韩国—越南经济合作对中国在区域供应链中核心地位的削弱或强化

This article analyzes Vietnam’s strategic repositioning in global supply chains in the context of intensifying U.S.–China rivalry. As multinational corporations implement “China Plus One” strategies to mitigate geopolitical risk and supply chain concentration, Vietnam has emerged as a key destination, benefitting from its geographic proximity to China, cost-effective labor, expanding trade architecture, and proactive regulatory reforms. Yet this shift is not solely driven by firm-level dynamics; it is also the result of Vietnam’s deliberate geoeconomic strategy. Drawing on hedging theory, the article contends that Vietnam employs a calibrated mix of economic diversification, institutional flexibility, and strategic ambiguity to maximize autonomy while avoiding overdependence on any major power. Through empirical examination of foreign direct investment trends, trade commitments, technological upgrading, and participation in both U.S.- and China-led regional initiatives, the paper conceptualizes Vietnam’s approach as “geoeconomic hedging.” It introduces the term “Vietnam Plus One” to describe the country’s emerging role not only as a relocation site but also as a catalyst for broader regional diversification. By extending the logic of hedging beyond the security domain into economic statecraft, this study contributes to ongoing debates on middle-power agency, regional order, and the restructuring of global production networks in the Indo-Pacific.   Key words: China Plus One strategy, Vietnam Plus One strategy, geoeconomics hedging, global supply chains, middle power diplomacy

… ’s total inward FDI flows, while Korea and mainland China were … the Vietnamese economy, accounting for 71.7% of Vietnam’s … More specifically, Table 1 shows that Vietnam’s DVA share …

… of Korean companies in Vietnam. … supply chain of Korean companies operating in Vietnam consists of a multilateral series of links not only between Korea and Vietnam but also China…

… Particularly, South Korea can expect two major challenges … of global supply chains is heading to Vietnam, South Korean firms … poses a quandary for South Korea, as it is one of the US …

Purpose - The Korean government has been promoting the New Southern Policy (NSP) prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which damage global value chain (GVC) The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that the NSP should be developed to provide tangible support in corporate GVC adjustment, away from diplomatic activities in order to offset GVC losses due to COVID-19 and expand export capabilities Design/methodology - Two research methodologies are combined for this paper: A computational general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to estimate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and NSP on Korea's exports, and the decomposition methodology (Wang, Wei and Zhu, 2013) to evaluate the stability of GVC The conventional CGE model was modified to obtain an estimate for decomposition The research methodology adopted in this study was attempted for the first time, and it can be widely used in future GVC research Findings - Results found the effects of COVID-19 reduced Korea's total exports by 27% and GVC by more than 30% In particular, VA in Korea's exports to the NSP region was found to have a huge impact in heavy industries and textiles, and its exports to Vietnam seemed to suffer the largest loss in GVC among ASEAN countries If the NSP is implemented properly, it appears that it could offset much of the negative impacts of COVID-19, implying the importance of the effectiveness of the NSP Originality/value - Many papers have assessed the NSP descriptively, and the GVC has been a topic for many publications However, the impact of COVID-19 on Korea's GVC with the NSP countries has not been quantitatively studied This paper emphasizes that the NSP should be pursued based on the results of quantitative analysis In addition, the research methodology of this paper can be used for other GVC research with relevant modifications

… as Vietnam’s economic “dependence” on China, but one can … As Vietnam’s integration with China-centred supply chains … South Korean phone manufacturers in Vietnam source thirty …

This study delves into the trade relationship between South Korea and China within Vietnam’s ICT market. Empirically examining the changes in import volume from both countries into Vietnam, it uncovers a complex interplay of dependency and competition. The research reveals that an increase in South Korea’s ICT exports to China indirectly boosts China’s export volume to Vietnam, suggesting a mutually dependent trade relationship. Conversely, the rise in China’s ICT exports to Vietnam is found to adversely affect South Korea’s export performance in the Vietnamese market, highlighting a competitive dynamic between the two nations. Under the SITC-76 and SITC-77 categories, South Korea demonstrates a relative comparative advantage. The study also observes a decline in both countries’ export volumes, indicating a shift in the Vietnamese market from a growth phase to maturity as Vietnam’s economy evolves. This transition, alongside the expected decrease in South Korea’s ICT export share, underscores the urgency for South Korean firms to strategically adapt, taking into account the evolving Vietnamese demands and the intricate competitive landscape with China.

