APM的无人驾驶

… yet a lot work is yet needed to be done for implementation of automated people movers in India. The only people mover system used in India is the “tramways” a frequent service for …

Risks describe as the situation of uncertainty. Risks will appear on every construction project, including an Automated People Mover System (APMS) project. The length of APMS track is …

… automated people mover runs on a special path that is elevated, so the automated people mover … In Indonesia alone there is no regulation that specified for the automated people mover…

Abstract This paper describes the operational and technical requirements for a high quality public transport system in the country of Liechtenstein and is based on a study conducted by the Institute for Transport Planning and Systems (IVT) at the ETH Zurich. In this case study, a new public transport system (NPT) is defined as a new guideway transport system introduced in a region where this system does not exist yet. Often there are forms of a new technology, for instance, an automated people mover or a modern tramway. Some of the surveyed NPTs are not introduced in many places. The Liechtenstein case study made it possible to analyze, why these systems have not been successful than expected and what is the most appropriate way to introduce a NPT in this country.

… As a starting point, it is probably appropriate to define an Automated People Mover (APM). An automated people mover is a guided transit mode with fully automated operation in which …

… Service benefits of automated people movers (APMs) that make them ideally suited for this purpose are listed—including around-the-clock availability, small scale, and quiet operation. …

This article develops a control system prototype of an Automated People Mover (APM) by using the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and applying V/F control in APM’s drive …

… Automated people movers (APMs) have become an … The use of automated people mover (APM) technology is one of … APM systems are fully automated and driverless vehicles that oper…

… The Automated People Mover that is used in this study uses pneumatic power for moving the vehicles. In this system the combination of a pneumatic propulsion system control and the …

… people into and about closely spaced activity centers continues to be an unmet need in the US transportation infrastructure. New automated people movers… of automated people movers …

… Automated shuttle bus services – named onwards in this study “Automated People Mover” (… Examples are the people mover system for the car-free and carbon-neutral Masdar City in …

… the way in establishing the scope of The Automated People Mover System (APM) program. In … (Terminal D), the $847 million Automated People Mover (APM) addressed in this paper, as …

The paper discusses the progressive development of sophisticated analytical methodology and computer-based tools now used in the planning and design of APM systems in airports. …

… Photographic depictions of downtown street scenes with and without automated people mover guideways were shown to various community groups. Measures of external utilitkstakes …

… An automated people mover (APM) is a system used in urban/suburban areas to transport … on a real APM and on a simulated automated MAGLEV people mover (AMPM), how the low-…

… In this paper, a multibody model of the automated people mover, PisaMover, is presented. PisaMover is a rope-driven small train, composed of a few cabins, which makes use of train-…

… As a starting point, it is probably appropriate to define an Automated People Mover (APM). An automated people mover is a guided transit mode with fully automated operation in which …

… of an existing automated people mover system serving an … The automated people mover system chosen for the basis of … traffic and the people mover system at Seattle-Tacoma Inter- …

… it is the second oldest airport people mover system in the United States. This conference is the eighteenth of a series of successful Automated People Movers conferences that began in …

… forms of automated transit systems. The use of an internal combustion engine allows certain advantages in guideway construction and system flexibility but does introduce certain …

This paper demonstrates, via analysis and simulation, the feasibility of a vehicle-follower control system which maintains intervehicular spacings of 30–60 cm within platoons of automated guideway transit (AGT) vehicles. Asymptotic stability of the platoon is shown to be achievable when each vehicle references its speed to that of the platoon leader. Jerk limiting, which is regarded as essential for all AGT longitudinal controllers, is shown to be potentially destabilizing. The nonlinear effects produced by the jerk limiter are analyzed by use of describing functions, and it is demonstrated how the undesirable effects can be avoided.

The fundamental lateral performance capabilities of rubber-tired automated guideway transit (AGT) vehicles operating under automatic steering control on exclusive guideways are discussed. Control is achieved by steering the front wheels in response to signals derived from the position errors between the vehicle and a guideway-based reference containing random irregularities. Optimal control techniques are used to synthesize controllers which minimize a performance index consisting of mean square lateral acceleration and tracking error, defining a frontier which limits the performance of vehicles steered by a broad class of controllers. Simple single-sensor proportional steering controllers are found to achieve near-optimum performance for a typical AGT vehicle. The degradations in performance arising from dynamic lags in the steering actuator and operation at off-design speeds are shown.

