未成年人社区矫正

新时代“枫桥经验”为基层社会治理提供了根本遵循。未成年人社区矫正作为基层治理的重要内容，关乎罪错未成年人的教育挽救与社会稳定。《社区矫正法》实施后，基层实践仍存在矫正项目针对性不足、社会组织参与度欠缺、多元主体协同虚化等短板。新时代“枫桥经验”以“党建引领、多元共治、三治融合”为核心，其“以人为本、源头治理”的逻辑与未成年人矫正本质高度契合。基于二者适配性，研究提出优化进路：价值导向从“惩罚矫正”转向“恢复性治理”，打造场景化项目、多元协同、网格化监管的精准矫正体系，培育“专业+本土”队伍，为提升矫正质效、促进未成年人回归社会提供理论与实践指导。

在未成年人行为偏差低龄化与《家庭教育促进法》实施的双重背景下，家庭监护缺失已成为导致未成年人触法及重复违法的关键诱因。然而，当前未成年人社区矫正实践常陷入“重行为管控、轻家庭修复”的误区，强制亲职教育（家庭教育指导）面临法律强制力虚置、指导内容同质化严重、多元主体协同断裂等“落地难”困境。本文旨在探索家庭教育指导制度嵌入社区矫正的实务路径。通过分析现行法律规范与执行现状，文章提出构建“嵌入与协同式行为矫正”的新范式。其创新之处在于：一是主张建立“监护人履职评价与惩戒机制”，通过设立监护档案将软性指导转化为刚性义务，解决“管不了”的难题；二是提出基于家庭环境评估的“精准画像”策略，对不同类型的失职家庭实施分级分类干预，解决“教不好”的问题；三是建议利用数字化手段打通司法、学校与社工组织的信息壁垒。研究旨在通过修复家庭微生态，实现从未成年人“单向矫正”向家庭“双向治疗”的转变，从源头上降低再犯风险。

文章主要以国内社区矫正工作中的社会工作介入情况分析为本体对象，试图厘清社会工作介入社区矫正的主要工作内容、必要性，以及司法机关和社会各方对于社工介入工作的支持力度，社工在社区矫正工作中发挥的专业性如何，试图探索在社区矫正社会工作领域如何构建自己的话语权。通过文章进一步了解社会工作在介入社区矫正工作的过程中如何更好地发挥专业性，如何与司法机关保持密切联系，又与司法机关有一定独立性，使社工有自己的话语权，更方便与服务对象建立信任关系，以期为进一步的研究作一简单的回顾性综述。

预防发展是学校社会工作发展的初衷和导向。基于深入访谈和机构服务记录的分析表明：上海已经建构司法导向以及基于犯罪三级预防的学校社会工作服务模式，并在抑制青少年违法犯罪和助力学校发展方面取得明显成效，但同时在具体实践中也面临三级预防之间缺乏有效衔接、双重壁垒（行政和技术）难以打破、一线社工评估能力较弱等诸多现实困境，进而影响学校社会工作预防和发展功能的发挥。未来上海应抓住未成年人和学校保护法律颁布实施的契机，以预防发展为导向，从个人和学校、基本需求和发展性需求等维度出发，重构学校社会工作服务框架，并以一般预防为重点，促进三级服务之间的内联和衔接，同时注重提升一线学校社工预防发展专业能力。

Adolescents are developmentally distinct from adults in ways that merit a tailored response to juvenile crime. Normative adolescent brain development is associated with increases in risk taking, which may include criminal behavior. Juvenile delinquency peaks during the adolescent years and declines in concert with psychosocial maturation. However, current U.S. approaches to juvenile justice are misaligned with youth's developmental needs and may undermine the very psychosocial development necessary for youth to transition out of crime and lead healthy adult lives. In this article, I discuss empirically supported and efficacious responses to juvenile crime in the United States, as well as opportunities for further developmental reform of the juvenile justice system. Developmentally appropriate responses to juvenile crime prioritize community-based corrections and engage youth's social context in the rehabilitative process. The juvenile justice system shares the responsibility to prepare youth to live fulfilling, productive adult lives; that responsibility can be achieved by partnering with developmental scientists to inform juvenile justice practice and policy.

