friends as the core corpus. It focuses on Halliday’s three metafunctions and register theory to ana-lyze how humorous effects form through the interaction between lexi-cal-grammatical choices and situational contexts. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study selects typical humorous dialogues from Friends. These dia-logues cover diverse scenarios such as daily chats, interpersonal conflicts, and special occasions, and span all ten seasons of the sitcom to ensure representa-tiveness. From the SFL lens, humor is realized through specific linguistic pat-terns: transitivity deviations in the ideational function, mood metaphors and modality mismatches in the interpersonal function, and thematic structure var-iations plus unexpected new information placement in the textual function. From the register theory perspective, field deviations, tenor mismatches, and mode features jointly act as contextual triggers for humor. The research con-cludes that Friends’ humor results from the synergy of Systemic Functional Linguistics-based lexical-grammatical choices and register-situational interac-tions. It enriches the application of SFL in sitcom humor studies and provides practical insights, helping English learners improve their appreciation of sitcom humor by grasping the linguistic rules of English humorous language, and offer-ing references for sitcom creators to design contextually fitting humorous con-tent.

Oral narrative ability plays a pivotal role in children’s language development, yet studies in EFL settings have seldom examined how young learners construct meaning through functional and curriculum-based perspectives, and drawing on Halliday’s three metafunctions, namely, ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The study analyzes the oral presentations of six 9-10-year-old young learners in a private primary school in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, completing a classroom narrative assignment titled “A Day in My Life”. The data consisted of audio recordings of students' storytelling, which were transcribed and analyzed using metafunctional categories: process types, mood structures, modality, and thematic organization. The analysis reveals how children’s language choices reflect emerging narrative competence, social identity, and classroom positioning. While most narratives followed predictable patterns with material processes and simple themes, some learners exhibited agentive voice, evaluative stance, and interpersonal variation. This qualitative inquiry demonstrates how the combined application of SFL can uncover subtle layers of meaning in children’s oral narratives, yielding pedagogical insights for narrative instruction and deepening understanding of language development in EFL contexts. 

Abstract In spite of decades of research developing a model of language and context, there is little consensus in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) about how context should be modelled and how language and context are related. In this paper, we review recent work in SFL which focuses on modelling register as a resource – reconceiving field as a resource for construing phenomena, tenor as a resource for negotiating social relations, and mode as a resource for composing texture. This work has a number of implications for SFL’s conception of realisation (as strata of abstraction), instantiation (as a cline of generalisation), and individuation (as a scale of belonging). For realisation it bears critically on the issue of whether or not to adopt a stratified model of context (as register and genre) and the relationship between extrinsic functionality (field, tenor, and mode) and intrinsic functionality (ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions). For instantiation, it bears critically on our modelling of principles for coupling (co-selecting and arranging choices within and across languages and related modalities of communication) – for example mass, presence, and association. And for individuation, it bears critically on the perspectives of allocation (i.e. how access to meanings and their uptake is distributed across communities) and affiliation (i.e. how meanings are used to collaborate and struggle, within and between social groups). Our basic aim in this paper is to suggest a model for improving traction as far as SFL work on language in context is concerned, fully embracing a multimodal perspective on language and related modalities of communication as resources for meaning.

Abstract Drawing on the systemic functional approach to multimodal discourse analysis, this study investigates how struggling multilingual writers use semiotic modes to achieve different metafunctions in their multimodal composition. This study used the systemic functional approach to multimodal discourse analysis as a potential linguistic method to analyse how students’ semiotic choices work together in their multimodal composition to reflect three metafunctions of language (i.e. ideational, interpersonal and textual). The study analysed a hundred samples of multimodal composition and interviewed ten teachers to explore how students’ use of different semiotic modes reflected different metafunctions in multimodal composition. The study concludes that students conveyed different metafunctions in their multimodal composition via blending different semiotic modes that, in turn, reframe the conception about semiotic modes from meaningless isolated modes to those that create opportunities for constructing meaning. Theoretical and pedagogical implications for linguistics, applied linguistics, multilingualism and the systemic functional approach to multimodal discourse analysis research are discussed.

Systemic functional linguistics provides a systematic and comprehensive approach to examining language use, offering valuable information about the construction of meaning in the context of experiential, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. This framework can be used to examine linguistic features and discourse patterns of the EFL textbooks. This study analyzes the linguistic features that go into creating the metafunctions in question found in EFL textbooks using systemic functional linguistics. The study specifically focused on process types of Transitivity patterns, Mood structures, and nominal group structures. Data were taken from two secondary EFL textbooks published in 2013 by two Indonesian publishers from which samples of reading passages were purposefully chosen based on the topic, genre and difficulty, and they were modified into clauses for analysis. After transitivity analysis, material process type was found to be predominantly used signifying a focus on tangible actions. Furthermore, the mood structure predominantly employs declarative structures, indicating comprehensible and direct information exchanges. Nominal group analysis indicates that T (Thing) and DT (Deictic Thing) types are frequently used, increasing vocabulary with physical references. The pedagogical implications of the linguistic feature analysis provide tailored teaching-learning activities and the useful information for instructional design. Acknowledgments The author would like to express their sincere gratitude to the team, editors, and anonymous reviewers for their valuable insights and constructive feedback. Their input has greatly contributed to the improvement and refinement of this manuscript. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.

Systemic functional linguistics holds that language has three metafunctions: ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. This paper studies discourse “The Middle Eastern Bazaar” and analyzes it from ideational metafunction and textual metafunction. Ideational function refers to the use of language to express the objective external world in language users’ minds and their subjective judgments of the objective external world, reflecting the experiential and logical functions of language. Ideational metafunction analysis consists of the analysis of six types of processes as well as the analysis of voice. Textual function of language refers to the actual use of language as a discourse that expresses relatively complete ideas, rather than grammatical units such as words or sentences. Textual metafunction analysis is carried out from the aspects of macro discourse structure, theme-rheme structure and discourse cohesion. Discourse “The Middle Eastern Bazaar” describes a bazaar in the Middle East with very typical local characteristics. The analysis finds that more material process and verbal process are applied than mental, behavioral, relational and existing processes. More non-middle voice is applied than middle voice in the discourse. The theme-rheme structure and different cohesive devices make the thematic information flow naturally and smoothly.

The objective of this study was to examine the academic writing competence of Foundation in Science students in a private university by analysing their situational essay writing from a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) perspective. Specifically, the study sought to investigate how students’ linguistic choices reflected their ability to construct meaning, organise ideas, and adopt an appropriate academic stance as they prepared to progress into the MBBS programme. A qualitative method was employed. The data comprised situational essays produced by ten Foundation in Science students. The essays were subjected to thematic analysis to identify recurring linguistic patterns associated with ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions, focusing on transitivity choices, mood and modality, and thematic progression as key resources for meaning-making across the texts. The data were further organised and categorised using NVivo software. The findings revealed that the students demonstrated an emerging awareness of conventional essay structure and basic content development. Nevertheless, their writing exhibited limited control over academic lexical resources, complex clause constructions, and cohesive devices. The essays frequently relied on simple sentence structures and descriptive or narrative expressions, with minimal use of evaluative language and logical connectors, indicating partial development of academic discourse competence. The study yielded important pedagogical implications for foundation-level education. It suggested that explicit, SFL-informed instruction could enhance students’ understanding of how linguistic resources function in academic writing, thereby supporting the development of coherence, critical stance, and disciplinary literacy required for success in medical education.

The research focused on how students effectively establish rapport with authors and readers in essays through linguistic constructs. Using qualitative methods, a group of 20 participants was studied, with three students selected for situational writing assessment. Halliday's (2004) metafunctions framework-ideational, interpersonal, and textual-guided the analysis of their compositions. The findings revelaed revealed that students 1, 2, and 3 adeptly employed these metafunctions. The ideational dimension was used to coherently present reasons for incomplete homework while maintaining thematic consistency. Interpersonally, the students employed respectful tones, expressed contrition, commitment, appreciation, and responsibility. Textually, their work exhibited logical structure and cohesion. Through the integration of these metafunctions, students enhanced their communication strategies. The study underscores the significance of metafunction awareness in language education, suggesting that incorporating ideational, interpersonal, and textual dimensions can elevate writing proficiency. It offers guidance for adaptable communication, nurtures comprehensive communication skills, and establishes transferable proficiencies and assessment criteria. Ultimately, this research contributes to effective communication pedagogy across diverse contexts, showcasing the nuanced strategies students employ to connect with authors and readers.

English signs in urban public spaces within the linguistic landscape are not merely directional tools, but rather a reflection of identity contestation, globalization, and complex communicative functions. Through a systemic functional linguistics (SFL) perspective, these signs are understood based on the metafunctions of language. This study examines English signs in public spaces within the urban linguistic landscape through a SFL perspective. Using a qualitative descriptive design, 100 English signs were selected from a larger dataset. The research data, focusing on the functional analysis of these English-language public signs, were analyzed qualitatively and descriptively based on ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions, as well as the communicative purposes of English use. The results show that relational meaning is the most dominant ideational pattern, indicating that English is primarily used to identify locations, facilities, and commercial entities. Interpersonal meaning is dominated by neutral and persuasive functions, while textual meaning often emerges through lexical prominence and theme prominence. These signs primarily function informatively and persuasively, demonstrating that English serves not only as a means of communication but also as a social semiotic resource that regulates public space and constructs commercial meanings. These findings suggest that public signs can be valuable authentic materials in English language learning.

ABSTRACT Following a systemic functional approach to ecolinguistic studies, this study explores the Chinese transitivity system's interpretative potential in revealing the dynamic relationship between human beings and their living places. The research extends the transitivity system under the ethical framework of Ecological Sense of Place, drawing on theories from human geography and traditional Chinese philosophies. Within such a premise, the system of process configurations and participants of Chinese process types are reinterpreted, arguing that both the participant and the process should be judged through an ecological lens concerning their function in construing the human-place relationships. The scale of influence and environmental stances of Participant roles is addressed, following a belief that every entity contains participative potential as -er/-ed role of a process. Place as a circumstantial role is expressly acknowledged for their contribution to circumscribe people-place relationships. Regarding the process types, a reconsideration of their emotive, cognitive and agentive features is proposed to reveal the embedded attitudes toward places. These observations extend the knowledge on how the transitivity system can be refined to show the speaker/writer's attitude toward the ecology and its further influences on the collective understanding of human-nature relationships.

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Spoken Javanese is a form of communication rich in cultural meaning, as it represents speakers’ social relationships, attitudes, and experiences in everyday interactions. In this context, the transitivity system in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is relevant for examining the representation of experiential meaning through language. This study aims to identify the types of processes in the transitivity system found in spoken Javanese utterances, analyze the distribution and dominance of the processes that occur, and interpret the tendencies in the representation of speakers’ experiences within the Javanese sociocultural context. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach. The data consist of 134 spoken Javanese utterances obtained through observation and interviews in natural interactions. The analysis was conducted through data reduction, clause identification, process type classification, and meaning interpretation based on the sociocultural context. Since a single utterance may contain more than one clause, the number of processes identified exceeds the number of utterances. The findings reveal the occurrence of mental processes in 63 clauses, behavioral processes in 38 clauses, material processes in 17 clauses, relational processes in 13 clauses, verbal processes in 9 clauses, and existential processes in 6 clauses. Mental processes are the most dominant, particularly in the desiderative and cognitive subcategories, which represent speakers’ desires, considerations, and inner attitudes. These findings indicate that spoken Javanese tends to represent internal experiences and interpersonal negotiation more frequently than material actions. This study confirms that the transitivity system functions not only as a grammatical structure but also as a representation of experience that reflects the sociocultural orientation of its speakers.

