技术转移市场重塑企业创新行为：基于国家技术转移中心的准自然实验

当前,我国政府对企业的研发资助金额快速增长,对企业研发活动产生了重要影响，但在动态的外部环境中，更应该关注研发资助波动对企业研发活动的影响。从政府资助波动视角对企业R&D投入进行考察，运用面板数据聚类分析法对2011-2018年我国各省市技术市场发展程度进行划分，以规模以上工业企业为样本，对政府资助波动、技术市场发展程度与企业R&D投入关系进行实证检验。结果发现：①政府资助波动对企业R&D投入具有负向影响；②技术市场发展程度对企业R&D投入具有逐渐减弱的正向影响；③技术市场发展程度显著调节政府资助波动对企业R&D投入的负向效应，并最终达到正向效应。最后，提出各省市合理制定政府资助计划、加速技术市场发展的政策建议。

讨论了数字经济对区域高技术企业创新绩效的影响，及区域高校知识转移对其路径的作用机制。基于2011~2018年中国省级面板数据测度区域数字经济发展指数，并在此基础上进行多维度计量分析检验。结果显示：数字经济显著促进了高技术企业创新绩效，这一结论在选取邮电历史数据作为工具变量等进行稳健性检验后依然成立。高校知识转移与数字经济形成正向的交互驱动效应。在高校知识转移的作用下，数字经济对高技术企业创新绩效呈现“U”型影响。由空间模型发现，数字经济对于高技术企业创新绩效呈现出负向的空间溢出特点。区域与企业异质性分析结果显示，自然区位与企业规模、所有权结构以及注册类型下的数字经济对于高技术企业创新绩效的影响存在差异。研究结果为高技术企业优化校企合作技术转移策略，探索有效的高技术企业创新驱动路径提供了有益参考，也为政府部门积极谋划数字经济发展战略布局提供了有益的借鉴。

技术转移是推动科技发展、发挥科技成果社会效用的重要方式，也是当前建设创新型国家、实现经济高质量发展的战略性任务。技术转移机构是推动技术转移的专业服务力量，我国技术转移机构虽然数量众多，但仍存在较大缺陷。边界组织作为起源于科学社会学的一种组织类型，在消解跨边界活动中的社会界域边界现象方面具有很强的组织优势。基于边界组织视角，将边界组织拓展到技术转移领域，构建技术转移机构边界组织模式理论模型，将其与现有模式进行对比，探讨边界组织模式的作用机理及优势，并结合边界组织模式的实践经验，从我国科技创新现实需要出发，提出构建边界组织模式技术转移机构的思路。

技术转移是创新成果转化的重要途径，专业化技术转移机构建设成为解决科技成果转化“最后一公里”问题的重要突破口。首先，从运行机理上将高校技术转移机构建设模式划分为内部型技术转移办公室(TTO)、外部型技术转移公司(TTC)和混合型(TTH)。其次，基于高校学科类型、高校科研规模和转移机构级别3个维度探究高校技术转移机构建设模式最优选择策略。最后，以湖北高校技术转移机构为例进行实证分析。研究发现：科研实力弱、科技成果少、技术转移需求低的文科类和教学型高校适合采用TTC模式；科研实力强、科技成果多、技术转移需求高的理工类和研究型高校适合采用TTO模式；层次高、机构发展成熟的综合类高校适合采用TTH模式。研究结论有利于厘清高校技术转移机构建设模式的适用条件，为今后我国高校技术转移机构建设和运营提供参考。

技术融合能够显著提高企业创新能力,是产业融合的基础。合作研发和技术交易是常见的技术创新模式。为探究不同创新模式下的技术融合影响因素,以人工智能产业为例构建组织-技术多层网络模型,从技术异质性和创新能力异质性两个维度探究不同创新模式下组织合作伙伴异质性对技术融合的影响。研究表明,在合作研发模式下,技术异质性、创新能力异质性有利于技术融合;在技术交易模式下,创新能力异质性有利于技术融合,技术异质性不利于技术融合。