… junctions and intersections are the principal capacity limiters and sources of delay in automated guideway transit (AGT) networks. The capacity and delay performance of the merge …

… Automated People Mover (APM) and Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) systems. Both APM and … systems are driverless transit systems within the larger Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) …

… has been used for Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) … the vehicle motion in actual guideway. Obtained results are … code, that is useful for designing both vehicle and guideway. …

… Advanced Rapid Transit (ART) of Bombardier's Transportation Division, serves as a good example of current automated transit technology, Express Guideway Transit (EGT) can be …

… This paper presents a novel strategy for giving priority to automated guideway transit vehicles (AGTVs) in mixed traffic flow. From the perspective of road segments, a moving-block …

… All the systems which are treated in this article belong to the general family of urban automated guideway transit systems (AGT systems). It means that the systems are fully automated …

… SM degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978 with his graduate thesis directed to a study on the lateral steering dynamics of automated guideway transit vehicles. …

… on their own guideways, to … transit vehicles. According to the degree of individualisation, a distinction is made between Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) systems and Group Rapid Transit (…

… for how the parallel development paths of automated roadway vehicle (AV) and … automated guideway transit technology will evolve into a demand-responsive, fully autonomous transit …

… Abstract-A computer model has been developed for the purpose of assessing the performance characteristics of Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) systems, The model is structured to …

The length of metro lines with driverless train operation (DTO) systems is increasing globally and is predicted to triple in the next 10 years. This paper gives the history and future trend of the DTO systems. The opportunities provided by the DTO systems, such as lower operation costs, increased capacity, and energy efficiency, are explained and the relevant research are reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges faced by the DTO systems are analyzed, such as safety issues, train control technology, and emergency situations.

… As of 2005 there were 37 driverless transit systems in urban service, with five in the United States. … , and other forms of automated guideway transit. A driverless transit system may be …

… This paper identifies five transit criteria that a transportation system must satisfy if it hopes to … Drawing from the classic personal rapid transit model as well as Mark Gorton’s idea of smart …

Recent innovations in transport technology are now providing mobility that is cheaper, autonomous, electric, and with improved ride quality. While much of the world’s attention has been on how this can be applied to cars, there have been rapid adoption of these and other technologies in High Speed Rail and Metro Rail systems that run between and across cities. This paper shows how such innovations have now been applied to create the next generation of urban transit system called a Trackless Tram. Trackless Trams are effectively the same as traditional light rail except they run on rubber tyres avoiding disruption from construction for Light Rail, but they retain the electric propulsion (with batteries) and have high ride quality due to rail-type bogies, stabilization technologies and precision tracking from the autonomous optical guidance systems—with infrastructure costs reduced to as low as one tenth of a Light Rail system. As with Light Rail, a Trackless Tram System provides a rapid transit option that can harness the fixed route assurance necessary to unlock new land value appreciation that can be leveraged to contribute to construction and running costs whilst creating urban regeneration. The paper considers the niche for Trackless Trams in cities along with its potential for city shaping through the creation of urban re-development along corridors. The paper suggests that the adoption of Trackless Tram Systems is likely to grow rapidly as a genuine alternative to car and bus systems, supplementing and extending the niche occupied by Light Rail Transit (LRT). This appears to be feasible in any medium-sized or larger city, especially in emerging and developing economies, and case studies are outlined for Perth and Thimpu to illustrate its potential.