This study aims to examine the lexico-grammatical choices in an EFL learner’s argumentative essay using the transitivity system. It seeks to assess the quality of the learner’s writing to help improve their writing ability. The study also explores the experiential meaning constructed by the learner to persuade the reader through her argumentative text. In terms of methodology, this research employs document analysis to investigate the transitivity system. The data is from an argumentative essay written by an EFL learner at a state university in Cirebon. A qualitative approach is used, specifically textual analysis, a data analysis method that closely examines texts' content, meaning, structure, and discourse. The result shows that the material process takes over half of the portions of all process types. It indicates that the EFL Learner only serves a few arguments in the text. Thus, the argumentative essay text written by EFL learners has not fulfilled the standard quality of writing an argumentative essay. It is clearly shown from the result of finding process types, which should be mental and verbal processes as the highest portions in the text. This study contributes to the understanding of how transitivity analysis can reveal the strengths and weaknesses in EFL learners' argumentative writing, with implications for developing more targeted pedagogical strategies to enhance students' ability to construct effective arguments.

This study examines how experiential meaning is realized in an Indonesian government-published English textbook for eleventh-grade deaf students in Special Senior High Schools (SMALB). While this meaning concerns who is doing what in certain circumstances, it can also investigate what happenings are involved, given that aural happenings pose significant linguistic and pedagogical difficulties among deaf students in accessing learning materials. However, little is known about the instructional content in such a textbook. Using the transitivity system from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to capture the language realizations and insights of the social model of disability in coping with structural barriers, this study examined clauses as the unit of analysis, comprising 176 short commands and 87 brief dialogues. The findings highlight the need to accommodate the nature of deaf students, as both text types lack adequate linguistic diversity and multimodal support, thereby limiting accessibility and engagement. These findings reflect structural barriers in the textbook design. This study recommends revising the command structure, diversifying participant roles and circumstantial elements, and integrating visual strategies such as sign language models, gestures, and contextual images. This study highlights that transitivity analysis can be harnessed to inform appropriate doings and experiences related to learning, contributing to inclusive English language instruction and equitable learning experiences for deaf students.

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Researches on ideational meaning have been widely reported, but rarely do they compare transitivity analysis systems on two similar texts. The aim of the study deals with the transitivity system of the descriptive texts of the model text taken from a TOEFL exercises book and the student’s text written by a tenth grade student of SMA Islam Al Azhar 15 Semarang. It also explores how the understanding of experiential grammar informs pedagogical practices. The research approach of the study was descriptive qualitative completed by textual analysis using Halliday’s SFL theory. The result of the transitivity system shows that the model text and the student’s text employed different types of processes. However, both texts present a similar transitivity pattern in the dominance of material processes and circumstances of location. One incomplete clause in the student’s text caused the attributive process not to appear. All in all, the main linguistic features of descriptive text, relational processes, are not accurately employed in the texts. Knowledge of experiential grammar brings potential benefits for both learning and teaching. It enhances student learning by providing an understanding of authorial intent and grammatical structure, and empowers educators to create useful instructional approaches to improve students' writing and critical thinking skills.Keywords - Descriptive Text, Ideational Meaning, SFL, Transitivity System.

Dialogue (?iw?r) in Arabic textbooks not only serves as a medium for communication training but also represents human experience through linguistic choices. However, research on Al-?Arabiyyah Bayna Yadayk (ABY) has focused mainly on pedagogical aspects, while studies on the construction of experiential meaning in dialogue texts through linguistic systems remain limited. This study aims to describe and interpret the realization of ideational meaning through the transitivity system in ?iw?r texts in ABY Volume 1. Using a descriptive qualitative approach and content analysis, this study examined 71 clauses from six purposively selected dialogue texts in Volumes 1A and 1B. The analysis was based on three transitivity components in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL): processes, participants, and circumstances. The results showed that material processes were dominant (40 occurrences; 56.3%), followed by relational (25; 35.2%) and mental processes (6; 8.5%), while behavioral, verbal, and existential processes were absent. The dominance of material processes and Actor participants indicates that experiences in ?iw?r are primarily constructed through human activities, while the dominance of Location circumstances situates these experiences in everyday contexts. Relational processes represent identities, attributes, circumstances, and relationships, whereas mental processes represent internal experiences such as desires and perceptions. These findings demonstrate that ?iw?r in ABY functions not only as communication practice but also as a meaning-making resource representing actions, identities, circumstances, and inner experiences through lexicogrammatical choices. The study contributes to SFL-based Arabic linguistic research and offers pedagogical implications for developing communicative, contextual, and meaningful dialogue materials.

This research aims to determine the type of transitivity process from the of song Imagination and find the dominant type of process used in the song Imagination. This research was conducted using qualitative research methods and using data analysis. The data used as a source are song lyrics that use a paler lyrical instrument. Data collection was carried out by reading and understanding the lyrics to analyzing each clause and type of transitivity system in the song. In the analysis of the song Imagination found 67 clauses with the type of transitivity system count analyzed, namely 61 processes with the highest usage order, namely Mental, Attributive relational, Material, Verbal, Possession relational, Identifying relational and behavioral. 99 participants with the highest usage order, namely Senser & Carrier, Phenomenon, Attribute, Actor, Sayer & Target, Verbiage & Goal, Possessor & Possessed, Value & Token. And 29 Circumstances with the order Extent temporal, Location Spatial & Accompaniment, Manner, Contingency and Location temporal & Matter. Thus, it can be concluded that the dominant type of transitivity system used in the song Imagination, namely Mental Processes with the proportion (39%) of Participant Senser and Carrier with the proportion of each (17%) and Circumstances Extent (Temporal) with the proportion (21%).

The main streams of Systemic Functional Linguistics present two distinct transitivity systems of English, which is attributed to their different views about the relationship between experience, meaning and the transitivity system. Particularly, they both take experience as the starting point, but adopt different upward approaches to the description of the experiential metafunction. Accordingly, existing studies of Chinese by reference to such English descriptions come up with divergent Chinese transitivity systems. Since it is prevailing practice to start the description of experiential metafunction from the end of experience rather than from the end of the transitivity system, a downward approach to do this is worth exploring. That is, the construction of the transitivity system presupposes a systematic categorization of experience and a natural relationship between experience and the transitivity system. Based on the basic level category theory, this article describes experience at three levels, and differentiates it into two modes – autonomous and influenced. Observing this account, and adhering to the mapping relationship between experience and the transitivity system, this article constructs a transitivity system of Chinese as consisting of processes at three levels along the delicate dimension, and elaborates on these at the basic level, since they are the most salient and essential to human beings.

Abstract: This study describes the transitivity system in narrative texts in Junior High School textbooks also explores how the understanding of process types in narratives informs pedagogical practices. The study was designed by employing qualitative descriptive method. The findings show that the most frequent process is material process, followed by relational process, mental process, verbal process, and existential process. The behavioral process is absent from all of the analyzed texts. The findings show that the texts are categorized into simple narratives. Thus, it can be concluded that the texts in the textbooks correspond to the stages of students’ intellectual development. However, grammatical errors are also found in the texts. It means that transitivity analysis does not only cover the experiential meaning of texts, more broadly than that, it can also analyze clauses grammatically and lexically in detail up to errors in the use of function words with evidence of asynchronous meaning in the transitivity system. Furthermore, the pedagogical implications of transitivity analysis are as follows: 1) leads students to acknowledge the author's purpose, 2) provides teachers with many ideas for experiential probe questions that students can use when exploring clauses in a text, and 3) sharpening students’ critical thinking. Keyword: junior high school textbooks, transitivity system, narrative texts. Abstrak: Penelitian ini menganalisis sistem transitivitas dalam teks naratif pada buku teks Sekolah Menengah Pertama serta mengeksplorasi bagaimana pemahaman tentang jenis berimplikasi pada praktik pedagogis. Penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses yang paling sering terjadi adalah proses material, diikuti proses relasional, proses mental, proses verbal, dan proses eksistensial. Proses perilaku absen dari semua teks yang dianalisis. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa teks-teks tersebut dikategorikan kedalam jenis teks naratif sederhana. Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa teks-teks naratif dalam buku teks telah sesuai dengan tahapan perkembangan intelektual siswa. Namun, kesalahan tata bahasa juga ditemukan dalam teks-teks tersebut. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa analisis transitivitas tidak hanya dapat menunjukkan makna eksperiensial dalam teks, lebih luas dari itu, klausa yang tata bahasa dan maknanya asinkron juga dapat diketahui. Selanjutnya, implikasi pedagogis dari analisis transitivitas adalah sebagai berikut: 1) mengarahkan siswa untuk mengetahui tujuan penulis, 2) menyediakan ide bagi guru dalam membuat pertanyaan penyelidikan yang dapat digunakan siswa ketika menganalisis klausa dalam suatu teks, dan 3) meningkatkan kemampuan berfikir kritis siswa. Kata kunci: Buku teks Sekolah Menengah Pertama, sistem transitivitas, teks naratif

AbstractThe current study scrutinizes the representation of actors and goals of transitivity system in the introduction sections of   theses (ISoT) composed by undergraduate students in reference to that of the introduction sections of research articles (ISoRA) considered as the target writings in the academic discourse of knowledge building. 738 English ranking clauses from 10 English-field ISoT and 694 from 10 ISoRA of TESOL Quarterly were analysed for their material processes as well as their participants and circumstances. The analysis was executed with the tables of analysis adapted from Halliday’s experiential meaning framework.  The analysis reveals that in the material processes of ISoRA previous studies and previous researchers instead of current studies and current researchers are more frequently employed as actors. Contrary, in their ISoT counterpart, the latter outnumber the former. The analysis also finds that goals in the material processes of ISoT in comparison with its ISoRA counterpart still lack previous findings. Overall, the representation of actors and goals in the material processes of ISoT still needs lexical resources that underpin the process of knowledge building. This has been confirmed by the tendency of actors and goals of ISoT to represent its study undertaken, compared with its ISoRA counterpart focusing more on previous related studiesKeywords: actors, goals, material process, transitivity system, ISoT, ISoRA

This paper analyzes experiential meaning in poetry written by William Wordsworth. It applied Halliday Systemic Functional Grammar to pinpoint and analyze the occurrences of processes in the poetry. There are five poetry which is taken as the subject on this research. The analysis is conducted based the six processes in transitivity system. The analysis found that there are five processes coded in the poetry of William Wordsworth. They are material, mental, relational, behavioral and existential. It also resulted that the most dominant types is the material process. It's meant that poetry tells about the poet's action in expressing of his idea, feeling and showing in life. This finding also shows that William Wordsworth as the poet uses the material process to build the imagery such as personification, simile and metaphor. Related to the findings of this study, the application of analysis experiential meaning can be implicated in writing and reading academic as well as translators, students and instructors involved in writing and reading pedagogy.n

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This study adopts an experiential analysis approach to examine how sexual harassment is represented in opinion columns published by The Jakarta Post. Utilizing Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as the theoretical framework, the research focuses on exploring how language is structured to convey experiential meaning, particularly through the transitivity system. As a form of qualitative and descriptive research, this study investigates online news texts with the aim of uncovering how linguistic choices reflect and construct social realities. The central analytical focus lies in identifying types of processes, participant roles, and circumstantial elements within the clauses of the texts. These components are crucial for understanding how actions, events, and relationships are framed in relation to gender and power dynamics. Through the analysis of 436 clauses, the findings indicate that material and relational processes are the most frequently used. Material processes reflect actions and events, while relational processes emphasize classification, attribution, and identification. Their prevalence suggests that opinion columnists highlight both the concrete experiences of harassment and the ways individuals and groups are labeled or characterized. This dominance illustrates how language is strategically employed to both narrate and evaluate incidents of sexual harassment. By analyzing these linguistic features, the study sheds light on how media discourse contributes to shaping public understanding and societal attitudes toward gender-related issues. Ultimately, the study provides valuable insight into how opinion columns, as influential media texts, can reinforce or challenge dominant ideologies, thus playing a critical role in public discourse surrounding sexual harassment.

