认知情绪调节的概念、相关研究现状

No abstract available

OBJECTIVES Childhood maltreatment, cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs), and depression can be important in adolescents' Internet addiction. The current study aims to investigate the direct effect of childhood maltreatment on Internet addiction and its indirect effects via CERSs and depression. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 4091 adolescents (age M = 13.64, SD = 1.59; 48.9 % males) were recruited from a public school in China. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version (CERQ-Short), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). A latent structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS After controlling for age, childhood maltreatment was directly associated with adolescents' Internet addiction (β = 0.12, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the serial mediating effect via maladaptive CERSs and depression was 0.02 (95 % CI [0.01, 0.04]), and via adaptive CERSs and depression was 0.001 (95 % CI [0.0004, 0.002]), demonstrating significant serial mediating role of CERSs and depression in this relationship. No gender difference was observed. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that maladaptive CERSs and depression can be potential mechanisms relating childhood maltreatment to adolescents' Internet addiction, while adaptive CERSs can be a less influential factor for reducing Internet addiction.

Background: Existing research has revealed a robust association between bullying victimization and psychological distress, but less is known about the underlying mechanism of this link. cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies could be a potential mediator. The current study examined the role of functional and dysfunctional CER strategies as potential mediators of the association between bullying victimization and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among 638 high school students (53.9% boys; Mean age = 15.65, SD = 1.32). Method: Participants completed a series of questionnaires assessing bullying victimization (Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire), CER strategies (CERQ-18), and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21). The indirect relationships between bullying victimization and psychopathological symptoms via functional and dysfunctional CER strategies were tested through structural equation modeling. Results: Dysfunctional CER strategies mediated the impact of bullying victimization on depression, anxiety, and stress. In contrast, bullying victimization did not significantly influence functional CER strategies. Conclusions: The findings provide additional support for the detrimental role of bullying victimization on mental distress, also suggesting that this effect is not only direct, but indirect is well. These results are particularly relevant in light of the absence of mediation by protective factors such as the use of positive emotion regulation strategies.

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been receiving growing attention in cancer care. This study evaluated the impact of the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on quality of life, psychological distress (anxiety and depression), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with breast cancer under early chemotherapy. A total of 101 patients with breast cancer under early chemotherapy were randomly assigned to either an 8-week MBSR group (n = 50) or a control group (n = 51). The primary outcome was quality of life, measured on Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer. The secondary outcomes were anxiety (Self-rating Anxiety Scale), depression (Self-rating Depression Scale), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (The Chinese version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire). The participants were assessed at baseline (T0) and week 8 (T1). The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.0. The participants in the MBSR group experienced significantly better outcomes in their quality of life, psychological distress, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies than the control group. The MBSR intervention was demonstrated to improve the positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and quality of life in patients with breast cancer under early chemotherapy and significantly reduce the patient's anxiety, depression, and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and help the patients to adjust their mental state and promote positive psychology to improve their quality of life.

While difficulties with emotion regulation (ER) are consistently linked to poor mental health in adulthood, findings in adolescence have been more mixed. Cognitive ER strategies, which involve the ability to manage emotions through mental processes, may be particularly important during different stages of development due to age-specific adjustments. We conducted two exploratory and cross-sectional studies to examine the relationships between cognitive ER strategies and mental health (i.e., depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms) in two samples: 431 young adults (Mage = 20.66 ± 2.21; 70% women and 30% men) and 271 adolescents (Mage = 14.80 ± 0.0.59; 44.6% girls and 55.4% boys). The participants completed a group of questionnaires, including the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Youth Self Report. We employed hierarchical multiple regressions to assess the unique contribution of cognitive ER strategies to mental health outcomes. Maladaptive strategies (such as rumination and catastrophizing) were consistently associated with impaired mental health in both samples, while adaptive strategies (such as positive refocusing and positive reappraisal) were only associated with better mental health in young adults. These findings support the importance of cognitive ER strategies as potential risk factors for psychopathology and suggest that interventions aimed at improving emotion regulation may be beneficial. The age-specific differences in the relationship between cognitive ER strategies and mental health may reflect the refinement of emotion regulation abilities across the lifespan.

Cancer’s profound impact on emotional well-being necessitates an exploration into the underlying psychological mechanisms influencing depression and anxiety in patients. In this study, we explored the potential role of self-compassion, alexithymia, and cognitive emotion regulation mechanisms in influencing depressive and anxiety symptoms among cancer patients. A total of 151 stage 4 cancer patients participated. Instruments applied included the Beck Depression Scale (BDS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (CERQ), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale (BRS). The multivariate analysis utilizing the independent variables—SCS, adaptive and maladaptive CERQ, TAS subscales, BRS, and VAS scores—accounted for 39% of the variance seen in BDI (F (8142) = 11.539, p < 0.001). Notably, SCS, adaptive CERQ, and BRS had a negative predictive impact on BDI. Our findings substantiate a statistically significant partial mediatory role of resilience and cognitive emotion regulation in the association between self-compassion and depression. This research accentuates the central role self-compassion, emotional resilience, and cognitive regulation play in the emotional well-being of individuals diagnosed with cancer. Targeted therapeutic interventions focusing on these dimensions may enhance the psychological health of patients, ultimately improving overall treatment outcomes in the oncological setting.

Although fear plays a vital role in survival, an overly active threat detection system could be maladaptive due to its negative health consequences. Putatively maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies are a core problem in phobias. In contrast, adaptive ER strategies could help downregulate the emotion elicited by a threatening stimulus and decrease anxiety. Yet, the number of studies directly examining the pattern of ER strategies linked to various phobias is still scarce. Thus, this study sought to map the patterns of adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies linked to the three most common phobias (social, animal, and blood-injection-injury [BII]). A total of 856 healthy participants filled out our survey including self-reported measures of social anxiety, snake-, spider-, BII phobia, and cognitive ER strategies. Structural equation modeling was used to test the effects between the variables. The results show that social anxiety and animal phobia were linked to both adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies, while BII was only associated with maladaptive ones. Further analyses showed that the most prominent ER strategies differed by subtype. This is in line with previous neuroimaging studies claiming that the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying phobias are also different. Theoretical as well as practical implications are discussed.

Patients with depression struggle with significant emotion regulation difficulties, which adversely affect their psychological well-being and hinder recovery. Traditional therapeutic approaches often fail to adequately address these challenges, leading to a persistent gap in effective mental health care. This research seeks to address this gap by investigating the impact of emotion regulation skills training on patients with depression. To assess the difficulties in emotion regulation among patients with depression and evaluate the impact of an emotion regulation skills training intervention on those with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties, specifically focusing on increasing the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies and reducing the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. A quasi-experimental research design was utilized, using three tools: a socio-demographic and Clinical Data structured interview schedule, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Eighty patients with depression were recruited to assess those with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties; out of those with greater difficulties, 30 patients were chosen to participate in the emotion regulation skills training intervention. The 80 studied subjects' emotion regulation difficulties scores ranged from 158 to 169 (164.5 ± 3.21), and they indicated less use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and more use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (56.07 ± 2.67). Regarding the intervention group, the overall mean score of the 30 patients’ emotion regulation difficulties decreased from 167.35 ± 2.21 pre-intervention to 105.85 ± 3.33 post-intervention (p < 0.0001). Cognitive emotion regulation total scores improved markedly from 54.07 ± 1.66 to 35.2 ± 3.46 (p < 0.01). Healthcare providers should routinely assess emotion regulation difficulties in patients with depression and integrate personalized treatment plans that target individual emotion regulation difficulties. The findings suggest that the emotion regulation intervention has the potential to improve emotion regulation difficulties and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among patients with depression.

The present correlational study aimed to examine the relationship between self-regulation and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in adolescents. A sample of 718 adolescents, comprising both boys and girls, from public and private educational institutes in Faisalabad, was conveniently selected for analysis. The participants completed the Adolescents Self-Regulation Inventory (ASRI) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). A significant but negative relationship with one maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy was identified. Additionally, it was found that long-term self-regulation exhibited a significant relationship with several adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, including refocus on planning, positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective. The Multiple Regression Analysis further revealed that only long-term self-regulation emerged as a significant predictor of other blame (a maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy) and the aforementioned adaptive cognitive emotion regulation techniques. Notably, short-term self-regulation was identified as a significant negative predictor of positive reappraisal. Gender differences in self-regulation and cognitive emotion regulation strategies were observed through independent sample t-tests. This study contributes valuable insights to the existing literature and holds relevance for school psychologists. Importantly, the findings suggest that mindfulness-based interventions have the potential to enhance cognitive emotion regulation and self-regulation in adolescents, offering a promising avenue for helping them develop essential skills to regulate their emotions and behaviors.

Abstract Aims To explore the association between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety and depression among nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Background Nurses play a vital role in responding to the COVID‐19 outbreak, but many of them suffer from psychological problems due to the excessive workload and stress. Understanding the correlation between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety and depression will promote targeted psychosocial interventions for these affected nurses. Methods This cross‐sectional study of 586 nurses was conducted in Eastern China. Participants completed online questionnaires that investigated anxiety, depression and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Results The prevalence of nurses' anxiety and depression was 27.6% and 32.8%, respectively. Lower self‐blame, rumination and catastrophizing, as well as greater acceptance and positive refocusing, were related to fewer symptoms of anxiety or depression. Conclusion The cognitive emotion regulation strategies of acceptance and positive refocusing contribute to reducing anxiety or depression. These strategies should be considered when implementing psychotherapeutic interventions to improve nurses' adverse emotional symptoms. Implications for Nursing Management This study highlights the need to assess cognitive emotion regulation strategies use in screening for anxiety and depression. Nurse managers should develop psychosocial interventions including appropriate strategies to help nurses with adverse emotions during a pandemic.

(1) Background: Although there is accumulating evidence for the associations between resilience, emotion regulation and stress, little is known about the mechanisms of these relations. To extend the existing research, the present study examined cognitive emotion regulation strategies as one potential mechanism between trait resilience and perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: Young adults (N = 266; M = 20.05; SD = 3.93) were invited to fill out questionnaires that assessed trait resilience, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and perceived stress. (3) Results: The results showed that resilience was negatively associated with perceived stress and with self-blame, catastrophizing and rumination, and positively associated with positive reappraisal, focus on planning, positive refocus and putting into perspective. Stress was positively associated with self-blame, catastrophizing, rumination, other-blame and acceptance, and negatively associated with positive reappraisal and positive refocus. Moreover, positive refocus, rumination, catastrophizing and self-blame partially explained the associations between trait resilience and perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. (4) Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential utility of targeting cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the development and implementation of preventive interventions for reducing stress during highly challenging situations.

No abstract available

Objective: The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is a widely used instrument to assess cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The study aimed to test the psychometric properties of the Italian short version of the CERQ (CERQ-IS). Methods: Two separate samples of 442 young adults (Mage = 21.12; SD = 3.69) and 256 adolescents (Mage = 14.81; SD = 0.59) completed the CERQ, the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to evaluate the dimensionality of the CERQ-IS. Internal consistency was analysed by calculating model-based composite reliability coefficients. Criterion and discriminant validity were gathered through the correlations with the ERQ and the MPS, respectively. Factorial invariances tests across gender and age were computed by means of multiple-group CFA. Results: CFA confirmed the nine-factor structure showing an excellent fit to the data. Except for rumination which was minimally acceptable, all subscales had an acceptable to good reliability. Criterion validity was supported by significant correlations between CERQ-IS and ERQ subscales. Discriminant validity was confirmed by meaningless correlations with the MPS facets. Configural, metric and scalar invariance were established across both grouping variables. Conclusions: The brevity of this tool and its good psychometric properties suggest that CERQ-IS could be a useful screening tool in both clinical and research practice in adolescence and young adulthood.

The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is an assessment tool to evaluate cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The main objective of this study is to provide new empirical evidence about the validity and reliability of the CERQ via a sample of 271 Spanish adolescents (136 female, 135 male) aged from 15 to 18 years (M = 15.7, SD = 0.76). The analytical process was carried out in two phases. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the polychoric correlation matrix between items. Four possible alternative models were contrasted: two models with nine factors and two models with two second-order factors and nine first-order factors, with 36 and 27 items, respectively. The model with nine correlated factors and 27 items obtained the best indices of overall fit. Subsequently, the reliability of the measurements was estimated on this model. The results reaffirm the validity of the 27-item version of the CERQ over the original 36-item structure. The findings also confirm that the CERQ is a reliable instrument for the evaluation of emotion regulation strategies in adolescents.

Background Not all adolescents who have endured childhood trauma will develop depressive symptom, nor will they all experience the same level of depressive symptom. According to previous research, cognitive emotion regulation strategies may explain a portion of the variance. Observe the connection between childhood trauma and depressive symptom and investigate whether cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate or moderate this association. Methods In October 2019, a cross-sectional study measuring childhood trauma, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and depressive symptom among Zhuang adolescents was done in one senior high school and two junior highs in Chongzuo, Guangxi, China, using a self-report questionnaire. To examine the hypothesis of mediating and moderating effects, SPSS PROCESS was utilized. Results In this study, there was a positive relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptom, whereas there were positive correlations between expressive suppression and childhood trauma and depressive symptom (r = 0.380, 0.246, and 0.089, respectively, p < 0.01). The 5,000-sample bootstrap procedure revealed that the indirect relationship between the independent variable (childhood trauma or emotional abuse) and the dependent variable (depressive symptom) was statistically significant (β = 0.0154 95% CI: 0.0019, 0.0165, β = 0.0442 95% CI: 0.0008, 0.0117). The statistical significance of the interaction effect enhanced the R-square value of the moderating effect when the independent variable was the total childhood trauma score (ΔR2 = 0.0044, 0.0089). Conclusions Our findings corroborated the conclusion of prior research that cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate and moderate the development of depressive symptom. Although we demonstrate that cognitive emotion regulation strategies play a mediating and moderating role in the relationships between childhood trauma and depressive symptom, the mediating effects on the relationships between the other types of childhood traumas, including physical abuse and neglect, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and depressive symptom, did not emerge.

Youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk to develop co-morbid depression. Identifying factors that contribute to depression risk may allow early intervention and prevention. Poor emotion regulation, which is common in adolescents, is a candidate risk factor. Impaired cognitive emotion regulation is a fundamental characteristic of depression and depression risk in the general population. However, little is known about cognitive emotion regulation in youth with ADHD and its link to depression and depression risk. Using explicit and implicit measures, this study assessed cognitive emotion regulation in youth with ADHD (N = 40) compared to demographically matched healthy controls (N = 40) and determined the association with depressive symptomatology. As explicit measure, we assessed the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies via self-report. As implicit measure, performance in an ambiguous cue-conditioning task was assessed as indicator of affective bias in the processing of information. Compared to controls, patients reported more frequent use of maladaptive (i.e., self-blame, catastrophizing, and rumination) and less frequent use of adaptive (i.e., positive reappraisal) emotion regulation strategies. This pattern was associated with the severity of current depressive symptoms in patients. In the implicit measure of cognitive bias, there was no significant difference in response of patients and controls and no association with depression. Our findings point to depression-related alterations in the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in youth with ADHD. The study suggests those alterations as a candidate risk factor for ADHD-depression comorbidity that may be used for risk assessment and prevention strategies.

The global pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occasioned that most of the population in Spain was confined to home to reduce the risk of contagion. This affected mental health, increasing anxiety and worry about COVID-19 contagion. The aim of this study was assessing the moderation and mediation effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) on general anxiety and whether the mediation effect was moderated by gender and/or age. A total of 1753 Spanish adults (78,6% female; M = 40.4 years, SD = 12.9) participated in an online survey that was available from March 26 to April 25 (2020) during the time period in which the population in Spain was confined. Participants completed measures of worry about COVID-19 contagion, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short (CERQ-Short) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Several models were tested through structural equation modelling. Moderation analyses reported that maladaptive strategies moderated positively anxiety, whereas adaptive strategies moderated negatively anxiety. Also, the best fitted mediation model found that worry about COVID-19 contagion and general anxiety was mediated by CERS in different directions. Maladaptive CERS increased anxiety, whereas adaptive CERS reduced anxiety. Age (not gender) also moderated this mediation, were younger adults presented an indirect effect only through maladaptive CERS, but older adults through both adaptive and maladaptive. Limitations are related to the study design which was a convenience sample. CERS moderated and mediated between worry about COVID-19 contagion and general anxiety. Prevention programs for mental health problems during the pandemic must be provided, especially for younger adults.

Alexithymia and emotion regulation are closely related to internet addiction. However, no research has examined how the different components of alexithymia are associated with cognitive emotion regulation in the context of multi-strategy use in internet addiction. The current study aimed to investigate the relation between alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation in individuals with internet addiction via network analysis. Participants included 560 students with Young’s Internet Addiction Test scores greater than 50 points; they were also asked to complete the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The results revealed two bridge nodes emerging within the combined alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation network model: “catastrophizing” and “externally oriented thoughts.” These findings indicate a more specific relation between alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation and provide empirical evidence for targeted prevention and targeted interventions for internet addiction.

The present study examined whether trait physical appearance perfectionism moderates young women's body image following upwards appearance comparison to idealized body images on social media, and whether cognitive coping mediates the relationship between physical appearance perfectionism and resulting body image from social comparison processes. Female undergraduate students (N = 142) were randomly assigned to either 1) compare the size of their body parts to the body parts of attractive Instagram models, or 2) an appearance-neutral control condition. All participants completed measures of trait physical appearance perfectionism, pre and post measures of state body image, and state cognitive coping processes. Appearance comparison to the models resulted in lowered confidence and increased appearance and weight dissatisfaction. High trait physical appearance perfectionism predicted lower confidence and higher weight dissatisfaction and appearance dissatisfaction, and these relationships were mediated by engagement in rumination and catastrophizing. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

BACKGROUND Emotion regulation plays a crucial role in affective functioning. One of the most commonly used measures of emotion regulation is the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), a 10-item self-report measure assessing frequency of use of two common emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. In this study, we aimed to optimize the utility of the ERQ for time-pressured settings by introducing and validating a 6-item short form called the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (ERQ-S). METHOD General community (N = 508) and college student (N = 245) samples from the United States completed online surveys containing a range of psychometric self-report measures. For each sample, we examined the factor structure, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the ERQ-S. RESULTS Our confirmatory factor analyses supported the intended 2-factor structure of the ERQ-S (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression factors), with all items loading well on their intended factor in both samples. As expected, the ERQ-S correlated highly with the ERQ. A profile of low cognitive reappraisal use and high expressive suppression use on the ERQ-S was significantly associated with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties, alexithymia, and affective symptoms. LIMITATIONS We did not examine psychometric performance in a clinical sample, or other cultural groups outside the US. All concurrent validity markers were self-report questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the ERQ-S successfully retains the psychometric strengths of the ERQ. The shorter format of the ERQ-S should therefore help to optimize the measurement of emotion regulation in time-pressured settings.

BACKGROUND Cognitive reappraisal as a commonly used emotion regulation strategy includes reinterpretation and detachment and is associated with the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, the neuroenhancement mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over DLPFC that modulate cognitive reappraisal are not yet fully understood. This work aims to verify the causal role of DLPFC in different tactics of cognitive reappraisal and further explore the cognitive control mechanisms of emotion regulation. METHODS A single-blind, within-subjects, sham-controlled design was adopted. Twenty-nine healthy subjects underwent two sessions of offline high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) that were targeted at the right DLPFC. Participants completed the cognitive control (Flanker) and cognitive reappraisal task in each session. We quantified the efficacy of cognitive control using N2 and P3 of the evoked brain responses and cognitive reappraisal using the late positivity potential (LPP). RESULTS Anodal HD-tDCS resulted in the decrease of LPP for reinterpretation and detachment. The cognitive control increased after stimulation, indicated by the increase of P3 and decrease of N2 amplitude. The increased cognitive control mediated the effect of HD-tDCS on modulating reinterpretation, but not for detachment. LIMITATIONS The single-blind design, absence of the lasting-effects measure, and the intrinsically limited focality of tDCS are limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS Increasing the activity of DLPFC would facilitate emotion regulation and increase cognitive control. Cognitive control may be a significant potential mechanism for reinterpretation. Both tDCS and cognitive control interventions may be possible approaches to enhance emotion regulation.

OBJECTIVE This study compared cognitive control (working memory, interference control, perseveration) and cognitive emotion regulation among Iranian women with depression who had attempted suicide, had only suicidal ideation, and healthy controls. METHOD Participants (N = 75) completed a clinical interview, cognitive control tasks, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. RESULTS Those with suicidal ideation or previous attempts had poorer cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation than controls. Furthermore, those who had attempted suicide had poorer cognitive control and reported greater use of self-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing, and less use of acceptance, than those with suicidal ideation only. There was an indirect effect of cognitive control deficits on suicidality through cognitive emotion regulation (self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing). CONCLUSIONS Exploring these cognitive deficits and difficulties can assist in further understanding the risk factors for suicidality and improve targeted interventions. This is of particular relevance in Iran where the need for policies and interventions targeting the prevention of suicide has been identified.

Abstract The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) assesses nine cognitive strategies used to cope with negative events. The aim of this study was to generate validity evidences of this instrument in an older Spanish population. The Spanish version of the CERQ (CERQ-S) and self-report scales, measuring psychological well-being, depression and resilience, were administered to 305 older adults aged 65–90 (70.0 ± 4.7) residents in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain. 150 participants completed the 6-month follow-up in April 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). Confirmatory factor analyses supported 9-strategy structure, with an improved fit 27-item version (CERQ-S-27). Generally adequate composite reliability (CR between 0.63 and 0.84) and temporal stability (ICC between 0.38 and 0.71; p < 0.001) were found. Subscales correlated coherently with measures of depression, well-being and resilience, and T-tests indicated different use between older adults who did or did not have depressive symptoms. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that subscales predicted depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.17; p < 0.001) and psychological well-being after six months (R2 = 0.21; p < 0.001). Results provided evidences of concurrent, predictive and criterion validity, suggesting that the CERQ-S-27 could be useful for studying use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies among older adults and understanding their influence in ageing and mental health.

Neuroticism is a personality trait that impacts daily life and raises the risk of mental problems and physical illnesses. To understand the emotion regulation mechanism of neurotic individuals, we developed two complementary studies to examine the effects of mindfulness and negative cognitive bias. In Study 1, four scales (EPQ-RSC, FFMQ, CERQ, NCPBQ) were used for assessment. Correlation analysis and structural comparison showed that: (1) the level of neuroticism was positively correlated with negative emotion regulation; (2) negative cognitive bias mediated the relationship between neuroticism and emotion regulation; (3) mindfulness and negative cognitive bias mediated the relationship in a chain. Study 1 showed that cognitive bias may play a key role in the emotion regulation mechanism. Study 2 further explored the cognitive bias of neurotic individuals using three behavioral experiments. A mixed-design ANOVA indicated that individuals with high neuroticism levels exhibited negative attention, memory, and interpretation biases. Our findings extend previous research on emotion regulation problems of neurotic individuals and broaden the field to personality-based emotion disorders. In particular, a theoretical rationale is provided for the application of cognitive behavioral therapy, such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), to the emotion regulation of neurotic individuals.

Interpersonal emotion regulation is the dynamic process where the regulator aims to change the target's emotional state, which is presumed to engage three neural systems: cognitive control (i.e., dorsal and ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, etc.), empathy/social cognition (i.e., dorsal premotor regions, temporal-parietal junction, etc.), and affective responding (i.e., insula, amygdala, etc.). This study aimed to identify the underlying neural correlate (especially the interpersonal one), of interpersonal emotion regulation based upon two typical strategies (cognitive appraisal, expressive suppression). Thirty-four female dyads (friends) were randomly assigned into two strategy groups, with one assigned as the target, and the other as the regulator to down-regulate the target's negative emotions using two strategies. A functional near-infrared spectroscopy system was used to simultaneously measure participants' neural activity. Results showed that these two strategies could successfully down-regulate the targets' negative emotions. Both strategies evoked intrapersonal and interpersonal neural couplings between the cognitive control, social cognition and mirror neuron systems (e.g., prefrontal cortex, temporal-parietal junction, premotor cortex, etc.), whereas cognitive reappraisal (versus expressive suppression) evoked a broader pattern. Further, cognitive reappraisal involved increased interpersonal brain synchronization between the prefrontal and temporal areas at the sharing stage, whereas expressive suppression engaged increased interpersonal brain synchronization associated with the prefrontal cortex at the regulation stage. These findings indicate that intrapersonal and interpersonal neural couplings associated with regions within the abovementioned systems, possibly involving mental processes such as cognitive control, mentalizing, and observing, underlie interpersonal emotion regulation based on cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression.Significance StatementAs significant as intrapersonal emotion regulation, interpersonal emotion regulation subserves parent-child, couple, and leader-follower relationships. Despite enormous growth in research on intrapersonal emotion regulation, the field lacks insight into the neural correlates underpinning interpersonal emotion regulation. This study aimed to probe the underlying neural correlates of interpersonal emotion regulation using a multi-brain neuroimaging (i.e., hyperscanning) based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that both cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies successfully down-regulated negative emotions. More importantly, they evoked intrapersonal and interpersonal neural couplings associated with regions within the cognitive control, social cognition, and mirror neuron systems, possibly involving mental processes such as cognitive control, mentalizing, and observing. These findings deepen our understanding of the neural correlates underpinning interpersonal emotion regulation.