The emergence of COVID-19 placed immediate pressure on the juvenile justice system to adapt to changes in case processing and decision-making practices. Juvenile probation agencies were tasked with quickly altering their policies and practice to abide by local public health measures. As probation supervision is the most common disposition in the juvenile justice system, there is both an empirical and practical need to understand the impact that COVID-19 has on a variety of issues surrounding the supervision and provision of services for juveniles. Using self-report survey data from juvenile probation directors across the United States, the current study examines (a) the biggest challenges faced by juvenile probation agencies during the pandemic, (b) the strategies implemented in response to these challenges, and (c) the most pressing issues currently facing the field of juvenile community corrections. Results have the potential to inform future agency decision-making when adjusting juvenile probation policy and practice.

Millions of individuals are currently incarcerated in the United States. However, little is known about the effects of incarceration on personality development, particularly during the critical life stage of adolescence. In a large longitudinal sample, adolescents and young adults (N = 7,736) regularly completed personality measures and assessments of court-ordered punishments over more than 10 years. Using propensity score weighting and multilevel growth curve modeling, we found that personality prospectively predicted the likelihood of incarceration and court-ordered community service. Specifically, individuals who were higher in sensation seeking, impulsivity, and depressive symptoms were more likely to be incarcerated-results for community service youth mostly mirrored these findings. Mixed evidence was found for patterns of trait change. Incarcerated, community service, and nonoffending youth were similar in several ways-all increased on sensation seeking and self-esteem and decreased on impulsivity over the 10-year period. However, between-person models found that incarcerated youth evidenced a greater decrease in depressive symptoms and a slower decrease in impulsivity, and youth assigned community service increased more quickly on sensation seeking than their nonoffending peers. Within-person analyses also suggested personality differences; for example, sensation seeking was lower after incarceration while impulsivity was higher compared with before. Overall, this work highlights that personality predicts incarceration and court-ordered community service in youth and that personality changes linked with these experiences do not have a uniformly "corrective" pattern of change, with few effects observed overall and some in seemingly unfavorable directions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

… of community correction programs for juvenile offenders in China. Reflecting on its development over the past two decades, the existing community correction … into the community. This …

Abstract This paper examines the historical evolution of the value orientation of the correction of juvenile delinquency in China, describes the world picture and contemporary characteristics of the historical changes, and sorts out its development stages and tracks. The evolution and development of the correction of juvenile delinquency in China has experienced several stages, such as, the embryo, the introduction, the construction and exploration and the development and the promotion. The value orientation of the correction of juvenile delinquency in China has also gone through the process from “the punishment and class domination” to “transformation of the criminals and social control” and then to “correction and comprehensive management of social security”. The value orientation of correction of juvenile delinquency in China is consistent with that in the West from retribution and punishment to social utility and then to multiple orientation.

Objectives Using meta-analysis to determine the effect size of the recidivism rate of participants in community correction programs that are conducted entirely in community settings. Methods Following the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), 25 qualified studies contributed 35 independent effect sizes. Results Full participation in a program significantly reduced the recidivism rate. Participant age was a significant moderator of heterogeneity. Those aged over 18 have lower recidivism rates. Interventions that fully follow the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) design principles achieved similar results to those that did not. Recidivism rates increase more than 12 months after the program ends. Conclusions The effectiveness of community correctional programs varies depending on the participant’s age. The RNR principles are not golden. The above factors should be carefully considered when conducting intervention design in the future. Results should be interpreted with caution due to the literature’s high heterogeneity and low quality.

Using administrative data from an urban juvenile probation department between January 2007 and August 2016, the study included youth who were placed on court-ordered postadjudication community supervision and who were deemed to have a moderate risk of reoffending by the department’s risk and needs assessment. The two programs evaluated include a vocational support program (VSP) and the Community Connections program (CC). Youth across both groups were matched using propensity score matching, creating a final sample of 301 individual youth per program. When examining the program effect of CC versus VSP across six time-to-event variables (i.e., time to second program, detention, out-of-home placement, another offense, violation of court order, and days in program), the findings were mixed. However, across both programs, analyses revealed youth with a successful discharge and longer time spent in their program had better outcomes.