As one of the metafunctions in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), experiential meaning plays a vital role in interpreting texts. The transitivity system identifies the experiential meaning and captures how reality is construed by manifold linguistics choices. Despite the widespread application of Holliday’s transitivity system, academic discourse receives far less attention than it deserves. In response, the study is set to analyze an extracted passage from the academic essay The Feminist Reader and to reveal the author’s underlying ideology of feminism by using the transitivity system as a theoretical framework. Among the six processes outlined in the framework, the study discovers that relational processes highly dominate writing, distantly followed by material, while verbal and mental processes respectively come third. Moreover, it is the genre and register of academic writing and the author’s writing intentions that contribute to different proportions of processes. In addition to exploring those hidden reasons, it is admitted that the transitivity choices the author makes are covert manifestations of her perspective on femininity.

This study investigates the syntactic and semantic relationship between the Chinese ba-construction and its English equivalents, using the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), particularly the transitivity system. The “ba”-construction is a distinctive structure in Mandarin Chinese that emphasizes the affectedness of an object and the result of an action. Translating such structures into English involves more than direct syntactic transformation; it requires careful consideration of how experiential meaning is expressed through different process types and participant roles. Drawing on a bilingual corpus of literary and journalistic texts, this research categorizes English translations of “ba”-constructions according to their process types in SFG: material, mental, relational, and verbal. The analysis reveals that while most “ba”-constructions are translated into material processes in English—preserving the action-result pattern—there are frequent and systematic shifts into other process types due to lexical, grammatical, and stylistic constraints. These shifts often result in the reconfiguration of participant roles, such as Goals becoming Phenomena or Actors taking on the role of Sensers or Carriers. The study argues that these transitivity shifts are not mere formal alterations but play a crucial role in maintaining semantic coherence and communicative intent across languages. It highlights the translator’s role as an active agent in negotiating meaning and form, and it affirms the value of SFG as a practical tool for translation analysis. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of cross-linguistic transitivity and provide insights for translator training and contrastive linguistics.

Transitivity is a lexico-grammatical system for construing experiential meaning through both grammatical structure and lexical choice. This study investigates how the experiential meaning is reproduced in translating cultural imagery in allusions in Chinese political texts, with particular attention given to its structural realization. Drawing on a parallel corpus of 449 instances from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China (Volumes I to IV), it examines how imagery, in translation, is grammatically realized as participant or circumstance through different processes, together with lexical choices. A strong preference is observed for structural equivalence, especially when the imagery conveys universal or ideological significance. Shifts in structural role or process type are employed to clarify abstract reasoning, foreground general principles, or facilitate intercultural understanding. Material and relational processes are predominant, and shifts often signal rhetorical movement between action and evaluation. As to lexical choices, a strong preference is also observed for retaining the original image rather than rendering its sense or omitting it. These results indicate that the selection of imagery reflects the diplomatic principle of proximity, and its retention in translation aligns with harmony-oriented institutional norms. This study offers a replicable model for analysing cultural imagery in political translation from a transitivity perspective.

This study examined how proverbs in Flora Nwapa’s Efuru reinforce indigenous knowledge and cultural identity in the face of globalisation using the theoretical framework of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) with particular focus on the transitivity system of the experiential ideational meta function. Transitivity is used to examine how language represents human experience through different process types, participants and circumstances. By applying this theory, the study explained how the author used proverbs in her work to encode experiential meanings which reflect the socio-cultural realities of Igbo society. The theory is suitable for this analysis because it relates grammatical choices with meaning, culture and context. It becomes an effective tool for exploring indigenous knowledge and cultural identity in literary discourse. The use of proverbs in the novel is not just a literary device but an important means of transmitting Igbo cultural values, beliefs and social norms. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative tools in its analysis. Data comprised 26 proverbs randomly and purposively selected from the novel and analysed based on the objectives of the study, research questions and theoretical framework adopted. The study summarily revealed that under the processes, the “material process” occurred majorly and followed by “relational process” (which represents actions and relationships in the Igbo society). Under the participants, it also showed that “actor” occurred highest and followed by “goals” (It represents the characters involved in a discourse). Under the circumstances, “manner” occurred most and followed by “location” (place) and matter (It represents the way of doing things in a given setting or event). The study concludes that lexico-grammatical pattern of proverbs in Efuru contribute significantly to the preservation and promotion of indigenous knowledge and cultural identity.

This research aims to classify the interpersonal meaning in “The Pursuit of Happyness” movie scene, job interview scene. This study employs a descriptive-qualitative method to explore the interpersonal meaning in the language used during a job interview scene from the movie "The Pursuit of Happyness." Utilizing Halliday's framework for functional linguistics, the researchers analyzed 82 clauses from the scene, focusing on mood structures, speech functions, and the use of modality. The analysis revealed that statements were the predominant speech function, consistent with the informative nature of job interviews. The study identified various linguistic elements, such as subjects, finites, predicators, complements, and adjuncts, which are crucial in understanding the characters' use of language to convey their identities, intentions, and social dynamics. The findings contribute to the cross-disciplinary understanding of linguistics, film studies, and communication, offering insights into effective communication strategies in professional settings. The research provides a detailed examination of how language is used to negotiate relationships, express personal attitudes, and enact social roles within the high-stakes communicative situation depicted in the film.

Politeness strategies play a crucial role in maintaining social harmony and establishing interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal function of language in Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) provides a framework to analyze how language is used to interact with others. Our research aims to analyze the interpersonal functions of politeness strategies in conversation from the perspective of mood, modality, and person in SFG, with a focus on politeness theory, face theory, and politeness strategies. It shows how language is used to manage social relationships and establish social hierarchies in communication, and how understanding politeness strategies can help communicate more effectively and respectfully in different contexts.

In public speaking, speakers share their thoughts, call for action, and even influence listeners’ attitudes through language. This paper employs Interpersonal Function Theory of Halliday’s Functional Grammar to analyze Barack Obama’s inaugural address. It aims to reveal the relationship between language choice and the meaning one is inclined to express will make a thorough analysis of Barack Obama’s inaugural address from the perspective of Interpersonal Function theory of Functional Grammar, finally revealing the relationship between language choice and the meaning one is inclined to express and illustrate how Obama realizes Interpersonal Function through language in his address.It is found that in Obama’s inaugural address, Mood, Modality and Personal pronouns all facilitate to the intimacy between the speaker and listener in varying degrees, thus achieving the purpose of communication. In terms of Mood system, declaratives and imperatives are decidedly in the majority in Obama’s speech. In the aspect of Modality system, the usage of median and high value modal auxiliary verbs predominates over that of low value modal auxiliary verbs. In terms of Person, the first personal pronoun is used more frequently than the second personal pronoun and the third personal pronoun.

Translation has been a prominent focus in linguistics for six decades, yet scant attention has been paid to the stylistic nuances found in ancient Chinese memorials. The study aims to find out the linguistic features of translations of the ancient memorials. The paper starts with a brief introduction of Halliday’s interpersonal function theory and the definition of the memorial. Through analyzing the data, we collected from the two well-known Chinese ancient memorials. The former is State of Dispatching Troops and the later is Memorial to the Emperor Stating My Case. Results show the features of memorials regarding mood, modality, and personal pronoun and how these features achieve interpersonal functions through quantitative and qualitative research. This paper provides a simple model for analyzing Chinese ancient literary style memorials and compensates for the lack of theory about stylistic linguistic and systemic-functional linguistics in the English-Chinese translation field. The realization of interpersonal functions reflects the speaker’s status, intentions, tendencies and, the other information. In essays, more polite usage is used instead of the common first-person I and second-person pronoun you. The above analysis is considered by translators when they translate the memorials into English.

Based on the interpersonal function of Halliday’s systematic functional linguistics, the current paper studies the tone system and modality system of the speech delivered by Anne Hathaway in B20 Indonesia Summit, so as to explore the achievement of interpersonal function of speech discourse. The research findings indicate that: Firstly, the declarative sentences with the function of providing and obtaining information occupy the largest proportion in the discourse; Secondly, speakers frequently use the first person for information output; Finally, for the choice of modal verbs, speakers often choose high-value modal verbs to express strong demands and wishes. To sum up, the appropriate use of tone system, personal system and modality system not only contribute to the construction of speech objectivity and the speaker’s power of speech, but also help to arouse the audience’s resonance. The results of the research deepen the audience’s understanding of interpersonal function, and provide a referential direction for feminist speech text research.

Functioned as a social medium, tour commentaries are used by tour guides to interact and communicate with tourists, especially in explaining activities, locations, cultures, and knowledge regarding the place they are visiting. These commentaries bring interpersonal function that is realized through the use of modality. This current study, therefore, aims to (1) identify the use of modalities that bear the interpersonal function found in students’ tour commentaries and (2) describe the meaning of the modalities used. This study employed descriptive qualitative and text analysis methods using Halliday’s theory of modality. The data, 57 utterances containing modality, were obtained from tour commentaries of Tour and Travel Business Study Program’s students of Politeknik Negeri Bandung. This study reveals the use of both modalization, to show ’probability’ and ’usuality’, and modulation, to show ’obligation’ and ’inclination’, on students’ tour commentaries. The ’probability’ and ’obligation’ functions are most discovered. The results can be beneficial academically and practically. They can give insight into how tour guides apply modality in their tour commentaries.

Modal discourse markers play an important role in language communication, and the analysis of modal discourse markers is in full swing, but a large amount of analysis focuses on written texts, such as academic writing or celebrity speeches, and few studies on the actual use of L2 learners. This study is conducted based on the theoretical framework of interpersonal meaning in Halliday’s functional grammar, and analyzes the dialogue in the multi-modal spoken corpus of science and engineering college students from the perspective of modality, hoping to provide reference for L2 learning and teaching.

Interpersonal function of language was first put forward by Halliday and it has been added by some scholars, which is one of the three meta-functions of language. It helps us establish and maintain social relationships. This paper analyzes the inaugural speech of Joe Biden based on interpersonal function and conducts both a quantitative approach and a qualitative approach. This research has found: In personal pronoun system, Biden used the first person pronoun most frequently in his inaugural speech. In modality system, medium-value modal verbs were used most, followed by low-value modal verbs and high-value modal verbs. In mood system, declarative sentences were used most often, which made his speech more objective and reasonable. In tense system, present tense appears most often in the speech, followed by future tense and past tense. In evaluation system, different resources have helped to achieve the interpersonal function.

Political speech is an effective means of promoting international communication. The interpersonal function is one of the meta-functions of Halliday’s Systemic Functional linguistics. Based on the theory of interpersonal function, with LancsBox6.0 as a research tool, this research analyzes the use of modal verbs and personal pronouns in political discourse with the keynote speech by Xi Jinping at the Opening Ceremony of the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2022 as a corpus. The results show that in political discourse, speakers often use a declarative mood to convey information. In terms of modality, speakers mostly use median and high-value modal verbs. In terms of personal pronouns, the first person and the third person are often adopted. In the context of century-change, international communications including political communications are of particularly great importance. Therefore, figuring out the interpersonal meaning in the political speech discourse is necessary and significant.

Based on the interpersonal function of Systemic-functional Grammar, this paper analyzes the construction of interpersonal functions in the political discourse of the year 2022 New Year Address in China from the perspectives of personal pronoun, mood and modality. The main objective of this study is to investigate the language features and conventions of the political speech. Therefore, a study of it in the light of Systemic-functional Grammar will help to gain an in-depth understanding of the interpersonal meaning and the thoughts of national leaders in political speeches.

The Merchant of Venice is one of the most successful works of the great English playwright William Shakespeare, and the character Shylock is one of the most vivid and controversial characters in the play. Scholarly debate surrounding Shylock has remained consistently dynamic. This paper takes Shylock as research object, and employs Halliday’s interpersonal function theory in Systemic Functional Linguistics as framework. Combining a large number of dialogue descriptions with analyzable mood and modality types, this paper counts the frequencies of different mood types and modal auxiliaries. Then by comparing and analyzing the different identity positioning of Shylock, the summary of the changing trends of different characters of Shylock constructed by Shakespeare in the play is carried out. The study finds that Shylock mainly uses declarative mood and medium-value modal auxiliaries, while interrogative, exclamatory mood and high-value modals surge in the climax, constructing his triple identities: a usurer, a cold-blooded father, and a resister. This research provides a new linguistic quantitative approach for literary character analysis and deepens the interpretation of Shylock’s image.