Automation is expected to effectively address the growing demand for passenger and freight transportation, safety issues, human errors, and increasing congestion. The growth of autonomous vehicles using the state-of-the-art connected vehicle technologies has paved the way for the development of passenger and freight autonomous trains (ATs), also known as driverless trains. ATs are fully automated trains that are centrally controlled using advanced communication and internet technologies, such as high-speed internet (5G) technology, Internet of Things, dedicated short range communications, digital video detection cameras, and artificial intelligence-based methods. The current study focuses on a detailed up-to-date review of the existing trends, technologies, advancements, and challenges in the deployment of ATs with a full automation level in rail transportation. The basic AT features along with the key technologies that are instrumental for the AT deployment and operations are discussed in detail. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of the state-of-the-art research efforts is performed as well with a specific emphasis on the issues associated with the AT deployment, user perception and outlook for ATs, innovative concepts and models that could be used for the AT design, and the AT operations at highway-rail grade crossings. Based on the conducted review, this study determines the main advantages and challenges from the AT deployment. The identified challenges have to be collaboratively addressed by the relevant stakeholders, including railroad companies, researchers, and government representatives, to facilitate the AT development and deployment considering the perspectives of future users and without affecting the safety level.

The approach has been proposed to form automated technology in order to actively monitor the transportation of dangerous goods by railroad. The reported approach to the dynamic description of trains' status has been developed on the basis of modifying the language of trains' status in the form of abstract modeling of operational processes. This will ensure the fastest implementation of decision-making algorithms by the operational personnel at the powerful support from the automated complex of dispatching control. It has been determined that the maximum effect of the implementation of the proposed approach could be obtained by synthesizing it with a system of active monitoring of moving units' traffic. Modeling an arbitrary case involving a train, which can occur in real operational circumstances, has made it possible to predict the violation of a normative train schedule and to simulate the cognitive process of decision-making by a train dispatcher to rationally resolve a complicated train situation under changing operational conditions while accounting for a significant number of factors. Modifying the language of train-related cases could adequately produce the spatial-time description of train situations along a simulated section, whereby it is the closest to the language of the dispatching personnel. The advantages of the proposed approach are that it makes it possible to form a database and a knowledge base as quickly as possible in order to form a working model of the system of dispatching control. A given system has been developed on the basis of the imitation of the cognitive activity of the human operator, thereby providing an opportunity to deepen the implementation of artificial intelligence systems on railroads. These innovations could help achieve the maximum level of safety in the transportation of dangerous goods while simultaneously and unconditionally reducing operating costs and gaining higher profits.

This paper proposes a four-step approach based on technology roadmapping and scenario-based roadmapping. The objective is to evaluate the relevance of new products and …

… In the existing railway … the rail transport automated enterprise management system. It requires to develop a time prediction algorithm of the rake movement for a given portion of the rail …

… In the traditional freight management system, the railway is slow and anti-… transport is proposed, which combines those advantages of speed with the economy of railway transportation, …

… ABSTRACT: Automated vehicles will be increasingly used as transport in the future. However, it is unclear if this imply full autonomy or different levels of automation. A unified definition …

The article provides principles for the evaluation of the energy utilization efficiency for the train traction at the sections of electrified railways of arbitrary length using time-synchronized …

In the future, many new challenges will arise in the transportation sector, one of which is the increasing urbanisation. This often leads to a reduced availability of public rail transport or even its discontinuation in rural areas. This shortcoming could be addressed by introducing an on-demand rail service with small-sized trains. The focus on on-demand rail transport in rural areas can have strong positive scaling effects and is currently very prominent politically. In order to assess the potential of such a transport service, a status survey of the current equipment and technical possibilities must first be carried out. With this, the possibilities and open challenges of the different components can be debated. These include, for example, the introduction of a smart traffic management system or the communication between the infrastructure and the vehicles or between the vehicles themselves. It can be seen that the technical possibilities that are already available show considerable potential, despite some unresolved issues. It is imperative that the potentials be used, as they entail more attractive connections in rural areas, technological progress through pilot projects and the addressing of major challenges of the future decades.