Using China’s experience from 1990 to 2001—the critical period preceding its formal recognition as the “world factory” in Japan’s 2001 White Paper on International Economy and Trade—as the historical benchmark, this study conducts a systematic comparative analysis of the potential of India, Vietnam, and Mexico to emerge as the next global manufacturing hub. Key indicators examined include GDP growth, merchandise exports, FDI inflows, trade balance, demographic dividend, export market diversification, and industrial structure. The findings reveal that, although each country possesses distinct advantages, none is positioned to fully replicate China’s systemic rise in the medium term. Vietnam most closely mirrors China’s early export-oriented, low-cost, and high-efficiency model; Mexico has capitalised on nearshoring opportunities and mature industrial clusters to become a deeply integrated North American manufacturing base; while India, endowed with the world’s largest working-age population and vast domestic market, remains significantly hampered by infrastructural deficiencies and inconsistent policy execution. Against the backdrop of intensifying U.S.–China strategic rivalry since 2018 and the global imperative for supply-chain resilience, the “China + N” diversification paradigm has become irreversible. The future configuration of global manufacturing is therefore projected to evolve towards a multi-polar, regionalised, and resilient equilibrium rather than the emergence of a singular new “world factory.” For Chinese enterprises, labour-intensive sectors are advised to prioritise Vietnam for cost and efficiency advantages, capital- and technology-intensive industries should target Mexico to secure North American market access, and long-term consumer-oriented strategies should focus on India’s domestic demand potential.

… from China’s coastal regions, eg, the Pearl River Delta to Vietnam, … from China induced by the pandemic-caused supply chain … engaged in the “China+1” strategy prevalent prior to the …

This study examines the evolving economic relationship between Vietnam and the Republic of Korea, analyzing current trade patterns, investment flows, and future cooperation prospects through 2030. With bilateral trade reaching $81.8 billion in 2024 and South Korea being Vietnam's largest cumulative foreign direct investor with $92 billion in total registered capital, the partnership has transformed from labor-intensive manufacturing to high-technology sectors including semiconductors, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence. Both nations have set ambitious targets to increase bilateral trade to $150 billion by 2030, supported by the comprehensive strategic partnership established in 2022. This research employs quantitative analysis of trade data, sectoral investment patterns, and policy frameworks to assess cooperation prospects. Key findings indicate significant growth potential in emerging sectors, with Korean investments shifting toward advanced manufacturing, green energy, and digital technologies. The study identifies critical challenges including infrastructure development, skilled workforce requirements, and regulatory harmonization, while highlighting opportunities in semiconductor manufacturing, renewable energy projects, and smart city development. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for enhanced technological cooperation, streamlined investment procedures, and coordinated industrial development strategies to achieve the ambitious bilateral targets.

… the dependence of Vietnam exports to China with … Vietnam has to depend on China as the main supplier of many input materials and intermediate goods for its domestic production…

In the face of the anti-globalization trend and the shrinking of the global value chain, ensuring the safety of the global layout of the industrial chain and the sustainability of each country’s internal intermediate product production cycle has become an important new development strategy for all countries. The sustainability of the internal and external cycles of production systems is closely related to global value chains. Based on the world input-output model, we define the trade pattern of intermediate goods in various countries from the perspective of trade intermediary attributes, and propose two indicators by which to measure the dependence of China on the global value chain in the process of “dual circulation” development: the degree of vertical specialization (VSD) and the import share of domestic total consumption (IMS); China’s super-large market leads to low values of both VSD and IMS. China’s high-tech industry has the highest degree of external dependence in the process of participating in dual circulation, and there has been a fluctuation cycle since 2009. The external dependence of different industries shows heterogeneity.

This study attempts to analyze trade flows between Vietnam and China in order to understand the mutual influence of bilateral trade relations. China is a country with the world’s leading economic potential. China and Vietnam are neighboring countries sharing a border of 1,281 km. Trade relations between the two countries are a necessity and, with a right policy, are beneficial to both. Vietnam has a trade deficit with China. This situation is exacerbated by the continuing rise in the gap. Vietnam trade deficit from China was USD12.5 billion in 2010, increasing to USD24 billion in 2018. Data are extracted from the 2015 national input-output tables of Vietnam and China as well as Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey statistics. The research identified 36 sectors of bilateral input-output trade between Vietnam and China. A bilateral output-input model is applied to analyze how final demand and use of input in the production of this country induces output and value added of the other country. The results show that China benefits more from Vietnam’s production and consumption than Vietnam does. Vietnam’s inter-sector structure does not stimulate domestic production due to the absence of supporting products as inputs in the production process.