No abstract available

Cognitive emotion regulation is a key mechanism for the maintenance of mental health, but may fail, when individuals are exposed to acute stress. To date, it is not well understood whether and to what extent acute stress effects contribute to impairments in emotion regulation capacities as the sparse existing studies have yielded heterogeneous results, indicating that stress timing might be a crucial factor. In the present study, 81 healthy participants underwent either an acute stress task (ScanSTRESS-C; n=40) or a control condition (n=41) while lying in the MRI scanner. In the subsequent Cognitive Emotion Regulation Task (CERT), participants were confronted with neutral or negative pictures and instructed to either view them, or regulate their upcoming emotions using either distraction or reappraisal. Subjective ratings of affective state as well as functional brain imaging data served to indicate emotion regulation. The results showed a successful stress manipulation as indicated by group differences in subjective wellbeing, saliva cortisol concentrations, heart rate, and functional brain activity in regions implicated in stress processing. With respect to emotion regulation, CERT data revealed a significant regulation effect at the neural and behavioral level (less negative emotional ratings after reappraisal and distraction trials compared to view trials) in both groups. However, no significant group differences were observed, neither in BOLD responses to the CERT, nor in behavioral ratings. Contrary to previous studies, our study did not reveal further evidence of stress-related effects on emotion regulation, potentially being related to differences between studies in experimental setting, timing, and procedures. This study therefore underlines the need of future studies that disentangle the complex interplay of stress and emotion regulation and identify different factors influencing their bidirectional relationship.

Introduction: Adolescence is the most critical life period for the development of eating disorder (ED) symptomatology. Although problems in identity functioning and emotion dysregulation have been proven important risk and maintaining factors of ED symptomatology, they have never been integrated in a longitudinal study. Methods: The present study is part of the Longitudinal Identity research in Adolescence (LIA)-study and aimed to uncover the temporal interplay between identity functioning, cognitive emotion regulation, and ED symptomatology in adolescence. A total of 2,162 community adolescents (Time 1: 54% female; Mage = 14.58, SD = 1.88, range = 10–21 years) participated at three measurement points with 1-year intervals. They reported on identity functioning (identity synthesis and identity confusion), cognitive emotion regulation (rumination, catastrophizing, and positive reappraisal), and ED symptomatology (drive for thinness and bulimia symptoms). Results: Cross-lagged paths could be fixed for boys and girls and showed bidirectional associations between both dimensions of identity functioning and both rumination and catastrophizing over time. Similarly, these maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were bidirectionally related to ED symptomatology over time. Finally, indirect pathways pointed to bidirectional associations between both dimensions of identity functioning and bulimia symptoms through rumination and catastrophizing. Only unidirectional associations emerged for drive for thinness and almost no cross-lagged associations were found with positive reappraisal. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that identity confusion may contribute to the development of ED symptomatology in adolescence through cognitive emotion dysregulation. It also reveals that these ED symptoms hamper identity development through emotion dysregulation. These results stress the importance of targeting both identity functioning and cognitive emotion regulation in the prevention and intervention of ED symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to address cognitive emotional factors (frustration intolerance beliefs, cognitive emotion regulation strategies) related to burnout among professionals caring for older persons. A sample of 202 nurses and care assistants for older people completed online questionnaires about their cognitive emotion regulation strategies, frustration intolerance beliefs, and burnout. Use of maladaptive strategies, especially self-blame and catastrophizing, predicted greater emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Adaptive strategy use, such as refocusing on planning and positive reappraisal, was found to be linked to both lower emotional exhaustion and higher personal accomplishment. Frustration intolerance beliefs appeared to be closely associated with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions of burnout, with higher frustration intolerance beliefs indicating a high risk of depersonalization. The present findings have several practical implications for reducing nurses' burnout based on cognitive behavioral therapy approaches, such as rational emotive behavior or mindfulness therapies.

Cognitive emotion regulation improves throughout adolescence and promotes good mental health. Here, we test whether language skills at school entry predict success in emotion regulation in an experimental task at age 10–11, using longitudinal data from the Surrey Communication and Language in Education Study. We additionally compared the performance of children with and without language disorder (LD). Across the whole sample (N = 344), language skills at school entry predicted emotion regulation success in Year 6 (β = 0.23), over and above the concurrent association between language and regulation success. There was no evidence that children with LD that could engage in the task were less successful regulators compared to peers with typical language. However, a quarter of children with LD were unable to complete the task. These children had more severe language difficulties, lower non-verbal IQ and more comorbid conditions. This has implications for clinicians addressing mental health needs for children with neurodevelopmental conditions that affect language, as conversations about emotions and emotion regulation are an integral part of therapy. The longitudinal relationship between language skills and the capacity to use temporal distancing for emotion regulation in early adolescence suggests that language may drive improvements in emotion regulation.

Abstract Objectives To explore psychological problems (Anxiety, Depression and Stress) in general population during Covid-19 pandemic. To find predictive effects of cognitive emotion regulation on psychological problems. Methodology Convenient sampling technique was used to obtain the sample of 500 participants (Male = 239, Female = 261). Research instrument consists of four parts. First part comprised of consent form, second part was about demographic profile, third part was Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21) while Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire was the last part of the instrument. Results SPSS 23.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version was used for study analysis. Descriptive statistics used to summarize the raw data. The inferential statistics such as regression, correlation and t-test were used to calculate the findings according to research objectives. Results indicated that 33%, 40% and 27% individuals were experiencing Depression, Anxiety and Stress respectively during Covid-19 pandemic. Among these participants, 48% (N = 242) were experiencing normal level of all these targeted psychological problems while remaining 52% (N = 258) respondents have mild to very severe level of all these disorders. Furthermore, findings of linear regression analysis illustrated that cognitive emotion regulation significantly predicts psychological problems [R2=.216; F = 51.223, p < .01] and 21% variation in psychological problems is due to cognitive emotion regulation. Conclusion This study recommended that policy makers must develop and implement some necessary programmes to prevent and cure people from devastating psychological and mental health consequences of covid-19 on priority basis.

The current global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has brought about an immense effect on the mental health of the general public. Considering the escalation in number of cases, mankind is facing a myriad of psychological problems, ranging from those related to taking precautions and maintaining safety to the ones caused by separation and bereavement. The current study aims to explore whether there is a significant difference between individuals with excellent, good, fair and vague knowledge of COVID-19 with respect to depression, anxiety, stress, level of mindfulness, specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological flexibility; to find out whether there is any significant relationship among these variables; and to determine whether knowledge of COVID-19, level of mindfulness, specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological flexibility are significant predictors of depression, anxiety and stress in the sample of the current study. The sample consisted of 402 individuals selected from the community following the research criteria. Data was collected using digital consent form, information schedule and questionnaires, from 3rd May to 13th May, 2020. The questionnaires consisted of a semi-structured interview schedule to assess knowledge of COVID-19, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale – 21, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. The data was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance test, correlational analysis and linear regression. The findings show that significant differences were present among individuals having varying degrees of knowledge of COVID-19 with respect to anxiety, level of mindfulness and psychological flexibility. Significant relationships were found to be present among the variables of the present study, having differing trends brought forward by the COVID-19 crisis. Certain socio-demographic characteristics and study variables were found to significantly predict the existing levels of depression, anxiety and stress in the current sample. The study suggests the necessity to formulate and implement appropriate mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions to address the mental health concerns arising as a result of the pandemic.

No abstract available

No abstract available

BACKGROUND: Nurses have a challenging job and encounter more stressful situations. In response to these situations, they demonstrate adaptive or maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS). As there is a lack of literature regarding the factors predicting the selection of CERS, the present study aimed to investigate the role of age, sex, marital status, working experience, type of ward, and education level in predicting these strategies in Iranian nurses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive correlational study was conducted to examine predictive factors’ emotion regulation strategies used by 193 nurses who worked at six hospitals under the supervision of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The study population were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data were collected by two questionnaires, one demographic questionnaire and the other was Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire conducted by Garnefski (α = 0.8). Data analysis was performed using correlation and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the “type of ward” and “age” with adaptive and maladaptive strategies. In the multiple linear regression model, two variables of age (P = 0.03) and type of ward (P = 0.04) were able to predict 23% of variance CERS. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, health-care providers and hospital managers should pay attention to factors related to adaptive and maladaptive CERS.

Background/Objective: The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among cybervictimization, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and somatic complaints in a 4-month follow-up study. Method: A total of 1,024 high school students (456 male and 568 female, M (SD) = 13.69 years (1.3 years), range 12–18 years, voluntarily participated in this study. Measures of cybervictimization and cognitive strategies were obtained at Time 1. Four months later (Time 2), measures of somatic complaints were obtained. Results: Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to determine the mediating roles of maladaptive strategies in the link between cybervictimization and somatic complaints. As expected, path-analytic results showed that cybervictimization predicted somatic symptoms. Furthermore, some maladaptive regulation strategies, namely self-blame and rumination, partially mediated the link between cybervictimization and somatic symptoms evaluated 4-months later. Conclusions: The findings are discussed in terms of the role that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies might play with regards to physical health in cyberbullying episodes. In general, these findings have important implications for developing an understanding about the affective determinants of somatic health problem initiation and maintenance after a victimization and for developing intervention programs specifically for cybervictimized adolescents.

Prior work has suggested that individuals with deficits in emotion regulation skills are prone to compulsive behaviour and to following maladaptive coping strategies, such as smartphone overuse, to manage negative moods. Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental stage for deficits in emotion regulation, and these are linked to excessive smartphone use. The present study is the first to examine the links between the use of specific cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies and problematic smartphone use in a sample of adolescents. A total of 845 Spanish adolescents (455 females) completed the Spanish versions of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Smartphone Addiction Scale, along with a socio-demographic survey. The adolescents were divided into two groups: Non-problematic smartphone users (n = 491, 58.1%) and problematic smartphone users (n = 354, 41.9%). Significant group differences were found, with the problematic users reporting significantly higher scores for all maladaptive CER strategies, including higher self-blame, rumination, blaming of others and catastrophising. The results from logistic regression analyses show that rumination, catastrophising and blaming of others were the most important variables for distinguishing between the two groups, along with gender and parental control outside the home. In summary, these findings suggest the importance of specific maladaptive CER strategies in problematic smartphone use and provide insight for relevant targets for intervention designs.

No abstract available

Prefrontal cortex activity facilitates emotion regulation by cognitive reappraisal. Yet, neuroimaging studies have yielded disparate findings as to whether relatively greater left or right prefrontal activity is more beneficial for reappraisal success. We argue that differences in hemispheric activation during reappraisal efforts may depend on the specific and diverse cognitive strategies utilized to reappraise negative stimuli. In this EEG study, n = 94 participants were randomly assigned to three groups and instructed to either generate problem-oriented reappraisals, positive reinterpretations, or distancing reappraisals for anger-eliciting situations while EEG alpha asymmetry changes in the prefrontal cortex were recorded (F3–F4, F7–F8, and Fp1–Fp2). Engaging in problem orientation yielded a right-lateralized frontal activation pattern and was linked to the highest reappraisal success (percentage of strategy-conforming reappraisals), along with the highest believability ratings. Conversely, engaging in distancing reappraisal yielded a left-lateralized frontal EEG pattern, along with the highest ideational fluency and lowest anger ratings post-reappraisal. No distinct asymmetry pattern emerged for positive reinterpretation; however, this reappraisal condition yielded the lowest reappraisal success and lowest believability ratings. For all groups, higher reappraisal capacity correlated with right-lateralized frontal activity. Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry observed during reappraisal may be a specific function of implemented reappraisal strategy rather than general ideational fluency.

Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy to reduce the impact of affective stimuli. This regulation could be incomplete in patients with functional neurologic disorder (FND) resulting in an overflowing emotional stimulation perpetuating symptoms in FND patients. Here we employed functional MRI to study cognitive reappraisal in FND. A total of 24 FND patients and 24 healthy controls employed cognitive reappraisal while seeing emotional visual stimuli in the scanner. The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) was used to evaluate concomitant psychopathologies of the patients. During cognitive reappraisal of negative IAPS images FND patients show an increased activation of the right amygdala compared to normal controls. We found no evidence of downregulation in the amygdala during reappraisal neither in the patients nor in the control group. The valence and arousal ratings of the IAPS images were similar across groups. However, a subgroup of patients showed a significant higher account of extreme low ratings for arousal for negative images. These low ratings correlated inversely with the item “anxiety” of the SCL-90-R. The increased activation of the amygdala during cognitive reappraisal suggests altered processing of emotional stimuli in this region in FND patients.

Delay discounting (DD), the preference for smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed ones, is a key measure of temporal impulsivity. While its link to behavioral self-regulation is well-studied, the relationship with emotional self-regulation is less understood. This study explored this relationship and its neuroanatomical mediators in the brain’s reward system. We administered the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and a DD task to 155 young adult college students and collected structural MRI data. Our data revealed that greater use of cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy was significantly associated with lower DD rates (i.e., reduced temporal impulsivity). No such relationship was found for expressive suppression. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that higher cognitive reappraisal scores were associated with lower gray matter volume in the left ventral striatum, which in turn predicted lower DD. While the pattern of results is statistically consistent with full mediation, the cross-sectional nature of our data precludes causal inference. In conclusion, these results identify a novel neuroanatomical mechanism for temporal impulsivity. They suggest that cognitive reappraisal helps control impulsive choice and the process is mediated by the ventral striatum. This may provide a useful biomarker for developing interventions to improve self-control.

Abstract Math anxiety (MA) describes feelings of tension, apprehension and fear that interfere with math performance. High MA (HMA) is correlated with negative consequences, including lower math grades, and ultimately an avoidance of quantitative careers. Given these adverse consequences, it is essential to explore effective intervention strategies to reduce MA. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated the efficacy of cognitive reappraisal as a strategy to alleviate the effects of MA. Cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy, has been shown to decrease negative affect and amygdala responsivity to stimuli that elicit negative emotion. We compared a reappraisal strategy to participants’ natural strategy for solving math problems and analogies. We found that HMA individuals showed an increase in accuracy and a decrease in negative affect during the reappraisal condition as compared to the control condition. During math reappraise trials, increased activity in a network of regions associated with arithmetic correlated with improved performance for HMA individuals. These results suggest that increased engagement of arithmetic regions underlies the performance increases we identify in HMA students when they use reappraisal to augment their math performance. Overall, cognitive reappraisal is a promising strategy for enhancing math performance and reducing anxiety in math anxious individuals.

Background Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) describes the experience of a pleasant tingling sensation along the back of the head, accompanied with a feeling of well-being and relaxation, in response to specific audio-visual stimuli, such as whispers, soft sounds, and personal attention. Previous works have assessed individual variations in personality traits associated with ASMR, but no research to date has explored differences in emotion regulation associated with ASMR. This omission occurred even when ASMR, a sensory-emotional experience, has been proposed to be located in a sound sensitivity spectrum as the opposite end of misophonia, a phenomenon associated with difficulties regulating emotions. The present work aimed to assess group differences between ASMR self-reporters and non-ASMR controls associated with emotion regulation strategies. Methods We used the validated Spanish version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to assess individual differences in the use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Results Our results showed that participants who experience ASMR had higher scores in the cognitive reappraisal subscale of the emotion regulation questionnaire than the non-ASMR group. Conclusions Individuals who experience ASMR reported higher use of cognitive reevaluation of emotionally arousing situations, suggesting more effectiveness in regulating emotions. Our finding further elucidates individual differences related to this experience, supporting that ASMR is a real psychophysiological phenomenon associated with other psychological constructs and has remarkable consequences in affective/emotional dimensions and general well-being.

No abstract available

OBJECTIVE Cognitive reappraisal and distraction modulate pain; however, little is known about their effectiveness at different levels of pain intensity. Thus, the aim of this study has been to analyze the differential efficacy of both strategies to reduce perceived pain intensity and pain unpleasantness in low and moderate pain levels. METHOD 3 (emotion regulation strategy: cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and control) × 2 (intensity of the painful stimuli: low and moderate intensity) × 2 (time: pretest and posttest) mixed factorial design. Ninety healthy adults were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions. Pain-heat stimuli were administered with an advanced thermal stimulator. All participants completed the experimental pretest and posttest phases; in each phase, 12 pain stimuli were administered. Participants received brief training on how to apply cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and the control condition for the posttest phase. Data were collected from May 2022 to November 2022. RESULTS Analyses of repeated-measure analysis of variance showed that at posttest cognitive reappraisal and distraction were equally effective in reducing perceived pain intensity in low pain levels, while distraction was more effective than cognitive reappraisal in decreasing perceived pain intensity in moderate pain levels. Both distraction and cognitive reappraisal were effective in decreasing pain unpleasantness regardless of the intensity of the painful stimuli. CONCLUSION These findings highlighted the beneficial use of both strategies in the short term for pain relief, distraction being more effective in moderate pain levels. Applying both strategies to everyday situations that may cause short-term acute pain could be of great clinical relevance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Research on experiencing workplace cyberbullying (WCB) and its underlying mechanisms that impact the well-being of teachers is scarce. We propose that cognitive reappraisal, which is a useful and adaptive emotion-regulation strategy for reinterpreting emotion-eliciting situations, is a mediator explaining the inverse relationships between experiencing WCB and well-being. A three-wave longitudinal survey (baseline, T1; 3 months, T2; and 1 year, T3) was conducted with a sample of 444 primary and secondary schoolteachers in Hong Kong, China. Exposure to WCB, cognitive reappraisal, affective well-being and work engagement of participants was assessed. In line with the hypotheses, results showed that cognitive reappraisal mediated the associations between WCB and well-being. WCB at T1 was negatively associated with cognitive reappraisal at T2, which in turn was positively associated with positive affect and work engagement and negatively associated with negative affect at T3. Findings suggest that the intrusive nature of WCB renders its victims emotionally exhausted and helpless, thus negatively impacting the process to reinterpret the situation in a positive light, resulting in undesirable consequences. This study has illuminated WCB's inhibitory mechanism and its long-term detrimental impact. Practical implications are discussed.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of two typical intrapersonal strategies (cognitive reappraisal, CR; expressive suppression, ES) on interpersonal emotion regulation (IER), and uncover the physiological synchrony pattern underlying this. A sample of 90 friend dyads (N = 180) was randomly assigned to the CR, the ES, or the control group. In each dyad, the target underwent a negative emotional task (induce sadness by recalling a negative event), and the regulator was assigned to implement the CR strategy, the ES strategy, or no action to down-regulate the targets’ negative emotions. Self-reported results showed that compared to the control group, both CR and ES strategies decreased the targets’ negative emotions, and increased the targets’ positive emotions, indicating a successful IER effect. And the ECG results revealed that relative to the control condition, both CR and ES strategies evoked stronger physiological synchrony (heart rate synchrony and heart rate variation synchrony) during the emotion regulation stage of IER. Overall, these findings demonstrated the similar efficacy of reappraisal and suppression strategies implemented by the regulators to improve the targets’ negative emotions, and suggested that the physiological synchrony might have an important relational meaning during the IER process.

Cognitive reappraisal, an effective emotion regulation strategy, is influenced by various individual factors. Although previous studies have established a link between negative emotion differentiation (NED) and cognitive reappraisal, the underlying neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using electroencephalography, this study investigates the influence and neural basis of NED in cognitive reappraisal by integrating aspects of event‐related potentials, neural oscillation rhythms, and cross‐frequency coupling. The findings revealed that individuals with high NED demonstrated a significant decrease in parietal late positive potential amplitudes during cognitive reappraisal, suggesting enhanced cognitive reappraisal abilities. Moreover, high NED individuals displayed increased γ synchronization, parietal α–γ coupling, and frontal θ–γ coupling when reappraising negative emotions than those with low emotion differentiation ability. Machine learning analysis of these neural indicators highlighted the superior classification and predictive accuracy of multimodal indicators for NED as opposed to unimodal indicators. Overall, this multimodal evidence provides a comprehensive interpretation of the neurophysiological mechanisms through which NED influences cognitive reappraisal and provides preliminary empirical support for personalized cognitive reappraisal interventions to alleviate emotional problems.

No abstract available

BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder is the prototypical disorder of emotion dysregulation. We have previously shown that borderline personality disorder patients are impaired in their capacity to engage cognitive reappraisal, a frequently-employed adaptive emotion regulation strategy. METHODS Here we report on the efficacy of longitudinal training in cognitive reappraisal to enhance emotion regulation in borderline patients. Specifically, the training targeted psychological distancing, a reappraisal tactic whereby negative stimuli are viewed dispassionately as though experienced by an objective, impartial observer. At each of 5 sessions over 2 weeks, 22 borderline (14 Female) and 22 healthy control (13 Female) participants received training in psychological distancing and then completed a widely-used picture-based reappraisal task. Self-reported negative affect ratings and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired at the first and fifth sessions. In addition to behavioral analyses, we performed whole-brain pattern expression analyses using independently-defined patterns for negative affect and cognitive reappraisal implementation for each session. RESULTS Borderline patients showed a decrease in negative affect pattern expression following reappraisal training, reflecting a normalization in neural activity. They did not, however, show significant change in behavioral self-reports. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study represents the first longitudinal fMRI examination of task-based cognitive reappraisal training. Using a brief, proof-of-concept design, the results suggest a potential role for reappraisal training in the treatment of borderline patients.

Cognitive reappraisal is a widely utilized emotion regulation strategy that involves altering the personal meaning of an emotional event to enhance attention to emotional responses. Despite its common use, individual differences in cognitive reappraisal techniques and the spontaneous recovery, renewal, and reinstatement of negative responses across varying contexts may limit its effectiveness. Furthermore, detached reappraisal could cause distress for clients. According to Gross’s theory, cognitive reappraisal is an effortless process that can occur spontaneously. When guided language triggers cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in laboratory or counseling settings, clients experience improved emotional states, but this induced strategy may not necessarily guide them in regulating emotions in similar future situations. Therefore, effectively applying cognitive reappraisal techniques in clinical practice to help clients alleviate emotional distress in daily life remains a significant concern. Exploring the mechanism of cognitive reappraisal reveals that reconstructing stimulus meaning is akin to extinction learning, which entails fostering cognitive contingency that the original stimulus provoking negative emotions will no longer result in negative outcomes in the current context. However, extinction learning is a new learning process rather than an elimination process. The activation of new learning relies on the presentation of critical cues, with contextual cues often playing a vital role, such as a safe laboratory or consulting room environment. We propose a new understanding of cognitive reappraisal based on the schema theory and the dual-system theory, emphasizing the significance of environmental interaction and feedback in constructing new experiences and updating schemata. This approach ultimately enriches the schema during training and integrates the new schema into long-term memory. Bottom-up behavioral experiences as schema enrichment training provide the foundation for top-down regulation to function. This method can assist clients in activating more suitable schemata probabilistically when encountering stimuli in real life, forming stable emotions, and achieving transfer and application across diverse contexts.

People who make habitual use of an emotion regulation strategy such as cognitive reappraisal may be more sensitive to the emotion cues coming from a surrounding natural environment and, thus, get more benefits from virtual nature exposure such as enhanced subjective vitality. However, no previous study investigated the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal in the relationship between exposure to different types of natural environments (a national park, a lacustrine environment, and an arctic environment vs. an urban environment) and subjective vitality. We designed a between-subject design (four conditions, one per type of environment) with a sample of 187 university students (M_age = 21.17, SD = 2.55). Participants were exposed to four 360° panoramic photos of the environment for one minute each with a virtual reality head-mounted display. The results of a multicategorical moderation analysis attested that there were two significant interactions, respectively between lacustrine and arctic environments and cognitive reappraisal. More specifically, for participants with low levels of habitual use of cognitive reappraisal, the effects of virtual nature (vs. urban) exposure on subjective vitality were not significant, while for participants with high levels, the effects were significant and positive. Findings show how the potential of virtual nature may be boosted with training aimed at increasing the general use of cognitive reappraisal, supports enhancing the applications of virtual nature, and demonstrates the need to take individual differences into account when determining the benefits of these applications.

Recent literature highlights that no emotion regulation strategy is universally helpful or harmful. The present study aimed to build understanding of for whom and what cognitive reappraisal is helpful, by testing the influential hypothesis that reappraisal is most helpful when there is good individual or situational capacity to apply this strategy effectively. The present study tested how eight variables theorised to be associated with the effectiveness of reappraisal moderated the link between reappraisal use and changes in depression, anxiety, loneliness, functional impairment, and wellbeing in a nationally representative sample, over three (n = 752) and twelve month (n = 512) periods. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found reappraisal was most beneficial for individuals or in situations characterised by additional vulnerabilities (e.g., average or high levels of stress, neuroticism, difficulty identifying feelings, or poor self-efficacy). Results also support prior evidence that reappraisal can be more helpful for improving wellbeing than reducing mental health symptoms. Altogether, our findings provide new insight into the complex nature of relationships between reappraisal and psychological outcomes. A key clinical implication is that reappraisal may be particularly helpful for people with stable vulnerabilities (e.g., neuroticism).

No abstract available

With a substantial body of research supporting the critical role of positive affect in improving work outcomes and enhancing career success, investigating the factors that facilitate emotion regulation strategies for fostering positive affect becomes an important research question. In this context, our study explores the association between strong creative self-efficacy and high cognitive reappraisal—an established and potent emotion regulation strategy known to increase positive affect. We propose a model wherein high levels of creative self-efficacy lead to a tendency for cognitive reappraisal, resulting in high levels of positive affect that ultimately contribute to greater career satisfaction. Our investigation, conducted with a sample of 550 adults in South Korea, examines the indirect relationship between creative self-efficacy and career satisfaction through cognitive reappraisal and, in turn, positive affect. Our findings reveal a positive association between creative self-efficacy and cognitive reappraisal. Moreover, a significant relationship is observed between creative self-efficacy and positive affect through the mediation of cognitive reappraisal. Importantly, the indirect effect of creative self-efficacy on career satisfaction is mediated through cognitive reappraisal and then positive affect. These findings not only expand our insight into the factors contributing to positive affect and career satisfaction but also underscore the valuable role of creative self-efficacy in career satisfaction.