… Furthermore, reliability of automated rail services is much higher when comparing to conventional rail … any major growth in terms of automated rail transportation within the next decade. …

… Practitioner Summary: The work reported in this article was completed with the active involvement of operational rail staff who regularly use automated systems in rail signalling. The …

Abstract Fully-automated services potentially allow for greater flexibility in operations and lower marginal operational costs. The objective of this study is to determine the capacity requirements of an envisaged automated on-demand rail-bound transit system which offers a direct non-stop service. An optimization model is formulated for determining the optimal track and station platform capacities for an on-demand rail transit system so that passenger, infrastructure and operational costs are minimized. The macroscopic model allows for studying the underlying relations between technological, operational and demand parameters, optimal capacity settings and the obtained cost components. The model is applied to a series of numerical experiments followed by its application to part of the Dutch railway network. The performance is benchmarked against the existing service, suggesting that in-vehicle times can be reduced by 10% in the case study network while the optimal link and station capacity allocation is comparable to those currently available in the case study network. While network geometry and demand distribution are always the underlying determinants of both service frequencies and in-vehicle times, line configuration is only a determinant in the conventional system, whereas the automated on-demand rail service better caters for the prevailing demand relations, resulting in greater variations in service provision. A series of sensitivity analyses are performed to test the consequences of a range of network structures, technological capabilities, operational settings, cost functions and demand scenarios for future automated on-demand rail-bound systems.

… For high density train control like in many unmanned subway or APM applications, the priority scheme may have to be extended to a high time criticality, since moving block vehicles at …

… service the APM market using Communication Based Train Control (… link between train control equipment and trains. Radio … Automatic Train Protection (ATP), Automatic Train Operation (…

… plan, a new automated train system is being provided to … -loop BOMBARDIER INNOVIA APM 200 automated people … including the vehicles, Automated Train Control system, guideway …

… in fixed block train control systems, has been the primary element of Signaling for automated transit systems including automatic people movers (APM). Fixed block train control offers a …

APM, Automated People Mover, is a kind of driverless Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) system, which is usually used to undertake passenger transport tasks in large airports. APM is different from the common urban rail transit system, which uses three-phase AC traction power supply system. In order to provide parameters for the design of traction power supply system in the early stage, the traction calculation method of APM system and the simulation method of traction power supply system are studied. In order to reduce the active power loss of the power supply rail, the minimum power loss model of the power supply rail is studied and an adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm (APSO) with dynamically changing inertia weight (DCW) is used to optimize the location of the traction substation. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively optimize the location of traction substation and improve the utilization of electric energy.

… The standing time of a train at the station is about 18 seconds. Each train has a maximum capacity of 456 passengers. The control center can adjust the hourly carrying capacity of the …

The paper considers a train operation which minimizes energy consumption for leading the train from one station to the next station at the specified instant and stopping times. The minimization of the energy consumption is defined as an optimal trajectory used as a reference signal for the robust optimal control to regulate an AGT train in Automatic People Movers (APM) system. In this case, we consider the optimal control system where the performance index is of general form containing a final (terminal) cost function in addition to the integral cost function. Since the final time and the final state are fixed or specified, there are no extra boundary conditions to be used other than those given in the problem formulation. Full state feedback control law is selected to design Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and PID controller. Here we also consider the parameter selection problems of the PID controller within the framework of robust control theory which provides an alternative method to optimize the setting of the PID controller. To handle uncertainty of the train parameter such as mass, robust design is applied to find a controller, for a given system, such that the closed loop system is robust. By considering the uncertain passenger arrival flow, the robust optimal control law is designed to suppress the effect of this uncertainty and the uncertain disturbances to the nominal mass of the train system. Simulations show the robustness of the proposed train control algorithms against disturbances occurring on a train parameter.

… degradation modeling with classical statistical process control (SPC) and pattern … APM train (Figure 1) is a funicular APM system consisting of a computercontrolled, cable-propelled train …

… APM system in Atlanta coupled with the upgrade of automatic train control for an existing concourse while continuing APM … most complex undertakings in the APM business community. …

The construction of a new type urban rail transit is a systematic project. This paper first introduces the related theories of System Engineering and Integration. As the interface issues are complex, it is necessary to analyze the project from a system perspective. In the implementation of Shanghai Pujiang APM core electromechanical equipment system project, the system integration methods are used to instruct the system engineering process during the whole project life cycle. At the same time, this paper introduces the application of several management tools and methods to realize the scientific management of engineering technology. Through a comprehensive technical route and management approach, the integration model of the APM core electromechanical equipment system is established, and the idea of project implementation is clarified. It effectively improved the project’s quality to better meet the customer’s requirements.

