世界六大洲监狱三分工作（分类关押、分级管理、分类教育）研究

分别提出了面向服刑人员的聚类和分类算法，针对服刑人员的表现特征在服刑期内连续变化和多样性的特点，分别采用隐马尔可夫模型为聚类模型和LDA主题模型为分类模型，对应急指挥综合管理平台中所收集到的多种服刑人员的业务管理信息进行综合聚类分类处理。实验表明，隐马尔可夫模型可以体现出各服刑人员在整个服刑阶段表现的时序变化，从而进行准确的聚类判断；LDA主题模型可以考虑到服刑人员的多种属性，从而对其进行准确的类别判断。

… : management and … The management perspective is a relatively new perspective in classification. It emphasizes the use of objective prison classification systems as a management tool. …

… the most potential benefit for correctional managers and practitioners. … NIC Prisons Division that this project to identify, classify, and manage high-risk and special management prisoners …

… These prisons may hold women prisoners classified for different security levels in various … of classification systems for women prisoners. Classification may load up high-security prisons …

… process in solving many of the problems of jails and prisons. This section describes various primary and subsidiary roles performed by control classification systems in jails and prisons. …

… Among the several controlled conditions in this study were the interpersonal maturity levels of individual prisoners in the living and treatment groups and the characteristics of the …

… One such classification instrument used in Ontario is the Level of Supervision Inventory (LSI)… and security classifications were monitored. LSI scores and prison disciplinary data formed …

… This study seeks to add empirical information to the literature about prison classification systems by examining the impact of classification assignments on newly designated, maximum-…

… consideration in prisoner management was the prisoner classification system. During a … as “…the security of a prison is not barb, tape and towers: It is the classification system. If you get …

… have countered that growth in the inmate population, inadequacies in existing facilities, and lack of other resources have thwarted attempts to improve correctional management. …

… focus group discussions with prison personnel, inmates, and volunteers in a major prison in the … from the Philippine experiences on inmate classification and correctional management. …

… Three broad historical phases of risk assessment and prisoner classifications provide a context for this chapter. These phases refer to the arrival of more professional, humanitarian, and …

… prison management … prisons, notably those of rehabilitation and treatment. Implications of control-oriented organizational models for the management of personnel working in the prison …

This article explores governing through rights in a penal context by analyzing a recent case before the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (the “Court” or “Supreme Court”), Brown v The Parole Board for Scotland et al. (UKSC 2017). The case involved a prisoner whose stay in prison was extended by several years beyond what the trial court ordered because he was unable to access offender behavior courses due to staffing shortages and waiting lists. In rejecting this as an arbitrary detention (in violation of Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights), the Supreme Court focused on the prisoner’s behavior as a justification for non-release. This article traces how the Court applied concepts of rehabilitation and sentence progression to shift focus from the state’s compliance with its rights duties to the prisoner’s deservingness of rights protection. Using frameworks of governmentality and structural violence, I explore how administrative processes, such as sentence management and rights litigation, facilitate and constitute prison violence. Specifically, rehabilitation provided the means of constructing the petitioner as a disobedient and undeserving subject, while simultaneously valorizing the penal authorities’ enlightened oversight of his sentence. Through such moves, the Court and, by extension, legal institutions, can inflict violence in three ways: first, by legitimating the extension of confinement using tools aimed at limiting detention; second, by imposing material and psychic burdens in the pursuit of legal claims, creating both hope and the basis of destroying it; and third, by obscuring and denying the disordered and inherently violent nature of the experience of imprisonment. The article seeks to expose how bureaucratic logics (like balancing tests), spaces (like appeal courts), and material practices (as in the temporal organization of “background facts” in legal judgments) are part of prison and the violence which characterizes the prison experience.

… ‘rehabilitative prisons’, in which more responsibility is placed on prisoners for managing their own rehabilitation, and a formal motivational role is created for large numbers of prison staff…

… In this section, we first provide institutional details on the prisons the data cover and on their social rehabilitation programs. We then describe the measure of inmates’ risk assessment …

Citizens' illegal and criminal behaviors should be sanctioned by law, and prison serves as a vital institution for both punishment and rehabilitation of inmates. After imprisonment, inmates undergo a long-term reform process aimed at transforming their mindset and behavior. Education plays a crucial role in this process, serving as the catalyst for implementing positive changes. In light of the current era, the "Five Reforms" proposal serves as the logical starting point for this study. The aim is to analyze the significance of educational rehabilitation for the inmates within this context, identify and refine the new characteristics of such programs, and propose practical paths for their education and reform. The findings from this study hold significant practical implications and provide valuable guidance for the practice of inmate rehabilitation.

… so forth) in the case of the Prison Service and “case management” (enforcement of attendance, and so forth) for the Probation Service. Among prison programmes, the percentage value …

Scholars of mass incarceration point to the 1970s as a pivotal turning point in U.S. penal history, marked by a shift toward more punitive policies and a consensus that “nothing works” in rehabilitating inmates. However, while there has been extensive research on changes in policy makers' rhetoric, sentencing policy, and incarceration rates, scholars know very little about changes in the actual practices of punishment and prisoner rehabilitation. Using nationally representative data for U.S. state prisons, this article demonstrates that there were no major changes in investments in specialized facilities, funding for inmate services–related staff, or program participation rates throughout the late 1970s and the 1980s. Not until the 1990s, more than a decade after the start of the punitive era, did patterns of inmate services change, as investments in programming switched from academic to reentry-related programs. These findings suggest that there is a large gap between rhetoric and reality in the case of inmate services and that since the 1990s, inmate “rehabilitation” has increasingly become equated with reentry-related life skills programs.