探究技术邻近性的细粒度划分及其对技术转让的微观影响，对揭示技术转让的内在规律，促进供需主体对接、交易等具有重要意义。将技术邻近性划分为3个维度11个指标，利用QAP分析方法、Spearman秩相关性及时间序列模型，研究技术邻近性对组织间技术转让的动态影响，结合京津冀地区发明专利转让数据进行实证研究。结果表明，在技术吸收能力邻近维度，技术储备邻近性正向促进技术转让，技术实力邻近性负向影响技术转让。在技术内容结构邻近维度，技术基础邻近性对技术转让的影响呈“倒U”型，技术投资邻近性负向影响技术转让，技术互补邻近性正向促进技术转让。在技术交易网络结构邻近维度，网络结构邻近性正向促进技术转让，网络开放度邻近性的作用不显著，网络节点度中心性、接近中心性正向促进技术转让，说明网络中的择优链接与就近链接效应显著。技术交易邻近性对技术转让的正向影响呈“倒U”型，路径依赖效应显著。网络结构邻近性对技术转让的促进作用最强，其次是技术互补邻近性，表明组织更倾向于选择网络距离短、技术互补性强的组织进行技术转让；技术投资邻近性的抑制作用最强，意味着具有相似需求的组织间倾向于竞争，很难进行技术转让。

… data from 2008 to 2016 and examines the influences of the determination of high and new technology enterprises, enterprise R&D investment, and institutional environment on regional …

… Research intensity is especially high in the automobile sector, which represents nearly onethird of total German business R&D investment. In this paper, only the surveys for 2005 and …

… R&D investments, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) need to orchestrate their innovation capabilities and remove technological … that foster knowledge and technology transfer (TT) …

… We calibrate 𝜙 to match the average of the post-event study coefficients from the pooled diff-in-diff specification by running the analogous regression using model-generated data.…

… for international technology transfer and domestic innovation… , although the results of the diff-in-diff estimation did not depend … into anything significant in the diff-in-diff regressions. As a …

Digital technologies are considered as factors that accelerate the pace of innovation and increase the firm’s innovation performance. However, few studies have investigated whether this claim is conditioned by other elements that contribute to innovation. Furthermore, firms increasingly rely on external knowledge sources to expand their internal knowledge base for the development of innovations. In this context, absorptive capacity can be considered as an essential organizational capability to embrace adoption of digital technologies and enhance their positive effect on innovation performance. This paper builds on this discussion and studies the contribution of digital capacity on innovation performance, proposing the mediating role of absorptive capacity in the context of the digital transformation. It uses evidence from an extensive Greek survey in 1014 manufacturing firms and analyzes the complex relationships underlying the role of digital transformation to innovation. The contribution of the paper is two-fold: (i) it provides a deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms through which firms can leverage their digital capacity to accelerate innovation, and (ii) it highlights the important mediating role of absorptive capacity in enhancing the positive effects of digitalization indicating that digital capacity is not an unquestionable asset for innovation performance. Accordingly, our results show a positive direct contribution of digital capacity to innovation performance, which is enhanced in the presence of absorptive capacity as a mediator. In fact, the indirect effect of digital capacity to innovation performance through absorptive capacity is stronger. These findings present important policy implications, as there is need for improvement in other innovation-related aspects of the business ecosystem to efficiently address the challenge of digital transformation, such as R&D efforts, training, interaction among actors, and building of communities of practice.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the effects of interregional green technology spillover (GTS) on energy intensity, with a special emphasis on the heterogeneous effect caused by absorptive capacity. Based on the panel data of China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2016, this paper uses RD nevertheless, it shows a divergence over the sample provinces, indicating the decreasing effect of GTS on energy intensity depends on the absorptive capacity of each province and the time period. In light of these findings, this paper also provides several policy suggestions.

Models of creative destruction assume that recessions are periods of reallocation and disruption, generating new ideas that catapult new firms to the frontier. However, current empirical evidence suggests that research and development (R&D) expenditures and patenting are procyclical, not countercyclical. In this paper, we introduce new insights to enrich this debate. First, using panel data on the quality of innovation between 1980 and 2019, we document that the quality of innovation is countercyclical: Innovations produced during busts have a larger effect on the path of future research than those developed during booms. Second, we investigate several additional patterns on the composition of R&D. We find that the procyclicality of R&D is concentrated among firms that are more financially constrained, and that time allocated towards basic science (applied) research is countercyclical (procyclical). These results highlight the importance of composition effects among not only the organizations that contribute to innovation over the business cycle, but also the tasks that employees within these organizations perform.