… In the event a train becomes disabled, the first step is to use another train for retrieval. The … the operator to control the rear steering. The cylinder and all its associated controls had to be …

APM systems have … in APM systems, but the focus of the paper is the development of system designs and operating strategies that enable the use of failure-mode routing of trains and …

… Trains were planned to have secure (north end), non-secure (… length and provide more efficient train and station designs and … Train control will use a double set of train berthing positions …

Aiming at the difficulty in hub airport field test, a multi-objects operational method was proposed. To meet the immersion needs, models were designed by 3DMax modeling tool while scenes were rendered by Unity3D multiplatform development engine. In terms of interaction, 5DT virtual glove and VM-I attitude sensor were used to achieve basic control of the simulated train status by the operator. Using macroscopic physical analysis and interval control of the train, this paper put forward a time-speed control method. To verify the theory, a large hub airport APM System virtual simulation platform was built, with the Beijing Capital International Airport as an example. The test results of train control, human-computer interaction and scenarios performance prove the reliability of the platform , which is of great practical application value.

… train control system. Design provisions for such a conversion include modular framing applied for end interior equipment packaging, spare circuits, and equipment space allocations. …

Currently, the challenges of driverless or unattended train operation have not been described in detail and are often grouped into one category. This paper contributes to filling a …

Metro systems around the world have many differences in their design and operation, one aspect of which is the level of automation. The most advanced technology available allows for unattended train operation with no staff on-board, which can bring a number of benefits. As a result, this is becoming increasingly common for new-build metro systems (such as the Dubai Metro), as well as for upgrades of traditional driver-led systems (such as Paris Métro Line 1). This paper uses the Tyne and Wear Metro as a case study to highlight the potential benefits and obstacles of implementing driverless trains on an existing metro system. This investigation has two parts: a review of the challenges of implementing increasing levels of automation for the existing Metro infrastructure and a simulation exercise to compare automatic train operation with manual driving on the core section of the Metro network. The results of the simulation exercise show that significant increases in the capacity of the Tyne and Wear Metro system are possible when automatic train operation is implemented in conjunction with resignalling. However, low adhesion conditions represent a significant risk to achieving this capacity increase reliably, and additional measures to mitigate low adhesion conditions would be required. The study also discusses the infrastructure upgrades required to convert an existing system to unattended train operation. The most significant obstacle for the Metro is that it mostly runs at ground level, with some sections shared with main line services. The costs associated with securing the tracks and ensuring compatibility with main line trains mean that the Metro is not a particularly promising application for driverless train operation at this time. Nonetheless, the issues discussed in the paper are very much relevant for other metro systems, and the methodology of this study is easily transferrable.

… to reduce train … train movements even under degraded operational conditions involving component faults. In this paper, we analyse the effectivity of MB and VC in safely supervising train …

Driverless train control systems are becoming popular in the world. Notably, this technology has already been applied for several years. However, these kinds of Automatic Train Operation systems are still under the framework that network elements and movement authority are generated from the ground control center. Hence, the aforementioned rail systems are “automated” but not “autonomous,” and the architecture utilization and train tracking interval are limited. With the development of advanced sensors and control algorithms, the train intends to be equipped with a decision-making capability. In order to further improve train movement coordination and efficiency, an Autonomous Train Control System (ATCS) is proposed. This paper provides three main contributions: Firstly, the system structure is described, and the information following in ATCS is discussed with general operation scenarios. Secondly, data isolation is broken under ATCS, and data prediction and edge-based information fusion are applied to process the real dynamic data and estimate the train's speed and position. Thirdly, with the assistant of data fusion, model predictive and data-based control methodologies are discussed.