… in 1981 and asked what the prison did in terms of rehabilitation, the governor ‘almost split … officer and three main grade prisons officers) then ‘we don’t unlock prisoners on the landing’.‘…

… that prisons should shift from punitive to rehabilitative environments, behavioural problems remain pervasive and difficult to manage … is pivotal for effective prison policy and practice. …

… of risk-based sentencing under the Limiting Retributivist theory developed by Norval Morris and adopted in the MPC's new provisions on sentencing. … against risk-based sentencing as a …

… to take a closer look at the theoretical framework within which risk-based sentencing … offenders for a longer time than others on the ground of consequentialist risk-based considerations. …

As the use of risk-based practices has proliferated in many jurisdictions, justice-involved individuals are often subjected to multiple risk assessments at various moments and with different purposes as they move through the criminal justice system. This article examines the ways in which different risk-based practices are combined and evaluates these combinations in terms of inclusion and exclusion of marginalized offender categories. By understanding risk-based practices in terms of the distribution of resources, the article conceptualizes how the accumulation of bias could exacerbate exclusionary effects and how contradictory risk-informed decisions could undermine inclusionary interventions. Understanding the interplay of different risk-based practices is essential for the practical and ethical judgement of risk-based justice.

… a result of the emergence of risk-based correctional management systems in recent years. … be wise to postpone its risk until after a prison sentence has been served. In rare cases, even …

… , whether by probation and parole officers, or by institutional correctional officials. 14 … punishment in the United States and detailed the ways in which current sentencing and correctional …

… Risk-based concerns and logics have long been present in the governance of crime. But in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, we witnessed a remarkable expansion of practices of …

… in sentencing, particularly in the resource-starved state of current correctional practice. … for whom the state's sentencing guidelines recommend incarceration in prison or jail; offenders …

Objectives Placing low-risk individuals into residential community-based correctional programs often results in minimal or iatrogenic impacts upon recidivism. Contamination through exposure to higher-risk program participants is a mechanism that has been used to explain these effects. This study empirically explores this phenomenon. Methods A series of survival models examine data from low-risk paroled people released from a state’s prisons from 2005 to 2011 (n = 3,862) to assess the impact of residential community-based program participation upon recidivism. The daily rate of exposure to higher-risk people while attending programs is modeled for a subset of program participants (n = 202) to assess impacts upon time to failure within 18-months of program completion. Results Program participation increased the hazards of failure by approximately 66% for low-risk paroled people. Exposure to higher-risk people did not have significant impacts upon recidivism. Conclusions The current study coincides with past work demonstrating that policy makers and practitioners should be mindful of the potential iatrogenic or minimal recidivism effects associated with treating low-risk people through residential community-based programs. The mechanisms by which these effects are produced are in need of further exploration. Particular attention should be paid to whether programs can disrupt pro-social aspects of low-risk peoples’ lives.

… from a larger study of differential treatment of prison inmates across prison settings. Prior to … selected prisons in Lagos and Ogun States were sought. The selection of these prisons was …

… such a system presupposes that some inmates have access … that inmates are sufficiently interdependent to set up a system … differential power with regard to values within the system. …

… The present research is one of the few reported studies to date that has documented a differential treatment effect utilizing a randomized control group design. Several treatment studies …

… assigned 10 tlie different kiiids of inmate groupr in a systematic way. The study produced … hut apparently had a very negative intpact on inmates identified a$ "low maturit! .** The reverse …

… system (1790-1870), female penal units outwardly resembled male penitentiaries, but in some respects their inmates … Yet by institutionalizing differential treatment, the reformatories …

… In a study of one prison, the impact of the institutional environment can be observed in the processuul sense that length of time served and sentence stage measure differential exposure …

… 'drug use and homosexuality result from differential selection of inmates into the prisons; that … likely to be incarcerated in custodial and intermediate prisons than in treatment institutions. …

… inmate organisation have on inmate perceptions of staff and institutions? (2) If inmate opposition does appear in treatment-… demonstrated that inmate opposition may appear in treatment-…

The tremendous growth in state and federal correctional populations has focused greater attention on the needs of mentally ill and substance abusing inmates. Although an estimated 3-11% of prison inmates have co-occurring mental health (psychotic and major mood) disorders and substance abuse disorders, few treatment programs are described in the literature and there is little available information regarding effective treatment strategies for this population. The current study provides an integrative review of seven 'dual diagnosis' treatment programs that recently have been developed in state and federal prisons. Many of these have evolved from existing substance abuse treatment programs and approaches. Key program components include an extended assessment period, orientation/motivational activities, psychoeducational groups, cognitive-behavioral interventions such as restructuring of 'criminal thinking errors', self-help groups, medication monitoring, relapse prevention, and transition into institution or community-based aftercare facilities. Many programs use therapeutic community approaches that are modified to provide (a) greater individual counseling and support, (b) less confrontation, (c) smaller staff caseloads, and (d) cross-training of staff. Research is underway in three of the seven sites to examine the effectiveness of these new programs.

… classification system such as one of the three mentioned earlier in this paper may complement the CLMM, and help to answer further the differential management and treatment question…

… The procedure classifies inmates into ten different typology groups based on their differential responses on the MMPI and the resultant elevation, slope, phasicality, and code type. Two …

… It was found that 36 state prison systems routinely assess incoming inmates for mental … be inquiring as to whether differential criteria for each indicator existed for MR inmates. The actual …

… -Native inmates (83.8%). Differential treatment of Native and non-Native inmates may occur at different points in the criminal justice system. Differences may occur at the point of …

… with differential responses to … inmate adaptations to prison life but to explore the universality of theoretical concepts to better understand inmate experiences in different prison systems. …