No abstract available

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on public health, prompting scholarly research in related fields. In this context, the present study reveals the psychological characteristics of adolescents in ethnic minority areas of China approximately five months after the 2020 outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, explores the relationship between intrusive rumination and academic burnout, and examines the role of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and cognitive reappraisal in the relationship to provide an empirical foundation for developing effective psychological interventions for adolescents in the wake of the pandemic. Methods Based on cluster sampling, 941 middle school students (65.36% female, 74.71% senior high, M_age=15.95) in ethnic minority areas of China were surveyed using the Event Related Rumination Scale, Adolescent Academic Burnout Scale, Post-traumatic Stress Checklist Scale, Emotion Regulation Strategy Scale, and a self-designed demographic questionnaire. Results During the COVID-19 pandemic, 7.44% of Chinese ethnic minority adolescents in our study sample were classified as PTSD positive, and 10.95% exhibited partial PTSD. Intrusive rumination significantly predicted academic burnout, and PTSS played a key mediating role between the two, accounting for 58.51% of the total effect. After controlling for PTSS, cognitive reappraisal moderated the effects of intrusive rumination on academic burnout. Specifically, the effect of intrusive rumination on academic burnout decreased with improvement in cognitive reappraisal. Conclusions Intrusive rumination indirectly affected academic burnout in adolescents through PTSS as a crucial mediator, and the remnant direct effect was alleviated by cognitive reappraisal. This finding emphasises the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach that encompasses cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms to understand and address academic burnout among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cognitive reappraisal has been shown to be an effective emotion regulation strategy that contributes to mental health. Previous studies focused on sex differences in the frequency of use and ability to use this strategy, and the association of fequency of use and ability with executive functioning. However, there is a lack of behavioral studies examining whether the involvement of executive functions in cognitive reappraisal use and ability differs for men and women. Such a sex difference may inform the design of cognitive interventions directed at enhancing cognitive reappraisal use and ability. The present study used a sample of 125 Chinese university students and focused on one key component of executive functioning: working memory updating. Frequency of cognitive reappraisal use was assessed by self-report. Ability to use cognitive reappraisal and working memory updating capacity were each assessed with a laboratory task. The results revealed no sex difference in cognitive reappraisal use or ability. However, of primary interest, the ability to apply cognitive reappraisal was associated with working memory updating performance, but only for women. If confirmed in further studies, these findings suggest that cognitive interventions in general, and working memory updating trainings more specifically, are more likely to enhance the ability to use cognitive reappraisal as a means to regulate emotions in women than in men.

No abstract available

Abstract Objective This study aimed to explore the efficiency of different emotion regulation strategies, specifically reappraisal and suppression, in relation to adaptive and maladaptive personality profiles. Background Personality conditions emotions and influences emotion regulation. Of the available regulation strategies, reappraisal (reinterpreting the situation) is described as an efficient strategy, whereas suppression (not displaying the experienced emotion) carries higher physiological and cognitive costs. Little is known, however, about the influence of personality on these efficiencies. Method We tested the personality structure of 102 participants (Meanage = 20.75, SD age = 2.15), based on the Five‐Factor Model and the Maladaptive Personality Trait Model. Experience, expressivity, and physiological arousal were recorded during the viewing of emotionally charged positive and negative images while participants reappraised, suppressed, or viewed the images without regulating their emotions. Results We identified two clusters for adaptive personality (“Adaptive Resilient” and “Anti‐resilient”) and two for maladaptive personality (“Maladaptive Resilient” and “Under‐controlled”). The major finding was for emotional experience in maladaptive personalities, where reappraisal was efficient in the Maladaptive Resilient profile, while none of the strategies brought relief in the Under‐controlled profile. Conclusion This study, which systematically contrasts personality and efficiency of emotion regulation strategies, is one of the first attempts to refine the understanding of how personality influences the emotional regulation process.

Stressful life events may accelerate aspects of immune aging, but habitual use of an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal, may attenuate these effects. This study examined whether cognitive reappraisal moderates the associations between life stressor frequency and stressor desirability on aspects of immune aging, including late-differentiated CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP), both between and within people in a longitudinal sample of 149 older adults (mean age =77.8, range: 64-92 years). Participants reported stressful life events, use of cognitive reappraisal, and provided blood semiannually for up to 5 years to assess aspects of immune aging. Multilevel models, adjusted for demographic and health covariates, tested the between-person (stable, trait-life differences) and within-person associations (dynamic fluctuations) among life stressors and reappraisal on immune aging. Experiencing more frequent life stressors than usual was associated with higher levels of late-differentiated NK cells within person, but this effect was accounted for by experiencing health-related stressors. Unexpectedly, experiencing more frequent and less desirable stressors were associated with lower average levels of TNF-α. As expected, reappraisal moderated the associations between life stressors and late-differentiated NK cells between people and IL-6 within people. Specifically, older adults who experienced less desirable stressors but also used more reappraisal had significantly lower proportions of late-differentiated NK cells on average and lower levels of IL-6 within-person. These results suggest cognitive reappraisal may play a protective role in attenuating the effects of stressful life events on aspects of innate immune aging in older adults.

Objective To investigate the effect of changes in campus living conditions related to the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on medical school students’ mental health status, to explore the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies, and to provide effective suggestions for promoting medical school students’ mental health. Methods A self-report questionnaire, an emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ), and psychological questionnaires for emergent events of public health (PQEEPH) were used to interview 998 medical school students who experienced campus lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results The mean total PQEEPH score was 3.66 ± 3.06. The degrees of inconvenience in daily life and change in routine and expression suppression as an emotion regulation strategy were significantly positively correlated with all PQEEPH dimensions. Cognitive reappraisal was significantly negatively associated with depression, neurosis, obsessive–compulsive anxiety, and hypochondriasis (ps < 0.05). Cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression demonstrated a chain mediating role between the degree of inconvenience in life and mental health and between the degree of change in routine and mental health (F = 32.883, 41.051, ps < 0.05). Conclusion Campus lockdown management significantly impacts medical school students’ mental health. Extensive use of cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression can reduce students’ adverse psychological reactions during campus lockdowns to an extent.

ABSTRACT Understanding the individual differences that can buffer the impact of combat and other adverse exposures on deleterious behavioral health outcomes could lead to more targeted prevention and intervention efforts. Cognitive reappraisal, an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy, is linked to positive health outcomes such as lower levels of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. This study examined the moderating effect of individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use on the association between combat exposure and behavioral health outcomes in active-duty U.S. Soldiers (N = 2,290). This study utilized survey data collected approximately 18 months following a combat deployment to Afghanistan in 2014. Results showed that individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use significantly moderated the effect of combat exposure on anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms but not depressive symptoms. Specifically, increasing combat exposures predicted a steeper increase in negative behavioral health symptoms for Soldiers reporting lesser (versus greater) cognitive reappraisal use. These findings highlight a role for cognitive reappraisal as a targetable factor that can mitigate the behavioral health consequences of exposure to combat stressors.

No abstract available

The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) plays a pivotal role in cognitive reappraisal. Previous studies suggested a functional asymmetry of the bilateral VLPFC, but the evidence is still insufficient during cognitive reappraisal. In this study, we conducted an online single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) to investigate the causal and distinct roles of the left and right VLPFC in reappraisal. Participants were instructed to reappraise (down-regulate) or attend to pictures depicting social exclusion scenarios while the spTMS was applied over the left or right VLPFC of the participants’ brains. The results showed that spTMS of either the left or the right VLPFC would increase reappraisal difficulty. Meanwhile, the outcome of reappraisal (measured by self-reported negative feelings) significantly deteriorated when the right (but not the left) VLPFC was temporally interrupted by spTMS, while the verbal fluency during oral reporting of the reappraisal strategy was significantly reduced when the left VLPFC was interrupted by spTMS. Taken together, these findings provide causal evidence for the involvement of left and right VLPFC with distinct roles: while the left VLPFC is responsible for the linguistic especially semantic process of generating and selecting appraisals according to the goal of emotion regulation, the right VLPFC plays a critical role in inhibiting inappropriate negative emotions and thoughts generated by the effective scenarios. These findings deepen our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanism of emotion regulation.

Background The neural activity and functional networks of emotion-based cognitive reappraisal have been widely investigated using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, single-mode neuroimaging techniques are limited in exploring the regulation process with high temporal and spatial resolution. Objectives We proposed a source localization method with multimodal integration of EEG and fMRI and tested it in the source-level functional network analysis of emotion cognitive reappraisal. Methods EEG and fMRI data were simultaneously recorded when 15 subjects were performing the emotional cognitive reappraisal task. Fused priori weighted minimum norm estimation (FWMNE) with sliding windows was proposed to trace the dynamics of EEG source activities, and the phase lag index (PLI) was used to construct the functional brain network associated with the process of downregulating negative affect using the reappraisal strategy. Results The functional networks were constructed with the measure of PLI, in which the important regions were indicated. In the gamma band source-level network analysis, the cuneus, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, the superior parietal cortex, the postcentral gyrus, and the pars opercularis were identified as important regions in reappraisal with high betweenness centrality. Conclusion The proposed multimodal integration method for source localization identified the key cortices involved in emotion regulation, and the network analysis demonstrated the important brain regions involved in the cognitive control of reappraisal. It shows promise in the utility in the clinical setting for affective disorders.

Through empirical studies or laboratory tests, previous studies have shown that sport-confidence, attention, and emotion regulation are key factors in archery performance. The present study aims to further identify the effects and pathways of sport-confidence, attention, and cognitive reappraisal (a specific emotion regulation strategy) on real-world archery performance by constructing a hypothesized model to provide a basis for scientific training of athletes to improve sport performance. A survey design was utilized on a sample of 61 athletes (12 international-level athletes, 30 national-level athletes, and 19 first-class athletes) from the Chinese National Archery Team to test the model. The measurement and hypothesized models were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that the model fit well and explained 33.6% of the variance in archery performance. Sport-confidence (total effects = 0.574, p < 0.001) and attention (total effects = 0.344, p = 0.009) were important predictive indicators of archery performance, while the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and archery performance showed considerable complexity (direct effects = −0.268, p = 0.020; total effects = −0.007, p = 0.964). We conclude that the development of sport-confidence and attention of archery athletes should be strengthened, but athletes who use cognitive reappraisal in archery competition should be mindful of its potential appropriation of cognitive resources and should be directed to improve sport-confidence or develop a positive orientation to arouse excitement.

Cognitive reappraisal (CR) is one of the core treatment components of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and is the gold standard treatment for major depressive disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that cognitive reappraisal could function as a protective factor of cognitive vulnerability to depression. However, the neural mechanism by which CR training reduces cognitive vulnerability to depression is unclear. There is ample evidence that the prefrontal–amygdala circuit is involved in CR. This study proposes a novel cognitive bias model of CR training which hypothesizes that CR training may improve the generation ability of CR with altered prefrontal–amygdala functional activation/connectivity, thus reducing negative cognitive bias (negative attention bias, negative memory bias, negative interpretation bias, and/or negative rumination bias) and alleviating depressive symptoms. This study aims to (1) explore whether there is abnormal CR strategy generation ability in individuals who are cognitively vulnerable to depression; (2) test the hypothesis that CR training alleviates depressive symptoms through the mediators of cognitive bias (interpretation bias and/or rumination bias); (3) explore the neural mechanism by which CR training may enhance the ability of CR strategy generation; and (4) examine the short- and long-term effects of CR training on the reduction in depressive symptoms in individuals who are cognitively vulnerable to depression following intervention and 6 months later. The study is promising, providing theoretical and practical evidence for the early intervention of depression-vulnerable individuals.

Previous studies have demonstrated people characterized by mobile phone addiction (MPA) are more prone to emotion regulation difficulties. However, no study has tested the effectiveness of their emotion regulation strategies in experimental conditions. In the present study, by instructing the MPA and control groups to regulate negative emotion through cognitive reappraisal (CR) or expressive suppression (ES), we compared their emotional states in the emotional visual search task after watching a negative emotion evoked video. A multi-factor mixed design of 2(group: MPA/control)×2(emotion regulation strategy: CR/ES)×3(image type: positive expression/negative expression/neutral expression) was conducted. We found the MPA group recognized the negative expression faster than control group after both emotion regulation strategies, indicating ES and CR were both impaired for MPA. The implications of these results were further discussed.

Cognitive reappraisal highlights the essential role of creative thinking in regulating emotional responses in everyday life. However, previous research has shown that cognitive reappraisal is not always successful, as a novel reappraisal strategy may not be effective in suppressing negative emotions, and it is less known what brain regions are responsible for novelty and appropriateness processing during cognitive reappraisal. In the current study, we investigated the neural correlates of novelty and appropriateness processing of cognitive reappraisals while experiencing negative emotions. 25 participants were exposed to negative pictures accompanied by one of four reappraisal sentences that systematically varied on novelty and appropriateness, and they were asked to indicate their emotional valence after understanding the sentences. The functional imaging results revealed the involvement of the default mode network (DMN) regions and a stronger mPFC-IPL pathway connectivity responsible for the novelty processing; the involvement of the executive control network (ECN), salience network (SN), and stronger connectivity of both frontotemporal pathway and AI-thalamus-IFG pathway responsible for the appropriateness processing. These findings indicate that the three-network system (DMN, ECN and SN), which is commonly involved in creative cognition, also underlies the neural basis in cognitive reappraisal. The current findings extend our understanding of the neural correlates of creative thinking in emotional contexts and provide insights into developing effective reappraisal strategies for emotional regulation.

ABSTRACT Recent work in positive psychology demonstrates the importance of self-transcendence: understanding oneself to be part of something greater than the self, such as a family, community, or tradition of sacred practice. Self-transcendence is positively associated with wellbeing and a sense of meaning and purpose. Philosophers have argued that self-transcendent motivation has a central role in good character, or virtue. Positive psychologists are just now beginning to integrate the aim of developing such motivation in character interventions. In this paper we draw attention to an important but overlooked condition on effectively developing self-transcendent motivation constitutive of virtue: such a process must engage the subject’s will in the right way. If a process does not meet this condition it will fail to produce motivation constitutive of virtue according to leading philosophical accounts of virtue. We identify a suite of strategies for cultivating motivations that do meet this condition but have not been explored in relation to character interventions, namely, reappraisal strategies from the extended process model of emotion regulation (EPM-ER).

The study of individual differences in emotion regulation has typically focused exclusively either on the stage of the emotion generation process at which regulation occurs or on the engagement versus disengagement orientation of the regulation efforts. We introduce a new measure that samples equally across each stage of the process model of emotion regulation and from both engagement and disengagement orientations. Through five studies (ntotal = 2,543), we present the development and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity evidence for the Process Model of Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (PMERQ). We show the final 10-scale 45-item questionnaire has acceptable internal consistency, is invariant between genders and across the age range, and has sufficient convergent and discriminant validity. The PMERQ also predicts affective and relationship functioning with strategies occurring earlier in the process model generally showing the strongest effects. We propose the PMERQ is a valuable measure to assess individual differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies.

Background To address the lack of mental health practitioners in developing countries, the current study explored the feasibility of a newly developed self-guided digital intervention program TEA (training for emotional adaptation) in alleviating depressive and anxiety symptoms, as one of a few studies which adapted from theoretical models with effective intervention techniques. Methods The first part of this study involved 11 professional mental health practitioners giving feedback on the feasibility of the TEA; while the second part involved a mixed-method single-arm study with 32 participants recruited online, who went through the seven intervention sessions within 14 days. The questionnaires were collected before, after, 14 days after, and 30 days after intervention. Additionally, 10 participants were invited to semi-structured interviews regarding their suggestions. Results Practitioners thought that the TEA showed high professionalism (8.91/10) and is suitable for treating emotional symptoms (8.09/10). The generalized estimating equation model showed that the TEA significantly reduced participants' depressive and anxiety symptoms, while the effects of the intervention remained 30 days post intervention (Cohen's d > 1). Thematic analysis revealed three main themes about future improvement, including content improvement, interaction improvement, and bug-fixing. Conclusions To address the current needs for digital mental health intervention programs to account for the insufficient availability of mental health services in China, the current study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of TEA, with the potential to address the urgent need for remote mental health services. Trial registration The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR), with number [ChiCTR2200065944].

Courtrooms are often emotionally charged atmospheres where parties have a vested interest in the proceedings and their outcomes. Judges are exposed to a wide range of emotions and stressors in the course of their work. Though the ideal of a dispassionate judge persists, more empirical work is needed to identify how judges regulate their own emotional experience in court. Using Maroney and Gross typology of emotion regulation strategies, this study explored the self-reported use and preference of these strategies among a sample of U.S. judges. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, we found that judges reported using a variety of intrinsic (self-directed) and extrinsic (directed toward others) emotion regulation strategies, though judges reported using some strategies such as suppression more frequently than others. We also found that many of the strategies judges described matched a subset of the strategies described by Maroney and Gross supporting their typology.

No abstract available

Introduction Nowadays, gambling disorder (GD) is a worldwide health issue and there is a growing need to both improve our understanding of this disorder and to tailor specific interventions for its treatment. Moreover, theoretical models and preliminary empirical results suggest that difficulty in regulating emotional states might be involved in GD. However, literature describing clinical and theoretical aspects of emotional dysregulation among pathological gamblers (PGs) shows a lack of systematic description. Objectives We aimed to provide, within an exhaustive theoretical framework of emotion regulation (ER) processing, empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of GD as an ER affliction. Methods We commented on empirical evidence on the relationship between ER and GD in the light of two main conceptual models of emotion (dys)regulation. Results The results suggest there are actual deficits of ER processing among PGs, manifesting themselves through different ways and in different steps of the ER timeline. In addition, dysregulation of positive emotions may play a central role in GD. From a clinical point of view, we pointed out that deficits in ER might be multiple in nature and an assessment for GD should be accurate to identify the specific components accounting for the development and maintenance of the disorder. It should also orientate the clinician in selecting therapeutic objectives. Conclusions The nature of emotional states that are difficult to regulate might account for the GD severity and indicate the subtype of PGs the patient belongs to. Treatment programs should be tailored on the specificity of PGs.

Different emotion regulation strategies have very different consequences. This observation has inspired a growing body of work seeking to identify the factors that predict emotion regulation strategy choice. To explain these findings, several explanatory theories have been proposed. As with most theories in the field of affective science, they are formulated in natural language. Translating these theories into the language of mathematics may bring more clarity to the field and help generate new, testable hypotheses. The present article aimed to formulate more precise theoretical predictions by translating verbal theories about the emotion regulation selection process into formal mathematical language. Specifically, we focused on formally defining a theory that might help to explain the robust finding that people prefer distraction over reappraisal at high emotional intensities but prefer reappraisal over distraction at low emotional intensities. Through the process of theory formalization, we identified hidden assumptions and unanswered research questions, which resulted in a computational model that predicts results that match empirical work. This work demonstrates how theory formalization can accelerate theoretical and empirical progress in affective science. Better explanatory theories can then inform interventions designed to enhance the selection of adaptive regulation strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

No abstract available

No abstract available

ABSTRACT Emotion regulation comprises attempts to influence when and how emotions are experienced and expressed. It has mostly been conceived of as proactive (e.g. situation selection) or reactive (e.g. attentional distraction), but it may also be retroactive and involve memory. I term such past-oriented activity mnemonic emotion regulation and propose that it involves increasing or decreasing access to or altering the characteristics of a memory. People may increase access to a memory and make it more likely that it will be retrieved in the future, for example by rehearsing a pleasant memory. They may decrease access to a memory and make it less likely that intrusions will be experienced in the future, for example by repeatedly trying to stop an unpleasant memory from being retrieved. Finally, people may alter the characteristics of a memory and change its content or context, for example by replacing a negative impression with a productive interpretation. I discuss how mnemonic emotion regulation may be instigated (e.g. via elaborate rehearsal) as well as the different motives (e.g. hedonic motives) people may have for engaging in regulation. Also, I discuss possible benefits of, variations in, and improvements of mnemonic emotion regulation.

No abstract available

No abstract available

Mechanisms of change represent the cornerstone of the therapeutic process. This study aimed to investigate how network models could be used to test mechanisms of change at a group level. A secondary aim was to investigate which of the several hypothesized mechanisms (emotion regulation, interoceptive awareness, and acceptance) are related to changes in psychological well-being. The sample comprised adult patients suffering from psychological disorders (N=444; 70% women) from 7 clinical sites in the Czech Republic who were undergoing groupbased multicomponent treatment composed mainly of psychodynamic psychotherapy (lasting from 4 to 12 weeks depending on the clinical site). Data were collected weekly using the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness, emotion regulation skills questionnaire, chronic pain acceptance questionnaire-symptoms and outcome rating scale. A lag-1 longitudinal network model was employed for exploratory analysis of the panel data. The pruned final model demonstrated a satisfactory fit. Three networks were computed, i.e., temporal, contemporaneous, and between-person networks. The most central node was the modification of negative emotions. Mechanisms that were positively associated with well-being included modification, readiness to confront negative emotions, activity engagement, and trust in bodily signals. Acceptance of negative emotions showed a negative association with well-being. Moreover, noticing bodily sensations, not worrying, and self-regulation contributed indirectly to changes in well-being. In conclusion, the use of network methodology to model panel data helped generate novel hypotheses for future research and practice; for instance, well-being could be actively contributing to other mechanisms, not just a passive outcome.

No abstract available

The development of emotion regulation (ER) is associated with children’s and adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment and well-being. In this regard, previous studies have examined the role of different ER strategies, which can be characterized as being functional (e.g., reappraisal, problem solving) or dysfunctional (e.g., suppression, rumination). Based on the process model of emotion regulation, the strategies can also be classified according to their temporal position within the emotion generative process, with five families of ER strategies being proposed: situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. This study aimed to examine the role of ER for adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment (internalizing and externalizing problems, prosocial behavior) and well-being. First, associations were investigated on a more general level by distinguishing between functional and dysfunctional ER. Second, relations were examined on a more specific level by additionally distinguishing between the five families of ER strategies as suggested in the process model of ER. Questionnaire self-reports of N = 1,727 German children and adolescents (55% girls) aged 9–18 years (M = 13.03, SD = 1.75) collected in schools were analyzed. Path analyses showed that more functional and less dysfunctional ER in general is associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and higher well-being. Prosocial behavior was only positively related to functional but not dysfunctional ER. Analyses of associations on the level of specific categories of ER strategies generally showed a similar pattern, but in part indicated differential associations with the dependent variables: Internalizing problems were particularly associated with functional situation selection, dysfunctional cognitive change, and dysfunctional response modulation. Externalizing problems were associated with functional situation selection and response modulation, as well as numerous dysfunctional strategies, none of which were particularly salient. Similarly, numerous rather than single specific associations emerged between prosocial behavior and the five categories of functional ER strategies. Well-being was particularly associated with functional situation selection and dysfunctional cognitive change. Overall, a more precise assessment of ER, as implemented in this study, could not only advance research in this field, but can also be helpful in planning and evaluating prevention and intervention programs.

Symptoms of depression and anxiety are pervasive and highly comorbid, prompting efforts to identify underlying transdiagnostic processes. Emotion regulation (ER) may be one such process; however, most research to date has focused on a limited set of ER strategies. Our aim in this study was to comprehensively examine the ER profiles characterizing a range of depression and anxiety symptoms. Our sample (N = 444) completed a battery of psychometric questionnaires. We assessed ER strategy use across all five stages of the process model of emotion regulation, along with symptoms of depression, stress, panic-related anxiety, generalized anxiety/worry, social anxiety, and health anxiety. Regression analyses showed that ER patterns explained significant variance (8.9 % to 33.1 %) in each symptom category. Among the strongest unique predictors were avoiding unpleasant situations and expressive suppression, both associated with greater symptoms, and cognitive reappraisal (considering benefits), which predicted lesser symptoms. A latent profile analysis identified seven profiles based on symptom patterns and ER use. Three profiles exhibited elevated symptoms but varied widely in ER use. The most symptomatic profile predominantly relied on disengagement-oriented strategies, while other elevated profiles displayed either uniformly high or low ER strategy use. Our findings highlight the transdiagnostic relevance of a wide range of ER strategies, revealing distinct ER patterns even among individuals with similar symptom presentations. They aid conceptual understanding of the link between ER and depression and anxiety symptoms and offer promising assessment and treatment targets.

Digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence, brain-computer interfaces technology and big data, enable many firms to innovate their business model. It is clearly an emotional process due to its complex and uncertain nature, and involves individuals’ emotion regulation, yet the current research lacks an effective conversion path from emotion to digital business model innovation (BMI). Drawing on theories and research on emotion regulation and business model innovation, we investigate how emotion regulation of entrepreneurs (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) influence digital BMI. Data from 126 new ventures show that entrepreneurs’ reappraisal positively affects digital BMI, while entrepreneurs’ suppression exerts opposite effects on digital BMI. Moreover, we find that environmental dynamism moderates this relationship. The findings explain the emotional complexity in digital technology empowerment, which has implications for the development and design of brain computer interface applications and the literature on emotions and business model innovation.