… This crime-reducing outcome is also explained by a senior judge who has worked in a juvenile court for eight years, who says: In dealing with juvenile delinquency, we usually have a …

The competence and constitution of Juvenile Courts cannot be discussed without considering the functions which are to be entrusted to such tribunals. The object of the present investigation is to present the prevention of juvenile delinquency as a social and educational concern, and to substitute for retribution and punishment the offender’s corrective training and rehabilitation. This thesis has been fully developed in the preceding chapter. With the following considerations the discussion turns to the machinery set up to realize these aims. For this purpose it is sufficient to recall that the orientation adopted involves three fundamental principles. First, the treatment—institutional or non-institutional—should be exclusively designed to pursue the juvenile’s education and readjustment. Secondly, whether a particular measure is to be applied depends not on what the juvenile has done, but on what is necessary and useful for him. Thirdly, even within a comprehensive system envisaged for all juveniles in need of social and educational treatment, the conception of criminal responsibility still obtains. Its scope and limits have been determined by law and this involves certain distinctions in the approach of the community to maladjusted children and juveniles.

. Drug abuse becomes a ruthless crime because if we trace it not only adults who are entangled in this case, children also do not escape the bondage of narcotics. This study aims to describe the imposition of criminal law and diversion on children who use drugs and victims of narcotics crimes. The library method is used to examine this case which is also qualitative research. This study found that imposing a rehabilitation sentence, either non-institutional or institutional treatment of children to maintain the rights of children. The conclusion is that narcotics crimes against children, both users, and victims, often trap children in a vicious narcotics circle. There needs to be a particular application in networks involving children in the distribution of narcotics, an international crime. Implementing this diversion can be a bridge in court rulings against children engaged in narcotics trafficking networks.

This chapter examines and compares the juvenile justice systems in Lithuania and Romania, focusing on community sanctions and measures for children. The authors review the juvenile justice systems of both countries, the types of community sanctions, the institutional structures, and practical challenges, emphasising compliance with international standards for the protection of children’s rights in criminal justice. Although both countries share similar political experiences shaped by communist regimes, they have chosen different paths in reforming their juvenile justice systems. The authors conclude that Lithuania follows a neo-correctional approach, characterised by control-oriented sanctions, limited diversion mechanisms, and the formal involvement of children in criminal cases. Romania chose a different path—a welfare model that emphasises education, rehabilitation, and social integration, along with minimal intervention supported by diversion programmes. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations encouraging policymakers to strengthen rehabilitation measures, promote greater institutional specialisation, improve the training of specialists working with children, and reduce regional disparities in access to juvenile justice services.

Juvenile offenders’ engagement in their social insertion process is increasingly considered essential for achieving the desired outcome of sanction programs and modifying juvenile criminal behavior. However, the professionals who work with juvenile offenders do not have defined concepts or an intervention tool. This study sought to introduce a strengths orientation to this area and investigated how the concept of engagement is defined by professionals and juvenile offenders. Twenty-four semistructured interviews were conducted with probation officials and prison professionals, and three focus groups were conducted with juvenile offenders serving sentences. The findings show that the concept of engagement differs among professionals. Nevertheless, the participants proposed common concepts of positive and negative engagement.

… their myriad duties and powers too often without the requisite background or more complete training of either police or social workers. Legal rights afforded to individuals outside of the …

Objective: Juvenile probation is the most common disposition for court-involved youth. Emerging frameworks for research-informed probation highlight the importance of intervention dosage, adolescent development, and cross-systems approaches, yet research examining these features is limited. Guided by ecological, developmental, and probation practice frameworks, we examined the relationship between microsystem supports (family, school, probation), therapeutic progress, and court reinvolvement among youths on probation. Method: Data were from a moderate-to-high risk sample of diverse youths (N = 3,678) who were administered a validated risk-and-needs assessment tool at probation entry and exit in one jurisdiction in Washington State. We used multivariate regression to examine the direct and indirect effects of family, school, and probation on measures of therapeutic change (motivation and social–emotional skills) and court reinvolvement. Results: Increasing supports across all three microsystems (family, school, and probation) were associated with positive gains in social–emotional skills and motivational processes; an increase in behavioral self-regulation was associated with reduced court reinvolvement. Behavioral self-regulation skill level at probation exit mediated the relationship between microsystem supports and reinvolvement. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of adolescent development and cross-systems collaboration for promoting positive outcomes and reduced court reinvolvement for youths on probation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