… Although some studies utilize the applying patent data to measure innovation quality, the number of patents is not always the best choice as a proxy for innovation quality because firms …

企业作为区域创新系统中的重要创新主体，对促进区域创新产出具有重要影响。利用2012~2018年中国省级面板数据，引入产学研协同发展和对外开放度两个重要变量，实证研究了企业研发投入如何促进区域创新产出的问题，结果表明：企业研发投入对区域创新产出存在正向显著影响；企业研发投入会促进产学研协同发展水平的提升，且产学研协同发展在企业研发投入与区域创新产出间存在部分中介作用；对外开放度在企业研发投入与产学研协同发展间起到正向调节作用，研究结论为推动区域创新发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。

我国近年来企业的创新投入呈现出规模持续增长、结构不断优化的特点，随着基础研究逐渐饱和，新技术研发难度及成本增加，我国企业创新研发方面的投资需要被重新考量。本文主要研究了研发投资（R&D）与企业绩效之间的关系，通过收集企业研发支出与企业绩效的数据进行回归实证研究，研究发现研发投资与企业绩效之间存在负相关关系，这种影响在第二年可能会减弱，但是此时研发投资仍然无法为企业带来正向收益。本文研究为当下中国市场尤其是在新技术饱和的情况下的研发方向选择并为企业提供了有关研发投资建议。

以数字经济拓展实体经济发展空间，是实现传统经济模式向智能化模式转变、数量型增长模式向质量型增长模式转变的重要手段。采用2013—2019年中国内地30个省域面板数据，在对数字经济发展水平和高技术产业创新效率进行测度分析的基础上，实证检验数字经济对高技术产业创新效率的影响效应。结果表明，数字经济发展能够有效提升高技术产业创新效率，但随着时间推移，影响效应趋于减弱；数字经济发展会强化企业家精神和产业结构升级对高技术产业创新效率提升的边际效应；数字经济发展对高技术产业创新效率的影响存在显著的区域和行业异质性，东西部地区数字经济发展更能有效促进高技术产业创新效率提升，数字经济发展对电子及通信设备制造业创新效率的提升作用更加显著。基于此，提出大力发展数字经济、培育企业家精神、加大研发投入力度、促进区域协调发展等建议。

以创新主体为切入点，通过分析技术追赶过程中创新难度过大导致我国企业家精神被抑制现象，阐明国家主导创新的重要性和必要性，探讨国家主导的技术创新组织模式及其运行机制。研究表明，我国高端制造业利用突破式技术创新实现技术追赶时，企业家精神会受到压制和削弱，企业作为创新主体的功能失效。此时，国家主导应该代替企业家精神，以构建人才特区形式强化基础研究，突破高端制造行业共性核心技术，通过扫除或削弱企业难以逾越的技术障碍，使其技术追赶条件降低，为企业家创新主体功能发挥提供更有力支持。

The researchers, environmental scientists and policymakers around the world are exerting substantial efforts to mitigate the growth of CO 2 emissions to save the planet. A number of measures and initiatives, such as, energy efficiency, renewable energy technologies and emission-control are proposed in order to reduce CO 2 emissions. This study examines the long-run relationship between R&D investment and environmental sustainability in a panel of 25 European Union (EU) member countries over a period of seventeen years (1998 to 2014). We use robust and reliable econometric methods to capture the interactions between R&D investment on renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. The findings confirm that the growth of R&D expenditures promotes renewable energy consumption and plays a significant role in reducing CO 2 emissions in the sample countries. Furthermore, the findings suggest that increasing the share of renewable energy consumption in the total energy mix also reduces CO 2 emissions. Given these results, we suggest that the EU policymakers provide more financial and regulatory assistance to the R&D activities, specifically in the energy sector, to ensure promoting low carbon economies in this region.

… external investors, and ultimately enhances corporate technological innovation (CTI). This … It is found that: (1) ESG performance can effectively promote the intensity of R&D investment…

With the increasing carbon neutral targets claimed by responsible countries, many research has been done to investigate the impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation (GTI). However, there still remains a gap at micro level that takes enterprise as research subject to figure out an effective regulatory mechanism that supports the development of GTI. Since the integration of technology and finance is the main trend in future progress of GTI, it is meaningful to study the decision-making behavior and influencing factors of heterogenous enterprises and banks under market-based environmental regulation policies. This paper established a tripartite evolutionary game model among two types of enterprises with distinct Research & Development (R&D) ability and banks. The results show that: (1) the scenario when subsidy to enterprises is greater than to banks leads to a better situation; (2) penalty has more significant influence on enterprises than subsidies at the early stage, and enterprises' strategic choices of independent R&D is more reliable on subsidies; (3) when the price gap between different levels of technology increases, enterprises are inclined to continuously invest in green R&D, while it will restrain enterprises' technology introduction behavior.

… development and research and development expenditures … and information and communication technology (ICT) also … resources and R&D spending to spur the energy transition. …

I analyze project continuation decisions where firms may resolve uncertainty through news about competitors’ research and development (R&D) failures, as well as through their own results. I examine the tradeoffs and interactions between product-market competition and technological learning from parallel R&D projects. Leveraging the biopharmaceutical industry’s unique characteristics to overcome barriers to measuring project-level responses, I use a difference-in-differences strategy to evaluate how competitor exit news alters a firm’s own project discontinuation decisions. The findings reveal that technological learning dominates competition effects. Firms are most sensitive to competitor failure news from within the same market and same technology area—more than doubling their propensity to terminate drug development projects in the wake of this type of information. Finally, I explore how levels of competition, uncertainty, and opportunities to learn moderate the response to competitor failure news. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.