Background Childhood trauma (CT) is considered as a highly risk factor for depression. Although the pathway of CT to depression, especially the mediating or moderating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) or neuroticism, have investigated by several studies, the results were inconsistent and there is a paucity of full models among these interactive factors. This study aims to examine the relationships among CT, adaptive / maladaptive CERS, neuroticism, and current depression symptoms in university students. Methods We recruited 3009 freshman of 2019, aged averagely 18.00 (SD = 0.772) years, from universities in Hunan province in 2019. A moderated mediation model was built to examine the relationships among CT, CERS, neuroticism, and current depression using the SPSS PROCESS 3.5 macro. We conducted bootstrapping of regression estimates with 5000 samples and 95% confidence interval. Results Results revealed that the significant mediating effects of adaptive CERS ( β  = 0.012; 95% CI: 0.006 to 0.018) and maladaptive CERS ( β  = 0.028; 95% CI: 0.016 to 0.040) between CT and depression were observed, accounting for 5.69% and 13.52% of the total effect respectively. Then, moderated mediation analyses results showed that neuroticism simultaneously moderated the direct effect of CT on current depression ( β  = 0.035; 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.009), and the indirect effects of CT on current depression through adaptive CERS (adaptive CERS – current depression: β  = − 0.034; 95% CI: − 0.007 to − 0.001) and maladaptive CERS (maladaptive CERS – current depression: β  = 0.157; 95% CI: 0.017 to 0.025). However, the moderating effects of neuroticism in the indirect paths from CT to adaptive CERS ( β  = 0.037; 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.014) and maladaptive CERS ( β  = − 0.001; 95% CI: − 0.006 to 0.005) were not significant. Conclusions This study provides powerful evidences through a large university students sample for the mediating role of adaptive / maladaptive CERS and the moderating role of neuroticism between CT and current depression. This manifests that cognitive emotion regulation may be a vital factor for people who suffered from CT and current depression. Furthermore, the influence of neuroticism in this process cannot be ignored.

The emotion regulation mechanism of mindfulness plays an important role in the stress reduction effect. Many researchers in the fields of cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience have attempted to elucidate this mechanism by documenting the cognitive processes that occur and the neural activities that characterize each process. However, previous findings have not revealed the mechanism of information propagation in the brain that achieves emotion regulation during mindfulness. In this study, we constructed a functional brain model based on its anatomical network structure and a computational model representing the propagation of information between brain regions. We then examined the effects of mindfulness meditation on information propagation in the brain using simulations of changes in the activity of each region. These simulations of changes represent the degree of processing resource allocation to the neural activity via changes in the weights of each region's output. As a result of the simulations, we reveal how the neural activity characteristic of emotion regulation in mindfulness, which has been reported in previous studies, is realized in the brain. Mindfulness meditation increases the weight of the output from each region of the thalamus and sensory cortex, which processes sensory stimuli from the external world. This sensory information activates the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibit amygdala activity (i.e., top-down emotion regulation). However, when mindfulness meditation dominates bottom-up processing via sensory stimuli from the external world, amygdala activity increases through the insula and ACC activation.

In this study, drawing on an integrated understanding of the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2015) and the control-value theory (Pekrun, 2006), and informed by principles from the complex dynamic systems theory, we used a network analysis to examine the relationships between task engagement, achievement emotions (i.e., enjoyment, boredom and anxiety), and emotion regulation of 348 Chinese college students in English-as-a-foreign language (EFL) classes. We found a relatively strong connection between these constructs, with cognitive appraisal, enjoyment, and emotional engagement being the most central nodes within connections to task engagement, achievement emotions, and emotion regulation, respectively. Notably, strong peripheral relationships emerged between enjoyment and all facets of task engagement, all of which were positively associated with cognitive reappraisal but negatively with boredom. Expressive suppression was positively linked only with boredom and anxiety, whereas cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with social engagement. We found no direct association between task engagement and anxiety or emotion suppression. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the emotional underpinnings of students’ task engagement in EFL contexts.

People use different strategies to regulate their emotions, and these emotion regulation patterns have important implications for mental health. For over two decades, the most widely used tool for assessing emotion regulation has been the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, a 10-item measure of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Here, we introduce a new 30-item version-the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-30 (ERQ-30). Built on the conceptual foundation of the process model of emotion regulation, the ERQ-30 aims to advance emotion regulation assessments by capturing a more comprehensive range of clinically relevant emotion regulation strategies. It is designed to assess how frequently people use 10 strategies, collectively spanning all stages of the process model, including five generally adaptive strategies (behavioral activation, problem solving, acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, social sharing) and five generally maladaptive strategies (situational avoidance, social withdrawal, distraction, rumination, expressive suppression). Across two studies (Ns = 451, 658), we examine the factor structure, reliability, and affective correlates of the ERQ-30, and use its conceptual breadth to further clarify the nature of emotion regulation. We find it to have a theoretically congruent 10-factor (subscale) structure. All strategy subscales demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, and an expected pattern of affective correlates (e.g., with psychopathology symptoms, wellbeing, emotional reactivity, overall emotion regulation difficulties, alexithymia, emotion beliefs, and personality). We demonstrate that the breadth of strategies assessed by the ERQ-30 enhances its clinical utility and predictive value. Overall, the ERQ-30 has strong psychometric performance, and can now enable more comprehensive assessments of emotion regulation.

Cognitive dissonance has been studied for more than 60 years and many insightful findings have come from this research. However, some important theoretical and methodological issues are yet to be resolved, particularly regarding dissonance reduction. In this paper, we place dissonance theory in the larger framework of appraisal theories of emotion, emotion regulation, and coping. The basic premise of dissonance theory is that people experience negative affect (to varying degrees) following the detection of cognitive conflict. The individual will be motivated to alleviate these emotional reactions and could do so by reducing dissonance in some manner. We argue that detection of dissonance will follow the same principles as when people interpret any other stimuli as emotionally significant. Thus, appraisal theory of emotion, which argues that emotions are generated via the cognitive evaluation of surrounding stimuli, should be applicable to the dissonance-detection process. In short, we argue that dissonance-reduction strategies (attitude change, trivialization, denial of responsibility, etc.) can be understood as emotion-regulation strategies. We further argue that this perspective contributes to reconciling fragmented (and sometimes contrary) viewpoints present in the literature on dissonance reduction. In addition to proposing the general model of dissonance reduction, we illustrate at the hand of empirical data how research on dissonance reduction can be performed without relying on experimental paradigms that focus on a specific reduction strategy.

Social media addiction has spread rapidly among young people in recent years. Individuals with social media addiction are more likely to avoid and suppress negative emotions instead of reappraising these emotions, which can cause psychological and even physical harm. This study presents a second-order adaptive mental network model to simulate the process of emotion regulation in social media addicts and the impacts of stress and therapy in this process. This network model can use three types of emotion regulation strategies: suppression, avoidance (by escaping to social media), and reappraisal. Using this model, two scenarios for a person with social media addiction are compared: with and without therapy. It is found that if therapy successfully improves the regulation by reappraisal, the use of suppression and avoidance can be reduced. Characteristics of this model were tuned by simulated annealing, using data points estimated from psychological literature, indicating that the model matches well with empirical information. The presented mental network model may also be used for other types of addictions which involve avoidance of emotions, such as alcohol abuse and game addiction.

The crucial role of emotion regulation in learning has been well established, but its potential impact on the English as a foreign language (EFL) learning process remains uncertain. Examining the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and EFL learning engagement, as well as antecedent variables, has significant theoretical and practical value. This study aims to explored the potential mediating effects of emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression) on the associations between perceived EFL teacher social support, peer social support and EFL learning engagement among Chinese adolescents. The data were gathered through an online survey of 1,506 (776 males) 10th to 12th high school EFL learners. Structural equation modeling was used to analyse the mediation model. This study found that EFL teachers’ social support had a significant and direct effect on the three dimensions of EFL learning engagement, whereas the direct effect of peer social support was insignificant. Additionally, cognitive reappraisal significantly mediated role in the positive relationship between perceived EFL teacher support and the three dimensions of EFL learning engagement. It also mediated the positive relationship between perceived peer support and the three dimensions of EFL learning engagement. However, emotion suppression only mediated the negative link between perceived peer support and EFL behavioral engagement. These findings emphasize the need to explore the crucial role of emotion regulation strategies in EFL learning engagement.

The current research is aimed at examining the psychometric properties, i.e. the structural and convergent validity of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) translated into Serbian through two independent and consequent studies. In Study 1, conducted on the sample of 674 young adults (M age = 19.68, SD = 1.29), the structural validity of the CERQ was evaluated by testing the theoretically based nine-component structure using the methods of confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling. Study 2 was aimed at retesting the model obtained in the previous study on the sample of 703 participants (M age = 22.96, SD = 7.05). In addition, convergent validity of the CERQ was examined by the correlation with the measures of positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and general distress. The results support the CERQ as a reliable and valid measure of the cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The latent structure of the questionnaire is best described by a nine-factor model defined by the original instrument. In both of our samples, the dimension of Positive reformulation has demonstrated the same structural specificities, suggesting the need for additional checking of both the instrument itself and the specificities of the cognitive emotion regulation strategies in our cultural area. The findings of these studies also indicate usefulness of exploratory structural equation modelling compared to the traditional methods of confirmatory factor analysis in the investigation of the latent structure of the CERQ.

No abstract available

Background Adults with substance use disorders (SUDs) often have co-occurring mental health problems. Emotion regulation may play a vital role in mental health problems. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is a widely used measure for assessing cognitive emotion regulation. However, it has not been used in Pakistan on patients with co-occurring SUDs and mental health issues. The present study aims to translate and adapt the CERQ into the Urdu language and to determine its reliability and convergent validity in a sample of male patients with SUDs in Pakistan. Method Participants completed a demographic information form, the CERQ, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale Short Form [DASS-21)], and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [RSES)] in Urdu. Results Male participants (N = 237) 18–50 years of age (M = 29.8, SD = 8.1) were recruited from four substance use disorder treatment centers and hospitals in Karachi. The reliability of the Urdu version of the CERQ was based on an examination of its internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) and test–retest reliability for both the total scale and its subscales. Internal consistency for the CERQ total (α = 0.80) was adequate, as it was for subscales of self-blame, (0.76) acceptance (0.78), rumination (0.72), positive refocusing (0.79), focus on planning (0.89), positive reappraisal (0.81), putting into perspective (0.83), catastrophizing (0.73), and other blame (0.70). The 10–14 day test–retest reliability of the CERQ total score was 0.86. Higher CERQ scores were significantly (ps < 0.001) negatively associated with DASS-21depression (r = –0.24), anxiety (r = –0.23), and stress (r = –0.27) subscales, as well as the DASS-21 total score (r = –0.26) and positively associated with the RSES self-esteem score (r = 0.30). Conclusion The Urdu version of the CERQ is a reliable measure for investigating cognitive emotion regulation strategies related to mental health and SUDs in Pakistan.

No abstract available

Background Given that emotion regulation counts for much in breast cancer, it is important to fully understand its construct. The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) is a widely applied instrument for measuring conscious cognitive coping strategies in both general and clinical samples; however, there are no data on its factor structure in women with breast cancer, not to mention evidence of measurement invariance (MI) across sociodemographic variables. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the latent factor structure and MI between different sociodemographic groups for CERQ in specific patients. Methods The sample consisted of 1032 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, with a mean age of 47.54 years (SD = 8.51). The latent factor structure for CERQ was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Further, MI various sociodemographic variables was evaluated by a series of multiple-group CFA process. Results The nine-factor CFA model was an adequate fit for the data collected in women with breast cancer. Also, this nine-factor structure had strong factorial invariance across age, place of residence, educational levels, and employment status. Conclusion This study firstly examined the latent factor structure for CERQ among Chinese women with malignancy and MI across various sociodemographic variables, which deepens the understanding of the construct for CERQ as a useful tool for assessing patients’ conscious cognitive component of emotion regulation based on self-report.

Given that Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is associated with problems in emotion regulation, the importance of assessing this construct is widely acknowledged by clinical psychologists and pain specialists. Although the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is a self-report measure used worldwide, there are no data on its psychometric properties in patients with FMS. This study analyzed the dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the CERQ in a sample of 231 patients with FMS. Given that “fibrofog” is one of the most disabling FMS symptoms, in the present study, items in the CERQ were grouped by dimension. This change in item presentation was conceived as an efficient way of facilitating responses as a result of a clear understanding of what the items related to each dimension are attempting to measure. The following battery of measures was administered: the CERQ, the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Four models of the CERQ structure were examined and confirmatory factor analyses supported the original factor model, consisting of nine factors—Self-blame, Acceptance, Rumination, Positive refocusing, Refocus on planning, Positive reappraisal, Putting into perspective, Catastrophizing, and Other-blame. There was minimal overlap between CERQ subscales and their internal consistency was adequate. Correlational and regression analyses supported the construct validity of the CERQ. Our findings indicate that the CERQ (items-grouped version) is a sound instrument for assessing cognitive emotion regulation in patients with FMS.

Purpose Little research has focused on identifying the dynamic relationship and core features of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) that critically contribute to the onset and maintenance of NSSI. This study aims to investigate the CERS network structure in Chinese adolescents with NSSI through network analysis, identifying the core strategies within this network. Patients and Methods A total of 2711 Chinese adolescents (50.5% female, mean age = 12.89 ± 0.73 years) were assessed using the CERQ. Independent t-tests were conducted to compare CERS scores between adolescents with and without NSSI. Network analysis was performed to identify core CERS and to explore differences in the networks between the two groups. Results A total of 1065 adolescents (39.28%) reported engaging in NSSI at least once within the past six months. Among adolescents with NSSI, catastrophizing (strength = 1.32, betweenness = 1.98, closeness = 0.45) and rumination (strength = 1.18, betweenness = 1.10, closeness = 2.02) emerged as the most central CERS. In contrast, among adolescents without NSSI, catastrophizing (strength = 1.79, betweenness = 1.00, closeness = 0.08), rumination (strength = 0.34, betweenness = 1.00, closeness = 1.02), and positive reappraisal (strength = 0.57, betweenness = 1.50, closeness = 1.50) were identified as central CERS. Significant differences in network structure, global strength, and centrality were observed between the two groups, reflecting distinct patterns of CERS. Conclusion NSSI is associated with tightly connected, rigid CERS networks. Targeted interventions should focus on reducing catastrophizing and enhancing positive reappraisal to disrupt these rigid cognitive emotion regulation patterns, ultimately mitigating the risk of NSSI.

OBJECTIVES Sharp and Fonagy's conception was framework for a hypothesis regarding mentalization deficits as predictors of depressive disorders in adolescence. According to the theory, the mediators of this relationship would be the child's emotion regulation processes. METHODS The basis for planning and data analysis was correlation-regression model. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a non-clinical group of 204 adolescents - primary and secondary school students. The Polish versions of the following research tools were used: CDI-2 questionnaire by Kovacs, Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) by Fonagy, Hypermentalization Questionnaire by Sharp, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) by Garnefski and Kraaij. RESULTS Data analyses revealed that the more compromised the ability to mentalize, the greater the severity of depressive symptoms, especially those related to emotional problems: negative mood and low self-esteem. All the diagnostic criteria of the disease are linked to a diminished ability to understand the world of experiences - one's own and those of others. Both hypomentalization and hypermentalization are significant predictors of depressive symptoms in adolescents, with the mediator of this relationship being the triad of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies: self-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing. CONCLUSIONS Self-blame constitutes the most common strategy combined with all types of mentalization deficits as well as all symptoms of depression. Whereas catastrophizing constitutes a regulation strategy that is mostly combined with one type of mentalization deficits.The obtained results require further research determining the conditions under which the exaggerated sense of guilt is associated with the occurrence of symptoms of psychopathol- ogy in adolescents.

Objectives Various factors can have a role in predicting police forces’ mental and spiritual health. This study aims to assess whether the general health and spiritual well-being of police forces in Iran can be predicted by metacognitive beliefs with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies. Methods This is descriptive/correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population includes all the employees of the Tehran Police Commands in 2023. Participants were 294 employees of the police headquarters in Tehran, Iran, in 2023, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Spiritual well-being scale (SWBS), general health questionnaire (GHQ), metacognition questionnaire (MCQ), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies questionnaire (CERQ) were used to collect data. SPSS v.22 and Amos v.24 were used for data analysis. Results Based on the fit indices, the fit of the initial SEM model was not acceptable (RMSEA=0.07, CFI=0.88, GFI=0.87), because the path between metacognitive beliefs and spiritual well-being was not significant (P>0.05). After removing this path, the model’s fit was acceptable (RMSEA=0.06, CFI=0.90, GFI=0.91). The direct and indirect paths between metacognitive beliefs and general health were significant (P<0.01). Also, the indirect path between metacognitive beliefs and spiritual well-being through CER strategies was significant (P<0.01). Conclusion The metacognitive beliefs in Iranian police forces can significantly predict their general health and spiritual well-being directly or indirectly through CER strategies.

No abstract available

Background The underlying mechanism of impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients is complex and still unclear. Previous studies have not thoroughly explored whether impulsivity in OCD patients is a result of the obsessive-compulsive symptoms themselves or other contributing factors. This study aimed to explore whether cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and impulsivity in a clinical population with OCD. Methods This was a case-control study that recruited 65 OCD patients (male/female=31/34) and 65 healthy controls (male/female =23/42), matched for age, gender, and education level. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were adopted. Results OCD patients scored higher on BIS-11 attentional and non-planning impulsiveness and total scores (all p < 0.05). On CERQ, OCD patients showed elevated maladaptive strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, blaming others) and reduced adaptive strategies (positive reappraisal) (all p < 0.05). Attentional impulsiveness positively correlated with OCD severity, depression, and maladaptive strategies (all p < 0.05). Non-planning impulsiveness and BIS-11 total scores positively correlated with depression and negatively with adaptive strategies (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, depression level, there was only a significant negative correlation between BIS-11 non-planning impulsiveness and CERQ maladaptive strategies (r = -0.28, p < 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed significant indirect effects of OCD severity on impulsivity via adaptive strategies/depression (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03~0.24, p = 0.012) and via maladaptive strategies/depression (β = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.00~0.23, p = 0.042), but no significant direct or total effects. Conclusions OCD symptom severity indirectly influences impulsivity through emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms, highlighting the need to target these mediators in clinical interventions.

AIMS This study assessed the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between illness uncertainty and diabetes health-promoting self-care behaviours. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 433 T2DM outpatients using the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, the Diabetes Health Promotion Self-Care Scale, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Data were analysed using SPSS (v.29) for descriptive and Pearson correlation tests, and Process Macro for SPSS (Model 4, v.4.2) for mediation analysis. RESULTS There is a statistically significant, weak negative relationship between illness uncertainty and diabetes health promotion self-care scores (r = -0.105, p = 0.029). CERQ showed a weak negative correlation with illness uncertainty scores, whereas the questionnaire demonstrated a statistically significant, moderate positive correlation with diabetes health-promoting self-care (p < 0.05). The relationship between illness uncertainty and diabetes health- promoting self-care was mediated by CERQ such as self-blame (β= 0.083, 95 % CI= 0.019 - 0.155), acceptance (β= -0.031, 95 % CI= -0.061 - -0.007), rumination (β= -0.107, 95 % CI= -0.179 - -0.048), and positive reappraisal (β= -0.043, 95 % CI= -0.091 - -0.001). CONCLUSIONS Illness uncertainty negatively impacts self-care behaviours in T2DM patients. CERQ, including self-blame, acceptance, rumination, and positive reappraisal, play a mediating role, highlighting their potential in interventions to improve self-care.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between different dimensions of parenting styles and cognitive emotion regulation among high school students in Tabriz, Iran. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional design was employed, with a sample size of 416 high school students determined using the Cochran formula. Participants were selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Data were collected using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and the Family as a Social Context (FSC) Questionnaire. Pearson correlation was used to examine relationships between cognitive emotion regulation and each parenting dimension. Additionally, linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the predictive power of parenting styles on emotion regulation. SPSS-27 software was used for statistical analyses. Findings: Descriptive statistics indicated that warmth had the highest mean score among parenting dimensions, while rejection had the lowest. Significant correlations were found between cognitive emotion regulation and all six subscales of parenting styles. Warmth (r = 0.45), structure (r = 0.38), and autonomy support (r = 0.41) were positively correlated with cognitive emotion regulation, whereas rejection (r = -0.32), chaos (r = -0.29), and coercion (r = -0.27) showed negative correlations. Regression analyses confirmed that these dimensions significantly predicted cognitive emotion regulation, explaining 46% of the variance. Conclusion: The study highlights the crucial role of parenting styles in shaping cognitive emotion regulation among adolescents. Positive dimensions such as warmth, structure, and autonomy support enhance emotion regulation, while negative dimensions like rejection, chaos, and coercion hinder it.

This study investigates the cognitive emotion regulation strategies applied by ISIS Iraq attack survivors in general and specific psychological results and effects of war-related trauma. This cross-sectional study intended to investigate gender and age differences in the use of maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies, utilizing the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Arabic Version (CERQ-AR) among 420 survivors from Mosul, Iraq. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), independent t-tests, and correlational analysis. Results showed that males scored significantly higher than females on rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame. However, no gender difference was found in the case of adaptive strategies. The finding implies that these differences could be a function of the traditional gender roles in Iraqi society, especially in conservative areas like Mosul. Secondly, age as a variable in how these strategies are adopted: older individuals show a decline in maladaptive coping but an increase in other-blame. The research study ended with the recommendation that such cognitive emotion regulation strategies in post-conflict settings should be pursued through gender- and age-specific interventions. KEY WORDS: emotion regulation; ISIS survivors; war-related trauma; maladaptive coping; CERQ

The mechanisms through which childhood trauma contributes to increased suicide risk in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) have not been comprehensively explored. This study aimed to investigate the role of resilience and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the link between childhood trauma and recent suicide risk in MDD patients. The study included 136 MDD patients and 112 healthy participants. Standardized instruments were utilized to collect demographic and clinical data, including the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed, and mediation analysis was conducted. Significant correlations were observed between recent suicide risk in MDD patients and various factors, including childhood trauma (emotional abuse, emotional neglect; positive correlation), maladaptive strategies (positive correlation), and resilience traits (tenacity, strength, optimism; negative correlations). An ordinal logistic regression identified gender and maladaptive strategies as significant predictors of suicide risk. Most importantly, the bootstrap test showed that the direct effect (β = 0.114, 95% CI: -0.103–0.362) of childhood trauma on recent suicide risk was not significant, but the indirect (β = 0.224, 95% CI: 0.099–0.461) and total effects (β = 0.338, 95% CI: 0.180–0.552) of childhood trauma on recent suicide risk were significant. Building on cross-sectional data, our path analysis supports a model in which childhood trauma exerts its influence on recent suicide risk in MDD patients indirectly through resilience and emotion regulation, rather than through direct effects. In terms of suicide risk prevention and intervention for MDD patients with childhood trauma, the application of emotion regulation-oriented intervention measures is recommended. Not applicable.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and test a predictive model of high-risk sexual behaviors among female high school students based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, with psychological hardiness as a mediating variable.Methods and Materials: The study employed an applied, descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling. The sample included 300 female students from second-cycle high schools in Babol city during the 2022–2023 academic year, selected via non-random, voluntary sampling. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires: the Sexual Risk Behaviors Questionnaire, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Hardiness Profile. Validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed. Data analysis involved SPSS v25 and SmartPLS software for path analysis and hypothesis testing.Findings: Results indicated that negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies positively predicted engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors (β = 0.736) and negatively predicted psychological hardiness (β = –0.742). Conversely, positive regulation strategies were associated with decreased risky sexual behaviors (β = –0.738) and increased hardiness (β = 0.744). Psychological hardiness negatively predicted risky sexual behaviors (β = –0.748) and mediated the relationships between both positive and negative regulation strategies and risky behaviors. All hypothesized paths were statistically significant at p < 0.01, with model fit indices supporting the structural model’s adequacy.Conclusion: The study confirms the significant direct and indirect roles of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting high-risk sexual behaviors among female adolescents, with psychological hardiness serving as a key mediating protective factor. These findings highlight the importance of fostering adaptive emotion regulation and resilience in interventions aimed at reducing sexual risk-taking in adolescent girls.

Drawing on the theory of constructed emotion (Barrett et al., 2001), this study examined how emotion differentiation influences the relationship between affect intensity and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. A total of 102 university students and young adults completed an online scenario rating task (SRT). Data from this task were used to derive levels of emotion differentiation and affect intensity for positive and negative emotional situations. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies were assessed using the Korean version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (K-CERQ). Results showed that emotion differentiation did not moderate the overall relationship between affect intensity and cognitive emotion regulation strategies; however, the use of specific strategies differed depending on the level of emotion differentiation. Higher negative emotion differentiation was associated with reduced use of positive refocusing in high-intensity negative emotional situations, whereas lower positive emotion differentiation was associated with greater self-blame in high-intensity positive emotional situations. Additional analyses indicated that participants with higher emotion differentiation were better able to distinguish between similar emotions and reported lower affect intensity for those emotions than those with lower emotion differentiation. These findings suggest that emotion differentiation may regulate the link between affect intensity and emotion regulation strategies by providing more precise information about emotional experiences. This study contributes to research on constructed emotion and emotion differentiation in a Korean sample. It further suggests that emo tion regulation interventions and training should consider individuals’ levels of emotion differentiation.

No abstract available

No abstract available

Romantic relationship satisfaction has been linked to psychological outcomes, including emotional well-being and eating behaviors. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. This study examines the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies—particularly catastrophizing—in the relationship between romantic relationship satisfaction and eating attitudes. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 355 university students. Participants completed the Relationship Satisfaction Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS and R with robust maximum likelihood estimation. Model fit was evaluated using χ2/df, CFI, GFI, RMSEA, and SRMR. Catastrophizing significantly mediated the relationship between romantic relationship satisfaction and eating attitudes. Romantic relationship satisfaction was negatively associated with catastrophizing (β = -0.18, p = .028), and catastrophizing was positively associated with problematic eating attitudes (β = 0.35, p < .001). The direct effect of romantic relationship satisfaction on eating attitudes was not statistically significant (β = -0.12, p = .104), indicating full mediation. Acceptance did not significantly mediate the relationship (p = .348). Gender differences were observed: women scored significantly higher on rumination, dieting, and bulimia/food preoccupation (p < .05). These findings highlight the role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation—specifically catastrophizing—in linking romantic relationship dissatisfaction with disordered eating attitudes. Targeting catastrophizing in interventions may improve both relationship satisfaction and eating behaviors.