This study is concerned with the interpersonal function analysis of American political speech text, by taking an example of first Obama's victory speech, based on Systemic Functional Linguistics theory (SFL). The speech text was modified into clauses which were subsequently analyzed in accordance with the goal of the analysis. The study revealed that the speech established an intimate relationship and a close distance with the audience which enables speaker to gain support and exchange information through the use of linguistics resources that are declarative clause in the mood structure, modality, and pronoun "we". This study has a great impact on language teaching and learning in terms of maintaining social relationships and exchanging meanings between teachers and students during their interactions in the classroom by taking into account the link between linguistic resources and the nature of text both spoken and written.

Using Systemic Functional Grammar and conceptual framework in the argumentation-oriented approach to discourse, this study analyzes Chinese central government’s “ Report on the Work of the Government” in 2020 (henceforth the Report) to explore the “interpersonal-function topoi” in the political discourse. The Report was delivered and issued against the backdrop of the surging covid-19 epidemic. This study first calculated the frequency of mood, modality and persons in the Report. The statistics were qualitatively analyzed in relation to various topoi-imagery of the crisis vis-à-vis representing the agency-reflected in the interpersonal metafunction of the language in the Report. These topoi play a vital role in winning popular support for the Chinese central government’s anti-epidemic measures and mobilizing the widest public into actions against the covid-19 pandemic. The analysis demonstrates how the analysis of interpersonal metafunction from an argumentation-oriented perspective can shed light on dealing with crisis discourse, especially in the pandemic settings.

Great changes have occurred in the media with advancement of Internet technology, influencing the field of education. MOOCs, as a viable online teaching platform, not only helps to improve the university teaching level on a large scale, but also encourages many higher institutions to positively influence diverse audiences beyond the intellectual ivory tower by sharing their courses. Against such background, this paper selects Nankai University's MOOCs “Critical English Writing” as the research object, and uses 11 short videos from the first and second lectures, totaling 43 minutes and 45 seconds, as the research corpus, and transcribes the teacher talk in the videos as samples. Based on Halliday's theory of interpersonal function, this paper analyzes the use of mood, modality, and personal pronoun in this online course, as well as the speed and syntax of teacher talk. This paper attempts to investigate the discourse strategies of teacher talk in an online classroom and provides corresponding suggestions based on the findings. In practice, teachers’ talk plays a vital role in the English classroom. In a network English teaching context, only by giving full play to the interpersonal function of teacher talk and establishing an equal and harmonious classroom atmosphere can we achieve a student-centered classroom and guide students to carry out effective language input and output in the interaction. From a macro perspective, this study puts forward suggestions for online English curriculum design, and identifies problems and improvement measures of teacher talk in the new classroom environment, in the hope of helping to promote and enhance the effectiveness of classroom teaching in MOOCs. To a certain extent, this paper can promote the effectiveness of teaching and communication strategies, improve the quality of online teaching in universities, and facilitate the development of English courses in MOOCs with distinctive features.

Text analysis was mainly concerned with the ideational function and textual function. Besides, macro aspect has been regarded as the most text structure examined in previous studies. Regardless of those three aspects, this study focused on the interpersonal function analysis of political speech text, by taking an example of Joe Biden’s victory speech. The purposed theory namely Systemic Functional Linguistics theory (SFL) was then applied to analyze the text. The analysis was conducted by modifying the speech text into clauses which were subsequently analyzed in accordance with the goal of the analysis. Data analysis revealed that the speech established an intimate relationship and a close distance with the audience. As such, the speaker enables to gain support and exchange information through the use of linguistics resources namely declarative clause in the mood structure, modality, and pronoun "we". As a conclusion, different use of mood, modality, and personal pronouns might determine the different level of interpersonal function of a text. This study has a great impact on language teaching and learning in terms of maintaining social relationships and exchanging meanings between teachers and students by taking into account the link between linguistic resources and the nature of texts.

In order to have a clearer understanding of the future political trend of the United States, this paper introduces big data technology to conduct word frequency statistics on the inaugural speech of Joe Biden, the 46th president of the United States. On this basis, this paper adopts the social interpersonal function theory in systemic functional linguistics proposed by Halliday to analyze the discourse of the inauguration of the new president of the United States, revealing the metaphors behind it from the perspectives of modality, person and tone. This helps us get a better understanding of the political direction of the United States in his term of office. The results show that that Biden uses a large number of first-person pronouns to narrow the distance with the public and win the favor of voters. In terms of modality, Biden used the second person to make a series of promises to win the support of voters. In terms of tone, Biden used a lot of declarative tone to promote his political views.

Under the guidance of the interpersonal meta-function theory of systemic functional grammar, this paper studied the mood, modality, and personal pronouns of a TED speech and drew the following conclusions: speakers more often used declarative sentences to convey information, more often used the first person to narrow the distance with the audience, and more often used low-value and median-value modal verbs to reduce the sense of pressure on the audience, which is conducive to the acceptance of the speaker's views. It is hoped that the above conclusions can be helpful for people who are starting to learn how to deliver a speech.

This paper adopts Halliday’s systemic functional grammar as the theoretical framework to make a contrastive analysis of the interpersonal meaning of Environmental Protection Public Service Advertising from the perspective of mood and modality. It is found that there are both similarities and differences in the realization of interpersonal meaning in the discourse of both English and Chinese environmental protection public service advertising. In terms of mood, both tend to use declarative, imperative, interrogative mood, among which the declarative mood is the most frequently used, while the imperative mood is the second. In the aspect of modality, the use of modal words in English environmental protection advertising language is more abundant, and it is customary to use modal words with low emotional value to realize interpersonal meaning, while Chinese advertisements prefer more modality words with high emotional value.

TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design), an online speech platform, has become popular around the world in recent years. With the mission of “ideas worth spreading”, TED speakers are committed to using languages to convey ideas and to influence the attitudes and the behaviors of their audiences. This mission actually reflects the interpersonal function of TED speeches. In order to explore how interpersonal function is realized in TED educational speeches, the paper selects the British educator Ken Robinson’s three TED speeches as research materials. The study will elaborate on how interpersonal function is realized in TED educational speeches through mood, modality and personal pronoun systems. The study reveals that in mood system, declarative mood is always used in TED educational speeches to express statement or suggestions so as to enhance the credibility of the speeches. In modality system, median and low value modal operators is always used by the speakers in order to convey opinions in a polite and gentle way. In personal pronoun system, the speakers always use first personal pronouns in their deliveries, which is conducive to present information and bridge the gap between the speaker and the audiences.

As a reminiscent prose, The Sight of Father’s Back was written by the modern writer, Zhu Ziqing, in 1925. A wave of warm current floods a large body of readers since this essay describes, in earnest, love of father. This research performs a contrastive analysis of interpersonal function between the Chinese and English versions of The Sight of Father’s Back in terms of mood, modality, and evaluation meanings. We find that mood and evaluation meanings display parallel distribution. Declarative and exclamatory moods occur most frequently in both the Chinese and English versions, whereas interrogative mood is at a premium. Besides, various evaluative adjectives and adverbs are used in both versions. However, modality shows remarkable discrepancies. The English version tends to adopt modal verbs with median-and-low value, while most median-and-high value modal verbs are presented in the Chinese version. In our view, the exercise of median-and-high value modal verbs reflects the thoughts more directly. While the selection of median-and-low value modal verbs might be concerned with the need for politeness. Besides, diverse choices of modal verbs are incident to various modal meanings along with research purposes.

English promotional videos are crucial tools for image dissemination in universities, playing a key role in shaping institutional branding, attracting potential students, and enhancing social awareness. While numerous studies have explored the linguistic characteristics of university promotional videos from a semiotic perspective, systematic analyses from the perspective of textual meta-function remain relatively scarce. This study, utilizing the UAM Corpus Tool, investigates the thematic structure of English promotional videos from 89 universities in China and abroad through the lens of textual meta-function. By analyzing the thematic model of these videos, the research reveals both similarities and differences in how universities construct their images. Both Chinese and foreign promotional videos emphasize clarity and organization of information, thereby establishing a core role in the discourse meaning construction process: educational and academic disseminators. Additionally, the mode roles in the discourse meaning construction process for Chinese universities’ English promotional videos (UEPVs) are characterized as Contributors and Narrators, whereas foreign UEPVs tend to emphasize the roles of inspirators and guides.

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The present study examines the use of thematic structures in the US–Iran conflict headlines published between March and May 2026 in Dawn and The Express Tribune newspapers, using the framework of Halliday and Matthiessen's (2014) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), particularly Textual Meta-function. The study is based on the identification of the Themes used in the selected headlines, comparing the thematic patterns followed by the two newspapers and finally analyzing how these patterns help to present the visions of the ideologies involved in conflict reporting. A qualitative design was used in the research for analysis. The data consisted of 100 headlines (50 from Dawn and 50 from The Express Tribune), collected from published reports between March and May 2026. The results indicated that both newspapers used mostly unmarked topical Themes, emphasizing political figures like Iran, Trump, the United States, and Pakistan. The main way Dawn depicted the conflict was in terms of diplomacy and mediation, along with humanitarian issues, and it utilized more contextualized headline structures. On the other hand, The Express Tribune emphasized the military escalation and the dramatic sides of the conflict by using simple and action-based constructions. Thematic organization is found to be a textual mechanism and an ideological strategy that directs the interpretation of international conflict discourse by readers.

The present study is an endeavor to explore applying Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to the oldest Arabic text (the Qurʾān). The study point of departure is the textual metafunction (of the Sura 19:41-50), focusing principally on thematic structure (Theme-Rheme) for its role first in organizing the linguistic resources of both the experiential and interpersonal meanings in text production; and secondly in message unfolding. The salient results are the followings:  the use of   the three types of Theme (i.e., textual, interpersonal and topical).  The topical Theme, important in message unfolding, it is essentially realized by the verbal group in the declarative clause. By virtue of verbal inflection, the bound pronominal markers, expressing Subject in Mood system and the Participant in the transitivity system, expands Theme boundary to better reflect Arabic clause structure. As to Theme orientation, the semantic aspect of Theme function , it is seen that the interaction of  the verbal-locution- projection, modalization of Theme, in particular,  and other elements contributed to the saliency of interpersonal meanings. Though the Qurʾānic Arabic, of this narrative, lends itself for SFL analysis, the results should be interpreted as an approximation that needs further studies. That Theme, in this study, is register specific is too early to consider as comprehensive analysis of Qurʾānic narrative register is required to support these results. Finally, analyzing the Qurʾānic Arabic provides a support for SFL universality; and at the same time, SFL, as a sociosemiotic linguistic theory, offers new avenues to better understand the Qurʾānic texts in many ways.

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Abstract The Journal des Sçavans was the first academic journal to appear. The first issue was published in Paris in January 1665. It was edited by Denis de Sallo at the instigation of Louis XIV’s first minister, Colbert, whose objective was the state control of new knowledge. This study is based on a sample of texts from the Journal des Sçavans for the period 1665–1696 totalling approximately 66,000 words. These texts are available on Internet, but only in image form, so they are distinctly non-digital and not amenable to computer analysis; this paper gives a manual analysis of thematic structure as a way of showing that manual analysis can provide interesting and significant results. This analysis shows that 73% of themes function as grammatical subject (rather less than might be expected), and 22% as circumstantial adjunct (rather more than might be expected); 52% of the latter are clausal in form. Ranking clauses frequently have a textual theme (29%), but only rarely an interpersonal theme (3%). Reference to humans other than the author account for 37% of topical themes and constitute the largest semantic group. These are usually the author of a book under review or a person mentioned in a book under review. Reviewers, however, rarely refer to themselves, and when they do it is usually in general terms. These results have intrinsic interest as an example of the use of thematic structure in early academic periodical writing in French, but also show that manual analysis remains a useful tool in approaching texts which are not amenable to computer analysis.