Considering China's green credit policy (GCP) as a quasi-natural experiment, this study discusses the effect of GCP on enterprise green innovation (GI) using a difference-in-difference method based on data from Chinese listed companies from 2009 to 2020. The results indicate that green credit enhances the strategic GI of heavy polluters while significantly inhibiting essential GI, thus suggesting the nonexistence of the Porter effect. In addition, the inhibition effect is attributed to an increase in financing constraints and a reduction in government subsidies, firm research and development investment, and employment scale. This disincentive effect is particularly pronounced in privately owned firms, small cities, and capital-intensive low-profitability firms. Resource misallocation caused by the GCP fails to stimulate the green transformation of heavily polluting industries through the Porter effect. Hence, governments should establish a diversified green financial system, integrate green venture capital and GI elements, and guide the flow of social capital toward green industries.

ABSTRACT To cope with the ever-increasing environmental regulations, high-emitting countries have established strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Among these methods, the emission trading scheme (ETS) has been highlighted as a cost-effective reduction tool based on a market mechanism. In order to operate the ETS efficiently and reduce the marginal abatement cost of firms, it is essential to analyse the main factors affecting carbon emissions and design valid policies for industries. This study investigates the potential factors affecting carbon emissions and examines the relationship between innovation activities such as patents and R&D investment and emissions based on firm-level data participating in the Korean Emission Trading Scheme (KETS). It considers that innovation’s effect on the environmental performance of firms varies by industries because each industry has a different production process and carbon reduction ability. Thus, in this study, the effects of innovations on greenhouse gases are analysed and compared by industry. The results show that innovation activities have a negative relationship with carbon emissions at the 5% significance level. The comparative analysis between industries indicate that the innovation’s effect varies by industry. Process industries are not affected by patents, while in the semiconductor industry, patents play an important role in reducing greenhouse gases.

… of renewable energy, technological innovation, stock market development, and natural … Besides, the outcomes illustrated that a 1% significant and positive increase in stock market …

Abstract This study aims to estimate the short-term and long-term impacts of technological innovation, finance, and foreign direct investment on renewable energy, non-renewable energy, and CO2 emissions in 69 countries of the "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)" from 2000 to 2014. Using robust standard error regression and dynamic GMM estimators, the results showed that technological innovations, economic growth, and foreign direct investment (FDI) have a negative impact on renewable energy. In contrast, financial developments have shown to be a significant positive determinant of the study area's renewable energy sector. The impression of technological innovation, FDI, and economic growth is positive, contributing to energy use and CO2 emissions in the BRI countries. The Granger non-causality test showed two-way causal links between renewable energy, technological innovation, finance, and FDI. The study's practical applications are unique and have policy implications; for example, financial markets in the BRI countries should be promoted because they are the main determinants of the renewable energy sector and economic growth, reducing CO2 emissions. Furthermore, investment in the R&D of technological innovations is much needed in these countries.

… R&D investment reduces short term performance in general (Alam et al., 2020). Furthermore, we reveal new findings that R&D investment … ties under the influences of R&D intensity on …

… investment can promote sustainable economic growth by improving green technology, the technology effect equation includes R&D … the ratio of technology market transaction volume to …

… regulation on green technology innovations. To address this … regulation affects green technology innovations. The empirical … ” to join the green technology market and launch more …

… and bias of energy technology progress. Moreover, it affects ETI mainly through total agency costs, financial technology, and research and development investment. Based on the …

… conditional diff-in-diff approach, … diff-in-diff methodology and heterogeneity in treatment intensity proxied by specifications A–C that were described in the previous section. Diff-in-diff is a …

… My diff-in-diff analysis leverages the implementation of a policy in which Switzerland granted free labor market mobility to EU citizens and a different degree of treatment of Italian firms …

… cluster policies have a technological focus, we expect that such policies are able to shape and redirect the knowledge space of regions to open new technological pathways. However, …

This paper investigates the effects of a specific governmental place-based policy to fight depopulation: the Italian Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI). Taking advantage of the most recent …