Abstract Adolescents transition into independent adulthood during puberty, facing a unique shift that challenges their socio-cognitive abilities. This challenge becomes intensified for incarcerated Adolescents, who often exhibit higher levels of psychological distress. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of social cognition training, emphasizing the cognitive behavioral approach in emotion regulation and self-reported responsibility of prisoners under 18 in Shiraz Juvenile Reformatory Center. This census study included all 30 eligible incarcerated male adolescents in the Shiraz Juvenile Reformatory Center who met the inclusion criteria and were assigned to the experimental and control groups. The research method was semi-experimental with a control group. The tools used in this study were the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and the Responsibility Scale from California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The research procedure involved pretesting both groups, followed by administering 12 two-hour social cognition training sessions (based on cognitive-behavioral methods) solely to the experimental group. After the termination/completion of the sessions, both groups were tested. Furthermore, a follow-up test was conducted/administered three months after the training. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance. The findings indicated that social cognition training significantly affected cognitive emotion regulation and responsibility.

This study investigates the relationship between Chinese EFL teachers' emotion regulation, teachers' pedagogical beliefs, pedagogical practices, and their engagement. A total of 516 English teachers from diverse universities in Jiangsu Province participated in the survey, with demographic data revealing a balanced representation of gender and age groups, as well as varied teaching experience. The instruments employed included the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Teacher Engagement Scale, Teachers' Pedagogical Beliefs Survey, and Classroom Practices Survey, all assessed for reliability and validity. Analysis utilized SPSS software (version 27) and AMOS (version 24), employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to scrutinize the data. The findings demonstrate a significant correlation between teachers' engagement and emotion regulation, pedagogical beliefs, and practices, explaining approximately 57 % of the variation observed across subjects. This highlights the crucial role of these factors in shaping teachers' engagement and underscores the importance of addressing them holistically to enhance educational outcomes.

This study aimed to investigate the relations between CERQ and depression, and anxiety and also aimed to reveal the characteristics of a Japanese sample through meta-analysis. The results showed that self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others had significantly positive correlations with both depression and anxiety, whereas positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective had significantly negative correlations with both variables. Moreover, when comparing the correlation coefficients of the Japanese samples and the combined value, correlations between depression and positive reappraisal were significantly larger than the combined value. On the other hand, regarding the correlation coefficients of depression and putting into perspective, the combined value was larger than the value of Japanese samples. In addition, compared to the combined value, the Japanese sample's positive correlation between anxiety and rumination, and negative correlation between anxiety and positive reappraisal were larger.

Objectives This study investigated the mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between alexithymia and self-perceived aging among older adults. Methods We surveyed 478 Chinese community-dwelling older adults from November 2022 to May 2023. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ) were used. Correlation analyses, multiple linear regression analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed. Results The average age of participants was 71.52 ± 7.80 years, and the number of chronic diseases was distributed as follows: 270 (56.49%) had 2 disease conditions, 156 (32.64%) had 3 disease conditions, and 52 (10.88%) had 4 disease conditions or more. Scores for alexithymia 57.83 ± 10.19; maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies 49.63 ± 10.65; and self-perceived aging 58.74 ± 10.23. Alexithymia and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were positively correlated with negative self-perceived aging (r=0.665 and r=0.673, respectively), explaining 51.8% of the variance in self-perceived aging. Structural equation modeling results showed that alexithymia had a direct effect (of 0.368) on self-perceived aging, accounting for 44.1% of the total effect. Maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies partially mediated the relationship, with a mediation effect of 0.386, accounting for 51.8% of the total effect. Conclusion These findings suggest that addressing maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies can help reduce negative self-perceived aging in elderly individuals with multiple chronic conditions, particularly among those with alexithymia.

Little is known about the latent profiles of cognitive emotion regulation strategy (CERS) and its relationship with negative emotions and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in Chinese junior high school students, although CERS is thought to be strongly associated with emotional-behavioral problems in adolescents. A total of 2807 junior high school students in Yunnan Province, China, were selected for the study. They were measured with the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Questionnaire, and the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale. Latent profile analysis was used to explore latent profiles of CERS among students, and the one-way ANOVA or c2 test was used to explore the relationship between the profiles and depression, anxiety, stress or NSSI. (1) Latent profile analysis revealed five CERS types: ‘Maladaptive group’ (32.25%), ‘Moderate adaptive-low maladaptive group’ (24.68%), ‘Rigid group’ (19.73%), ‘High adaptive-moderate maladaptive group’ (14.42%), and ‘Sensitive group’ (8.82%). (2) The multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that with increasing age (OR = 0.812, 95% CI = 0.66–0.99, p < 0.05), junior high school students were less likely to be in the ‘Moderate adaptive-low maladaptive group’, and males (OR = 0. 698, 95% CI = 0.52–0.94, p < 0.05) were less likely to be classified as ‘Moderate adaptive-low maladaptive group’; (3) ANOVA and c2 test results showed that the differences between the different latent profiles of junior high school students on anxiety, depression, stress and NSSI indicators were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The ‘Sensitive group’ had the highest risk of emotional-behavioral problems and the ‘Moderate adaptive-low maladaptive group’ had the lowest risk of emotional-behavioral problems. Negative emotions and NSSI in junior high school students are closely related to their CERS profiles, and it is important to use targeted strategies to prevent and intervene in emotional-behavioral problems for individuals with different CERS subtypes.

Background/Aim: The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is among the most popular and widely used measures of emotion regulation across age groups. This study aimed to validate the CERQ short version (CERQ-short) for use on adolescents in the Norwegian population. Method: A sample of 3461 adolescents (47.3% girls) aged 12–16 years was recruited through the UEVO population-based study of child maltreatment in Norway. Factor structure, reliability, measurement invariance and criterion validity were investigated. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original nine-factor model including 18 items; however, not a two-factor structure nor a higher order two-factor solution. Internal consistency was adequate for all subscales, with alpha levels ranging from .73 to .84 between subscales across genders. Relationships with internalizing problems measured with the 10-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist and health-related quality of life according to KIDSCREEN-10 supported the criterion-related validity of the Norwegian CERQ-short. Conclusions: Results suggest that the CERQ-short can be used to measure cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the Norwegian adolescent population. The validation of the CERQ-short in Norway could significantly improve mental health care by facilitating better diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation, as well as informing public health policy and cross-cultural research.

The study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and measurement invariance (MI) of the Chinese version of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire‐short (CERQ‐short) in cancer patients.

We found that the factors involved in the genesis/maintenance of sleep difficulties needed to be much better known. Our aims were to explore the role of cognitive emotion regulation (CER) and psychological distress (PD) as mediators in the relationship between pessimism/optimism and sleep difficulties. Our methods were to ask 253 university students to complete the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, the Optimism-Pessimism-2 Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and answer three questions about sleep difficulties. Our results showed that optimism, adaptive/positive CER strategies, positive reappraisal and refocusing on planning (CERQ1) correlated inversely with sleep difficulties, whereas pessimism, PD, and non-adaptive/negative CER strategies correlated positively with them. Pessimism was a vulnerability factor for sleep difficulties, with its indirect effect mediated by negative CER and/or increased PD. Optimism had a protective effect against sleep difficulties through CERQ1 and/or the reduction of PD. Our conclusion was that fostering adaptive CER strategies, reducing non-adaptive strategies, and addressing pessimism may have clinical implications for promoting psychological well-being and improving sleep quality.

Objective: The aim of this study was to predict adolescents' cognitive emotion regulation strategies based on the mothers' maladaptive early schemas and their parenting styles. Methods and Materials This descriptive correlational study involved a randomly selected cluster sample of 406 high school students (comprising 200 girls and 206 boys) from Tabriz. Data were collected using three scales: Young's Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), the short form of the Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for adults (CERQ-P), and the Family as a Social Context Scale by Skinner. The collected data were analyzed using correlational statistics and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results confirmed the role of mothers' maladaptive early schemas and their parenting styles in the formation and application of their children's cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that when parents' schemas are adjusted, it leads to the selection of effective parenting methods, which in turn increases adolescents' use of positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

Purpose: Research shows resilience is an important factor in a number of groups exposed to danger and plays a very vital mediating role in the appearance of many psychological disorders.The current study was carried out with the aim of examining the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and quality of life among young couples. Method: This is a correlational study, the statistical population of which includes all married students of Islamic Azad University of Shahroud, out of whom 45 couples were selected using convenience sampling. Then, Conner-Davidson Riesilience Scale (CD-RISC) (2003), Garnefski, Kraaji and Spinhoven Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (2001) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL) were completed by the participants. The data were analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: The findings indicate cognitive emotion regulation and the quality of life are significant positive predictors of resilience. Resilience has a significant mediating role in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and the quality of life among couples. Conclusion: According to the results it can be said the strategies used by couples to regulate their emotions can be a highly determining factor in their resilience, which leads to a higher quality of life. Improving the positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation can be taken for preparing interventions and educational programs of resilience into attention.

No abstract available

Background. The addiction to social networks poses serious risks to the lives and well-being of adolescents. This study aimed to create a model of social media addiction that takes into account family dynamics, positive development, and psychological distress, with cognitive emotion regulation strategies acting as mediators among adolescents. Methods. This descriptive-correlational study included adolescents aged 15-18 years during the 2022–2023 educational year in Tabriz schools. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select the adolescents. Data were collected using the Social Network Addiction Scale (SNAS), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS), the Positive Youth Development-Via Strengths Family Scale (PYD-VSF), and the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted using SPSS and LISREL software. Results. A strong positive correlation was found between positive youth development and effective emotion regulation strategies. Conversely, there was a notable negative correlation between dysfunctional family dynamics and effective emotion regulation strategies. Psychological distress was directly linked to ineffective emotion regulation strategies. Additionally, a significant direct connection was identified between psychological distress and social media addiction. There was also a notable relationship between dysfunctional family dynamics and social media addiction. The results from the structural equation modeling indicated a strong fit for the proposed model. Specifically, healthy family dynamics were positively correlated with effective cognitive emotion regulation strategies (t = 2.44, γ = 0.17),, while dysfunctional family dynamics showed a negative correlation with these strategies (t = -4.74, γ = -0.43). In conclusion, psychological distress and dysfunctional family dynamics are predictors of social media addiction, with cognitive emotion regulation strategies serving as a mediating factor. Improving emotional self-regulation through better family dynamics and addressing psychological distress can help safeguard adolescents from addiction to the Internet and social media. Conclusion. Psychological distress and unhealthy family functioning predict social media addiction, mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Enhancing emotional self-regulation through family functioning and addressing psychological distress can protect adolescents from Internet and social media addiction.

Introduction Adherence to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) could be a predictor of chronic viral hepatitis C (HCV) therapeutic failure. We examined the perceptions of patients receiving DAAs to determine how cognitive factors influence their decision to maintain adherence. Also, we explored the threshold of DAAs adherence for obtaining sustained virologic response (SVR) among patients with HCV, in order to better implement a strategy that improves the DAAs adherence in the future clinical practice. Methods A single-arm prospective study was performed. Patients with HCV that started and completed DAAs treatment in the County Hospital of Craiova, Dolj, Romania, were enrolled. Patients’ medication adherence was assessed using the HCV-AD10 questionnaire, and the cognitive emotion regulation was measured with CERQ questionnaire (five positive/adaptive cognitive emotion-regulation domains and four negative/maladaptive domains). Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between adherence and different factors. ROC-curves were used to evaluate the adherence threshold to achieve SVR. A linear regression model was performed to analyze the primary outcome (DAAs adherence) to be the target variable based on given independent variables (age, treatment duration, severity of HCV, the nine adaptive and maladaptive strategies). Results 368 patients (mean age: 61 years) with HCV diagnosed 4.05 ± 6.38 (average) years ago were enrolled. Mean (±SD) adherence via HCV-AD10 was 91.51 ± 8.34, and the proportion of the participants achieving SVR was 96%. Patients with an adherence less than 84% (5 patients, 1.36%) was considered nonadherent and they have a high probability of not achieving response (sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 80%, respectively). We obtained significantly higher values of three adaptive strategies between adherent and nonadherent patients following DAAs treatment: in positive refocusing (p-value = 0.044), refocus on planning (p-value = 0.037), and positive reappraisal (p-value = 0.047). Discussion The interplay between the three adaptive strategies of the cognitive emotion regulation and the enhancement of DAAs adherence contributes to a more holistic comprehension of patient behavior in the context of HCV treatment. Increasing refocusing and planning using goal setting and assisting patients in establishing specific, achievable goals can be crucial strategies for clinicians aiming to improve adherence among their patients.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation(CER) in the relation-ship between deliberate rumination(DR), posttraumatic stress symptoms(PTSS) and posttraumatic growth(PTG). Methods 496 people completed self-reporting questionnaires: a Trauma Events Checklist, the Korean Version of Event Related Rumination Inventory(K-ERRI), the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R-K), the Korean Version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(K-PTGI), the Korean Version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(K-CERQ). Results The results showed significant positive correlations among deliberate rumination, maladaptive CER, adap-tive CER, PTSS and PTG, although adaptive CER was not significantly correlated with PTSS. As a result of the me-diating effect test, a significant partial mediating effect of maladaptive CER was found in the relationship between deliberate rumination and PTSS. In the relationship between deliberate rumination and PTSS, a significant partial mediating effect of adaptive CER was found. The suppression effect of adaptive CER was suggested in the rela-tionship between deliberate rumination and PTSS. In the relationship between deliberate rumination and PTG, a significant partial mediating effect of adaptive CER was found. Conclusions These results suggest that the experience of PTSS or PTG after deliberate rumination depends on the type of cognitive emotion regulation strategies being used.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and social anxiety disorder (SAD) among university students, with a specific focus on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation (CER). Methodology: A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 367 university students from Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran, during the academic year 2023-2024. Data were collected using validated self-report measures, including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of childhood trauma on SAD, with CER as a mediating variable. Findings: The results indicated a significant positive relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and SAD. Furthermore, CER was found to play a significant mediating role in this relationship, with maladaptive CER strategies, such as rumination and self-blame, exacerbating the effects of childhood trauma on SAD. Conversely, adaptive CER strategies, such as positive reappraisal and acceptance, were found to mitigate the impact of childhood trauma, reducing the severity of SAD symptoms. Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical role of CER in mediating the relationship between childhood trauma and SAD. These results suggest that interventions targeting CER strategies may be particularly effective in reducing social anxiety symptoms in individuals with a history of childhood trauma. The study underscores the importance of early intervention and culturally sensitive approaches in treating SAD among university students.

Background: Severe psychological or mental pain is an experience of discomfort that can be associated with mental illness (such as major depression) or loss (such as the death of a child). Objectives: The aim of this study is to understand the pathology of major depression using a non-clinical student sample by assessing the roles of mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, and anxiety. Methods: This cross-sectional study selected a sample (n = 300) using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method. Data was collected using the Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Questionnaire (OMMP), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BD-II). Results: The results of the forward multiple linear regression model showed significant standardized beta coefficients for the following variables: Anxiety and depression (β = 0.21, P = 0.002), mental pain and depression (β = 0.436, P < 0.001), maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression (β = 0.21, P = 0.002), negative dimensions of self-compassion and depression (β = 0.082, p = 0.041), adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression (β = -0.135, P = 0.031), and positive dimensions of self-compassion and depression (β = -0.078, P = 0.042). Additionally, the results indicated that 56% of the variance in depression is explained by mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, and anxiety (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that therapies focused on emotional regulation and self-compassion can effectively address emotional problems, anxiety, and depression in individuals with depression.

Objectives This study aims to test the mediating effect of self-compassion and maladaptive, cognitive emotion regulation strategy in the effect of rejection sensitivity on relationship addiction. Methods This study did a survey to 387 male and female adults from 19 to 39 years old. The data were analyzed with the SPSS 25 statistical program using rejection sensitivity, self-compassion, relationship addiction (RAQ-30), self-compassion(SCS), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) scale. Results The findings of the analysis were as follows. First, correlation analysis between rejection sensitivity, self-compassion, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy, and relationship addiction showed that they were significantly correlated. Second, in the effect of rejection sensitivity on relationship addiction, self-compassion and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy were found to have partial mediating effect. Third, rejection sensitivity was found to have indirect effect on rejection sensitivity by mediating self-compassion and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy in order. Conclusions This study examined the effect of rejection sensitivity on relationship addiction, addictive human relationship pattern, and wanted to give information to alleviate relationship addiction by focusing on self-compassion and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy. The purpose and meaningfulness of it is to provide help in real counseling scenes by agreeing on treatment goals which one can establish real counseling scene and exploring effective intervention method. Based on such findings, this study discussed limites of this study and necessity of further studies.

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) are central to cognitive reappraisal, yet the mechanisms underlying their collaboration remain unclear. This study uses transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to modulate neural synchrony between the DLPFC and VLPFC in the theta band, aiming to elucidate the effects of synchronous versus asynchronous neural interaction on reappraisal. It also examines whether these effects are unique to reappraisal or extend to other emotion regulation strategies. In Experiment 1, 43 participants underwent in-phase, antiphase, or sham tACS before performing a reappraisal task to downregulate negative emotions. The findings showed that in-phase tACS significantly enhanced reappraisal performance and reduced regulation difficulty, supporting a causal role of DLPFC-VLPFC synchrony in reappraisal. Experiment 2 combined tACS with electroencephalography to further validate these results and included distraction as a control condition. Another 43 participants engaged in both reappraisal and distraction strategies following either in-phase or sham tACS. Phase-locking values confirmed that in-phase tACS selectively enhanced theta-band oscillations between the DLPFC and VLPFC. Consistent with Experiment 1, in-phase tACS specifically improved reappraisal performance, as indicated by reduced negative emotional responses, lower regulation difficulty, and a decrease in late positive potential amplitude, with no effect on distraction. This study provides the first causal evidence that enhancing DLPFC-VLPFC synchrony improves reappraisal performance. These findings highlight the potential of neural modulation to optimize brain network connectivity, offering promising avenues for targeted interventions in emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

No abstract available

OBJECTIVE Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) has been demonstrated to be a crucial region involved in the down-regulation of negative affect by cognitive reappraisal. However, the neural evidence of causality is still lacking. The current study was to investigate the contribution of left VLPFC in cognitive reappraisal by using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) and electroencephalogram (EEG). METHODS Fifteen participants repeated the cognitive reappraisal task at different TMS settings: no stimulation, spTMS applied at 300 ms after image onset to the left VLPFC, and to the vertex as a control site. EEG and behavioral data were concurrently recorded. TMS-evoked potential (TEP) and late positive potential (LPP) were investigated. RESULTS In cognitive reappraisal, left VLPFC stimulation elicited stronger TEPs than vertex stimulation at 180 ms after TMS onset. Increased source activation of TEPs was identified in the precentral gyrus. Emotion regulation by reappraisal enlarged the trough of TEP at stimulation site. The left VLPFC stimulation led to enhanced LPP in cognitive reappraisal, which was negatively correlated with self-reported arousal. CONCLUSIONS The TMS stimulation over left VLPFC influences the cognitive reappraisal process by potentiating the neural responses. Accordingly, the cortical region responsible for the execution of cognitive reappraisal is activated. The modulated neural activity is related to the behavioral response. The present study provided neural signatures for the facilitated execution of emotion regulation by left VLPFC stimulation, potentially contributing to the therapeutic protocols for mood disorders.

No abstract available

BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is primarily characterized by deficient emotion regulation. Impaired cognitive control over negative emotions is central to emotion dysregulation in BPD. Respective executive dysfunctions are associated with hypoactivation of prefrontal regions, and consecutive alterations of fronto-limbic network functionality. Here, we investigated the effect of increasing activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on (1) executive dysfunctions and (2) whether improving cognitive control affects emotion dysregulation and emotional processing in BPD. METHODS Thirty-two patients diagnosed with BPD were randomly assigned to active stimulation (N = 16) or sham stimulation (N = 16) group in a randomized, sham-controlled, parallel-group design. They received 10 sessions of active (2 mA, 20 min, anodal left- cathodal right DLPFC) or sham tDCS over 10 days. Major executive functions, emotion regulation strategies, and emotional processing of the patients were assessed before and immediately after the intervention. RESULTS The active stimulation group showed a significant improvement in major executive function domains. Importantly, cognitive reappraisal strategy of emotion regulation and several factors of emotional processing involved in the control of emotion significantly improved in the active stimulation group after the intervention. Factors related to emotional expression were, however, not affected. LIMITATIONS The single-blind design, absence of follow-up measures, and the intrinsically limited focality of tDCS are limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS Increasing activity of the DLPFC improves executive functioning in BPD and improves ´cognitive control over negative emotions. Cognitive control interventions could be a potential, symptom-driven therapeutic approach in BPD.

Abstract Background Although deficits in affective processing are a core component of anorexia nervosa (AN), we lack a detailed characterization of the neurobiological underpinnings of emotion regulation impairment in AN. Moreover, it remains unclear whether these neural correlates scale with clinical outcomes. Methods We investigated the neural correlates of negative emotion regulation in a sample of young women receiving day-hospital treatment for AN (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 21). We aimed to determine whether aberrant brain activation patterns during emotion regulation predicted weight gain following treatment in AN patients and were linked to AN severity. To achieve this, participants completed a cognitive reappraisal paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Skin conductance response, as well as subjective distress ratings, were recorded to corroborate task engagement. Results Compared to controls, patients with AN showed reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during cognitive reappraisal [pFWE<0.05, threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) corrected]. Importantly, psycho–physiological interaction analysis revealed reduced functional connectivity between the dlPFC and the amygdala in AN patients during emotion regulation (pFWE<0.05, TFCE corrected), and dlPFC-amygdala uncoupling was associated with emotion regulation deficits (r = −0.511, p = 0.018) and eating disorder severity (r = −0.565, p = .008) in the AN group. Finally, dlPFC activity positively correlated with increases in body mass index (r = 0.471, p = 0.042) and in body fat mass percentage (r = 0.605, p = 0.008) following 12 weeks of treatment. Conclusions Taken together, our findings indicate that individuals with AN present altered fronto-amygdalar response during cognitive reappraisal and that this response may serve as a predictor of response to treatment and be linked to clinical severity.

Cognitive reappraisal is a commonly used form of emotion regulation that utilizes frontal-executive control to reframe an approaching emotional event to moderate its potential psychological impact. Use of cognitive reappraisal has been associated with diminished experience of anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as greater overall well-being. Using data from a study of 647 healthy young adults, we provide initial evidence that an association between typical use of cognitive reappraisal in daily life and the experience of anxiety and depressive symptoms is moderated by the microstructural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus, which provides a major anatomical link between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Our findings are consistent with the nature of top-down regulation of bottom-up negative emotions and suggest the uncinate fasciculus may be a useful target in the search for biomarkers predicting not only disorder risk but also response to psychotherapy utilizing cognitive reappraisal.

The neural substrate of cognitive reappraisal has been well-mapped. Individuals who successfully downregulate negative affect (NA) by reshaping their thoughts about a potentially emotional situation show augmented activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), with attenuated activity in the amygdala. We performed functional neuroimaging with experience sampling to determine whether individual differences in brain activation correspond to differences in real-life NA. While being scanned, 69 female students (aged 18–25 years) were asked to perform a cognitive reappraisal task. In addition, repeated assessments (5/day, 14 days) of affect and minor events in real-life were conducted. Individual t-maps were created for an instructed downregulation contrast (downregulate negative–attend negative) and an uninstructed regulation contrast (attend negative–attend neutral). Mean beta values were extracted from a priori defined regions of interest in the bilateral amygdala and PFC and were correlated with three daily life NA measures: baseline (mean) NA, NA variability, and NA reactivity to negative events. Only one out of twelve correlations for the amygdalae was nominally significant, which did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. PFC activation in the instructed and uninstructed regulation contrasts explained approximately 10% of the variance in NA reactivity; stronger recruitment during the attend-negative condition was correlated with lower reactivity levels. The degree to which individuals spontaneously engage frontal clusters may be a critical aspect of real-life emotional reactivity. The findings of this study provide a partial external validation of the cognitive reappraisal task, suggesting that frontal brain activation during implicit task conditions may have the strongest connection with real-life behaviors.

Despite functional brain imaging research pointing to the role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive reappraisal, the structural correlates of habitual engagement of reappraisal are unclear. Functional imaging studies of reappraisal have shown broad engagement of bilateral middle frontal cortex (MFC) and left superior frontal cortex (SFC), and specific engagement of the right SFC. However, volumetric studies have not identified clear associations between reappraisal and these regions. This discrepancy between functional and structural studies suggests that broad functional engagement associated with reappraisal might not be detectable at a structural level using highly localized volumetric measures. This study addressed the discrepant structural findings by assessing the relation between reappraisal and grey matter volume, using methods that allow both region-level broad/diffuse assessments (surface-based morphometry), and voxel-level specific/localized (voxel-based morphometry) measures. Results were consistent with diffuse positive volumetric associations with reappraisal in the right MFC and left SFC, and a localized positive volumetric association in the right SFC, thus resolving the discrepancy between functional and structural studies. This study provides novel evidence supporting the idea that functional engagement related to transient manipulations of reappraisal can be linked to structural associations related to habitual engagement of similar operations, within the same brain regions.

Reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy, includes reinterpretation and affect labeling involving verbalizing emotions. In general, reappraisal is supported by lateral prefrontal cortical regions, which are also known to underlie cognitive regulation. Other research has shown that affect labeling combined with reappraisal of negative emotions increases lateral prefrontal cortex activity more than reappraisal alone does, suggesting that affect labeling facilitates emotional regulation. However, the influence of affect labeling on the efficacy of reappraisal in reducing subjective negative emotions has not been determined. In the experiment, 35 participants (mean age = 28.2 years (SD = 9.63); 12 women and 23 men) viewed vignettes that aroused negative emotion. Then, they rated subjective negative emotions as baseline values. Following the baseline rating, the task branched into four conditions, combining affect labeling and emotion regulation factors. In the affect-labeling factor, participants selected emotional labels consistent with their own emotions or not. Regarding the emotion regulation factor, participants engaged in reappraisal to regulate their negative emotions. Throughout the experiment, the intensity of negative emotions was measured three times, mirroring the baseline measurement. Oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) signal values in prefrontal cortex regions during tasks were measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Differences between the subjective negative emotion ratings at baseline and after reappraisal indicated that reappraisal significantly reduced negative emotion with and without affect labeling (t (1173.05) = 29.97, p < 0.001), and the combination of affect labeling and reappraisal was less effective in regulating negative emotions at the subjective level than reappraisal without affect labeling (t (1172.03) = 3.15, p < 0.01). Additionally, there was an increase in OxyHb signal in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal and right ventral prefrontal cortices while participants performed reappraisal with affect labeling. Our findings suggest that affect labeling, when performed prior to cognitive reappraisal, may influence the process of negative emotion regulation in complex ways. The interaction between affect labeling and reappraisal appears to modulate prefrontal cortex activity, potentially reflecting changes in cognitive processing during emotion regulation attempts. These results highlight the need for further investigation into the intricate relationship between different emotion regulation strategies.

No abstract available

BACKGROUND Childhood trauma exposure is a risk factor for suicide. However, not all trauma exposed individuals experience suicidal urges and core factors moderate this risk pathway. Individual differences in volitional emotion regulation capacity may be one key factor that shapes the association between childhood trauma and suicide; however, few studies have comprehensively investigated these associations using both subjective and objective indicators of emotion regulation. We therefore utilized a multimodal design with 80 adults reporting active suicidal urges. METHODS Participants completed self-report forms capturing suicidogenic cognitions and severity of suicidal ideation. Volitional cognitive reappraisal was measured using self-report and prefrontal cortex activation (PFC; i.e., ventrolateral and dorsolateral) during instructed reappraisal with functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Hierarchal linear regression analyses revealed evidence of childhood trauma by PFC activation interactions on suicide risk. At low levels of vlPFC activation, but not high levels, greater childhood trauma was associated with greater suicidal ideation severity and suicide cognitions. Similarly, at low levels of dlPFC activation, but not high levels, greater childhood trauma was associated with suicide cognitions. CONCLUSION Hypoactivation of regulatory PFC regions during volitional emotion regulation may contribute to increased suicide risk amongst individuals with a history of childhood trauma.

No abstract available

No abstract available

Emotions can be understood as behavioral, physiological, and subjective individual’s alteration due to a given situation. Several times, an efficient regulation of these emotions can promote psychological and social survival. It has been demonstrated that the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) presents a relevant role in cognitive control, especially during emotion regulation strategies. However, evidence for the role of the PFC and emotional regulation comes mostly from neuroimaging experiments lacking from causal information. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to be an efficient noninvasive neuromodulation technique capable to address causal hypothesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of two regions of the PFC (Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral region) on different strategies of emotional reappraisal during the observation of negative images. 180 undergraduate students (mean age 21,75 ± 3,38) participated in this study, divided in two experiments (Dorsolateral PFC - n = 90; Ventrolateral PFC - n = 90). As not expected, DLPFC tDCS did not modulate the responses on the emotional regulation task. However, VLPFC tDCS resulted in less negative valence of negative images as well as decreased cardiac interbeat interval on earlier moments of emotional processing. These findings supports the general view about the role of the PFC on emotional regulation and, at the same time, advances the field by providing evidence that evaluation of negative stimuli is much more based on the VLPFC than on the DLPCF.

Hai-Yang Wang Bing-Wei Zhang Xue-Lin Li 1Department of Neurology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China Dear editor Following our recently published article in Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, many readers have commented that the effects of comorbid depression cannot be ruled out as a factor in our results, since anxiety disorders and major depression are heterogeneous disorders. We would like to respond to the points made. Impaired cognitive emotion regulation is commonly seen in many psychiatric disorders. A recent review concluded that individuals with depressive disorders consistently show decreased activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during cognitive reappraisal. Moreover, enhanced activity of the amygdala, which is associated with hyperactive bottom-up emotion responses during downregulation of negative emotion, is a disorder-specific deficit in the recruitment of brain regions during cognitive reappraisal in depression disorder. Our meta-analysis was intended to provide a comprehensive description of the brain mechanisms underlying cognitive reappraisal deficits in anxiety disorder. We concluded that patients with anxiety disorder could not recruit the frontoparietal network, including dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), parietal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area, to down-regulate their emotion responses. Notably, we did not find that abnormalities of vlPFC, dlPFC or amygdala activity were involved in anxiety disorder, which suggests that the cognitiveappraisal-related impairments in emotion regulation that occur in anxiety disorders and major depression have different neural correlates. There are several explanations for our negative findings. First, although we included some patients with anxiety disorder accompanied by depression, they were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis as anxiety disorder was the primary diagnosis. Second, although some studies reported that patients with anxiety disorder showed diminished vlPFC and dlPFC activity during downregulation of negative emotion, the results are mixed. Our comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to provide a robust description of the neurobiological underpinnings of anxiety. Third, although patients with major depression consistently show enhanced amygdala activity during cognitive reappraisal, none of the eight studies included in the meta-analysis reported enhanced amygdala during cognitive reappraisal in anxiety disorders. Correspondence: Xue-Lin Li Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, No. 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, Shandong Province 272011, People’s Republic of China Email lixuelin0828@163.com Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research

No abstract available

Placebo pills can reduce emotional distress even when recipients have been informed about the inert nature of the treatment. However, before such open-label placebos (OLPs) can be recommended for general clinical use, their efficacy and acceptability need to be further investigated and compared with established methods for emotion regulation, such as cognitive reappraisal (CR). The current study with functional magnetic resonance imaging compared the effects of an OLP pill with CR for reducing a specific form of emotional distress: disgust. Participants (150 healthy females) were randomly allocated to one of three groups, all of which were exposed to disgusting and neutral images (OLP, CR, PV: passive viewing). It was tested whether the three groups would differ in brain activity and reported disgust. Ratings for the perceived efficacy and plausibility of treatment were also compared between OLP and CR. Both OLP and CR increased the activity in a cognitive control region, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Relative to PV and OLP, CR reduced activity in the putamen and pallidum. These regions play an important role in decoding disgust signals from different modalities. Self-reports indicated that CR was perceived as a more effective and plausible intervention strategy than OLP. In conclusion, CR was a superior method for disgust regulation compared to OLP, both on the subjective as well as the neurobiological level. Future OLP studies are needed to test whether the observed effects generalize to other forms of emotional distress.

Abstract The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) are both crucial regions involved in voluntary emotion regulation. However, it remains unclear whether the two regions show functional specificity for reappraisal and distraction. This study employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore, in a real social interactive scenario, whether different lateral prefrontal regions play relatively specific roles in downregulating social pain via reappraisal and distraction. Participants initially took part in a social interactive game, followed by receiving either active (the DLPFC- or VLPFC-activated group, n = 100 per group) or control (the vertex-activated group, n = 100) TMS session. They were then instructed to use both distraction and reappraisal strategies to downregulate any negative emotions evoked by the social evaluation given by their peers who interacted with them previously. Results demonstrated that the TMS-activated DLPFC has a greater beneficial effect during distraction, whereas the activated VLPFC has a greater beneficial effect during reappraisal. This result investigated the direct experience of social pain and extended previous findings on empathy-related responses to affective pictures while also controlling for confounding factors such as empathic concern. Therefore, we are now confident in the double dissociation proposal of the DLPFC and VLPFC in distraction and reappraisal.

The right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) is highly engaged in emotion regulation of social pain. However, there is still lack of both inhibition and excitement evidence to prove the causal relationship between this brain region and voluntary emotion regulation. This study used high‐frequency (10 Hz) and low‐frequency (1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to separately activate or inhibit the rVLPFC in two groups of participants. We recorded participants' emotion ratings as well as their social attitude and prosocial behaviors following emotion regulation. Also, we used eye tracker to record the changes of pupil diameter to measure emotional feelings objectively. A total of 108 healthy participants were randomly assigned to the activated, inhibitory or sham rTMS groups. They were required to accomplish three sequential tasks: the emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) task, the favorability rating task, and the donation task. Results show that the rVLPFC‐inhibitory group reported more negative emotions and showed larger pupil diameter while the rVLPFC‐activated group showed less negative emotions and reduced pupil diameter during emotion regulation (both compared with the sham rTMS group). In addition, the activated group gave more positive social evaluation to peers and donated more money to a public welfare activity than the rVLPFC‐inhibitory group, among which the change of social attitude was mediated by regulated emotion. Taken together, these findings reveal that the rVLPFC plays a causal role in voluntary emotion regulation of social pain and can be a potential brain target in treating deficits of emotion regulation in psychiatric disorders.

No abstract available

Affective disorders are associated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. In particular, the left more than the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) may insufficiently regulate emotion processing, e.g., in the amygdala. A double-blind cross-over study investigated NF-supported cognitive reappraisal training in major depression (n = 42) and age- and gender-matched controls (n = 39). In a randomized order, participants trained to upregulate either the left or the right vlPFC during cognitive reappraisal of negative images on two separate days. We wanted to confirm regional specific NF effects with improved learning for left compared to right vlPFC (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03183947). Brain responses and connectivity were studied with respect to training progress, gender, and clinical outcomes in a 4-week follow-up. Increase of vlPFC activity was stronger after NF training from the left- than the right-hemispheric ROI. This regional-specific NF effect during cognitive reappraisal was present across patients with depression and controls and supports a central role of the left vlPFC for cognitive reappraisal. Further, the activity in the left target region was associated with increased use of cognitive reappraisal strategies (r = 0.48). In the 4-week follow-up, 75% of patients with depression reported a successful application of learned strategies in everyday life and 55% a clinically meaningful symptom improvement suggesting clinical usability.

Cognitive reappraisal is a form of emotion regulation that involves reinterpreting the meaning of a stimulus, often to downregulate one’s negative affect. Reappraisal typically recruits distributed regions of prefrontal and parietal cortex to generate new appraisals and downregulate the emotional response in the amygdala. In the current study, we compared reappraisal ability in an fMRI task with affective flexibility in a sample of children and adolescents (ages 6–17, N = 76). Affective flexibility was defined as variability in valence interpretations of ambiguous (surprised) facial expressions from a second behavioral task. Results demonstrated that age and affective flexibility predicted reappraisal ability, with an interaction indicating that flexibility in children (but not adolescents) supports reappraisal success. Using a region of interest-based analysis of participants’ BOLD time courses, we also found dissociable reappraisal-related brain mechanisms that support reappraisal success and affective flexibility. Specifically, late increases in middle prefrontal cortex activity supported reappraisal success and late decreases in amygdala activity supported flexibility. Together, these results suggest that our novel measure of affective flexibility – the ability to see multiple interpretations of an ambiguous emotional cue – may represent part of the developmental building blocks of cognitive reappraisal ability.

Abstract Background One common denominator to the clinical phenotypes of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is emotion regulation impairment. Although these two conditions have been extensively studied separately, it remains unclear whether their emotion regulation impairments are underpinned by shared or distinct neurobiological alterations. Methods We contrasted the neural correlates of negative emotion regulation across an adult sample of BPD patients (n = 19), MDD patients (n = 20), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 19). Emotion regulation was assessed using an established functional magnetic resonance imaging cognitive reappraisal paradigm. We assessed both task-related activations and modulations of interregional connectivity. Results When compared to HCs, patients with BPD and MDD displayed homologous decreased activation in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) during cognitive reappraisal. In addition, the MDD group presented decreased activations in other prefrontal areas (i.e., left dorsolateral and bilateral orbitofrontal cortices), while the BPD group was characterized by a more extended pattern of alteration in the connectivity between the vlPFC and cortices of the visual ventral stream during reappraisal. Conclusions This study identified, for the first time, a shared neurobiological contributor to emotion regulation deficits in MDD and BPD characterized by decreased vlPFC activity, although we also observed disorder-specific alterations. In MDD, results suggest a primary deficit in the strength of prefrontal activations, while BPD is better defined by connectivity disruptions between the vlPFC and temporal emotion processing regions. These findings substantiate, in neurobiological terms, the different profiles of emotion regulation alterations observed in these disorders.

Despite findings showing that acute exercise may help enhance emotion regulation, the neurophysiological mechanisms of these effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined whether acute exercise influences cognitive emotion regulation, and, in particular, an implicit cognitive reappraisal. Twenty sedentary young women were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 10) or an exercise group (n = 10). Participants underwent an implicit cognitive reappraisal task twice, before and after the 30-min acute exercise or control, alongside functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings (NIRS). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and left orbital frontal cortex (OFC) were activated during implicit cognitive reappraisal at baseline, but only the left dlPFC activation was linked with behavioral performance. Acute exercise enhanced the activation of these regions, reflective of the partial neural bases of implicit cognitive reappraisal, in the left dlPFC and left OFC, but did not alter the behavioral performance. Results also showed that acute exercise moderated the positive effect of left dlPFC activation on implicit cognitive reappraisal performance; specifically, this effect was stronger in the exercise group. In conclusion, the enhanced activation of the left dlPFC by acute exercise and the increased link between behavioral performance and its neural indices may point to acute exercise as a promoter of implicit cognitive reappraisal.

Background Panic disorder (PD) is thought to be related with deficits in emotion regulation, especially in cognitive reappraisal. According to the cognitive model, PD patients’ intrinsic and unconscious misappraisal strategies are the cause of panic attacks. However, no studies have yet been performed to explore the underlying neuromechanism of cognitive reappraisal that occur on an unconscious level in PD patients. Methods Twenty-six patients with PD and 25 healthy controls (HC) performed a fully-verified event-block design emotional regulation task aimed at investigating responses of implicit cognitive reappraisal during an fMRI scan. Participants passively viewed negatively valanced pictures that were beforehand neutrally, positively, or adversely portrayed in the task. Results Whole-brain analysis of fMRI data showed that PD patients exhibited less activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) compared to HC, but presented greater activation in parietal cortex when negative pictures were preceded by positive/neutral vs negative descriptions. Simultaneously, interactive effects of Group × Condition were observed in the right amygdala across both groups. Furthermore, activation in dlPFC and dmPFC was is negatively correlated to severity of anxiety and panic in PD when negative images were preceded by non-negative vs negative descriptions. Conclusions Emotional dysregulation in PD is likely the result of deficient activation in dlPFC and dmPFC during implicit cognitive reappraisal, in line with impaired automatic top-down regulation. Correlations between severity of anxiety and panic attack and activation of right dlPFC and dmPFC suggest that the failure to engage prefrontal region during implicit cognitive reappraisal might be associated wtih the severity of anxiety and panic; such functional patterns might be the target of possible treatments.

Abstract Neural bases of cognitive reappraisal may depend on the direction of regulation (up- or downregulation) and stimulus valence (positive or negative). This study aimed to examine this using a cognitive reappraisal task and conjunction analysis on a relatively large sample of 83 individuals. We identified regions in which activations were common for all these types of emotion regulation. We also investigated differences in brain activation between the ‘decrease’ and ‘increase’ emotional response conditions, and between the regulation of negative and positive emotions. The common activation across conditions involved mainly the prefrontal and temporal regions. Decreasing emotions was associated with stronger involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while increasing with activation of the amygdala and hippocampus. Regulation of negative emotions involved stronger activation of the lateral occipital cortex, while regulation of positive emotions involved stronger activation of the anterior cingulate cortex extending to the medial prefrontal cortex. This study adds to previous findings, not only by doing a conjunction analysis on both emotional valences and regulation goals, but also doing this in a bigger sample size. Results suggest that reappraisal is not a uniform process and may have different neural bases depending on regulation goals and stimulus valence.

Highlights • We found neurofeedback-specific attenuation of amygdala responses.• Trauma symptoms and the affective state improved in patients at one-month follow-up.• Reduced amygdala responses were associated with improved well-being at follow-up.• 75% of individuals with PTSD used the learned strategies in daily life.• Left lateral prefrontal cortex responses were reduced during neurofeedback training.

The cognitive reappraisal of emotion is hypothesized to involve frontal regions modulating the activity of subcortical regions such as the amygdala. However, the pathways by which structurally disparate frontal regions interact with the amygdala remains unclear. In this study, 104 healthy young people completed a cognitive reappraisal task. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was used to map functional interactions within a frontoamygdalar network engaged during emotion regulation. Five regions were identified to form the network: the amygdala, the presupplementary motor area (preSMA), the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Bayesian Model Selection was used to compare 256 candidate models, with our winning model featuring modulations of vmPFC-to-amygdala and amygdala-to-preSMA pathways during reappraisal. Moreover, the strength of amygdala-to-preSMA modulation was associated with the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal. Our findings support the vmPFC serving as the primary conduit through which prefrontal regions directly modulate amygdala activity, with amygdala-to-preSMA connectivity potentially acting to shape ongoing affective motor responses. We propose that these two frontoamygdalar pathways constitute a recursive feedback loop, which computes the effectiveness of emotion-regulatory actions and drives model-based behavior.

No abstract available

Reward-seeking and relief from negative emotions are two central motivational drives underlying addictions. Impaired executive control over craving and negative emotions contributes to compulsive addictive behaviors. Neuroimaging evidence has implicated the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in regulating craving or emotions. This study aims at examining whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over a specific region of the PFC would enhance both regulation processes. Thirty-three men with internet gaming disorder received active (1.5 mA for 20 minutes) and sham tDCS over the right dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) one week apart in a randomized order. During each stimulation session, participants regulated craving for gaming during a regulation of craving (ROC) task and negative emotions during an emotion regulation (ER) task using cognitive reappraisal. Subjective ratings of craving and negative emotions and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded. For both craving and negative emotions, tDCS of the right dlPFC facilitated downregulation and upregulation: active relative to sham tDCS decreased ratings (ROC: 95% CI of difference -1.38 to -0.56, p < 0.001; ER: -1.65 to -0.70, p < 0.001) and/or SCRs (ROC: -1.99 to -0.41 μs, p = 0.004) for downregulation, and increased ratings (ROC: 0.24 to 0.82, p = 0.001; ER: 0.26 to 0.72, p < 0.001) for upregulation. These findings provide the first experimental evidence confirming that tDCS of the right dlPFC enhances both craving- and negative-emotion-regulation. This suggests a promising approach for concurrently enhancing executive control over two central motivational drives underlying addictions.

No abstract available

No abstract available

Research into cognitive emotion regulation (ER) extends our understanding of human cognition, which is capable of processing objective information and is crucial in maintaining subjective/internal homeostasis. Among various ER strategies, the alleviation of negative emotion via reappraisal is of particular importance for adaptation and psychological well-being. Although still debated, previous neuroimaging studies tend to infer that the reappraisal ER is mediated by the capability of working memory (WM), which has not been examined empirically. This meta-analytical study of published neuroimaging literature used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to compare the neural circuits that regulate negative emotion (reappraisal tasks; 46 studies/1254 subjects) and execute WM (2-back tasks; 50 studies/1312 subjects), with special emphasis on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Taking the canonical WM network as a reference, ALE results revealed that the dorsal midline PFC was partly shared by both ER and WM, whereas ER-specific PFC structures were delineated in the inferior, middle, and superior frontal cortices, as well as in the posterior brain regions. The peak coordinates of ER in the middle frontal cortex were dorsal to those of WM by 15.1 mm (left) and 21.6 mm (right). The results support specialized emotion-related neural substrates in the PFC, negating the assumption that reappraisal ER and WM rely on the same neural resources. The holistic picture of "emotional brain" may need to incorporate the emotion-related PFC circuit, together with subcortical and limbic emotion centers.

Previous studies have reported the failure of cognitive emotion regulation (CER), especially in regulating unpleasant emotions under stress. The underlying reason for this failure was the application of CER depends heavily on the executive function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but this function can be impaired by stress-related neuroendocrine hormones. This observation highlights the necessity of developing self-regulatory strategies that require less top-down cognitive control. Based on traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine, which examine how different types of emotions promote or counteract one another, we have developed a novel emotion regulation strategy whereby one emotion is used to alter another. For example, our previous experiment showed that sadness induction (after watching a sad film) could reduce aggressive behavior associated with anger [i.e., “sadness counteracts anger” (SCA)] (Zhan et al., 2015). Relative to the CER strategy requiring someone to think about certain cognitive reappraisals to reinterpret the meaning of an unpleasant situation, watching a film or listening to music and experiencing the emotion contained therein seemingly requires less cognitive effort and control; therefore, this SCA strategy may be an alternative strategy that compensates for the limitations of cognitive regulation strategies, especially in stressful situations. The present study was designed to directly compare the effects of the CER and SCA strategy in regulating anger and anger-related aggression in stressful and non-stressful conditions. Participants’ subjective feeling of anger, anger-related aggressive behavior, skin conductance, and salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels were measured. Our findings revealed that acute stress impaired one’s ability to use CR to control angry responses provoked by others, whereas stress did not influence the efficiency of the SCA strategy. Compared with sadness or neutral emotion induction, CER induction was found to reduce the level of subjective anger more, but this difference only existed in non-stressful conditions. By contrast, irrespective of stress, the levels of aggressive behavior and related skin conductance after sadness induction were both significantly lower than those after CER induction or neutral emotion induction, thus suggesting the immunity of the regulatory effect of SCA strategy to the stress factor.

Childhood maltreatment, a significant distal risk factor for individual development, is potentially linked to maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (MCERS) and increased internalizing problems (i.e., depression and anxiety). Prior research has widely identified that MCERS mediate the link between childhood maltreatment and internalizing problems. However, this result overlooks the potential bidirectional relationship between MCERS and internalizing problems. In this study, we aim to explore whether childhood maltreatment longitudinally linked to internalizing problems through the mediating role of MCERS, or, conversely, was related to subsequent MCERS through internalizing problems. Gender differences in the associations between these variables were also examined. Participants were 892 adolescents from a longitudinal design with two waves (487 females, 405 males; Mage = 15.36, SDage = 1.43). Our results indicated that childhood maltreatment was longitudinally related to MCERS and internalizing problems. T1 MCERS mediated the relationship between T1 child maltreatment and T2 internalizing problems, while T1 internalizing problems also played a mediating role between T1 child maltreatment and T2 MCERS. These findings were also equivalent across genders. Taken together, childhood maltreatment was longitudinally associated with internalizing problems through MCERS, and also related to subsequent MCERS through internalizing problems.

No abstract available

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a significant mental health burden on the global population. Studies during the pandemic have shown that risk factors such as intolerance of uncertainty and maladaptive emotion regulation are associated with increased psychopathology. Meanwhile, protective factors such as cognitive control and cognitive flexibility have been shown to protect mental health during the pandemic. However, the potential pathways through which these risk and protective factors function to impact mental health during the pandemic remain unclear. In the present multi-wave study, 304 individuals (18 years or older, 191 Males), residing in the USA during data collection, completed weekly online assessments of validated questionnaires across a period of five weeks (27th March 2020–1st May 2020). Mediation analyses revealed that longitudinal changes in emotion regulation difficulties mediated the effect of increases in intolerance of uncertainty on increases in stress, depression, and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, individual differences in cognitive control and flexibility moderated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation difficulties. While intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation difficulties emerged as risk factors for mental health, cognitive control and flexibility seems to protect against the negative effects of the pandemic and promote stress resilience. Interventions aimed at enhancing cognitive control and flexibility might promote the protection of mental health in similar global crises in the future.

BACKGROUND Suicide is a major cause of death among adolescents, with suicidal ideation (SI) being a common symptom in this group. SI arises from a complex mix of biological, environmental, and psychological factors, however, the specific relationships between them is not yet fully understood. Network theory has been proposed as a promising framework to analyze these relationships, with latent network models (LNM) offering a novel approach to capture their complex underlying dynamics. METHODS We examined a SI-based LNM in a sample of 1539 students from secondary public schools (M = 15.336; SD = 1.022; female = 52.39 %). The model included depressive and anxiety symptoms, feelings of hopelessness, emotion regulation strategies, and cognitive-behavioral and problem-solving skills. Strength and expected influence indices were calculated for each variable. RESULTS Hopelessness and depressive symptoms showed the highest strength and expected influence values within the model, respectively. Our findings suggest that hopelessness might play a crucial mediating role linking common mental disorders and emotion regulation strategies with SI in adolescents. Expressive suppression had a direct and negative association with SI, showing its underlying regulatory role when other factors are controlled. Cognitive-behavioral and problem-solving skills showed weak links with SI. CONCLUSIONS Primary care- and school-based interventions should center on hopelessness as a relevant direct predictor for SI, and potential mediator in the course of SI. A combination of research and intervention efforts directed at reducing hopelessness in youths may prove to be essential for reducing suicide-related behaviors altogether.