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This paper offers a demonstration of Appraisal Theory as an analytical framework for dealing with point of view in journalistic discourse. It takes journalistic “ persuasiveness ” as its central theme and thereby offers novel insights into a key, much scrutinised property of news journalism – its potential for in fl uencing public understandings and expectations of the way the world is and ought to be. In operating with this notion of “ persuasiveness ” , the paper outlines lines of inquiry for dealing with news journalism texts which are often treated as distinct, both with respect to their stylistic properties and their communicative effects. Speci fi cally, the concern is with the communicative functionality of both news “ reporting ” and journalistic “ commentary ” , or with what are here termed “ news jour-nalism ” and “ views journalism ” . Appraisal Theory offers an account of the resources for conveying evaluative meanings and the framework is demonstrated through a comparison of a news report and a commentary piece concerned with the same subject matter – a decision by an education scholarship provider to include in its application form optional questions about candidates ’ sexuality. Speci fi cally the paper demonstrates how similarities and differences in the two pieces ’ “ persuasiveness ” can be discovered through an analysis which attends to four points of interest: (1) tendencies in the different types of attitudinal assessment by which the reader is positioned to adopt negative or positive views, (2) whether attitudinal assessments are conveyed explicitly or implicitly, (3) whether the attitudes being conveyed are authorial or are attributed to external sources and (4) the nature of the entities or phenomena which the reader is being positioned to view positively or negatively.

This article describes a corpus-based experiment to identify the challenges and solutions in the annotation of evaluative language according to the scheme defined in Appraisal Theory (Martin and White, 2005). Originating from systemic functional linguistics, Appraisal Theory provides a robust framework for the analysis of linguistic expressions of evaluation, stance, and interpersonal relationships. Despite its theoretical richness, the practical application of Appraisal Theory in text annotation presents significant challenges, chiefly due to the intricacies of identifying and classifying evaluative expressions within its sub-system of Attitude, which comprises Affect, Judgement, and Appreciation. This study examines these challenges through the annotation of a corpus of editorials related to the Russian-Ukraine conflict and aims to offer practical solutions to enhance the transparency and consistency of the annotation. By refining the annotation process and addressing the subjective nature in the identification and classification of evaluative language, this work represents some timely effort in the annotation of pragmatic knowledge in language resources.

This paper is entitled "Analyzing Students’ Text within Critical Thinking, Critical Literacy, and Appraisal Frameworks: Dangers of Texting while Driving ", where in this paper analyze from a text that has to think critically (critical thinking) and a critical framework (Critical Literacy Framework). Analysis is the process done carefully by dividing the problem with through the technical application of analysis and the application of appropriate knowledge. In Critical thinking is a process that involves mental operations such as induction, deduction, classification, and reasoning. In the process of thinking takes place the events analyzed, criticized, and reached conclusions based on careful inference or consideration (Ibrahim and Nur, 2000). This critical activates the ability to do analysis, as well as identify questions that can be text.Keywords: analysis, critical thinking, critical literacy, appraisal, frameworks

Abstract This article explores how the taxonomy of evaluative meanings supplied by Martin and White’s (2005) appraisal framework might be deployed to linguistically operationalize an analysis inspired by Clark and Ivanic’s (1997) ‘possibilities for selfhood’. While these two ‘frameworks’ operate at different logical/conceptual levels (i.e. they are concerned with meaning making at very different levels of abstraction), the taxonomies can be connected to make the analysis of EFL writer identity more explicit. In SFL terms, the appraisal framework offers an account of meaning making potential at the (discourse) semantic level, while Clark and Ivanic’s system of different selves operates at the level of context of situation/culture. That is, the ‘possibilities of selfhood’ is a taxonomy of social roles while the appraisal framework is a taxonomy of meanings. The theory was tested in a study that examined the experiences of sixteen EFL writers in a Japanese university learning English composition over a period of one year. The paper shows how the framework can be applied through a detailed analysis of one case in this study, serving as an impetus for further inquiry into providing EFL writing teachers and students with explicit metalanguage for the social construction of writerly selves.

This study aims to investigate how the Appraisal system specifically the Attitude category, which includes Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation is realized in verbal interactions between teachers and students, and how it contributes to knowledge construction within the context of a bilingual primary school classroom. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed, with data collected through participant observation, audio-visual recordings, and classroom interaction transcripts. The analysis was based on the Appraisal framework, mapping evaluative expressions with a focus on Attitude. The findings reveal that both teachers and students employed all three subcategories of Attitude, though with differing emphases. The teacher demonstrated a balanced use of Affect (41.86%), Judgment (20.93%), and Appreciation (37.21%), while the students predominantly used Affect (50%), followed by Appreciation (35.71%) and Judgment (14.29%). Affect emerged as a means of expressing emotional engagement, Judgment reflected the shaping of scientific behavior and learning ethics, and Appreciation fostered understanding of scientific objects and processes. Evaluative language not only builds conceptual meaning but also shapes a supportive and reflective classroom climate, strengthening students’ scientific identity. This study highlights the significant role of evaluative language in shaping the cognitive, social, and emotional dimensions of learning. The findings offer practical implications for teachers in designing meaningful and value-rich classroom interactions that support the process of knowledge construction.

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This study aimed to identify the sentiments conveyed in international news coverage of the Kanjuruhan tragedy and examine how different perspectives on the catastrophe are portrayed across global news outlets. This study employed the appraisal framework to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the attitudes expressed in 10 international news articles covering the Kanjuruhan tragedy. The total data set comprised 8,605 words, within which 740 instances were identified as attitudinal sources, manifesting through words, phrases, and clauses. The analysis revealed that the most dominant type of attitude expressed was affect, accounting for 403 instances. This was followed by appreciation with 169 instances, and judgment with 166 instances. Notably, all types of attitudes were predominantly characterized by negative polarity. A significant finding is the presence of 326 negative instances of affect, which underscores the emotional tone of the coverage. Since affect relates to the emotional evaluation in the appraisal framework, the predominance of negative affect suggests that the news coverage largely evoked and reflected negative emotions associated with the tragedy. The findings demonstrate that the appraisal framework is a powerful tool for uncovering the underlying emotional and evaluative dimensions in news reporting. By highlighting the prevalent negative emotions and attitudes, the study provides insights into how the Kanjuruhan tragedy was framed in the international media, potentially influencing public perception and emotional response to the event. These insights can contribute to a deeper understanding of media representation and its impact on audience emotions and attitudes in the context of tragic events.

Abstract. Public signs play a crucial role in the reader because they invite various issues from across cultures. Some research aims of this study try to describe the attitude (affect, judgment, and appreciation) in the source text and target text and translation techniques used by translators in translating public signs. This research is categorized as qualitative research type, to achieve the first aim the researcher applies the SFL approach. The data of this study is a pair of translations (public signs) in the form of phrases and clauses. The instruments used in this study are a camera (mobile phone) and an observation sheet. The researchers apply the theory of appraisal (Martin & White, 2005) and translation techniques (Molina and Albir, 2012). The total data for this study are 34 pairs of translations. The major result showed that, 1) the attitudinal in the source text (affect:7,40%, judgment: 59.2%, appreciation: 33.33% ) however, in the target text (affect:7.1%, judgment: 50%, appreciation:42.8%) 2) the translation techniques (literal translation: 68.75%, Reduction: 12.5%, Amplification: 9.3% and modulation: 9.3%). As the implication of this study, a shift can be occured to keep the better attitude from ST to TT. Keywords: Attitude, Translation techniques, Public sign

Digital platforms, particularly video-sharing platforms such as YouTube, have played a pivotal role in influencing travel decisions. As one of the emerging technologies impacting tourist behavior, YouTube has become increasingly significant. The present study focuses on evaluating the South Garut destinations, namely Santolo and Sayang Heulang Beaches, by analyzing comments provided in travel vlogs on YouTube, utilizing the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework through the attitude subsystem of appraisal, specifically affect, judgment, and appreciation. Adopting a qualitative descriptive paradigm, this study aims to elucidate the language phenomena associated with the tourism sector. Six travel vlog videos featuring comments from local tourists were examined, yielding 51 evaluative clauses related to Santolo Beach and 41 clauses pertaining to Sayang Heulang Beach. The findings of this study revealed the presence of all three attitude subtypes of the appraisal system (affect, judgment, and appreciation) within the analyzed data. Among these, appreciation through valuation with positive polarity emerged as the most dominant attitude subsystem. Overall, the results indicate that local tourists expressed considerable appreciation for the natural beauty of both destinations. Nevertheless, negative evaluations were also evident, addressing concerns such as parking facilities, stray animals, garbage disposal, illegal levies, inflated food prices, ticket management, and road conditions. Despite these issues, the general sentiment among local tourists remained predominantly positive regarding both destinations.

Abstract Individuals with suicidal ideation often turn to virtual communities such as Cairo Confessions (CC), an Egyptian-founded Facebook group, to anonymously share their emotions and thoughts. Suicide posts on CC constitute a rich source of emotional and evaluative content. This study investigates the gendered expression of the three dimensions of Attitude – AFFECT, JUDGMENT, and APPRECIATION – as well as the articulation of suicidal ideation. The theoretical framework integrates Martin and White’s (2005. The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan) Appraisal Model with Daouk et al.’s (2023. Suicidality in the Arab world: Results from an Online Screener. Community Mental Health Journal 59. 1401–1408) psychological scaling of suicidality. Data comprises 130 suicide posts, totaling 22,850 words, published between 2018 and 2024 on CC. This corpus is divided into male and female sub-corpora based on the authors’ self-declared gender. Findings reveal distinct gender differences in various aspects of Attitude expression and suicidal ideation. Nonetheless, across both genders, the discourse predominantly reflects negative over positive Attitudes, marked increases in negative Affect, a higher prevalence of suicidal thoughts compared to reports of actual suicide attempts, and frequent use of first-person pronouns. This creates a discourse that is emotionally intense, dark in tone, and highly self-focused. The study addresses a critical public health issue – suicide – in a culturally specific context, thereby filling a research gap concerning non-Western populations.

In today’s globalized media landscape, the representation of political events reflects significant cultural and ideological differences, shaping public perceptions across contexts. While Martin and White’s appraisal theory within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) has been extensively applied to spoken discourse, its use in analyzing written texts, particularly in cross-cultural comparisons, remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by employing the appraisal framework to analyze attitudinal resources in media reports on Donald Trump’s presidential victory. Using UAM CorpusTool, the analysis examines variations in attitude types (affect, judgment, appreciation), polarity, explicitness, appraiser, and appraised elements across reports from The Economist (UK), AP News (US), and Colombo Gazette (India). Attitude resources and chi-square tests reveal significant cross-cultural differences in evaluative strategies: The Economist adopts critical judgment reflecting European liberal values, Colombo Gazette emphasizes regional priorities with pragmatic optimism, and AP News maintains neutrality consistent with American journalistic norms. The findings contribute to understanding how cultural and ideological contexts shape media discourse, offering insights into the interplay of language, ideology, and political narratives.