… production and quality of goods in the ERPT into Vietnam’s … that the reaction of the intermediate goods in response to the … Further, the degree of dependence on the intermediate goods …

The paper departs from the analysis of the regionalizing processes, as Björn Hettne coined the spontaneous empirical trend driven by transnational corporations. They evolved within Southeast-Asia from the end of 1980s, despite a very low level of intergovernmental institutionalization within ASEAN. The activity of global and regional value chains increasingly webbing the ASEAN region is traced back to trade and investment relations and their change over time in 1995-2018. Regionalizing processes have been followed from the midnineties by intergovernmental negotiations on membership expansion and moving towards a single market and production base, facilitating the “bottom up” dynamics from the “top-down” level. Impacts of the US-China Trade War and Covid-19 pandemic are analysed to draw future prospects.

The recent U.S.–China trade conflicts cast new light on the role of trade policies in global value chains (GVCs). Contrary to the expectation that trade restrictions lead to the shrinking or disruption of GVCs, our article posits that the unintended consequences of trade policies (both restrictions and trade agreements) are amplified by the prevalence and organizational complexity of GVCs. We anchor our argument in the historical evolution of three classic GVCs – apparel, automobiles, and electronics – from the 1970s to the present. Our framework highlights the dynamic interaction between GVC-oriented trade policies and firm strategies, which often has counterintuitive implications in terms of upgrading outcomes for the countries and companies involved in these GVCs. While trade policies often provide momentum for an adaptive reconfiguration of GVCs, firms’ strategic actions are crucial in modifying the geographic and organizational features of GVCs in ways that support their longevity. Firm strategies can mediate the effect of trade policies on GVC configurations in two ways: (1) firms can accommodate trade restrictions and trade agreements by altering supply and demand locations and by switching supply-chain partners; and (2) firms pursue diverse strategies to upgrade their value chain activities, leveraging the shifting geographies associated with new trade rules.

PurposeThe challenges faced by China's high-end equipment manufacturing (HEEM) industry are becoming clearer in the process of global supply chain (GSC) reconfiguration. The purpose of this study is to investigate how China's HEEM industry has been affected by the GSC reconfiguration, as well as its short- and long-term strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted a multi-method approach. Interviews were conducted in Phase 1, while a three-round Delphi survey was conducted in Phase 2 to reach consensus at the industry level.FindingsThe GSC reconfiguration affected China's HEEM supply chain (SC). Its direct effects include longer lead times, higher purchasing prices and inconsistent supply and inventory levels of key imported components and materials. Its indirect effects include inconsistent product quality and cash flows. In the short term, China's HEEM enterprises have sought to employ localized substitutes, while long-term strategies include continuous technological innovation, industry upgrades and developing SC resilience.Originality/valueThis study not only encourages Chinese HEEM enterprises to undertake a comprehensive examination of their respective industries but also provides practical insights for SC scholars, policymakers and international stakeholders interested in how China's HEEM industry adapts to the GSC reconfiguration and gains global market share.

… empirical perspectives on East Asia’s global value chains (GVCs)… an empirical analysis of GVCs in East Asia; and fourth section … The potential reconfiguration of global supply chains …

… As multinationals reconfigure their production networks in post-crisis Asia, Southeast Asia’s … As MNCs use e-commerce to streamline their regional and global supply chains, they have …

… the value chain to its international strategic partners and supply-chain managers in these East Asian … lead firms reorganize and reconfigure their value activities in order to extract greater …