… on information theory, signal theory, signal and image … and in the upgrading of signaling and telecom systems for the … link to exchanges the train’s positions before to issue to the train the …

In recent years, a strong push towards driverless mobility solutions can be seen in many transportation sectors including railways. While the European Train Control System already specifies the necessary interfaces to open up the possibility of Automatic Train Operation (ATO) for mainline railway vehicles, required infrastructure-side upgrades of interlocking systems are time- and cost-intensive. Alternatively, a pure vehicle-side Automatic Train Operation solution can be conceptualized that relies on processing the same audio-visual input a human train driver would normally base his decisions on. This would require the vehicle-side detection of track-side railway signals to determine the vehicle’s movement authority and allowed maximum speed. Such a signal detection system could furthermore be employed as an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) or support autonomous shunting operations. To enable such a system, this paper presents GERALD, a novel dataset for a neural network based detection approach of railway signals. The dataset contains 5000 images from a wide variety of railway scenes as well as annotations for the most common types of German mainline railway signals. The material was gathered using publicly available cab-view recordings uploaded by railway enthusiasts on YouTube. Using a state of the art neural network architecture for evaluation, we notice promising detection accuracies despite GERALD being a comparably small dataset. The dataset is freely available for research and non-commercial purposes at: https://github.com/ifs-rwth-aachen/GERALD

This chapter discusses about a prototype of Driverless Train Operation (DTO) mode. In DTO, driving is controlled and monitored automatically, without human assistance. A train attendant can intervene in emergencies. The automatic driving system takes care of the departure, the movement between two stations, and the automatic and precision stopping of the train and opening of the doors. If required, the door is automatically opened again. When passenger volume is high, additional trains are automatically sent into operation straight from the depot at the push of a button. The driverless metro train in our work is basically an embedded system based framework, which is designed to provide solutions for smooth a human machine interface while controlling high speed metro train using automated actuation and regulation mechanisms. In this work, the modeling of the metro train is done in a more precise way using an AVR microcontroller.

This paper gives a closer look on the subject of the conversion of a conventional metro line into a fully automated operation without interrupting or disturbing the service. In the introduction, we present the line 1 automation project as one of the principal aspects of Paris metro's network modernization plan announced by the Regie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP). The following section describes an application that is currently being developed by RATP in order to build the timetables and priority tables in order to manage the best the trains' movements in the terminal stations and on the line during the mixed traffic period while taking into account two opposite constraints: people and staff safety on one hand and quality of the service offered to the passengers on the other hand. This application is the development of line one model. Next, we present examples of scenarios applied on the terminal stations during the mixed traffic period. Finally we give the conclusions and an overview of the schedule of line one automation project.

… train control (CBTC), can increase the track capacity and improve the operational efficiency while ensuring a high level of safety for train … Some of the key technological trends in train …

In India, most of the commercial transport is being carried out by the railways. Comparing with other means of transportation system, the railways has greater benefits as it is a mass transportation medium which carry heavy loads to long distances. The advancement in railway transportation led to automation, like driverless trains. This proposed model describes an automatic train which moves between stations without human intervention. The sensors are used for track and crack detection on the railway lanes. If any cracks are detected in the railway lanes, the automatic braking is provided to the train and hence the information is conveyed to the nearby station with the help of the LI-FI (Light Fidelity) communication. The automatic stopping of the train at stations is provided using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). The doors are opened and closed at stations automatically. The passengers count is taken at the doors while entering into the train. The threshold value is fixed and once this number is reached the doors will close automatically by displaying the information on the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The locomotion of the train is provided using piezo-plates placed on the floor of the train and the generation of the power is through the pressure exerted by passengers.

… Finally, the trend toward autonomous and semi-autonomous train operations is poised to redefine signaling requirements. Driverless trains, already operational in urban metro systems, …

… But for a larger initial deviation from schedule, the margin … a methodology for generation of optimal schedules [4], but they … the traffic dynamics of an automated transit system. The system …

… Automated scheduling process Automated scheduling … automated process must be a complete vehicle schedule, in which all existing restrictions are taken into account. This schedule is …