The expanded Panama Canal opened on June 26, 2016. This expansion is the third set of locks that enabled the canal to double its capacity through the addition of new traffic lanes, which allowed neo-Panamax and some post-Panamax vessels to transit across the canal. The widening of the canal has increased maritime traffic within Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Major ports in the regions have made huge investments in port expansion and infrastructural development to accommodate neo-Panamax vessels. In this study, we investigated the impact of the Panama Canal expansion (PCE) on the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ports by using the Difference in Difference (DID) method. This impact was evaluated for 100 major and regular ports within the three sub-regions of LAC, namely Caribbean, Central, and South America, before and after the treatment effect, that is, the PCE. The findings from the model revealed that the average container port throughput (TEUs) for the treated ports (DTrp) was more than that of the controlled ports (CONTp) with transshipment hub, Central America, and South America having 20%, 12%, and 34% growth, respectively, since the PCE (the treatment) except for the Caribbean ports (DTrp), which experienced losses of 8% within the LAC region from 2010 to 2019.

Abstract Using the Credit Risk Transfers (CRTs) issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, we study how, absent government intervention, mortgage markets would price hurricane risk. Currently, such risk is priced equally across locations even if it is location‐specific. We hand collect a novel and detailed database to exploit CRTs' heterogeneous exposure to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. Using a diff‐in‐diff specification, we estimate the reaction of private investors to hurricane risk. We use the previous results to calibrate a model of mortgage lending. We simulate hurricane frequencies and mortgage default probabilities in each US county to derive the market price of mortgage credit risk, that is, the implied guarantee fees (g‐fees). Market‐implied g‐fees in counties most exposed to hurricanes would be 70% higher than inland counties.

We document that traditional energy firms are key innovators in the United States’ green patent landscape. These firms produce more, and significantly higher-quality, green innovation. In many green technology spaces, they appear to be influential first movers and to produce ongoing foundational aspects of innovation and commercialization on which other alternative energy producers build. They additionally invest significantly in labor and capital to complement these green innovations. These traditional energy firms, however, receive significantly lower environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores and fund flows and are not rewarded for incremental green innovation. This behavior is consistent with a competitive response by traditional energy firms to preempt obsolescence of current technology by investing in future replacement technologies. This paper was accepted by Bo Becker, finance. Funding: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation [Grant SciSIP 1535813] and the Fordham University Gabelli School of Business—PVH Corp. Global Thought Leadership Grant on Corporate Social Responsibility. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2024.09124 .

Purpose The effect of the transition toward digital technologies on today’s businesses (i.e. Industry 4.0 transition) is becoming increasingly relevant, and the number of studies that have examined this phenomenon has grown rapidly. However, systematizing the existing findings is still a challenge, from both a theoretical and a managerial point of view. In such a setting, the knowledge management (KM) discipline can provide guidance to address such a gap. Indeed, the implementation of fundamental digital technologies is reshaping how firms manage knowledge. Thus, this study aims to critically review the existing literature on Industry 4.0 from a KM perspective. Design/methodology/approach First, the authors defined a structuring framework to highlight the role of Industry 4.0 transition along with absorptive capacity (ACAP) processes (acquisition, assimilation, transformation and exploitation), while specifying what is being managed, that is data, information and/or (actual) knowledge, according to the data-information-knowledge (DIK) hierarchy. The authors then followed the systematic literature review methodology, which involves the use of explicit criteria to select publications to review and outline the stages a process has to follow to provide a transparent and replicable review and to analyze the existing literature according to the theoretical framework. This procedure yielded a final list of 150 papers. Findings By providing a clear picture of what scholars have studied so far on Industry 4.0 transition, in terms of KM, this literature review highlights that among all the studied digital technologies, the big data analytics technology is the one that has been explored the most in each phase of the ACAP process. A constructive body of research has also emerged in recent years around the role played by the internet of things, especially to explain the acquisition of data. On the other hand, some digital technologies, such as cyber security and smart manufacturing, have largely remained unaddressed. An explanation of the role of these technologies has been provided, from a KM perspective, together with the business implications. Originality/value This study is one of the first attempts to revise the literature on Industry 4.0 transition from a KM perspective, and it proposes a novel framework to read existing studies and on which to base new ones. Furthermore, the synthesis makes two main contributions. First, it provides a clear picture of the different digital technologies that support the four ACAP phases in relation to the DIK hierarchy. Accordingly, these results can emphasize what the literature has looked at so far, as well as which digital technologies have gained the most attention and their impacts in terms of KM. Second, the synthesis provides prescriptive considerations on the development of future research avenues, according to the proposed research framework.