… staff gain another opportunity to engage with youth as a social worker and valued nonparental adult. Lastly, different types of incentives leverage unique aspects of adolescent …

The first juvenile court was created in 1899 with the help of social workers who conceptualized their actions as progressive. Youth were deemed inculpable for certain actions since, cognitively, their brains were not as developed as those of adults. Thus, separate measures were created to rehabilitate youth who exhibited delinquent and deviant behavior. Over one hundred years later, we have a system that disproportionately arrests, confines, and displaces Black youth. This paper critiques social work’s role in helping develop the first juvenile courts, while highlighting the failures of the current juvenile legal system. We then use P.I.C. abolition as a theoretical framework to offer guidance on how social work can once again assist in the transformation of the juvenile legal system as a means toward achieving true justice.

The majority of justice-involved youth are placed on probation; however, many of those same youth struggle to comply with probation requirements and are subsequently confined. In Baltimore, 20% of newly committed youth were detained for violations of probation. While there are various reasons youth fail to comply with probation requirements, there have been recent calls to consider the impact of structural and spatial barriers to accessing probation programs and services. Centering the goals of community psychology, we aim to identify how existing structural barriers in Baltimore City may be contributing to social injustice through inequitable access to probation services for youth and their families. In this study, we take a novel, interdisciplinary approach to identify structural or spatial barriers facing justice-involved youth in Baltimore, MD. Specifically, we explore transportation barriers (i.e., vehicle access) and spatial disparities between youth residences and probation office locations. Our findings suggest that there are several barriers facing Baltimore's justice-involved youth that may impact access to and engagement with juvenile probation. Specifically, we found that 1 in 3 youths reside in areas with extremely low levels of vehicle access and where the median household income is 25% below the city median. We also find that the majority of youth live beyond walking distances; many would require lengthy transit commutes. These findings highlight the structural and spatial barriers facing justice-involved youth that may impact access to and engagement with probation services.

Probation is a common sanction for youth substance users, and as such, juvenile probation officers (JPOs) shoulder much of the burden for treatment and rehabilitation. To improve youth outcomes and alleviate some of the burden, JPOs may seek parental involvement in the probation and substance use desistance processes. Using focus group data, we analyzed JPO perceptions of the role parents play in contingency management (CM)—an incentive system designed to produce and reward decreased substance use—and whether they perceived any value in CM. We found that most JPOs perceived parental involvement as critical to the success of both substance use treatment and CM for youth. Our findings also suggest JPOs found parental involvement in CM valuable given that CM was employed on nonstudy clients and future clients. This has implications for the practicality and sustainability of CM as a youth probation intervention.

ABSTRACT Summary The social work profession in the US developed alongside and within the professionalization of policing and corrections. Social workers are credited as some of the earliest policewomen, probation officers, and juvenile correctional facility superintendents. Still, our professional relationship to corrections in Progressive Era US history is underexplored and uninterrogated. How does this entangled history escape most narratives of professionalized social work in the US? This integrative literature review explores the stories social work scholars tell about social work’s relationship(s) to corrections in the Progressive Era (1890–1930). Findings Surveying 17 peer-reviewed social work articles, I identify themes of how social work remembers and obscures our Progressive Era relationship with corrections. Articles tell a story of delinquency, social control, and progress while obscuring the history of prisonwork, wardenship, and correctional leadership. Applications Social work’s professional memory of corrections in the early twentieth century has significant consequences for policy, research, and education today. Macro-level practitioners can learn from progressive reforms, engineered and implemented by early “reformers,” that widened the net of carceral control. Further research is needed to explore social work’s correctional history, prisonwork in particular. This may be taken up in the form of archival research and oral histories.

ABSTRACT Evidence-based practices and programs (EBPs) have been adopted in juvenile probation agencies nationwide to maximize the number of successful probation cases. However, various pragmatic studies have found that JPOs are not yielding the expected benefits when compared to efficacy studies. Using focus group and survey data, the current study sought to increase our understanding of the gap between pragmatic and efficacy studies in juvenile probation settings by examining JPOs’ perceptions and utilization of EBPs. The findings suggest that JPOs are misunderstanding how to use EBPs in daily practice, leaving them with negative perceptions of EBPs. Implications for improving JPO understanding and use of EBPs are discussed.