Attitudinal language plays a crucial role in shaping narratives and character relationships in cinematic discourse, yet little research has explored its function in family-centered films. This study examines the attitudinal language in I Am Sam (2001) and Big Daddy (1999) through the Appraisal Framework (Martin & White, 2005), focusing on the distribution and lexico-grammatical realization of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation. Using a corpus-assisted qualitative approach, the study analyses how emotional expressions, moral evaluations, and value assessments are embedded in cinematic dialogues. The findings reveal that Affect is the most dominant attitudinal resource, with desire-related expressions shaping the films’ emotional intensity. Judgment is particularly prevalent in evaluations of capacity (competence), with Big Daddy featuring a higher proportion of negative judgments than I Am Sam. Appreciation primarily revolves around quality rather than structural or aesthetic assessments. Additionally, verbs and adjectives serve as primary linguistic carriers of evaluation, while rhetorical questions, repetition, and imperatives contribute to implicit attitudinal meanings. This study sheds light on the linguistic construction in family-focused film and expands the discourse on appraisal in media narratives and offers insights into how attitudinal language functions within cinematic storytelling.

This study aims to reveal the characteristics of the main characters in the folktale Asal Usul Kata Madura through the attitudinal system. This study was conducted because research on how emotion, moral judgments, and evaluations are expressed through language in Indonesian folklore is still very limited. Using the qualitative descriptive method, data were obtained through in-depth reading, identification of clauses containing evaluative elements, and grouping based on three attitude subsystems, namely affect, judgment, and appreciation. The results of the analysis show that affect is the most dominant form of attitude, particularly the expression of insecurity and dissatisfaction, accompanied by moral judgments through judgment, and a small amount of evaluation through appreciation. A total of 35 clauses were identified and analysed from the folklore, consisting of 10 data for Sang Hyang Tunggal, 16 data for Bendoro Gung, and 9 data for Raden Segoro, providing comprehensive data for mapping the attitudes of the main characters. This study concludes that language evaluation in Madurese folklore functions as a means of conveying moral and emotional messages that are passed down from generation to generation. Further studies are recommended to analyse more folklore to enrich the reader’s understanding of evaluative patterns in Indonesian cultural narratives. This study presents a detailed map of attitudes that reveals how character identities are constructed linguistically in the oral tradition of Madura, and offers a systematic model for interindividual analysis that can be applied to other regional folklore in Indonesia.

This study examines how Attitude, as part of the Appraisal framework proposed by Martin and White (2005), is realized in Taylor Swift’s 2022 commencement speech at New York University. Through a qualitative descriptive approach, this research explores how the speaker uses evaluative language to construct interpersonal meaning and engage the audience. The focus is on the three sub-types of Attitude that are Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation, which correspond to expressions of emotion, evaluations of behavior, and assessments of phenomena, respectively. A total of 266 clauses from the speech were analyzed, with 172 identified as containing Attitude expressions. The findings show that positive Attitude overwhelmingly dominates the speech, especially through Affect, reflecting Swift’s strategy to foster empathy, motivation, and solidarity. Judgment is often used to present personal growth and moral insight, while Appreciation is employed to frame life experiences as meaningful. This study contributes to discourse analysis by highlighting how a non-traditional speaker like Taylor Swift constructs educational meaning through personal storytelling. It also demonstrates how celebrity speeches can fulfill the interpersonal and inspirational goals of academic ceremonies, offering a valuable case for Appraisal-based analysis in popular and educational discourse.

This research aims to analyze the types of attitudes as an appraisal system, identify the techniques used in translating them from English to Indonesian, identify shifts in translating this system, and assess the impact of translation techniques on quality. It belongs to descriptive-qualitative research with an embedded case study design. In addition, the current study uses a purposive sampling technique to select its data sources. Moreover, it applies content analysis techniques to obtain linguistic data and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) to gather translation data. The linguistic data refer to attitude as one of the appraisal systems. The translation data refer to translation techniques, shifts, and quality. The study shows that the motivational book contains three main types of attitudes: affect, judgment, and appreciation. Judgment appears to be more frequent in these attitude systems. The study also indicates the strong use of established equivalences. In addition, the study also finds shifts in translation which maintain the meaning of the appraisal. Lastly, the assessment of translation quality reveals that the translation is generally accurate in content, acceptable, and readable.

This research is entitled "Appraisal of Attitude in Online Newspapers Written by Female and Male". The purpose of this research is to identify different types of attitude sets and explain the attitudes expressed in online newspapers written by female and male. This study's data consists of words, phrases, and sentences that come from online news articles published in 2022 on the CNN International and The Washington Post websites. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this study from Miles, Huberman, and Saldana, also Martin and White's attitude appraisal theory being used. This study focuses on affective attitudes, judgment, and appreciation in online newspaper with a specific topic. According to the findings of this study, female and male writers exhibit three attitude subsystems. The appreciation item is then perceived as dominant. Female and male writers, on the other hand, differ significantly in terms of affect and judgment.Keywords: Appraisal, attitude, newspaper, gender

Based on the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this study analyzes the evaluative meaning in “Young Goodman Brown” through the attitude system, focusing on the moral di-lemmas and crises of faith within the story. By examining the shift in Brown’s attitudes toward others, the study explores how interpersonal meanings of distrust and emotional conflict are conveyed through linguistic forms, revealing Hawthorne’s profound reflection on human nature. The study shows that the attitude system plays a significant role in constructing the narrative, reflecting the emotional transformation of Brown and uncovering the text’s core themes. The affect system reveals Brown’s emotional journey from positivity to negativity and his painful growth; the judgment system reflects the moral dilemmas and emotional struggles he undergoes after a series of events in the forest, and the appreciation system illustrates Brown’s insight into evil and the destabilization of his religious beliefs. Through systematic analysis, this study reveals how Hawthorne employs linguistic resources to construct the protagonist’s inner conflict, thereby deepening the understanding of the novel’s themes and reflections on human nature.

: This study employs Martin’s Appraisal Theory as the theoretical framework, combining it with Positive Discourse Analysis (PDA), to examine the news discourse of the Hangzhou Asian Games in China Daily. Appraisal Theory, developed within systemic functional linguistics, comprises three interrelated subsystems: Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation. Specifically, the Attitude subsystem is further divided into Affect (emotional reactions), Judgment (ethical evaluations), and Appreciation (aesthetic or functional assessments). By focusing on positive Attitude resources in the selected corpus, this research aims to reveal how media discursively construct harmonious interactions and positive social values. Different from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which emphasizes power critique and ideological deconstruction, PDA proposed by Martin in 1999 shifts the focus to “good news” discourse that promotes social harmony. This paper argues that through lexical choices in Affect (e.g., “enthusiasm”), Judgment (e.g., “perseverance”), and Appreciation (e.g., “grand”), the news discourse constructs China’s responsible image as a host, highlights the cultural and sports value of the Games, and fosters regional unity. The analysis demonstrates that positive Attitude resources not only enhance reader identification but also reflect China’s commitment to sustainable development and cultural exchanges, thus providing a linguistic model for positive globalization communication.

This study aims to reveal the types of language attitude employed by the online media outlet CNN Indonesia in reporting corruption cases in Indonesia and to analyze how ideological messages are represented through the use of such attitudes. The research adopts a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The analysis is conducted using the Appraisal theory, particularly the subsystem of attitude, which encompasses affect, judgement, and appreciation. The data consist of clauses containing evaluative attitudes drawn from 15 CNN Indonesia news texts on corruption cases published between January 1 and December 31, 2024. The data were collected through documentation, observation, and note-taking techniques, and analyzed using an interactive model. The findings indicate that the use of attitude is dominated by the judgment category (65%), particularly within the subcategory of propriety, which evaluates perpetrators of corruption as unethical, immoral, and irresponsible. Additionally, positive judgment is used to legitimize law enforcement agencies as professional and credible actors. The appreciation category (29%) is used to assess the social, economic, and ecological impacts of corruption. In comparison, affect (6.27%) is rarely applied and more frequently appears implicitly to reinforce the negative image of the perpetrators. These findings suggest that language attitude functions not only as a linguistic evaluative tool but also as an ideological strategy through which the media frames perpetrators as "public enemies" and strengthens the hegemony of anti-corruption discourse.

In this economic society, intellectual property protection play an important role in maintaining the national economic order and promoting social development. The infringement of intellectual property will bring great harm to the public and national interests. This study aims to analyze the appraisal resources in the court judgment of Ulysses copyright infringement case, especially from the perspective of attitude and engagement system. By adopting a descriptive and exploratory approach, the study investigates how attitude and engagement resources serve the declaratory and justificatory functions of court judgments. It is found that appreciation and judgement in attitude system are widely used in this court judgment, while affect is seldom applied for it deals with people’s personal feelings. For engagement, disclaim and entertain resources are applied from time to time in processing the judge’s objective fact analysis. It also shows that the court can effectively arrive at judgments with justice when the court professionals have better knowledge and make proper use of the appraisal resources. It is hoped that this study can arouse the awareness of legal professionals to maintain their law-based role of justice in copyright cases by the proper application of appraisal resources in their distinctive language.

AbstractThis research investigates the appraisal attitude framework to identify the level of attitude (affect, judgment, and appreciation) in Korean expatriates in Indonesia in their reflective journals (R.J.). The research uses the grant theory proposed by (J.R Martin & White, 2005; Oteíza, 2017). The study employed a descriptive qualitative method. This article describes their cultural competence and its implication for  Indonesian language teaching for foreign speakers (BIPA ). Eight Korean expatriates wrote their R.J.s. The data in this study were lexical resources and phrases for appraisal attitudinal framework. The data is obtained from the expatriates' journals analyzed by U.A.M. Copus, and their appraisal of Indonesian culture is used as the data for the BIPA program. It was also taken from interviews and small surveys about their cultural experience to enrich the data. The results indicate two findings. Firstly, the appraisal attitude analysis of Korean expatriates' cross-cultural experience in Indonesia in their reflective journal showed affect (24.2%%), judgment (52.6%), and appreciation (23.2%). Most Korean expatriates express more positive (47.7%) than negative judgments (30.5%). Second, the system amplification text analysis reveals that the writer primarily uses other people's perceptions (judgments) rather than their own (affect). Lastly, text analysis based on the source of attitude indicates that the writer is the primary source of attitude, meaning that they are primarily responsible for assessing the subject matter they write about, which is Indonesian culture concerning time concepts and religion. In conclusion, it might be said that the expatriates have a more favourable opinion of Indonesian culture. Secondly, the implication of BIPA teaching (Indonesian language teaching for foreign speakers) can be implemented into the curriculum for their training.

This research examines the evaluation of attitudes in 5 articles from Jakartapost.com regarding the electoral debate of presidential candidates. As a mass media outlet targeting readers both domestically and internationally, Jakartapost.com is required to maintain neutrality in reporting on presidential debates. Therefore, the research aims to understand the attitudes and political ideology of 2024 Indonesian presidential candidates reported by Jakartapost.com. The news was analyzed using the appraisal system proposed by Martin and White (2005), categorizing attitudes into affect, judgment, and appreciation. This research utilized qualitative methods with embedded case study and Spradley’s analysis to identify cultural patterns and themes within the data. The results showed that attitudes consisted of 39.7% negative and 24.6% positive judgments, 16.4% negative and 8.2% positive appreciations, and 9.6% negative and 1.4% positive affects. The appraisal system can identify political ideologies of the three presidential candidates. Anis Baswedan and Ganjar Pranowo express conflicting attitudes towards the current government, indicating their role as opposition and socialist populism, while Prabowo Subianto aligns himself with the current government known as technocratic populism. Journalists tend to assess Prabowo more positively compared to other candidates, suggesting a bias towards supporting him in the 2024 election.

This study analyzes the language used by Kompas, focusing on the expression of attitude. The appraisal framework developed by Martin and White (2005) is used as an analytical linguistics tool to investigate aspects of attitude—affect, judgment, and appreciation—to identify the ideological position through a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of four online texts about the Free Nutrition Meals Program (FNMP). This qualitative research employs a content analysis method to interpret attitude resources utilized in constructing news texts. The results of the study reveal that Kompas demonstrates a relatively balanced representation of both positive and negative attitudes (53.8% positive, 46.2% negative). This equilibrium between positive and negative attitude data indicates significant and contentious issues faced by the government, political observers, and the general public regarding the FNMP. These findings illustrate how news reporting by media outlets can reflect ideological orientations and influence public perceptions regarding FNMP. Additionally, this study provides practical insights that can be utilized by media content creators and journalists to craft messages that are more effective and tailored to the intended audience. When presenting news that includes positive and negative assessments, it is crucial to maintain "impartial" and "balance" in news delivery, in accordance with journalistic ethics. In the context of EFL, this study also has significant implications for enhancing students' discourse competence.