PurposeScholars have examined the possible relationship between information technology (IT) and organizational agility. Although the general-level effect of IT is undisputed, empirical research on how different types of IT contribute to various aspects of organizational agility remains scarce. Therefore, this study aims to propose an integrated framework of internal capability and external environment to address this research gap.Design/methodology/approachThis study investigates the potential mediating effects of absorptive capacity and the moderating effects of information intensity in the IT‒agility relationship. With a dataset comprising 165 organizations in China, this work provides empirical evidence that the effects of absorptive capacity and information intensity are multifaceted and nuanced, thereby revealing the latent mechanisms of IT competency and organizational agility.FindingsAbsorptive capacity partially mediates the effects of IT knowledge and IT operations on market capitalizing agility and fully mediates their effects on operational adjustment agility. However, no direct or indirect effects of IT objects are found on both types of organizational agility. Information intensity also positively moderates the effects of IT operations and IT objects on absorptive capacity. However, no significant moderation is found with regard to IT operations.Originality/valueThis study provides novel insights by demonstrating clearly the different mediating roles of absorptive capacity in the relationship among various types of IT competency and diverse aspects of organizational agility. This work also underscores the moderating role of information intensity in shaping absorptive capacity through IT competency.

Although the relevant literature has already demonstrated the impact that absorptive capacity has on companies’ innovation capacity, we have found few studies that analyze the role of learning capability in this relationship. The main objective of this study was to examine the role of organizational learning in this relationship. For this purpose, a quantitative research approach was used. A total of 306 valid questionnaires were obtained from small and medium-sized Spanish companies in different sectors. The collected data were analyzed using the multivariate Partial Least Square (PLS) quantitative structural equation technique. According to the result, absorption capacity turns into innovation mainly when learning capacity is involved in this process. This study provides empirical evidence of this relationship and fills this gap. It can also help organizations understand and clarify what would be the most appropriate way in to manage knowledge to improve their innovation levels.

… absorptive capacity and corporate sustainability by providing insights into the role of acquisition… The experience of working has enabled our SMEs to be at the cutting edge of technology …

This paper investigates the relationships between intellectual capital (IC), knowledge absorptive capacity (KAC), environmental compliance, innovation, and business performance in …

Digitalization is essential for supply chain (SC) systems to thrive in the extremely dynamic and competitive business environment of the present day. The purpose of this study is to examine the role and the importance of absorptive capacity (ACAP) on supply chain innovation performance (SCIP), mediated by digital capability (DCAP), supply chain resilience (SCR), supply chain agility (SCA), and digital innovation (DI). The study has been designed to empirically investigate the hypothesized relationships on a sample of 116 firms across industries in Saudi Arabia, using a partial least-squares-based structural equation model (PLS-SEM). Based on the findings, all the hypothesized paths are supported, justifying that ACAP positively and significantly impacts DCAP, SCA, and SCR. Moreover, SCA and SCR partially mediated the relationship between ACAP and SCIP. This study contributes to the resource-based view (RBV) and a dynamic capability (DC) theories by examining how the innovation of digital technologies affects SCIP, providing empirical support to the ACAP and SCIP interaction through numerous mediators to develop SCIP, from which also many practical implications emerged. For instance, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, businesses must improve their SC performance by building and integrating their ACAP to make the most of their digital-platform-based dynamic capabilities.

ABSTRACT Although previous studies have contributed substantially to our understanding of the role of external collaboration on product innovation in the context of high-tech industries in developed countries, there has been limited attention to the role of knowledge search on process innovation in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in extreme institutional environments. Drawing on the open innovation and absorptive capacity literatures, two key findings emerge from our study of 124 SMEs operating in the automotive industry. First, we find that external knowledge-search breadth, but not depth, is related to the development of process innovation. Second, process innovation is positively related to performance.

Absorptive capacity is a common barrier to knowledge transfer at the individual level. However, technology absorptive capacity can enhance an individual’s learning behaviour. This study investigates that technology readiness, the tools for knowledge sources, social influences, and social networks influence an individual’s absorptive capacity on an adaptation of the individual learning behaviour. A quantitative approach is used to assess the presence of a causal relationship from the constructs mentioned above. Data were collected from university students in Australia to examine the hypotheses. With 199 responses, a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach was used for the analysis. The results generated mixed findings. Individual’s technological belief in optimism and innovation and social influences had a significantly weaker effect on individual absorptive capacity, which in turn had a significantly weaker impact on their learning behaviour.