Abstract Within the strategy-based approach, research has extensively explored cognitive emotion regulation strategies and their association with psychopathology. The present study aims to focus on behavioral strategies by adapting the Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ). Additionally, to explore the interplay between multiple types of strategies and their interaction with psychopathology, we assessed the links between both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive and behavioral strategies with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, utilizing a network perspective. Using a sample of 518 native Spanish speakers, the results corroborated the factor structure of both the BERQ-SP and the reduced version, demonstrating comparable reliability and validity. In terms of associations with psychopathology, maladaptive strategies exhibited stronger links with symptoms, particularly cognitive ones, which appeared more closely connected to the symptoms within the network. Considering bridge centrality, adaptive strategies such as actively approaching and seeking distraction, and maladaptive strategies such as self-blame and rumination, exhibited a central role in the network, connecting different types of strategies and symptoms. Notably, rumination and seeking distraction showed positive links with both adaptive and maladaptive strategies. These findings highlight the complexity of the interactions between strategies and symptoms, suggesting the need to consider these connections in the context of therapeutic interventions.

No abstract available

Parental mental health is associated with children’s emotion regulation (ER) and risk for psychopathology. The relationship between parental psychopathology and children’s functional ER networks and whether connectivity patterns mediate the relationship between parent and youth psychopathology remains unexplored. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 4202, mean age = 10.0) and a multilevel approach, we analyzed the relationship between self-reported parental psychopathology and their offsprings’ connectivity of four ER networks, as well as associations with self-reported youth psychopathology at a 3-year follow-up. Parental internalizing and total problems were associated with 1) higher connectivity between a subcortical-cortical integrative and ventrolateral prefrontal cortical (PFC) network, 2) lower connectivity between dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC networks involved in cognitive aspects of ER, and 3) lower connectivity within a subcortical ER network (β = −0.05–0.04). Parental externalizing and total problems were associated with lower connectivity within the integrative network (βext = −0.05; βtot = −0.04). Mediation analyses yielded direct effects of parental to youth psychopathology, but no mediation effect of ER network connectivity. Overall, our results show that ER network connectivity in youth is related to parental psychopathology, yet do not explain intergenerational transmission of psychopathology.

Abstract The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (ERQ-S) is a brief 6-item self-report measure of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. It is a short form of the most widely used emotion regulation measure in the field, but currently there are limited data on the performance of the ERQ-S. The aim of this study was to introduce a Polish version of the ERQ-S, examine its psychometric properties and provide Polish norms to aid score interpretation. Our sample was 574 Polish-speaking adults aged 18–69 from the general community in Poland. We examined the ERQ-S’s factor structure and measurement invariance with confirmatory factor analysis. We assessed the concurrent validity of the questionnaire via relationships with psychopathology symptoms and well-being. As expected, the Polish version of the ERQ-S demonstrated strong factorial validity with a theoretically congruent 2-factor structure (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression factors), which was invariant across gender, age and education categories. The ERQ-S’s concurrent validity and internal consistency reliability were good. As expected, cognitive reappraisal was significantly associated with lower psychopathology symptoms and higher well-being, whereas the opposite pattern was present for expressive suppression. Overall, the Polish version of the ERQ-S has strong psychometric properties and good clinical relevance.

Adolescence poses significant challenges for emotion regulation (ER) and is thus a critical phase in the emergence of various mental disorders, specifically internalising disorders such as anxiety and depression. Affective control, defined as the application of cognitive control in affective contexts, is crucial for effective ER. However, the relationship between ER and affective control is unclear. This study examined the predictive role of ER strategies and difficulties in affective control, measured as the congruency effect and error rate on an Emotional Stroop task (EST), in a sample of adolescents and young adults (aged 14–21, M = 17.28, 22% male). It was hypothesised that participants with internalising disorders would show higher congruency effects and error rates on the EST than healthy controls after a psychosocial stress induction, indicating lower affective control. Surprisingly, our findings revealed no significant differences in these measures between the groups. However, higher depression scores were associated with increased EST errors. While ER strategies and difficulties did not predict affective control, exploratory analyses unveiled associations between depression scores and ER strategy repertoire, perceived ER success and the ER strategy Acceptance. These findings underscore the importance of implicit ER facets, particularly perceived ER success and flexibility to change between applied strategies for adolescents and young adults with elevated depressive symptoms.

Background: Emotion regulation skills form part of many interventions for youth with internalizing and externalizing difficulties. This pilot study examines a prevention program delivered at school to improve adolescents’ emotion regulation skills, focusing on those at risk for mental health problems. Methods: Adolescents 12–18 years old were referred to a six-session group program by their school counselors, based on inclusion criteria related to family sociodemographic and mental health characteristics. Group sessions took place during school hours to facilitate participation and reduce dropout. The intervention targeted emotion regulation skills, drawing from central components of different cognitive behavioral approaches. To assess clinical outcomes, participants answered questionnaires before and after the program, which covered emotion regulation strategies, addictive behaviors, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The acceptability of the program was also assessed. Results: Emotion regulation skills improved after the program, and there was a significant reduction in internalizing and externalizing problems. The program was evaluated as useful by participants. Counsellors reported satisfaction with the program. Conclusions: Targeted emotion regulation skills training is a potentially useful transdiagnostic intervention to prevent mental health problems in youth. Bringing the intervention to the school setting and involving counsellors in referring at-risk students can facilitate uptake and reduce dropout.

Abstract: Background: Emotional sadness caused by the experience of the loss of a romantic relationship can lead to love trauma syndrome, which includes a set of psychopathology symptoms. The present study was also conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive emotion regulation training based on the Gross model in improving the love trauma syndrome, hoping and positive affect negative affect among female students with love trauma. Methods: The research method was experimental (pre-test and post-test with the control group). The statistical population was all the female students with love trauma at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and 34 participants (17 participants in each group) were selected by purposive sampling. Also, in order to determine the target sample from the Love Trauma Syndromes Inventory (LTSI-10), to implement the intervention of the cognitive emotion regulation program based on the Gross model, and to measure dependent variables in addition to the LTSI, Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-20) and Miller Hope Scale (MHS-48) were used. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was also used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that the assumptions (homogeneity of covariances and variances) are maintained. Also, the effect of group membership shows the significant impact of the intervention on the love trauma syndrome (p less than 0.01), negative affect (p less than 0.01), hope (p less than 0.01), and no effect on positive affect (p greater than 0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, after identifying individuals with love trauma, the intervention of cognitive emotion regulation can be done on them in a group to reduce the symptoms of psychological harms in them and also to cognitive strategies, and to equip them for problem solving or compatibility.

Earlier depression onsets are associated with more debilitating courses and poorer life quality, highlighting the importance of effective early intervention. Many youths fail to improve with evidence-based treatments for depression, likely due in part to heterogeneity within the disorder. Multi-method assessment of individual differences in positive and negative emotion processing could improve predictions of treatment outcomes. The current study examined self-report and neurophysiological measures of reward responsiveness and emotion regulation as predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Adolescents (14–18 years) with depression ( N  = 70) completed monetary reward and emotion regulation tasks while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded, and self-report measures of reward responsiveness, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms at intake. Adolescents then completed a 16-session group CBT program, with depressive symptoms and clinician-rated improvement assessed across treatment. Lower reward positivity amplitudes, reflecting reduced neural reward responsiveness, predicted lower depressive symptoms with treatment. Larger late positive potential residuals during reappraisal, potentially reflecting difficulty with emotion regulation, predicted greater clinician-rated improvement. Self-report measures were not significant predictors. Results support the clinical utility of EEG measures, with impairments in positive and negative emotion processing predicting greater change with interventions that target these processes.

Research shows that nighttime social media is negatively associated with sleep quality and that it might be utilized to cope with aversive psychological states related to cognitive pre-sleep arousal (i.e., transdiagnostic psychopathology variables, referring to maladaptive repetitive thought), namely Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). The use of nighttime social media to cope with other aversive cognitive states (i.e., worry/rumination), their relationship with FoMO, and these variables' association with sleep are not fully understood. This study explored the relationships between nighttime social media, sleep quality, FoMO, cognitive pre-sleep arousal, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (i.e., worry/rumination). The present correlational study followed a cross-sectional design. Participants were 525 university students, ranging in age from 18 to 64 (M = 22.39, SD = 5.62). Measures of sleep quality, morningness/eveningness, cognitive pre-sleep arousal, worry, rumination, FoMO, nighttime screen, and social media use were collected online or in pencil-paper format. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Nighttime social media and FoMO were associated with rumination, worry (H1) and cognitive pre-sleep arousal. Both FoMO and worry predicted higher levels of cognitive pre-sleep arousal (H2) and nighttime social media use (H3). Nighttime social media use independently predicted poor sleep quality (H4). These results suggest that worry and FoMO may potentially affect sleep quality by increasing cognitive pre-sleep arousal and nighttime social media. A possible explanation for these findings is that nighttime social media might be used as a strategy to cope with aversive cognitive states. These conclusions may contribute to improving sleep intervention in this population.

: Depression is the most common mental illness in adolescence, characterized by an inability to regulate the negative emotional response to stress. In recent years, as the number of adolescents with depression has increased, how to treat it has gradually become a widespread social concern. Cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy that can be pre-occupied and widely adaptable in psychopathology, may be a new direction to improve adolescent depressive symptoms. By studying a large body of English literature, this article provides an overview of adolescent depression and cognitive reappraisal strategies, and reviews the application and current status of cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategies to improve adolescent depression.

BACKGROUND Childhood emotional abuse (CEA) and childhood emotional neglect (CEN) are major risk factors for adult psychopathology. They may alter long-term emotion processing by reducing adaptive strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and increasing maladaptive strategies such as expressive suppression. Such regulatory changes are considered central mechanisms increasing risk for mental disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine both the direct and indirect associations between childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM)-a composite of CEA and CEN-as well as the two subdimensions separately, and the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis in adulthood. Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were tested as parallel mediating mechanisms. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Analyses were based on data from N = 2484 adults drawn from a nationally representative German population sample (data collection: October 2024 to February 2025). CEA and CEN were assessed using the corresponding subscales of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 2003). Emotion regulation was measured with the German version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003), with cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression as subscales. METHODS In the main analysis, a composite predictor for emotional maltreatment (sum of CEA and CEN scores) was created. The binary criterion variable (Y) was the self-reported presence of a current or past psychiatric diagnosis. Reappraisal and suppression were specified as parallel mediators. Covariates included age, gender, education level, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect. Statistical analyses were conducted using PROCESS v4.2 (Hayes, 2022), Model 4, with 5000 bootstrap samples. For the binary outcome, logistic regression was applied. RESULTS In the main CEM model (CEA + CEN), higher self-reported CEM was associated with an increased likelihood of having a psychiatric diagnosis (OR ≈ 1.09; p < .001), partially mediated by lower reappraisal (b = 0.0040; 95% CI [0.0013; 0.0076]); suppression was not a significant mediator. The CEN model showed a similar pattern (OR ≈ 1.06; p = .0002; indirect effect via reappraisal: b = 0.0051; 95% CI [0.0017; 0.0098]). In the CEA model, only the direct association remained significant (OR ≈ 1.15; p < .001), with no indirect effects. CONCLUSIONS CEA and CEN represent substantial risk markers for mental health problems. The present findings indicate that deficits in emotion regulation-particularly reduced cognitive reappraisal-partially mediate this risk. Differences between CEA and CEN suggest divergent underlying processes, which is important for tailoring interventions. The results highlight the central role of emotion regulation as a target for reducing the long-term mental health consequences of CEM and enhancing resilience. Although direct comparisons with physical forms of maltreatment are beyond the scope of this study, the robust and independent effects of emotional maltreatment suggest that psychological violence should be considered at least as relevant for prevention and clinical care as physical abuse.

Abstract Cognitive strategies that adolescents use to cope with negative emotions might show distinct profiles of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, which could be differentially associated with depressive symptoms. In total, 411 Dutch adolescents who had experienced at least one stressful life event that required some coping strategy participated in this study, including 334 nonclinical and 77 clinically depressed adolescents (12–21 years). A person-centered approach with Latent Profile Analysis was used to identify underlying profiles of cognitive emotion regulation based on the adolescents’ reports of their use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies when they were confronted with stressful life events. Nine different strategies, five adaptive and four maladaptive, were used as indicators. Four profiles with distinct features were found in the nonclinical sample, as well as in the combined sample of nonclinical and clinically depressed adolescents: Low Regulators, High Regulators, Maladaptive Regulators, and Adaptive Regulators. In both samples, the High Regulators profile was most commonly used, followed by the Adaptive, Maladaptive, and Low Regulators profile. Maladaptive Regulators endorsed higher levels of depressive symptoms relative to Low, High, and Adaptive Regulators. The findings underscore the utility of using a person-centered approach in order to identify patterns of cognitive emotion regulation deficits in psychopathology.

Contemporary cognitive models of depression propose that cognitive biases for negative information at the level of attention (attention biases; AB) and interpretation (interpretation biases; IB) increase depression risk by promoting maladaptive emotion regulation (ER). So far, empirical support testing interactions between these variables is restricted to non-clinical and clinical adult samples. The aim of the current study was to extend these findings to a sample of children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 109 children aged 9–14 years who completed behavioural measures of AB (passive-viewing task) and IB (scrambled sentences task) as well as self-report measures of ER and depressive symptoms. In order to maximize the variance in these outcomes we included participants with a clinical diagnosis of depression as well as non-depressed youth with an elevated familial risk of depression and non-depressed youth with a low familial risk of depression. Path model analysis indicated that all variables (AB, IB, adaptive and maladaptive ER) had a direct effect on depressive symptoms. IB and AB also had significant indirect effects on depressive symptoms via maladaptive and adaptive ER. These findings provide initial support for the role of ER as a mediator between cognitive biases and depressive symptoms and provide the foundations for future experimental and longitudinal studies. In contrast to studies in adult samples, both adaptive as well as maladaptive ER mediated the effect of cognitive biases on depressive symptoms. This suggests potentially developmental differences in the role of ER across the lifespan.

Explanatory theoretical models have proposed an association between problematic online gaming and abilities or strategies in alleviating distress or negative emotions in times of stress as proximal non-gaming-related personality factors. However, there is little research that has targeted how emotion regulation relates to problematic online gaming—especially during adolescence when gaming behavior is most prevalent. In emotion regulation research, there has been a particular emphasis on rumination because it is strongly associated with overall psychopathology. However, it is unknown whether this putatively maladaptive strategy relates to problematic online gaming and whether it is a gender-dependent association. Consequently, the present study examined how emotion regulation strategies, and particularly rumination, related to problem gaming and tested whether gender moderated this relationship in adolescents. In a national representative adolescent sample, 46.9% of the participants (N = 1,646) reported online gaming in the past 12 months and provided information on problematic gaming, and it was these data that were used for further analysis. Their data concerning problematic online gaming and emotion regulation strategies were analyzed, including rumination along with other putatively maladaptive (e.g., catastrophizing) and adaptive (e.g., positive reappraisal) strategies, while controlling for age, gender, and game genre preference. Results of linear regression analyses showed that all the putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (including self-blame, other blame, catastrophizing, and rumination) were positively related to problematic online gaming. Positive reappraisal proved to be a protective factor; it was inversely related to problematic online gaming. In addition, the relationship between rumination and online gaming was moderated by gender (i.e., the relationship was stronger among boys). Based on the results, it is argued that emotion regulation is a useful framework to study problematic online gaming. The present study highlighted that the relative predictive value of rumination for problematic online gaming varied for boys and girls, suggesting that trait rumination might be a gender-specific vulnerability factor for problematic online gaming, but this requires further investigation and replication.

Knowing the processes of emotion regulation that children use to respond to stressful situations is essential to analyze the development of psychopathology. The objectives of this research were to study the use of nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) in depressed children, compared to non-depressed children, and to analyze their possible mediating effects on the relationship between childhood depression and several areas related to child psychological adjustment. The sample comprised 336 children (46.7% girls) aged 8 - 12 years. Participants completed measures on depression symptoms (CDI), psychological strengths and difficulties (SDQ), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERQ-Sk). Correlations and multiple regression analyses were conducted to test whether CERS, and child gender and age predicted child depression. Mediation analyses were run to identify the CERS that mediate the relationship between depression and daily psychological adjustment. On multiple regression, children who score higher in self-blame (β =.18, p < .01), catastrophizing (β =.24, p < .001), other-blame (β =.14, p ≤ .01), but lower in positive reappraisal (β = -.15, p ≤ .01), and females (β = .10, p < .05) were more likely to present higher scores in depression. The maladaptive CERS "other-blame" mediated a positive relationship between depression and conduct problems, and between depression and peer problems. Other-blame mediated a negative relationship between depression and prosocial behavior. In conclusion, this research provides evidence of which specific CERS mediate the emergence of psychopathology in vulnerable children, and provides clues for the proper orientation of psychological interventions in childhood.

Abstract Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased risk for most forms of psychopathology. We examine emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking maltreatment with general psychopathology. A sample of 262 children and adolescents participated; 162 (61.8%) experienced abuse or exposure to domestic violence. We assessed four emotion regulation processes (cognitive reappraisal, attention bias to threat, expressive suppression, and rumination) and emotional reactivity. Psychopathology symptoms were assessed concurrently and at a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. A general psychopathology factor (p factor), representing co-occurrence of psychopathology symptoms across multiple internalizing and externalizing domains, was estimated using confirmatory factor analysis. Maltreatment was associated with heightened emotional reactivity and greater use of expressive suppression and rumination. The association of maltreatment with attention bias varied across development, with maltreated children exhibiting a bias toward threat and adolescents a bias away from threat. Greater emotional reactivity and engagement in rumination mediated the longitudinal association between maltreatment and increased general psychopathology over time. Emotion dysregulation following childhood maltreatment occurs at multiple stages of the emotion generation process, in some cases varies across development, and serves as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with general psychopathology.

Background/Objectives: The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a 10-item self-report measure of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES). This study aimed to (1) examine the latent structure of the Polish version of the ERQ, and (2) use it to explore different profiles of emotion regulation strategy use and their links with mental health outcomes. Methods: Our sample was 1197 Polish-speaking adults from the general community in Poland. Results: A factor analysis showed that the ERQ had strong factorial validity, with an intended two-factor structure (CR and ES factors) that was invariant across gender, age, and education categories, as well as across different levels of psychopathology symptoms and alexithymia. Our latent profile analysis extracted four emotion regulation profiles (subtypes): a Mainly Reappraisal profile (high CR, low ES), a Mainly Suppression profile (low CR with high ES), a Generally Low Regulation profile (low CR, low ES), and a Generally High Regulation profile (high CR, high ES). People with the Mainly Reappraisal profile had the best mental health outcomes, whereas people with the Mainly Suppression profile had the poorest mental health outcomes. Conclusions: Conceptually, these findings support the process model of emotion regulation, illustrating the differential affective outcomes of various emotion regulation strategies. Our results highlight the importance of considering individual differences in strategy use patterns, including combinations of strategies within an emotion regulation profile. The Polish version of the ERQ appears to be a robust measure of these key emotion regulation processes across a variety of demographic groups. To facilitate its use, including score interpretations in clinical practice, we present Polish percentile rank norms for the ERQ.

No abstract available

Child maltreatment has been linked to numerous psychopathology outcomes throughout life, with emotion regulation proposed as a transdiagnostic mechanism. However, it remains relatively unknown how childhood abuse and neglect may differentially predict the development of emotion regulation during later years vulnerable to psychopathology. We examined the impact of early abuse and neglect experiences on the developmental trajectories of emotion regulation throughout adolescence and into young adulthood. The sample consisted of 167 adolescents who completed questionnaires assessing emotion regulation difficulties and emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) approximately annually across six time points, from ages 14 to 20 (2014-2021). Information on maltreatment experienced from ages 1 to 13 was collected at 18-19 years. Conditional growth curve models examining the effects of both abuse and neglect from ages 1 to 13 on the initial levels and growth rates of emotion regulation difficulties and strategies from ages 14 to 20. Abuse predicted developmental changes in emotion regulation difficulties, such that greater childhood abuse was associated with larger increases in emotion regulation difficulties from ages 14 to 20. Neglect predicted the initial levels of emotion regulation difficulties such that greater childhood neglect was associated with greater difficulties in emotion regulation at age 14. The findings suggest developmental consequences of childhood abuse and neglect evidenced by impaired development of emotion regulation abilities throughout adolescence and into young adulthood, whereas emotion regulation strategy is relatively unaffected by childhood abuse and neglect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Childhood trauma constitutes a significant risk factor for adolescent anxiety, with emotion regulation playing a critical role. This large-scale longitudinal study (N = 2461 at baseline, with external validation) examined differential relationships between childhood trauma subtypes and adolescent anxiety, focusing on the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Integrating machine learning with traditional mediation analysis, we not only identified emotional abuse as the strongest predictor of adolescent anxiety relative to other trauma subtypes, but also detected and systematically validated both cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression as significant partial mediators in the emotional abuse-anxiety pathway, with these mediating effects being temporally stable and externally valid. These findings advance theoretical frameworks for trauma-related psychopathology and offer empirical support for interventions targeting emotion regulation in trauma-exposed adolescents.

Emotion regulation (ER) has been incorporated into many models of psychopathology, but it has not been examined directly in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/A). In this study, a preliminary model of ER in CBT for PD/A is proposed based on existing theories, and several propositions of the model are tested. We hypothesized that increases in cognitive reappraisal would precede decreases in biased cognitions, decreases in expressive suppression would follow decreases in biased cognitions, and a reduction in symptom severity would follow decreases in expressive suppression. Twenty-nine patients who received CBT for PD/A completed weekly self-report measures of symptom severity, anxiety sensitivity, reappraisal and expressive suppression. In addition, patients were compared to a matched normal sample. Cross-lagged analyses partially supported the hypotheses. Reappraisal did not change until late stages of therapy and was generally not associated with treatment outcome. Suppression decreased significantly and exhibited a reciprocal relationship with biased cognitions. Symptom reduction followed decreases in suppression as hypothesized. However, patients did not differ in ER from matched controls at either pre- or posttreatment. Results suggest the important distinction between reappraisal and appraisal, and stress the role of session-by-session decreases in suppression as a predictor of symptom reduction.

Background Adolescence is a period that coincides with a peak in both the onset of psychopathology and a sensitive period for neural development. One transdiagnostic characteristic of psychopathology is impaired emotion regulation (ER), a process with both implicit (automatic) and explicit (voluntary) underpinnings. The current study aims to better understand the normative neurodevelopment of these two components of ER in adolescents. Methods 139 youth (aged 10–20 years) completed ER assessment during fMRI at baseline and one-year follow-up. Implicit and explicit ER were examined using an emotional N-Back and a cognitive reappraisal task, respectively. Linear-mixed effects modeling was used to identify regions of the frontal cortex (Schaefer atlas) and the amygdala and hippocampus (Tian atlas) whose activity was predicted by ER- and age-related variables, covaried for sex, childhood adversity, and psychopathology symptoms. Results Regions that displayed change across age were localized to the salience/ventral attention network in the right hemisphere. For implicit ER, mid-insula activity showed changes during early adolescence (∼10 years old), such that activity to negative stimuli increased during this time before plateauing. For explicit ER, the posterior insula, Rolandic Operculum, and paracentral lobule showed linear decreases in activity across the entire age range, where the decrease occurred at a faster rate in response to neutral relative to negative stimuli. Conclusions Functional changes in frontal circuits related to emotional attention may encode the development of ER during neurodevelopment. Maturation of these circuits seem to reach completion by mid-adolescence for implicit ER, but explicit ER continues developing across adolescence.

Children of depressed parents are at heightened risk for developing depression, yet relatively little is known about the specific mechanisms responsible. Since preventive interventions for this risk group show small effects which diminish overtime, it is crucial to uncover the key risk factors for depression. This study compared various potential mechanisms in children of depressed (high-risk; n = 74) versus non-depressed (low-risk; n = 37) parents and explored mediators of parental depression and risk in offspring. A German sample of N = 111 boys and girls aged 8 to 17 years were compared regarding children’s (i) symptoms of depression and general psychopathology, (ii) emotion regulation strategies, (iii) attributional style, (iv) perceived parenting style and (v) life events. Children in the high-risk group showed significantly more symptoms of depression and general psychopathology, less adaptive emotion regulation strategies, fewer positive life events and fewer positive parenting strategies in comparison with the low-risk group. Group differences in positive and negative attributional style were small and not statistically significant in a MANOVA test. Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and negative life events were identified as partial mediators of the association between parental depression and children’s risk of depression. The study highlights the elevated risk of depression in children of depressed parents and provides empirical support for existing models of the mechanisms underlying transmission. Interestingly, the high-risk group was characterised by a lack of protective rather than increased vulnerability factors. These results are crucial for developing more effective preventive interventions for this high-risk population.

Internalizing psychopathology, including depression and anxiety, has been associated with sleep-wake problems among youth. Although transdiagnostic theories of psychopathology posit that emotion dysregulation explains many of the symptoms associated with internalizing psychopathology, examination of regulatory mechanisms underlying this association is limited, particularly during the transition to early adolescence when risk for affective dysregulation and sleep-wake problems is heightened. Using a longitudinal design with a youth community sample (N = 278), the current study found a positive, indirect effect of internalizing psychopathology ( X ¯ age = 9.84) on later sleep-wake problems ( X ¯ age = 14.53) via higher levels of a more maladaptive emotion regulation strategy (i.e., expressive suppression), with no evidence of an indirect effect of a more adaptive strategy (i.e., cognitive reappraisal; X ¯ age = 12.02). Findings have important clinical implications for targeting the reduction of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as expressive suppression, in order to address sleep problems among youth with internalizing psychopathology.