Recent changes in trade barriers and increasing uncertainties in trade policies have forced companies to rethink their optimal supply chain settings. This article studies the impact of the regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) agreement, particularly the cumulative rules of origin, on the resilient manufacturing supply chain network design problem with demand uncertainty. Three resilience strategies, namely, multiple sourcing, capacity redundancy, and technology innovation, are employed to improve supply chain resilience. Using type-2 fuzzy theory, we develop a distributionally robust fuzzy optimization (DRFO) model to address the proposed problem. In this model, the demand is represented as a parametric interval-valued fuzzy variable and its associated uncertainty distribution set. In terms of the model's tractability, we analyze the computational issues of the credibility constraint and reformulate the DRFO model into a computationally tractable mixed-integer linear program. Finally, we apply the proposed model to a real-life automotive supply chain case and demonstrate its superiority in providing uncertainty-immunized solutions. Our analysis reveals that the RCEP agreement may deepen the manufacturing supply chain networks in Asia–Pacific and promote their integration and localization. Also, we find that using any resilience strategy or a mixture of them can increase supply chain's resilient performance while decreasing costs against disruptions.

… the reconfiguration of the global value chain landscape. … toward Southeast Asia has strengthened regional production … Southeast Asian economies, China has fostered a regional …

… under re-globalization and supply-chain reconfiguration of the current world trading system. … state transformation in East Asia since the 1990s. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy …

… extra-regional value chains. Second, East Asian value chains have become slightly more regionalized… In 2020, the share of value-added of intra-regional intermediates imported in East …

… trends in international fragmentation of value chains over the … what extent fragmentation tendencies for some manufacturing … , Chinese value-added shares increased in the value chains …

This paper focuses on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)—a major final assembler in production—where studies and evidence on the role of the region in global value chains are limited. We seek to provide new evidence regarding the extent and patterns of international fragmentation in ASEAN. To do so, we derive the foreign value-added shares of final products for all global value chains of ASEAN. Using the Asian Development Bank’s multiregional input–output tables for 2000–2017, we document a series of stylized facts. The results show declining foreign value-added shares in ASEAN. Regional economic integration within ASEAN has increased, while value-added contributions vary widely across its members. We find evidence of increasing value-added contributions from emerging economies to ASEAN, whereas the contributions from advanced economies have declined.

As global value chains (GVCs) account for 80% of global trade, the revival of protectionism, amidst the looming trade tensions between United States and other trading partners, particularly China will dampen the international input–output relations. By using a multi-regional and multi-sectoral dynamic computable general equilibrium model, this study analyses China driven GVCs. The study explores the impact of tariff change on China and its major trading partners on economic variables like consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports and imports and sectors like electronic goods, coal, crude oil and machine equipment for the five-year period, that is, 2021–2025. GTAP 10 database has been used. The findings of the study suggest that although China’s dominance may diminish, yet it would continue to be one of the prominent players in GVC. Further, based on the results, the global economy can look forward to fragmented and locally oriented supply chains. At the sectoral level, the shorter supply chains would lead a further disjoint global trade system with a wider range of suppliers for similar products and hence increased regionalisation of production. JEL Codes: F10, F17, F60, F16, D58

Abstract With the deepening of the international division of labor, the change of the national interest distribution pattern, and the spread of de-globalization in some developed countries, the Global Value Chains (GVCs) are undergoing a new round of large-scale restructuring, and the situation of GVCs being dominated by developed countries is changing. Industries of different countries have different paths of participation in the reconstruction of GVCs, including active embedding in GVCs, constructing National Value Chains, and leading to the creation of Regional Value Chains (RVCs). Different high-tech industries in China choose different ways to participate in reconstruction of GVCs due to their different levels of competitiveness. Based on the Value-Added Revealed Comparative Advantage index, this study constructs the basis and criteria for choosing the path of reconstruction of GVCs and designs the appropriate path for Chinese high-tech industry. Pharmaceutical manufacturing and transportation equipment manufacturing industry tend to constructing National Value Chains against the background of globalization, and the chemical products manufacturing, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing, and optical equipment manufacturing industries tend toward “indigenous innovation” while dominating the RVC reconstruction path, integratinging global and domestic Value Chains, to achieve the domestic and international double cycle goals.