This study aims at investigating the use of dialogic heteroglossia in the introductory chapters of doctoral dissertations in psychology. Applying the heteroglossic engagement system (White, 2003; Martin & White, 2005), the current study analyzes a corpus of four doctoral dissertation introductions (2000 words each) from well-recognized British universities. A mixed-methods research design is adopted for analysis. This research design comprises quantitative frequency analysis to identify patterns in the distribution of heteroglossic resources with qualitative discourse analysis to explore their rhetorical functions. The findings demonstrate that dialogic contraction (51.71%) slightly outweighs dialogic expansion (48.29%), in an indication of a preference for consolidating research positions and simultaneously maintaining a space for engagement with alternative perspectives. Among contraction strategies, proclaim-endorse (13.63%) and disclaim-counter (19.31%) are the most predominant. Expansion resources, particularly attribute-acknowledge (27.27%) and entertain (20.67%), echo the emphasis of the discipline on citing prior studies and acknowledging the contestability of knowledge. Remarkably, attribute-distance is entirely absent, indicating a strong commitment to direct source attribution. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how authors of doctoral psychology dissertations construct their research space through heteroglossic engagement. Moreover, they offer insights into the disciplinary writing conventions that sustain academic knowledge authentication.

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Within the framework of the Engagement System of Appraisal Theory, this thesis investigates the heteroglossia of the reasoning of criminal judgments of Chinese mainland and Hong Kong and examines their similarities and differences in the employment of heteroglossic engagement resources and underlying causes. The reasoning of 20 criminal judgments of Chinese mainland and Hong Kong produced upon second instance for the same cause of action are collected and built as two separate corpora to carry out the study. It is found that judges of both Chinese mainland and Hong Kong employ various heteroglossic engagement resources to locate position and negotiate with other voices while proceeding with reasoning. Furthermore, they share some similarities in the selection of subtypes of engagement resources, which is attributed to the fact that they hold similar communicative purposes in the reasoning of judicial judgments; while the differences can be interpreted from the distinct legal doctrines in the mainland and Hong Kong and the textual structure of the reasoning of criminal judgments.

This study is about appraisal system which focuses on the engagement realized by the counsellor (Guidance and counselling teacher) in counselling service. It is a qualitative one since it describes the use of language in the natural situation, that is, in a counselling service. This study takes place in a secondary school in West Java, Indonesia. The data in this study are the counsellor’s speech (Guidance and counselling teacher's speech) to student when they interact in counselling service. The data are analysed using parameters of appraisal theory by Martin and White (2005) and Martin and Rose (2003). The results of the study show two things, those are (1) Realization of heteroglossia engagement is more than monogloss. It means that the counsellor refers to other voice resources in conveying the valuation of the proposition he presents; and (2) Counsellor shows alignment and solidarity to the student/counselee by choosing certain sources of heteroglossia voice.

This study concerns with the use of Appraisal Theory developed by Martin & White (2005), under subsumed of engagement system domain. The engagement system deals with dialogic perspective between speakers and listeners, which is influenced by the approach of Bakhtin/ Voloshinov, called heteroglossia. Heteroglossic backdrop reveals the proposition lies behind what is stated. In this study, a verbal interaction between speaker and listener is presented in the form of press conference release. Currently serving Head Commissioner of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Filippo Grandi, held a press conference release containing of his visiting report to the camp shelter of Rohingya refugee in Bangladesh. The press conference release is a recorded-video type one, which has approximately 27:30” in length. It is led by a moderator, reported by the Head Commissioner and joined by 6 follow-up questions. Regarding to engagement system used, the utterances are then transcribed into a transcript, thus it gains approximately 395 clauses, moreover, only the utterances spoken by the Head Commissioner taken as the engagement locution realizations. The objectives of this research fall into three: a) to find out the most predominant heteroglossic backdrop Grandi encodes; b) to recognize the values and viewpoint Grandi intends to convey in his report; and c) to identify the authorial voice Grandi uses in addressing his beliefs of the Rohingya refugee crisis to the audiences. The qualitative descriptive method is applied. It is found that contract-disclaim-counter dominates the report by accounts of 55 realizations. It implies that the facts, Grandi reports may against audiences’ expectation, yet in another clause, he describes the situation which can reform audiences’ different viewpoints toward the crisis.)

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This work aims to analyze the evaluative construction of judgement of the president of the republic, in relation to the concepts of Social Esteem and Sanction, and to discuss the Heteroglossia and the Monoglossia presentin an editorial, published on Estadão newspaper. For that, we adopt as theoretical-methodological approach the Appraisal system and its Judgement and Engagement subsystems (MARTIN; WHITE, 2005).The results indicatethe predominance of judgements of social esteem, from which the editorial assesses the president's negative capacity on economic issues. Furthermore, the Heteroglossia resource is present contributing to anauthor-reader relationship of agreement.

This study concerns with the use of Appraisal Theory developed by Martin & White (2005), under subsumed of engagement system domain. The engagement system deals with dialogic perspective between speakers and listeners, which is influenced by the approach of Bakhtin/ Voloshinov, called heteroglossia. Heteroglossic backdrop reveals the proposition lies behind what is stated. In this study, a verbal interaction between speaker and listener is presented in the form of press conference release. Currently serving Head Commissioner of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Filippo Grandi, held a press conference release containing of his visiting report to the camp shelter of Rohingya refugee in Bangladesh. The press conference release is a recorded-video type one, which has approximately 27:30” in length. It is led by a moderator, reported by the Head Commissioner and joined by 6 follow-up questions. Regarding to engagement system used, the utterances are then transcribed into a transcript, thus it gains approximately 395 clauses, moreover, only the utterances spoken by the Head Commissioner taken as the engagement locution realizations. The objectives of this research fall into three: a) to find out the most predominant heteroglossic backdrop Grandi encodes; b) to recognize the values and viewpoint Grandi intends to convey in his report; and c) to identify the authorial voice Grandi uses in addressing his beliefs of the Rohingya refugee crisis to the audiences. The qualitative descriptive method is applied. It is found that contract-disclaim-counter dominates the report by accounts of 55 realizations. It implies that the facts, Grandi reports may against audiences’ expectation, yet in another clause, he describes the situation which can reform audiences’ different viewpoints toward the crisis. Keywords: Appraisal Theory, Engagement System, Rohingya Crisis, UNHCR, Filippo Grandi

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This study presents a contrastive analysis of the Graduation subsystem within Appraisal Theory, examining the strategic deployment of Force and Focus resources in newspaper editorials from two sociocultural contexts: Saudi Arabia (Asharq Al-Awsat, Arabic) and the United States (The New York Times, English). While existing Appraisal research has largely emphasized Attitude and Engagement, the role of Graduation in shaping persuasive discourse remains insufficiently explored, particularly in cross-cultural media contexts. To address this gap, the study adopts a qualitative-dominated mixed-methods design, analyzing a corpus of 30 editorials (15 Saudi Arabic and 15 American English) published between 2024 and 2025. Quantitative analysis is conducted using normalized frequencies and Mann–Whitney U tests to identify statistically significant differences, while qualitative discourse analysis is employed to interpret the rhetorical functions of these resources. The findings reveal a systematic divergence in evaluative scaling strategies across the two corpora. Saudi editorials exhibit a Force-dominant profile, characterized by intensification and expansive quantification that amplify collective narratives and reinforce institutional legitimacy. In contrast, American editorials demonstrate a Focus-dominant profile, relying on sharpening and precise quantification to construct categorical clarity and support adversarial accountability. These differences are statistically significant and indicate distinct patterns of persuasive calibration. The study concludes that evaluative scaling operates as a context-sensitive, institutionally situated rhetorical mechanism shaped by the interaction among media ideology, genre conventions, and sociocultural orientations. By foregrounding the Graduation subsystem, this research advances Appraisal Theory and refines cross-cultural discourse analysis. Furthermore, it provides practical implications for translation studies, media literacy, and intercultural communication by highlighting the importance of recalibrating evaluative strategies across linguistic and cultural contexts.

Authorial voice, one of those constructs that shapes how writers establish their stance with scholarly discourse, lies within the centrality of academic writing. While extensively studied in Applied Linguistics, authorial voice has been primarily explored through stance markers, personal pronouns, and engagement strategies, with relatively little attention given to its construction through the Graduation system of the Appraisal framework within Systemic Functional Linguistics. This study, therefore, examines how Vietnamese EFL writers employ Graduation resources to construct their authorial voice in the discussion sections of TESOL theses to bridge the gap. Using the Appraisal framework, a corpus of 15 theses was compiled and analyzed to identify patterns of Graduation use and their impact on voice projection. The findings uncover the predominance of Force-based Graduation, particularly the linguistic resources of Intensification and Quantification, over Focus-based Graduation. This suggests that EFL writers tend to strengthen or weaken meanings rather than redefine categorical boundaries. The study also identifies three levels of authorial voice by Vietnamese EFL writers, namely, explicit, implicit, and unclear, depending on how Graduation resources are employed. While these strategies enhance persuasion, they may also limit critical engagement with existing research. Given the insights, explicit instruction on voice-related linguistic features is necessitated.

The study explores linguistic aspects in the appraisal system, focusing on graduation, particularly force and focus, within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to find out how messages are conveyed and negotiated in a motivational book. This research examines how upscaling and downscaling in force and sharpening and softening in focus influence the meaning construction in texts. A qualitative approach was applied, analyzing selected textual data to identify linguistic patterns that contribute to meaning amplification or reduction. The findings reveal that force plays a dominant role in strengthening evaluative meanings through intensifiers, attitudinal lexis, and metaphors, while focus refines categorization by emphasizing or blurring distinctions. The study highlights how these linguistic strategies shape persuasion and reader perception, demonstrating their significance in effective communication. By offering insights into the nuanced functions of graduation, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of meaning modulation in discourse.

This study examines how Graduation resources are handled in the English-Malay translation of cognitive self-help books. Graduation is the Appraisal system that scales evaluative meaning by raising or lowering its intensity, amount, and precision, and it carries much of the persuasive force of self-help writing. The study matters because Malay readers meet these books only through translation, and because Graduation has been less studied in Appraisal-based translation research. Working within Appraisal Theory and Descriptive Translation Studies, and using a mixed-methods, corpus-assisted comparative textual design, the study compares three English cognitive self-help books with their four published Malay translations. The comparison shows a loss of evaluative intensity in every source-target pair: Force indices fall by 27.1% and Focus indices by 38.1%, with 51% of all Graduation resources retained and 36% omitted. The data reveal seven types of evaluative shifts: adequacy, attenuation, amplification, modulation, recategorisation, addition, and omission. Adequacy and omission together account for nearly 80% of cases, suggesting that translators primarily decide whether to retain or remove a resource rather than modify it. Most evaluative additions come from lexical reduplication in Malay, a feature not present in English. These patterns show that Malay translators often soften the persuasive tone in English self-help literature, and highlight areas where evaluative meaning is most at risk in translation, providing insights for translators and publishers. Further research should test these tendencies on a larger corpus, compare them with self-help written originally in Malay, and interview translators to understand their decision-making processes.