… Green innovation helps enterprises promote technological innovation in green products or … To acquire representative samples, we selected some provinces and cities located in …

PurposeThis study examines the relationship between knowledge-sharing activities of the firm and its innovation capability. It also investigates the moderating impact of the firms' absorptive capacity on the relationship between knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability from the cross-subsidiary perspective in the international market environment.Design/methodology/approachThis study reviewed the literature from the areas of knowledge management, international market and innovation management. Through the literature review, absorptive capacity theory and dynamic capability view (DCV) theory, a conceptual model has been developed. This model has been validated using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique with 612 respondents from 16 multinational firms from different countries.FindingsThe study finds that knowledge-sharing activities across subsidiaries of multinational firms are important for product and process innovation. Firms’ absorptive capacity also impacts the relationship between firms' knowledge-sharing activities and their different dynamic capabilities, such as sensing, seizing and transforming. The study also finds that firms' innovation capability positively impacts their competitiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides valuable inputs to the management of multinational firms to recognize the importance of knowledge-sharing activities across their different subsidiaries in the international marketing knowledge management (MKM) context.Originality/valueThe study adds to the literature on knowledge management, international market and firms' innovation capability. As the study examines the knowledge-sharing activities across different subsidiaries of multinational firms, especially in the context of process and product innovation, it is considered unique. The study also provides a unique validated model.

The worldwide movement for sustainable activities aligns with progress in intelligent technology. This research examines the influence of digital dynamic capability—a company's capacity to rapidly employ digital technology for invention and adaptation—on green competition within the hotel and tourist sectors, with green creativity as a mediating factor. This research examines the impact of Digital Leadership (DL) on Sustainability Competitive Advantages (SCA) within hospitality and travel enterprises, emphasizing Green Absorptive Capacity (GAC) and Eco-Innovation (EI) as mediating factors. This research examined middle management within travel firms and hotels in Saudi Arabia. An analysis tool called WarpPLS 7.0 was used to look at all 325 acceptable responses. The study found that GAC and EI significantly affected the connection between DL and SCA. This research adds to the Dynamic Capabilities Concept. It gives tourism and hotel managers the information they need to use digital strategies and environmental efforts to advance in a market that cares about the environment.

This study aims to explore the relationship between social capital and the innovation performance of digital firms. In addition, we examine the mediation effect of cross-border knowledge search on this relationship and investigate the serial mediation effect of cross-border knowledge search and absorptive capacity between social capital and innovation performance. Using data collected from 217 Chinese digital companies, we tested the proposed hypotheses by constructing structural equation models through SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 24.0. Based on the results of theoretical deductions and empirical tests, some conclusions can be drawn. First, for digital firms, social capital remains significantly and positively associated with innovation performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, digital firms with higher social capital are likely to generate higher innovation performance even if they experience a more severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, cross-border knowledge search effectively mediates the relationship between social structural capital, social relational capital, and innovation performance, whereas this mediation effect is not significant between social cognitive capital and innovation performance. Finally, the serial mediation effect of cross-border knowledge search and absorptive capacity on the relationship between social capital and innovation performance is confirmed. Some managerial implications are summarized based on our findings. On the one hand, digital firms should still actively build social capital to enhance innovation performance during the pandemic. On the other hand, social capital can help digital firms implement cross-border knowledge search and develop absorptive capacity. Thus, digital firms can effectively utilize heterogeneous knowledge to enhance their innovation performance. © 2022 The Author(s)

… from the perspective of absorptive capacity. Through the survey of 205 Chinese … technology (IT) companies, we find that potential absorptive capacity and realized absorptive capacity …

… Green absorptive capacity is the organizational … to acquire, transform, and apply external green technological knowledge. They say that companies with more absorptive capacity are …

Software process tailoring (SPT) is a team‐based and learning‐intensive activity that addresses the particular dynamic characteristics of a development project. Because SPT critically influences how projects are conducted, its performance should be investigated. However, the extant literature lacks empirical evidence on how the underlying effects of SPT performance and its team‐supportive factors operate and influence software project performance. From the knowledge perspective, this study adopts dynamic capabilities theory and considers the learning ability and absorptive capacity of software project teams to develop a theoretical model to address this gap. The results of an empirical examination of the model with 135 software project teams advance our understanding of how team‐level learning antecedents—experience, communication quality and trust—dynamically facilitate teams' absorptive capacity (AC) when they conduct SPT, which in turn reinforces project performance. The mediating effects of the proposed model are unveiled and discussed, and theoretical implications as well as practical guidance for how AC and these factors promote SPT and project performance are suggested.