… between China and ASEAN in the conceptual framework of extended fragmentation theory. … /countries, we find that China and ASEAN share a number of common features. However, …

… When Samsung sources parts from non-Korean foreign firms producing in Vietnam, … Korean suppliers set up production facilities alongside Samsung’s assembly operations in Vietnam. …

… The key elements of the reforms included permitting FDI with a … , Taiwan, Korea, and more recently, China. During 2016–19, … HHP assembly from its plants in China to its Vietnamese …

Samsung has largely shifted its electronics manufacturing out of China, and mostly to Vietnam. In that process, it has, to date, avoided local labour market (LLM) difficulties faced by its subsidiaries in industrial parks in China: in particular, pervasive skill shortages among the electronics assembly workers on whom Samsung’s manufacturing depends. Labour retention problems in China had significantly challenged its commitment to invest in necessary employee training. By contrast, Samsung’s domination of foreign direct investment (FDI) within particular Vietnamese industrial parks has removed the inter-employer competition it experienced in China. A deeper explanation involves Samsung’s development – as Vietnam’s largest single source of FDI, and major producer of that country’s exports – of synergistic and symbiotic relationships with Vietnam’s national and subnational governments. These relationships have allowed Samsung to influence development strategies for industrial parks and their LLMs. Samsung has invests expansively in forms of education and training whose benefits extend beyond the areas in which its manufacturing facilities operate, to populations that the company does not employ. Providing benefits beyond typical success criteria for FDI in developing economies, Samsung has helped Vietnam’s party-state meet its own legitimacy needs with its internal constituencies, contributing to a broader practical consensus in favour of the party-state’s development policies. This article therefore widens the perspective of FDI to embed it in national and subnational business–government relations.

… labor as wages for that same labor rise in China, Korea and elsewhere. Again, it remains to be … were used for simpler assembly and testing of semiconductor components.Footnote 24 In …

… the impact of Chinese direct investment on local firms through vertical linkages in manufacturing industries of Vietnam. We find that the share of local sourcing of Chinese firms is similar …

… In 2000, South Korea’s FDI in Vietnam was only $50 million, but … then assemble and distribute finished products in Vietnam … specialize in different types of cars or parts and components. …

… (the largest onshore FDI project so far), car assembly plants, … uncertainty surrounding FDI legislation; and reformist elements in … and South Korean, FDI in and trade with Vietnam will also …

… for Japanese FDI initially were South Korea and Taiwan. … Parts and components rather than final products are traded between … parts and components go to Indonesia and Vietnam. By …

… to supply products to other East Asian economies, particularly to … the OECD– WTO TiVA database with sectoral employment … advancement in input-output analyses and graph theories, …

… and empirical analysis on production networks in East Asia. A … to unpack production networks in East Asia by blending … -level analysis using case studies and econometric analysis of …

… The analysis in this paper makes use of data extracted from the US trade data system … China of final assembly stages of East Asia-centered global production networks of these products. …

This paper applies the decomposition method proposed by Wang et al. (2013), together with the multi-national input-output tables from World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to estimate the value-chain transition in East Asian production network. Specifically, we calculate and examine the domestic value-added absorbed abroad, foreign value-added embodied in country’s gross exports, and vertical specialization measures to explore the relative positions of major East Asian countries in the global production chain over the period of 1995-2011. The analyses are at country-aggregate, country-sector, bilateral-aggregate and bilateral-sector levels. Based on our results, we answer the important question of whether Taiwan and South Korea have used China’s production chains as an intermediary to re-export their products to other countries in the world. Furthermore, we answer the question that over the 1995-2011 periods, have Taiwan and South Korea exploited cheap labor from China to add value to their products before re-exported them to the rest of the world?

Using network analysis, the study examines the trade structure of the three largest trade blocs, the European Union (EU), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The use of intermediate goods exports data from the OECD TIVA database to assess the trade flow among member countries. It employs centrality measures such as centrality degree, eigenvector, betweenness, and closeness to identify the complex network flow of trade and the extent of trade concentration to countries within each bloc. The results reveal that the EU and RCEP supply chains are dominated by Germany and China, respectively. However, other countries are also acting as a central hub in the EU bloc. Similarly, the CPTPP supply chain is governed by nations such as South Korea, Japan, and Canada. Overall, the EU and RCEP have a dense trade network where countries have deep integration for efficient trade flow. In contrast, in CPTPP, the developed countries have higher participation, and the underdeveloped countries have less participation in trade flow. The findings provide important implications that high dependence on the central hub potentially poses the vulnerability of external/ internal shock in regional trade partnerships. Furthermore, high-quality standards favour developed nations and hinder underdeveloped nations' participation in regional trade partnerships.