The project of the "New metro Lines" in Naples (Italy) is one of the most advanced urban transport infrastructures in Italy, with stations with high aesthetic and architectural standard and high-quality services. The urban railway network is also integrated with the regional one. Within this context, the aim of the paper was to evaluate the economic convenience of a new fully-automated driverless metro line in the north of Naples metropolitan area (high population density), through the application of a cost-benefit analyses, according to both the National and the EU guide lines. The benefits in using this technology are the high quality of the services, the safety and the high train frequency offered, jointly with the lower operating costs. The main "ex-ante" activities performed were: i) the investment, maintenance and operating costs estimation; ii) travel demand estimation (influence basin and the total passengers shifted from other non-sustainable transport modes to the new line); iii) benefits estimation (both for transport users and for non-users and for environmental). The new line is 16 kms long with a 50% of the path in underground. The results of cost estimation show that the total investment cost is about 932 million euro, while the incidence of the technology cost is about the 22.5% of the total (194 million euro). The main cost-benefit performance indicators were also estimated showing a high socioeconomic convenience of this transport project (e.g. a benefit/costs ratio equal to 2.5).

Rapid urbanization in Delhi has increased the de- mand for efficient and reliable transportation systems. Driverless metro systems, enabled by advanced automation technologies, offer a promising solution to address these challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of driverless metro systems in Delhi, focusing on underlying technologies such as Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC), Automatic Train Operation (ATO), and Automatic Train Protection (ATP). The study analyzes key benefits including improved opera- tional efficiency, enhanced safety, reduced human error, and long- term cost effectiveness. It also examines critical challenges such as high initial investment, cybersecurity risks, technical reliability, and socio-economic concerns. A comparative evaluation with conventional metro systems is provided to highlight performance improvements. The findings indicate that while driverless metro systems significantly enhance urban mobility, their successful implemen- tation requires strong policy support, technological robustness, and public acceptance. The paper concludes by identifying research gaps and future directions for the sustainable expansion of automated metro systems in developing urban environments. Index Terms—Driverless Metro Systems, CBTC, Automatic Train Operation, Delhi Metro, Urban Rail Transit, Automation, Smart Transportation

… The concepts and principles of driverless metro systems are well established, especially when applied to Automated People Movers and new build Metro Systems. Driverless operation …

… in the metro system?” We were especially interested in challenges related to an automation concept of a driverless metro. Research approach – Metro train drivers’ work and the metro …

… of driverless metro systems … driverless metro system have more predictable running times than traditional ones, the ATO system can manage trains with energy optimization, automated …

There are 32 cities around the world with automated metro systems in operation. The majority of these are located in Europe (13) and Asia (14) but none so far in Australia. However, the picture is changing in 2019 when the first stage of the ‘Sydney Metro’ starts its operation on the North West link in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The automated train is planned to be used safely without human interaction, thus reducing significantly the labour input in the provision of service. Although the proposal for a fully automated system came late in the planning phase of the Sydney Metro project, it appears that, from a technical point of view, the project is clear and well planned. However, providing information to Sydneysiders and understanding their attitudes towards automation has received no consideration. Moreover, how the public perceive these changes and their attitudes to aspects of the new system, including driverless trains, may well be crucial in properly positioning and marketing the new services to ensure the expected patronage. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating public opinion of the new Sydney Metro service by undertaking a research on people’s perceptions of a driverless train as well as their attitudes to the new transport system and public transport more generally

… A Metro system can operate at different basic grades of automation. The definition of suitable grades results from sharing responsibility for given basic functions of transport …

The global trend for rail automation is increasing but there are very few publications on public perception of the ongoing changes in the railways. In order to fill this gap and to better understand people’s perception of driverless trains, the paper focuses on automation of metro systems with a particular interest in unattended train operation (UTO). A survey seeking a public opinion on UTO was conducted, and the results show that 93 % of female and 72 % of male respondents think that a “fake” driver room should be present on a driverless train. In terms of human error, a great majority of respondents expressed no worries about a train design or maintenance issues. However, staff communication, selected by 36 % males and 43 % females, and a technical failure, highlighted by 50 % of males and 43 % of females, were two issues that raised most safety concerns amongst the respondents. Other results related to passenger’s safety, employment, advantages and limitations of the UTO, amongst other issues, are presented and discussed in the paper.

… We gathered 364 sets of paired data from Chinese metro drivers and their direct supervisors … Metro organizations were recommended to place more emphasis on the HR process to …

… After identifying the challenges related to metro automation during analysis, we wanted to categorise the challenges under common themes. For the categorization, we used a simple …