Technical probation violations are common among probation-involved youth, and across many jurisdictions, may result in detention or residential placement. The current study examined prevalence of technical violations occurring during one's first probation period, the average time to technical violation, and individual-level and justice-related factors related to technical violations among probation-involved youth in a juvenile justice system. We analyzed electronic criminal records of 18,289 probation-involved youth following their first arrest (68.7% male, 53.9% Black, Mage=15.2). Technical violation was defined as a violation resulting from a non-criminal incident. We examined effects of charge severity, probation conditions (e.g., electronic monitoring) and program referrals (e.g., mental health) on likelihood of technical violation utilizing survival analysis stratified by race. Across 18,289 youth, 15.3% received a technical violation during their first probation; Black youth violated more quickly compared to White youth (log-rank test p<.001). In multivariate survival analyses, the hazard for time to technical violation was higher for Black youth compared to white youth (p<.001), males (p=.04), and younger youth (p<.001). Youth assigned to more probation requirements violated more quickly. Electronic monitoring and education, mental health, and drug programs were associated with shorter time to violation, controlling for race, ethnicity, and charge severity. Black youth violate more quickly compared to White youth. Across all youth, assignment to more probation requirements increased risk of technical violation and shorter time to violation. Despite the benefit of probation interventions, system-level efforts are needed to help youth adhere to probation requirements and successfully complete probation.

… By examining how this kind of program operates, this Article provides a glimpse into the larger scheme of juvenile probation practices. Moreover, the Article reveals just how wide the …

Despite fundamental distinctions between the ideals of juvenile and criminal justice, little research has sought to establish the extent to which juvenile probation and parole officers’ orientations differ from those of their adult counterparts. Further, of the few studies that have explored this area of study, none have examined the role that organizational context may play in predicting professional orientation. Thus, this study aims to fill the gap in the literature by utilizing a sample of probation and parole officers drawn from three different types of agencies: juvenile-only supervision, adult-only supervision, and combined supervision. The results show that the system within which officers work is associated with professional orientation. Distinctions, however, are not as large or consistent as would be expected from strict adherence to the traditional ideals of the juvenile justice system versus the criminal justice system. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Abstract Although sentencing recommendations should be based on legal factors, research shows that some juvenile probation officers (JPOs) also consider extra-legal factors. Indeed, research shows that stereotypes about certain demographics (e.g., young Black males) increase the perception of dangerousness and, in turn, result in harsher sentencing recommendations. The purpose of the current study was to identify the legal (seriousness of offense, prior offenses, and record), physical (race, gender, and age), and social factors (socioeconomic status, completeness of the juvenile’s family/family arrangement, presence of co-offenders) that the JPO considered the most important when making their sentencing recommendations. Data for the study came from a sample of juvenile probation officers in nine states. Participants were asked questions about sanctioning, disposition, and sentencing. The findings show that while the majority of JPOs rated legal factors (e.g., seriousness of offense) as the most important when making sentencing recommendations, a substantial proportion of the sample rated physical factors (e.g., race) as the most important factor considered when making sentencing recommendations. Implications and future directions for research are discussed.

In England and Wales probation was regarded as social work for most of the twentieth century, but some thirty years ago the government rejected this conception. In the context of continuing deliberations about the purpose and character of probation, it is timely to revisit its relationship to social work. It is argued that a principal reason for the politically motivated repudiation of social work was its associations with care, but this rested on confusion about care and a comparable misunderstanding of the concept of control. Appreciation of social context is argued to be fundamental to the work of probation. Social capital is no less important than human capital in achieving desistance. The skills and values of social work continue to inform probation because they match up to the demands of the job. Reaffirming connections between the professions would enhance the policy and practices of both.

OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of noninstitutional psychosocial interventions in preventing recidivism among criminal adolescents. METHOD We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials assessing the impact on recidivism among juveniles aged 12-17. The included studies had a low to medium risk of bias and were published between 2000 and 2019. Standardized mean differences or risk differences were calculated. RESULTS We included 35 (20 randomized, 15 nonrandomized) studies evaluating 17 unique, noninstitutional psychosocial interventions. A meta-analysis found no significant reductions in recidivism for studied interventions compared to control conditions. Although single studies suggested some positive effects, the evidence provided by these studies was found to have very low certainty. Post hoc analyses indicated that studies including a low-intensity control condition might have stronger relative intervention effects compared to studies with medium or high-intensity control conditions. CONCLUSION This systematic review did not find any one noninstitutional psychosocial intervention to be more effective than control treatments in reducing future criminality among juvenile offenders aged 12-17. We discuss the implications of the present findings for social work and child and adolescent psychiatry practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

“Diversion” schemes encouraging children and young people away from offending have successfully reduced the numbers of young people within the youth justice system. However, for those not successfully diverted, recidivism remains obstinately high. Many of those remaining in the youth justice system appear to have complex psychological needs. Research has also shown that many of this group have experienced a high number of adverse childhood experiences. Investigation into the potential consequences of these experiences suggests the potential disruption of normative adolescent psychological growth. Domains may include emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal development. This review assesses the effectiveness of individual interventions that had a psychological focus and succeeded in reducing recidivism. A systematic research review from 2000 to 2019 yielded 206 studies for youth offenders, and of these, 14 met the criteria for inclusion. Sample size varied greatly, from 30 to 3038. Research design, follow-up period and intervention content also varied greatly. Further, intervention success for recidivism ranged from almost total desistance to changes (increased time to re-offend) affecting only 50% of the intervention group. Psychological changes as a result of intervention included an increased sense of coherence, improved emotion recognition, more positive decision-making and reduced defiance. However, none of the studies conducted follow-up psychological assessments post-intervention. Although youth crime is a priority for policy makers, so far research has fallen short of fully examining how the development of psychological resilience via interventions may help reduce persistent offending.

OBJECTIVES Created to combat the school-to-prison pipeline, the Philadelphia Police School Diversion Program offers voluntary community-based services to eligible youth accused of minor school-based offeses in lieu of arrest. This study evaluated program effectiveness in accomplishing goals related to reductions in school-based arrests, serious behavioral incidents, and recidivism. HYPOTHESES We expected the annual number of school-based arrests in Philadelphia schools to decrease over the program's first 5 years and predicted that the annual number of serious behavioral incidents would not increase. Further, we expected that diverted youth-compared to youth arrested in schools the year before Diversion Program implementation-would have significantly lower rates of recidivism arrests in the 2 years following their school-based incidents. METHOD Using a quasi-experimental design, we examined data from 2,302 public school students (67.0% male; 76.1% Black; age range: 10-22 years) who were either diverted from arrest through the Diversion Program or arrested in Philadelphia schools in the year prior to Diversion Program implementation. We compared rate of recidivism arrest, number of arrests, and time to arrest between diverted and arrested youth. We also used district-wide descriptive statistics to examine 5-year trends in school-based arrests and serious behavioral incidents. RESULTS Since program implementation, the annual number of school-based arrests in Philadelphia has declined by 84% and the number of serious behavioral incidents has declined by 34%. Diverted youth demonstrated less recidivism than arrested youth in the 2 years following their initial incident; however, after propensity score matching, we no longer observed significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that a prearrest diversion program can safely reduce school-based arrests and suggest a need for future research regarding the role of demographic and incident-related characteristics in recidivism outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

An abundance of research has established Adverse Childhood Experiences’ (ACEs’) contributions to deviant behavior. Recently, studies have demonstrated the importance of Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs). Yet, the PCE establishment as a predictive scale is needed. In a multistate, robust sample (N = 254,874) of justice-involved youth, we examined PCE scale effects and ACE-PCE combinations on recidivism using mixed effects logistic regression while adjusting for the impact of state. Presence of PCEs was associated with lower reoffending likelihood, and ACEs were related to increased recidivism odds. Further, PCEs demonstrated a protective impact on ACEs. A ceiling effect on the ACE-PCE composite score was also identified, where an increase in scale items presented a curvilinear recidivism association. Findings provide an examination of PCE influence across multiple youth populations and their ability to counteract ACE effects. Policy implications discuss the utility of PCEs as case management goals and intermediate outcomes.