… in East Asia has been the emergence of cross-border production networks. In these … This analysis finds no compelling evidence to suggest that the rise of China is posing a cost to …

From the perspective of global value chain, this paper divides the East Asian region’s dependencies in the global production division network into “upstream dependencies” and “final demand dependencies” according to Koopman’s GVC decomposition principle. We use OECD database to build two index systems of “relevance degree” and “final demand contribution rate” for empirical analysis. The analysis finds that in the “upstream dependence” level, the degree of internal dependency in East Asia as a whole is higher than external dependence. The economic links within the East Asian region within the global value chain are increasingly closer. China’s status as an upstream supplier in East Asia is rising, and Japan is declining. At the “end demand dependency” level, the East Asian region still has a certain degree of dependence on external Europe and the United States. However, this dependency relationship has shown a tendency of rising first and then decreasing. At the same time, China’s economic dependence on Japan and South Korea is decreasing, and Japan’s and South Korea’s economic dependence on China is deepening. This also means that China’s final demand has contributed to the economic growth of Japan and South Korea. Keywords—East Asia; upstream dependence; final demand dependence; internal dependence; external dependence

ABSTRACT This study utilizes the Asian Development Bank’s multiregional input-output tables to assess the evolution of production interconnectedness among China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the US. Decomposition analysis reveals that foreign final demand increasingly drives domestic output, with China, Japan, and the US capturing more export-generated value-added than Korea, Taiwan, or Vietnam. Japan, Korea, and Taiwan exhibit higher domestic value-added from foreign exports, while industry-level analysis shows Vietnam’s exports primarily benefit foreign partners. Panel regressions indicate a positive correlation between forward participation and value-added in China, but negative or mixed effects in Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan.

… of production. We ask: What are the locational patterns of trade in value-added in East Asia and … -output techniques to analyze the evolution of production networks in East Asia over the …

The U.S. strategies of “friend-shoring” and “near-shoring,” aimed at enhancing supply chain autonomy, are profoundly restructuring global production networks. This study empirically evaluates the impact of these strategies on China’s factor-intensive industries. Utilizing the Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output database, we constructed a Global Industrial Value Chain Backbone Network and applied the X-index Filtering Algorithm to identify core trade relationships. Policy impacts were quantified by comparing degree, betweenness, and closeness centralities between null and counterfactual models. The results indicate that “friend-shoring” exerts a significant “squeeze effect” on China, with resource-intensive industries facing severe decoupling risks that cascade into supporting services. Conversely, the impact of “near-shoring” remains limited, as Chinese firms mitigate trade diversion through strategic overseas investment. Scenario analysis further reveals that while new trade remedies targeting re-exports may bolster emerging hubs like Vietnam and Mexico in the short term, they increase the topological distance of global production networks, leading to a systemic decline in efficiency. These findings provide critical quantitative evidence regarding the evolution and systemic risks of global value chains under geopolitical intervention.

… Centrality within the supply network directly dictates the distribution of … to decouple from Chinese supply chains. Consequently, by controlling the supply of critical upstream nodes, China …

ABSTRACT Global value chains have been a major means of manufacturing and trading goods internationally. Economic efficiency was the sole factor driving the proliferation of GVCs and the China-centered GVCs were established in a variety of manufactured products. In recent years, the China–US trade war and the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic have sent shock waves and disrupted smooth operations of GVCs, which has triggered the geographic restructuring of GVCs, in particular value chain diversification away from China. This paper analyzes the centrality of China in value chains and the vulnerabilities of GVCs exposed to the trade war and the pandemic. This paper provides comprehensive empirical evidence on GVC restructuring from different perspectives and discusses policy options that China could cope with the tide of the value chain diversification.

… , largely benefitting from the globalisation of the mobile phone GVC, the increasing concentration of production in China (and Vietnam lately) has generated a series of concerns about …

… countries covered in the study (namely Korea, China, Vietnam and Mexico). According to the 2002 project, industrial agglomerations can be grouped together into four broad categories: …

Sustainability and digitization issues have coevolved in supply chain management (SCM), receiving attention from the academic and business circles. However, few studies have addressed this topic in an integrated way. In this regard, this study examined the relationships between sustainable SCM, digital-based supply chain integration, and supplying firms’ performance in two different country settings: South Korea and Vietnam. This comparative study provides evidence that sustainable SCM facilitates the adoption and implementation of supply chain integration using digital technologies, leading to suppliers’ operational competitiveness. This study also indicates the differences and similarities of sustainable SCM and its effects in the two different economies. These findings provide scholars, managers, and policymakers with theoretical and practical implications to encourage firms in Asian countries to enhance corporate competitiveness by adequately responding to environmental and social issues and digitalization along the global value chain.