Background: Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) often struggle with adaptive strategies like self-reflection and cognitive reappraisal, relying instead on maladaptive ones like self-rumination and emotional suppression. Mindfulness-based techniques (MBTs) have been identified as a promising complementary psychological intervention for this population. Aims: To evaluate the effects of MBTs on mindful attention awareness, self-rumination, self-reflection, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in patients with MDD between patients who receive MBTs and those who do not. Methods: This quasi-experimental research was carried out at the Psychiatric Outpatient Clinics. A representative sample of 120 patients with MDD were randomly recruited to either a study group (n = 60) or a control group (n = 60). The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), The Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ) and The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were utilised to collect data. Results: After participation in MBTs, the study group had significantly greater improvements in the mean scores of MAAS, RRQ, Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression compared to the control group (p < 0.001 each). Recommendations: The study recommends developing and implementing training programmes for nurses to equip them with the skills and knowledge to effectively deliver MBTs as part of patient care. Conducting longitudinal studies is necessary to assess the sustainability of these improvements.

With artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly integrated into recruitment processes, understanding the emotional impact of rejection by algorithmic versus human agents is crucial. This study examined emotional reactions and coping strategies following online job application rejections from either a human or an algorithmic decision-maker. Quantitative analyses revealed no significant differences in immediate emotional reactions between conditions (negative emotions: p =.070, d = -0.33; positive emotions: p =.201, d = -0.22). In contrast, significant group differences emerged in maladaptive coping: applicants rejected by humans reported more rumination (p =.004, d = -0.51) and self-blame (p =.009, d = -0.46) than those rejected by algorithms. Positive reappraisal, an adaptive strategy, did not differ significantly (p =.311, d = -0.17). Qualitative analyses revealed nuanced differences in how applicants explained their rejection: algorithmic rejections were more frequently attributed to impersonal mismatch criteria (e.g., to be a better fit for a different task), whereas human rejections often triggered personal inadequacy beliefs (e.g., to have sent a weak application or to be worse than other candidates) that may foster maladaptive strategies such as rumination and self-blame more strongly. These findings suggest that while immediate emotional responses to rejection appear comparable, human rejection may carry greater long-term psychological risks due to higher reliance on maladaptive coping. Practitioners should therefore consider not only short-term emotional outcomes but also longer-term psychological implications when designing rejection communication. Although human rejections may not feel worse in the moment, they may prompt more harmful self-focused coping over time. Rejection by humans may leave deeper scars than rejection from machines – not because of how it feels in the moment, but because of how we cope with it.

No abstract available

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by poor emotion regulation. Rumination, a maladaptive strategy for dealing with negative emotions, is common in MDD, and is associated with impaired inhibition and cognitive inflexibility that may contribute to impaired emotion regulation abilities. However, it is unclear whether rumination is differently associated with emotion regulation in individuals with MDD history (MDD-ever) and healthy individuals. In this study, children (8–15 years old) performed a cognitive reappraisal task in which they attempted to decrease their emotional response to sad images during fMRI scanning. Functional connectivity (FC) between both the amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate (sACC) increased with cortical control regions during reappraisal as rumination increased in MDD-ever, while connectivity between those regions decreased during reappraisal as rumination increased in healthy controls. As the role of cortical control regions is to down-regulate activity of emotion processing regions during reappraisal, this suggests that rumination in MDD-ever, but not controls, is associated with inefficient regulation. This finding suggests that rumination may be particularly associated with poor emotion regulation in MDD-ever, and may also indicate qualitative group differences in whether rumination is maladaptive. These differences in rumination may provide important insight into depressive risk and potential avenues for treatment.

People vary in how they cope with negative events. Some people become immersed in repetitive ruminative thinking concerning the event, whereas others employ reappraisal and attempt to interpret the event in less negative ways. Interestingly, although both reappraisal and rumination involve active processing of negative situations rather than avoiding their affective value, these two strategies lead to opposite outcomes. Whereas rumination is maladaptive and is a risk factor for psychopathology, reappraisal is adaptive and has been linked to emotional well-being (for a meta-analysis see Aldao et al., 2010). In the current paper, we examine a shared process that may play a role in both rumination and reappraisal. We suggest that inhibition of irrelevant, negatively valenced information while pursuing a goal or performing a task underlies both rumination and reappraisal. We present correlational and causal findings linking impaired inhibition of negative content with reduced reappraisal and with increased tendency to ruminate. We postulate possible pathways for the links between inhibition of negative content and these two emotion regulation strategies.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative impact of three brief therapist-supported internet-delivered emotion regulation treatments for maladaptive anger (mindful emotion awareness [MEA], cognitive reappraisal [CR], and mindful emotion awareness + cognitive reappraisal [MEA + CR]) and to test whether baseline levels of anger pathology moderate treatment outcome. METHOD Treatments were evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. In total, 234 participants (59% female; mean age = 41.1, SD = 11.6) with maladaptive anger were randomized to MEA (n = 78), CR (n = 77), or MEA + CR (n = 79). Self-reported primary and secondary outcomes were followed up at primary endpoint, 3 months after treatment termination (88% retention). Primary outcomes were also assessed weekly during a prolonged baseline phase (4 weeks) and an active treatment phase (4 weeks). RESULTS At the primary endpoint, the MEA + CR was superior in terms of anger expression (d = 0.27 95% confidence interval, CI [0.03, 0.51]), aggression (d = 0.43 [0.18, 0.68]), and anger rumination (d = 0.41 [0.18, 0.63]). MEA + CR was particularly effective in reducing anger expression (d = 0.66 [0.21, 1.11]), aggression (d = 0.90 [0.42, 1.39]), and anger rumination (d = 0.80 [0.40, 1.20]) for individuals who reported high values (+1SD) of the outcomes at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Brief therapist-supported internet-delivered MEA and CR treatments are effective interventions for maladaptive anger. Combining MEA and CR is especially effective in reducing anger expression and aggression, particularly, in individuals who report higher levels of initial anger pathology. The present study highlights the importance of emotion regulation as an important treatment target for reducing maladaptive anger. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

No abstract available

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the relationships between cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies, resilience, and insomnia and the underlying mechanism that explains the relationships. Six hundred and fifty-three middle-aged and old people recruited from community service centers in Henan province completed questionnaires related to CER strategies, resilience, and insomnia. Results showed refocus on planning and positive reappraisal negatively predicted insomnia, and catastrophising, rumination and self-blame positively predicted insomnia. Moreover, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (especially catastrophising) mediated the relationship between resilience and insomnia. The findings suggest the middle-aged and elderly with insomnia tended to employ maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and had lower resilience. Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies buffered the positive effect of resilience on sleep.

According to the neurocognitive framework for regulation expectation, adaptively regulating emotions in anticipation of a stressful event should help individuals deal with the stressor itself. The goal of this study was twofold: first, the authors compared the influence of adaptive versus maladaptive anticipatory emotion regulation (ER) on the autonomic system during anticipation of, confrontation with, and recovery from a stressor; second, they explored whether trait rumination moderated this relationship. The authors collected data from 56 healthy female undergraduates during a public speaking task. The task involved 4 phases: baseline, anticipatory ER, stressor, and recovery. Participants were assigned to 1 of 2 anticipatory ER instructions (reappraisal or catastrophizing). Heart rate variability (HRV) indexed autonomic regulation. Results confirmed that HRV was higher in the reappraisal than in the catastrophizing group (over all time points, except for baseline). Trait rumination levels moderated the effect of anticipatory ER strategy on HRV during the stressor phase. Specifically, whereas for low ruminators reappraisal (versus catastrophizing) in the anticipation phase led to higher HRV when confronted to the stressor, high ruminators demonstrated lower HRV in that same condition. To conclude, over all participants, using reappraisal during the anticipation phase allowed participants to better cope with stress. However, only low, but not high ruminators could profit from the beneficial effect of anticipatory reappraisal on autonomic regulation. Even though further research is needed, this study suggests that, in female undergraduates, the tendency to ruminate is associated with abnormal anticipatory ER that might hinder an adaptive response to a stressor.

Numerous cross-sectional studies found psychosis to be associated with less awareness of emotions, a decreased use of adaptive (e.g. reappraisal) and an increased use of maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies (e.g. suppression). In this study, we tested whether state levels of emotion awareness and momentary use of specific ER strategies moderate the link between negative affect at one timepoint (t-1) and paranoia at the next timepoint (t) in a six-day experience sampling study. Individuals with psychotic disorders (n = 71) reported on the presence of paranoia, negative affect, emotion awareness and the use of six ER strategies (reappraisal, acceptance, social sharing, distraction, suppression and rumination) ten times per day. Multilevel regression analysis revealed that higher awareness at t-1 reduced the association of negative affect at t-1 and paranoia at t, whereas rumination had an opposite, amplifying moderation effect. Our results provide novel insight into the conditions under which negative affect translates into delusional beliefs. The finding that emotion awareness and rumination have a relevant role corresponds with current psychological conceptualisations of psychosis and with the attempt to treat delusions by focusing on reducing ruminative thoughts. To investigate the causal effect, treatment trials with a focus on enhancing these components of emotion regulation are needed.

No abstract available

Women are particularly vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disorders. This greater vulnerability has been partly attributed to post-pubertal sex hormone fluctuations, estradiol and progesterone, as well as gender-specific tendencies to engage in maladaptive forms of emotion regulation, particularly rumination. To date, no research has investigated whether sex hormones are associated with emotion regulation in women. In the present study, 61 women participated in a sad mood induction task, involving the viewing of an emotive film. Negative affect was assessed immediately and following recovery, along with self-reported use of rumination, reappraisal, and suppression. Serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were assessed through a blood sample taken at the end of the experiment. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between serum hormones and self-reported emotional regulation strategy use, and between serum hormones and the impact of these strategies on negative affect. Estradiol levels positively predicted rumination, but not suppression or reappraisal use. Moreover, estradiol and progesterone interacted with emotion regulation strategies to predict negative affect following the sad mood induction. Reappraisal was associated with greater negative affect only in women with high estradiol, and in women with high progesterone. Conversely, rumination was associated with greater negative affect only in women with low estradiol. Together, these results suggest that sex hormone concentration may be an endogenous contextual factor that is associated with the selection and consequences of emotion regulation strategies in women.

No abstract available

No abstract available

Abstract: Given the significant negative consequences of problematic video gaming among adolescents, it is crucial to identify risk and protective factors to inform effective prevention and intervention strategies. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and both prolonged and problematic video gaming among early-to-mid adolescents in Germany. A total of 626 adolescents in Grades 5 – 10 completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, as well as providing details on their prolonged gaming time and symptoms of problematic gaming. Catastrophizing and acceptance were positively associated with prolonged gaming time, while refocus on planning showed a negative association. The maladaptive strategies rumination and blaming others were positively associated with problematic gaming, and the adaptive strategy positive reappraisal showed a negative association. The findings highlight the role of emotion regulation in problematic gaming and pave the way for future studies focusing on developmental mechanisms as well as insights for prevention and intervention measures.

The main objective of the study was to evaluate the cognitive emotion regulation profiles of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). This was a cross-sectional study comprising 350 participants. The sample was divided into two subgroups of individuals with BPD and a non-clinical subgroup. The study employed purposive sampling technique to select sample of BPD (n=150) and age, gender and education matched control group participants (n=200). Participants were assessed on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to assess their reliance on maladaptive and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for the interpretation of data. Descriptive analysis and t-tests assessed the differences between two groups. Findings showed that individuals with BPD clinical group of patients with BPD scored significantly higher on all four maladaptive strategies of self-blame, other-blame, rumination, catastrophizing. While on adaptive strategies including positive reappraisal, refocus on planning, positive refocus, acceptance, clinical group participants reported lower scores compared to their nonclinical counterparts. In conclusion, the individuals with BPD present emotional dysregulation and poor affective regulation mechanisms. The findings have several implications for theory, practice, and clinicians.

OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation is central to the etiology, course, and treatment of both posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and alcohol use disorder. Therefore, it is critical to investigate emotion regulation among populations susceptible to more severe and prolonged PTSS and alcohol use problems, such as those with intimate partner violence. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are used to modify emotional information and include both presumed adaptive (i.e., acceptance, planning, positive refocusing, reappraisal, putting into perspective) and maladaptive (i.e., self-blame, other-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing) strategies. METHOD This study examined whether specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with PTSS (PCL-5) and heavy alcohol consumption (Timeline Followback) and problem severity (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) among couples with alcohol use disorder and physical intimate partner violence (N = 100 couples). RESULTS Results of multilevel models accounting for individuals nested within couples indicated that self-blame, other-blame, and catastrophizing were associated with greater PTSS. Reappraisal was associated with less alcohol consumption and less severe alcohol problems, and catastrophizing was associated with more alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the cognitive emotion regulation strategies most relevant to PTSS and alcohol misuse among a high-risk sample. This information can help guide clinical practice, such as focusing on reducing the maladaptive emotion regulation skills while increasing reappraisal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Emotional differentiation refers to an individual's ability to accurately distinguish and label their emotional experiences. While it is often assumed that high emotional differentiation supports more effective emotion regulation, empirical findings remain mixed, revealing a complex pattern of associations. The present study investigated the role of negative emotion differentiation in emotion regulation. A total of 110 participants took part in an experience sampling study. Over the course of ten days, seven times per day, participants rated the intensity of seven negative emotions and reported their use of six emotion regulation strategies—three considered putatively adaptive (reappraisal, acceptance, problem-solving) and three putatively maladaptive (suppression, rumination, avoidance). The results showed that individuals with higher levels of negative emotion differentiation reported more frequent use of suppression and avoidance. Moreover, higher differentiation was associated with more effective use of putatively maladaptive strategies, but showed no significant relationship with the effectiveness of adaptive strategies. Overall, emotional differentiation was linked to both the frequency and effectiveness of emotion regulation strategy use, with stronger associations observed for maladaptive strategies.

Difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) have been consistently associated with eating disorders (EDs). However, little is known about how this association operates during early adolescence, and the specific influence of sex. Objectives: This study aims to assess if maladaptive ER strategies predict greater ED symptomatology, while adaptive strategies predict lower levels of EDs symptoms among early adolescents. Additionally, the moderating effect of sex will also be assessed in these associations. Method: Ninety-eight Spanish-speaking adolescents aged 12–15 years (55 girls, 43 boys) participated in this study and completed a baseline assessment, including measures of EDs, adaptative (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) and maladaptive (i.e., expressive suppression and rumination) ER strategies. Independent sample t-tests were used to examine sex differences in age, ER, and ED symptoms. Hierarchical regression models assessed whether sex moderated the associations between ER strategies and ED symptoms. Results: Girls reported significantly higher levels of both brooding and reflective rumination compared to boys, but no sex differences were found in other measures. Regression analyses showed that expressive suppression and brooding rumination significantly predicted higher ED symptomatology, independent of sex. In contrast, cognitive reappraisal and reflective rumination were not associated with ED symptoms. No moderating effects of sex were observed in any model. Conclusions: Findings indicate that maladaptive ER strategies, particularly expressive suppression and ruminative brooding, predict greater ED symptom severity in early adolescence. However, sex did not moderate these relationships. These results underscore the importance of targeting maladaptive ER processes in adolescent prevention programs. Interventions focused on reducing maladaptive ER may be especially relevant at this developmental stage, when cognitive capacities for adaptive ER are still maturing.

No abstract available

BACKGROUND Trait-level emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are associated with eating disorders (EDs) transdiagnostically. However, little research has examined whether within-person fluctuations in ER longitudinally predict ED behaviors in daily life or the mechanisms of ER effects. Investigating daily ER could help us better understand why people experience ED behaviors at a given time. We examined whether day-to-day changes in adaptive (e.g., cognitive reappraisal) and maladaptive (e.g., rumination) ER longitudinally predicted core ED behaviors (binge eating, purging, dieting) and whether changes in affect mediated effects. METHOD Female participants (N = 688) ages 15-30 from the Michigan State University Twin Registry reported their adaptive and maladaptive ER use, negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), binge eating, purging, and dieting on 49 consecutive days. Using structural equation modeling, we examined whether within-person fluctuations in ER predicted same- and next-day ED behaviors and whether changes in affect mediated longitudinal ER effects. RESULTS Greater maladaptive ER predicted increased likelihood of same-day binge eating and next-day binge eating and purging. The association between maladaptive ER and next-day binge eating and purging was mediated by increased next-day NA. In contrast, dieting was more closely related to changes in PA. Adaptive ER did not predict reduced likelihood of any ED behavior. CONCLUSIONS Maladaptive ER may longitudinally increase risk for binge eating and purging by amplifying NA. Interventions focused on decreasing maladaptive ER and subsequent NA might help disrupt binge eating-purging cycles. Conversely, results add to evidence that PA fluctuations may play a unique role in maintaining restrictive behaviors. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Little is known about how daily changes in emotion regulation may impact disordered eating. We found that maladaptive emotion regulation (e.g., rumination) was associated with a higher likelihood of binge eating and purging on the next day because it predicted increased next-day negative affect. In contrast, dieting was more closely tied to fluctuations in positive affect. Targeting daily emotion regulation and affective processes may help disrupt cycles of disordered eating.

It is well-established that general anxiety associates with the lower use of adaptive emotion regulation and the higher use of maladaptive emotion regulation. However, no study has previously investigated the impact of cognitive emotion regulation on academic anxieties. Using a sample of secondary school students (N = 391), this study examined the impact of cognitive emotion regulation on math and science anxieties. Math anxiety showed stronger correlations with adaptive than maladaptive emotion regulation, whereas general anxiety showed stronger correlations with maladaptive than adaptive emotion regulation. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that math anxiety was associated with the high uses of acceptance, rumination and other-blame and the low uses of positive reappraisal and putting into perspective. However, with controlling science and general anxieties, math anxiety was associated with the high use of rumination and the low use of positive reappraisal. In contrast, science anxiety was associated with the high uses of acceptance and other-blame and the low use of positive reappraisal. Importantly, however, with controlling math and general anxieties, those science anxiety associations did not remain. Accordingly, these results might provide important insights for the specificity, etiology, and intervention of math anxiety.

BACKGROUND Schizotypy, a multidimensional construct with positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions, represents a vulnerability marker for the development of schizophrenia. Although there has been increasing evidence linking schizotypy to emotion regulation (ER) deficits, the specific association between different schizotypal dimensions and alterations in ER strategy use in daily life remains poorly understood. METHODS Using the experience sampling method (ESM), the present study examined the associations between positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy and ER strategy use in daily life in a nonclinical young adult sample (N = 258). Participants were instructed to report their ER strategy use 5 times a day for 14 days. Four adaptive ER strategies (reflection, reappraisal, social sharing, and distraction) and two maladaptive ER strategies (suppression and rumination) were included. RESULTS Multilevel modeling analyses showed that positive schizotypal traits predicted greater use of adaptive ER strategies, while negative schizotypal traits predicted less use of adaptive ER strategies and more frequent use of emotional suppression in daily life. No associations between disorganized schizotypal traits and any ER strategy use were found. CONCLUSION Schizotypy dimensions are differentiated by preferences for different ER strategies in daily life. The findings suggest a strong association between negative schizotypy and notable dysfunctions in ER, emphasizing the significance of negative schizotypy as a vulnerability factor for psychosis.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is assumed to be a disorder of emotion regulation (ER), with the most prominent endophenotype being deficient cognitive control (CC). However, the nature of ER and CC deficits and specifically their association in BD has not been adequately examined. Therefore, the present study examines different aspects of ER and CC within n = 32 euthymic patients with BD and n = 32 healthy controls (HCs). Besides self-reported habitual use of ER strategies, we also assessed spontaneous use and success of reappraisal and rumination following different mood inductions (MIs; amusement, sadness) and the ability to use reappraisal when instructed to do so. General and valence-specific CC performance was assessed by a working memory manipulation task. BD patients reported increased habitual use of maladaptive ER strategies alongside decreased use of adaptive strategies in response to negative affect. Regarding positive affect, heightened use of dampening was reported. By contrast, no group differences emerged with respect to spontaneous strategy use following MI. However, when instructed to downregulate amusement using reappraisal, patients reported heightened positive affect reactivity compared to HCs following the MI. Furthermore, patients showed overall but no valence-specific CC deficits. ER deficits in the BD group were partly mediated by reduced CC. Our findings confirm that patients show deviations in their habitual ER strategy use and fail to down-regulate positive emotions when required to do so, indicating both performance and competence deficits. This appears to be partly influenced by impaired CC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

No abstract available

Background Maladaptive and adaptive emotion regulation are putative risk and protective factors for depression and anxiety, but most prior research does not differentiate within-person effects from between-person individual differences. The current study does so during the early part of the Covid-19 pandemic when internalizing symptoms were high. Methods A sample of emerging adult undergraduate students ( N  = 154) completed online questionnaires bi-weekly on depression, anxiety, and emotion regulation across eight weeks during the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic (April 2nd to June 27th, 2020). Results Depression demonstrated significantly positive between-person correlations with overall maladaptive emotion regulation, catastrophizing, and self-blame, and negative correlations with overall adaptive emotion regulation and reappraisal. Anxiety demonstrated significantly positive between-person correlations with overall maladaptive emotion regulation, rumination, and catastrophizing, and a negative correlation with reappraisal. After controlling for these between-person associations, however, there were generally no within-person associations between emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms. Conclusions Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms might be temporally stable individual differences that cooccur with one another as opposed to having a more dynamic relation. Alternatively, these dynamic mechanisms might operate over much shorter or longer periods compared to the two-week time lag in the current study.

Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage characterized by various challanges that require effective coping techniques. This study examines gender differences in adolescent girls' and boys' cognitive-emotional coping methods. Conducted on 130 high school students in Jakarta, Indonesia, the research utilized the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and SPSS 20 for analysis.The findings reveal significant gender-specific differences in coping strategies. Female students predominantly employ maladaptive coping strategies, scoring higher in Catastrophizing (Mean = 14.2, SD = 3.1) and Rumination (Mean = 15.6, SD = 3.5) compared to their male counterparts (Catastrophizing: Mean = 12.3, SD = 3.4; Rumination: Mean = 13.2, SD = 3.2). In Contrast, male students exhibita more balanced use of adaptive and maladaptive strategies, with higher scores in strategies like Positive Reappraisal (Mean = 16.4, SD = 3.2) compared to females (Mean = 14.8, SD = 3.0). These gender-specific differences highlight the need for tailored interventions and educational programs that address the unique coping needs of each gender. Furthermore, this study contributes novel insights into the cognitive-emotional coping landscape within Southeast Asia, a region with limited existing research. By understanding these gender-specific coping strategies, educators, parents, and mental health professionals can better support adolescents in developing healthier coping mechanisms, ultimately enhancing their psychological resilience and well-being. This research lays the groundwork for future studies and practical applications aimed at improving adolescent mental health through targeted coping strategy interventions.

No abstract available

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted families’ lives around the world. The measures used to contain transmission have led to increased stress and put parents at increased risk for parental burnout (PB). The aim of the current study was to examine the association between COVID-related parental stress and PB, and to test whether emotion regulation (ER) moderated this association. We hypothesised that rumination, which is a generally maladaptive ER strategy, would act as a risk factor. In comparison, we hypothesised that reappraisal, which is a generally adaptive ER strategy, would act as a resilience factor. We assessed 8225 parents from 22 countries using an on-line survey, and focused on general stress and parenting stress. These stressors were associated with greater PB. Importantly, parental ER moderated these associations; rumination strengthened the link between stress-related variables and PB, whereas reappraisal weakened it. This study emphasises the negative effect COVID-19 has on parents and highlights key ER risk and resilience factors.

No abstract available

Individuals with psychosis report employing more maladaptive and less adaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies compared to nonclinical controls (NCs). However, it is unknown whether this is predictive of affect experienced in daily life and whether ER strategies are used less frequently and effectively by individuals with psychosis in daily life. Individuals with psychosis and current delusions (PDs; n = 71) and NCs (n = 42) completed questionnaires of habitual ER and experience sampling over 6 consecutive days, in which they reported 10 times a day on the presence of negative and positive affect and deployment of ER strategies (reappraisal, acceptance, awareness, suppression, rumination, distraction, and social sharing). Effectiveness of strategy use was operationalized by examining successive differences in positive and negative affect. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted. Questionnaires of habitual ER were largely predictive of affect in daily life. There was indication of a more frequent use of putatively maladaptive strategies but either no differences in individual adaptive strategies or even a more frequent use (reappraisal) in PDs compared to NCs. Several ER strategies (e.g., reappraisal, rumination) proved effective in reducing negative affect by the next prompt, independent of group, but suppression was effective in only PDs and acceptance had unfavorable effects in both groups. Thus, PDs demonstrated an increased use of ER strategies in daily life, of which the majority helped them to reduce negative affect. This indicates that their increased levels of negative affect are not explicable by difficulties in deploying explicit ER strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective This study aims to explore the multilevel mediation effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) on the link between neuroticism and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. Method A total of 1,265 Chinese adolescents were surveyed using the Chinese version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-C), the neuroticism scale of the Chinese children’s version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-Ck), and the Chinese Children’s Depressive symptoms Inventory (CDI-C). Partial correlation analyses, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modeling were used. Results (1) Neuroticism had significant, positive correlations with maladaptive CERS strategies (self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame) and depressive symptoms (ps < 0.001). Adaptive CERS strategies (positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective) had significant, negative correlations with neuroticism and depressive symptoms (ps < 0.001). (2) Neuroticism and CERS strategies significantly predicted depressive symptoms. CERS strategies played partially mediating roles in the relationship between adolescents’ neuroticism and depressive symptoms. Conclusion CERS strategies have partial multilevel mediation effects on the link between neuroticism and depressive symptoms.