Today, scholars in the field of text analysis are increasingly interested in studying evaluative language. However, few, if any, studies on classroom language have examined EFL students' fiction book review oral presentations from the perspective of the appraisal model. This study aimed at examining students’ use of graduation resources as part of appraisal strategies in classroom discourse, as well as lexico-grammatical resources for coding these strategies in texts. Graduation, in functional perspective is the sub-system of appraisal that is connected with force and focus in creating interpersonal meaning. The dataset comprised three transcripts of students’ fiction book review oral presentations in scientific presentation course, comprising 7.593 words in total. The data were examined quantitatively to identify the statistical variations in utilizing graduation resources in EFL students’ oral presentations. The preferences for lexico-grammatical resources for the construal of these strategies were also illustrated through a qualitative analysis. The results of the study reveal that the classroom discourse of EFL students’ fiction book review oral presentation is loaded with graduation resources. The results of the study show that all students used all graduation resources, specifically force and focus. In terms of force, the sub-systems of intensification (e.g., just, so, never, quiet, full of) and quantification (e.g., only, one of, some of, closely, etc) were applied. Meanwhile, in terms of focus, students only used the sharpen sub-system (e.g., originally, especially). The sub-systems within the system of graduation were shown to serve as strong tools developing the student’s skill to have critical thingking competence.

Abstract: This study examined the Graduation systems on the crime news in The Jakarta Post. Six texts were classified and mixed-method research was applied in the study. The data were analyzed by using the Appraisal Systems Theory. The study aimed to figure out the graduation systems of the crime news in The Jakarta Post and to describe the writers' perspectives on assessing the power of the message in crime news. The findings show that The Jakarta Post presents 60% of focus dominantly. In addition, The Jakarta Post's writers portray crime news using larger, sharper language.Key words: Apprasial System, Focus, Force, Graduation 

Based on one of the subsystems of the appraisal system—the graduation system, this article analyzes the utterances of the defense lawyers in the Stump case and the Wang Chengzhong case to compare the similarities and differences of the graduation resources by the defense lawyers on both cases, to reveal the reasons behind them, and to explore what role these graduation resources play in court defense discourse. The study found that the overall trends of the graduation resources used by the defense lawyers in the Stump case and the Wang Chengzhong case are similar. Both parties prefer to use force resources while use focus resources less frequently. This is mainly related to the effects of different kinds of graduation resources and the responsibilities of defense lawyers. In focus resources, in Wang Chengzhong case, the proportion of sharpening resources is significantly higher than that of softening resources, while in Stump case, the proportion of softening resources is higher than that of sharpening resources. This may be related to the differences of eastern and western thinking pattern and the nature of these two different cases.

No abstract available

This study examines public sentiment toward Indonesia’s Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi, MK) following its 2024 regional election ruling. Using sentiment analysis and Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory, the research investigates emotional, evaluative, and dialogic patterns in public discourse through YouTube comments. A mixed-method approach was adopted by combining qualitative appraisal interpretation with quantitative categorization and machine learning-based sentiment classification, all conducted using the Orange data mining application. Orange was chosen for its visual programming interface, ease of integration between linguistic theory and machine learning workflows, and accessibility for researchers working across disciplines. From 4,010 YouTube comments, 223 relevant entries were filtered and analysed according to the three domains of Appraisal Theory: Attitude (affect, judgment, appreciation), Engagement (monogloss and heterogloss), and Graduation (force and focus), enabling a structured evaluation of public responses. Three machine learning models were employed for sentiment classification within Orange: Naive Bayes, for its speed and efficiency in text classification; Logistic Regression, for its interpretability and robust baseline performance; and Neural Network, for its ability to capture nuanced emotional expressions. Among these, the Neural Network achieved the highest performance (AUC: 0.958; F1 score: 0.853), followed by Logistic Regression (AUC: 0.931; F1: 0.807), and Naive Bayes (AUC: 0.925; F1: 0.802). Each model offered distinct strengths: Neural Network revealed deeper emotional intensity, Logistic Regression emphasized positive affect, and Naive Bayes captured dominant monoglossic tendencies in discourse. The findings reveal a predominance of neutral and moderately positive sentiments, with joy, fear, surprise, and dissatisfaction emerging as key affective responses. The integration of Appraisal Theory and sentiment modeling through Orange demonstrates a systematic and scalable method for interpreting public discourse in digital environments. This research contributes methodologically by bridging qualitative linguistic analysis with accessible data mining tools, and substantively by offering insight into how digital publics engage with constitutional authority. It advances the literature on institutional trust by illustrating how social media serves as a platform for democratic evaluations of judicial decisions.

This study examines the linguistic construction of violence in Partition through Bapsi Sidhwa's novel, Ice-Candy-Man, using the theoretical approach of Appraisal Analysis. Although there are many studies focusing on the historical and feminist aspects of the novel, this paper seeks to address the deficiency in functional linguistic research into the use of evaluative language in encoding the trauma of Partition in 1947.The study adopts a qualitative and descriptive research approach wherein selected "trauma-dense" passages from the book are annotated and analysed through the UAM Corpus Tool in line with the three subsystems of Appraisal, which are Attitude (Affect, Judgment, Appreciation), Graduation (Force and Focus), and Engagement (Monogloss and Heterogloss).The results show that Appreciation dominates the analysis, suggesting that violence is mostly encoded through the spatial destruction and environmental desolation rather than through Affect. Judgment often reflects the moral degeneration of the collective, and Graduation analysis reveals a relatively higher occurrence of strategies to upscale the horror and dehumanize the victim. Moreover, the story maintains a Monoglossic approach in that the narrator speaks with authority through the eyes of an adult child. Age influences the perception of historical trauma. The paper reveals that in this novel, Partition Violence is not merely a historical event but rather a deliberate linguistic construction created to convey the moral collapse and dehumanization. In doing this, this paper shows how Sidhwa makes use of grammatical constructions to achieve this effect. In relation to linguistics, this paper is important to SFL since it provides evidence of the influence of language on the experience of historical events.

This study investigates how The New York Times and Al Jazeera English employ the appraisal resources of Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation in reporting the January 2026 anti-government protests in Iran, and how these linguistic choices shape evaluations of protesters, government authorities, and the political crisis. Using a qualitative descriptive discourse analysis grounded in Systemic Functional Linguistics and Appraisal Theory (Martin & White, 2005), the study analyzed six purposively selected online news articles (three from each outlet). The data were segmented into clauses and coded inductively through multiple coding cycles to ensure consistency. A total of 303 appraisal resources were identified in The New York Times and 240 in Al Jazeera English. Judgement was the most frequent category in both datasets (26.40% and 26.25%), followed by Appreciation, Heterogloss, and Force, while Affect, Monogloss, and Focus appeared least often. The New York Times primarily framed the protests through humanitarian concerns, negative evaluations of government actions, and expressions of fear, whereas Al Jazeera English adopted a more balanced perspective by relying on heteroglossic attribution to multiple institutional voices. The study contributes to discourse analysis, media studies, journalism, and critical media literacy by demonstrating how appraisal resources reveal ideological positioning in international political news coverage.

Against the backdrop of deepening global climate governance, the environmental controversies arising from the rapid expansion of the fast-fashion brand Shein have remained a focus of mainstream media attention in the UK and the US. Of particular interest is how the media employ evaluative language resources to present and assign environmental responsibility. Drawing on Martin and White’s Appraisal Theory, this study examines eleven news reports from mainstream British and American media and conducts a comparative analysis of the discursive construction of responsibility attribution along three dimensions: attitude, engagement and graduation. The findings show that the British media tend to rely on the upscaled force of the graduation system, combined with the heteroglossic expansion strategies of the engagement system, directing responsibility toward government regulation and policy institutions, whereas the American media make greater use of propriety judgements within the attitude system, attributing responsibility to corporate business practices and the structure of consumer culture. These differences reflect distinct orientations of responsibility attribution in the two countries’ environmental coverage: the British media favor institutional attribution, while the American media favor corporate and market-based attribution. The analysis offers theoretical and practical implications for understanding how media discourse shapes public perception of environmental issues.

TÓM TẮT: Trên cơ sở Lí thuyết Đánh giá của Martin và White (2005), bài viết khảo sát các nguồn lực Thang độ (Graduation) trong 200 bình luận trực tuyến của khán giả Việt Nam về bộ phim truyền hình Bóng ma hạnh phúc. Bộ phim được phát sóng bởi Đài Phát thanh và Truyền hình Vĩnh Long từ tháng 3 đến tháng 5 năm 2026. Nghiên cứu tập trung phân tích đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa của các nguồn lực này cũng như các mô thức từ vựng - ngữ pháp qua đó chúng được hiện thực hóa. Thông qua phân tích định tính kết hợp với thống kê định lượng, nghiên cứu nhận diện các nguồn lực ngôn ngữ biểu thị Thang độ theo hai tiểu hệ thống Lực (Force) và Tiêu điểm (Focus) trong diễn ngôn bình luận trên mạng xã hội về bộ phim. Kết quả cho thấy, người viết bình luận vận dụng phong phú các nguồn lực thuộc tiểu hệ thống Lực, đặc biệt là tăng cường mức độ và lượng hóa, nhằm biểu đạt những thái độ đánh giá mạnh mẽ đối với các tình tiết tự sự. Đáng chú ý, các chiến lược tăng cấp giá trị đánh giá chiếm ưu thế áp đảo. Mô thức này phản ánh bản chất tương tác và giàu cảm xúc của diễn ngôn bình luận phim trực tuyến. Nghiên cứu góp phần cung cấp thêm bằng chứng thực nghiệm cho hướng nghiên cứu về ngôn ngữ đánh giá trong bình luận phim trực tuyến bằng tiếng Việt. 

This article analyzes the systems of Attitude (Affect and Graduation), as proposed in Appraisal Theory (Martin y White, 2005), in personal narratives related to life-risk episodes. The corpus consists of eight stories told by university women in Querétaro, Mexico, in which 173 evaluative utterances were identified. The analysis considers polarity, type of encoding (inscribed or evoked), and emotional triggers. The results show that the security/insecurity category is the most frequent, with a predominance of negative emotions associated with fear and vulnerability. These emotions are primarily constructed through evoked evaluations, modulated by force or focus graduation. The study concludes that the speakers use language as a resource to emotionally manage and shape risk situations, revealing specific forms of subjective positioning in contexts of vulnerability.

This study investigated the transcript of BJ Habibie's speech that delivered at Georgetown University Qatar, through the Appraisal system (Martin & White, 2005). Despite Habibie’s existence as international Indonesian figure, there is still lack of research that focusing on his speech in international event through  the lense of evaluative language. Using a case study with an interpretive paradigm, this study identifies the language of evaluation of the clauses to reveal what Appraisal components are contained and how speaker’s stance construct within the speech. The findings reveal that Attitude is dominated by Judgement (25 tokens), followed by Appreciation (17 tokens) and Affect (7 tokens); The Engagement shows a balance of distribution between Monogloss (17 tokens) and Heterogloss (17 tokens); In the last component, Graduation, there is a dominance of Force (27 tokens) compared to Focus (4 tokens). This research also underscores the existence of Habibie's stance within the theme Human Capital and Technology in Muslim Countries

The Appraisal Theory includes three subsystems of evaluation; Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation. This study focuses on Graduation subsystem which is used by writers to amplify or diminish the scope of these two subsystems. It consists of Focus and Force options. Focus expressions are usually non-gradable they tend to sharpen or soften the utterances. Force, on the other hand modulates gradable expressions; which can be emphasized or downtoned the writer's utterances in terms of Intensification and Quantification. This pilot test is conducted to characterize the Force: Graduation of the heteroglossic resources in 20 MCR written in English by NS and NNS (Malaysian) medical writers. MCR is a medical genre that has proven recently to be very important in the advancement of medical researches and in serving pedagogical purposes to offer a description to the practical strength of the clinical decision-making. Many incidents of Force: Graduation are collected for the purpose of analysis. The analysis includes investigating the gradable heteroglossic resources in the MCRs of both groups of writers and examining the differences in employing these resources. The results indicate a little bit more frequent occurrence in the NS medical writers MCRs gradable heteroglossic expressions compared with those of NNS medical writers. Additionally, the use of these resources in the discussion sections of both groups is higher than in the other sections for both writers.

No abstract available