… Moreover, as more countries import net resources, regional and global supply chain competition is expected to … Table 1 presents the current socio-economic status of China, South …

… provides access to one of the world’s largest consumer markets and a leading supplier of … along the South China Sea facilitates convenient shipping routes to Japan and South Korea, …

PurposeThis research aims to offers a new method for assessing geoeconomic risks in bilateral relations and evaluate the level of such risks from Vietnam’s economic dependency on China.Design/methodology/approachI apply descriptive analysis to identify asymmetrical dependency in Vietnam–China economic relations and propose a geoeconomic risk assessment framework to evaluate risk levels in bilateral economic linkages.FindingsThe proposed geoeconomic risk framework assesses risk levels, which are positively influenced by the degree of asymmetrical relations (vulnerabilities), the net impacts on the receiving economy (impacts) and the sending state’s ability to control economic tools (threats). In contrast, risk levels are negatively affected by the effectiveness of existing mitigation efforts. The framework employs ordinal likelihood scales to rank various risk levels. In the context of Vietnam–China relations, market access for agricultural products and control of the Mekong water emerge as the most risky areas for economic coercion, followed by Chinese official development finance in infrastructure and critical input imports. On the other hand, debt dependency and foreign direct investment in the energy sector are considered more secure areas—less likely targets for economic coercion. Hence, risk mitigation strategies should prioritize reducing asymmetry in vulnerable dependence areas while maintaining current practices in more secure areas.Originality/valueMethodologically, it introduces a new approach for assessing bilateral geoeconomic risk. Empirically, it provides Vietnam’s policymakers with a comprehensive evaluation of the implications of economic interdependence with China.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to study the intensity of trade between Vietnam and its trading partners. Vietnam’s revealed trade preference with a country was found to be negatively correlated with distance, but positively correlated with contiguity, colonial linkages and having a free trade agreement between the pair. At the disaggregate level, contiguity leads to higher revealed export preferences in labour-intensive goods for Vietnam, but this effect on revealed import preferences is less significant. The revealed trade preference indices show that among major trading partners, China’s role is important for Vietnam’s trade, but this role is less dominant than what traditional trade share analysis shows.

… to forestall the advancement of communism in Southeast Asia. However, SEATO eventually … supply chain alliances and the reconfiguration of regional and global supply chains, …

Abstract Few recent geographic studies have focused on how market dynamics might explain macroregional shifts in industrial production. This article examines the pivoting of semiconductor manufacturing toward East Asia during the 2010s, drawing upon proprietary data sets and interviews with leading semiconductor firms. Building on the existing conceptions of user-producer collaborations in economic geography, I conceptualize the relevance of market dynamics for explaining industrial-geographic change. In particular, I specify how customer intimacy in intermediate markets and demand responsiveness in end markets, as two critical dimensions of market dynamics, create strong demand for new chip-making capacity, and how spatial and relational proximity can strengthen interfirm collaboration and customer intimacy in semiconductor production networks. Empirically, market dynamics prompting massive growth in East Asian chip-making capacity are manifested in new product transition and chip demand from global lead firms in the information and communications technology sector and their manufacturing partners mostly located in East Asia. Demand responsiveness to new lead firms and end markets within East Asia has also induced chip design and new capacity to be colocated in the region. Customer intimacy between chip design firms and their foundry providers has led to massive growth of outsourced wafer fabrication in East Asia. Complementing supply-side explanations, such as state support and technological leveraging, this article’s core findings on demand-led market dynamics in explaining geographic shifts in semiconductor manufacturing contribute not only to the studies of global production networks in high-tech industries but also to the renewed interest among geographers in market dynamics and their consequences for uneven development.

… networks/value chains. Third, it sheds light on the emerging China market-oriented … -oriented reconfiguration of regional fresh fruit production networks in Southeast Asia coordinated by …

… statistics – on 439 of China's largest exporters in 18 subsectors … in ways theorized by the global value chain (GVC) literature. It … in this paper by utilizing Chinese transactional trade data. …