The implementation of juvenile criminal law plays a vital role in shaping the rehabilitation and prevention strategies for juvenile offenders. This study examines the effectiveness of current juvenile criminal law strategies and their impact on juvenile recidivism prevention programs. It explores how legal frameworks designed for minors differ from adult criminal law, focusing on their rehabilitative goals and the methods used to reintegrate young offenders into society. The research also delves into the various prevention programs aimed at reducing repeat offenses among juveniles, analyzing their outcomes and identifying key factors that contribute to success or failure. The findings highlight the importance of a tailored approach that considers the unique psychological and social needs of juveniles, advocating for an integrated strategy that combines legal, educational, and psychological support. By evaluating the impact of juvenile criminal law implementation, the study provides recommendations for enhancing prevention programs, emphasizing the need for systemic reforms, improved resources, and a more comprehensive approach to juvenile justice. Ultimately, this research underscores the significance of a balanced, rehabilitative legal system in reducing juvenile recidivism and fostering long-term societal benefits.

… prevention of delinquency and later recidivism from an early age. Early intervention to prevent recidivism is … and most significant risk factors for recidivism. This chapter reviews the most …

… recidivism of young offenders and on the prevention of youth … the prediction of youth offending and recidivism in the lesser-… behaviours and subsequent recidivism. Importantly, this book …

ABSTRACT In contrast to a large number of predictive analyses, most studies on recidivism do not include the moderating role variables exert on the probability of future recidivism. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of risk and protective factors, demographic variables, and the type of offense on recidivism. In addition, the moderating effect of demographic variables and the type of offense on the relationship between risk/protective factors and youth reoffending was also assessed. The Youth Level of Service of Case Management Inventory was administered to 210 Spanish minor offenders, aged between 14.00 and 18.07 years. Their subsequent charges were coded for 24 months. The sum-up of risk factors and younger age were the two variables that significantly contributed to predicting future recidivism. Meanwhile, gender and the type of crime were the variables that moderated the relationship between risk factors and recidivism. Priority prevention strategies should be aimed at reducing the impact of risk factors, especially among young boys committing violent offenses, as these are exacerbating characteristics.

While the impact of trauma on delinquency and offending has been studied in great depth, less is known about the cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences and how these experiences impact recidivism or reoffending outcomes of youth who already have justice system involvement. The main aim of this paper is to report on the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and juvenile recidivism. Of particular interest, the paper examines to what extent, if any, ACEs can be used to predict youth reoffending outcomes, as well as investigates the nature of this relationship. The study utilizes quantitative metanalytical techniques to estimate the overall impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on youth reoffending. Sixteen studies were selected after a comprehensive search of electronic databases covering the fields of social science, criminology, psychology, or related fields. Key findings demonstrate that Adverse Childhood Experiences increase the risk of youth recidivism, with effects varying amongst sample sizes. Narrative synthesis also shows key gender, racial, and ethnic differences as well as potential mechanisms in the cumulative trauma-reoffending relationship. These findings can further guide research and policy in the areas of trauma, juvenile justice, and crime prevention.

ABSTRACT Examining the environmental correlates of deviant behavior is a large area of interest that continues to promote much research in criminology. Recent attention has been given to understanding the effects of an elevated concentration of offenders on an individual’s likelihood of recidivism. To our knowledge, no study has explored whether an elevated delinquent youth concentration negatively affects the recidivism of a juvenile population. Using data from a large number of adjudicated delinquents on community supervision from the state of Florida, mixed effects logistic regression analyses indicate that increases in delinquent youth concentration contribute to an increased risk of reoffending for younger, but not older, juvenile offenders. Future research directions and policy implications are also discussed.

Previous research on the rates of juvenile re‐offending have been found to be as high as 66% when measuring recidivism by rearrest and as high as 33% when measuring re‐offending by reconvictions within one to three years of release. However, accurately estimating a national juvenile recidivism rate is problematic. This is even more complicated when attempting to determine recidivism for delinquency prevention programs. One of the oldest, and perhaps most successful of these programs, is the Oakland County (Michigan) Youth Assistance Program (OCYA), which began in 1953. The present paper is an attempt to quantify the recidivism rate for youngsters referred to OCYA in a different sample. This study drew on the entire OCYA database from 2004 to 2014 with a random sample of 1540 cases selected. Demographic information of the selected youths, their number of caseworker contacts, the type of offense, and their recidivism record were evaluated using SPSS statistical software. Results showed a relatively low recidivism rate, but participation in OCYA face‐to‐face caseworker contacts or auxiliary programs had no predictive value in forecasting recidivism.