… of absorptive capacity and supply chain agility. Primary survey data collected from 214 firms hosted in tech… coopetition that then positively influences absorptive capacity, which relates to …

… this with patent data. Leveraging quasi-random variation in counties’ surname compositions … increased both the quantity and the quality of innovation within counties and for individual …

Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a technology at the center of many political, economic, and societal debates. This paper formulates a new AI patent search strategy and applies this to provide a landscape analysis of AI innovation dynamics and technology evolution. The paper uses patent analyses, network analyses, and source path link count algorithms to examine AI spatial and temporal trends, cooperation features, cross-organization knowledge flow and technological routes. Results indicate a growing yet concentrated, non-collaborative and multi-path development and protection profile for AI patenting, with cross-organization knowledge flows based mainly on interorganizational knowledge citation links.

We use textual analysis of high-dimensional data from patent documents to create new indicators of technological innovation. We identify important patents based on textual similarity of a given patent to previous and subsequent work: these patents are distinct from previous work but related to subsequent innovations. Our importance indicators correlate with existing measures of patent quality but also provide complementary information. We identify breakthrough innovations as the most important patents—those in the right tail of our measure—and construct time series indices of technological change at the aggregate and sectoral levels. Our technology indices capture the evolution of technological waves over a long time span (1840 to the present) and cover innovation by private and public firms as well as nonprofit organizations and the US government. Advances in electricity and transportation drive the index in the 1880s, chemicals and electricity in the 1920s and 1930s, and computers and communication in the post-1980s. (JEL C43, N71, N72, O31, O33, O34)

How important is access to patent documents for subsequent innovation? We examine the expansion of the USPTO Patent Library system after 1975. Patent libraries provided access to patents before the Internet. We find that after patent library opening, local patenting increases by 8–20 percent relative to similar regions. Additional analyses suggest that disclosure of technical information drives this effect: inventors increasingly take up ideas from outside their region, and the effect is strongest in technologies where patents are more informative. We thus provide evidence that disclosure plays an important role in cumulative innovation. (JEL D83, K11, O31, O34, R11)

In order to observe a patent application at the firm level, two conditions need to be met: new products need to be of patentable quality, which depends both on the degree of novelty of innovations and on the total number (portfolio) of innovations; and the benefits of patents need to be higher than the costs of owning them. Analyzing the patent propensity of small and large UK firms using a novel innovation-level survey (the SIPU survey) linked to Community Innovation Survey data, we find that when we consider the whole innovation portfolio, smaller firms do patent less than larger firms. However, using data on individual innovations, we find that smaller firms are no less likely to patent any specific innovation than larger firms. We argue that size differences in the probability to patent relate primarily to the “portfolio effect,” i.e., larger firms generate more innovations than smaller firms, and therefore are more likely to create one or more which are patentable. As for the decision to patent a patentable innovation, we find that cost barriers, more than issues of innovation quality or enforceability, deter small firms from patenting specific innovations. Measures to address the costs of patenting for smaller—perhaps by considering patents as eligible costs for R&D tax credits—and/or subsidizing SMEs’ participation in IP litigation schemes may both encourage patent use by smaller firms.

The development of remdesivir has been a breakthrough for COVID-19 treatment. It has been approved in about 50 countries, including Saudi Arabia, since 2020. The generic structure of remdesivir was first disclosed in 2009. This patent review summarizes the remdesivir based inventions to treat/prevent COVID-19 and other disorders from 2009 to May 16, 2021, emphasizing the patents related to medical and pharmaceutical sciences. The primary patents/patent applications of remdesivir are related to its compositions, new combinations with other therapeutic agents, delivery systems, and new indications. The inventive combinations have displayed synergistic effects against COVID-19, whereas the delivery systems/compositions have improved patient compliance. The inventions related to new indications of remdesivir to treat Ebola, hepatitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiovascular complications enhance its therapeutic area. Many new innovative combinations and delivery systems of remdesivir are anticipated to provide better treatment for COVID-19.

Abstract We find that corporate innovation is positively related to board diversity as measured by a multidimensional index. The benefit of board diversity is more pronounced for firms with more complex operations, more experienced boards, and stronger external governance, suggesting that diverse boards have superior advising capacity. We find evidence to suggest that firms with diverse boards engage in more exploratory innovations and develop new technology in unfamiliar areas. As a result, they create a larger number of both most-cited and uncited patents. Finally, of the six different aspects of board diversity, professional diversity matters the most for corporate innovation.

We investigate whether and to what extent shareholder litigation shapes corporate innovation by examining the staggered adoption of universal demand laws in 23 states from 1989 to 2005. These laws impose obstacles against shareholders filing derivative lawsuits, thereby significantly reducing managers’ litigation risk. Using a difference-in-differences design and a matched sample, we find that, following the passage of the laws, firms invested more in research and development, produced more patents in new technological classes and more patents based on new knowledge, generated more patents with significant impacts, and achieved higher patent value. Our findings suggest that the external pressure imposed by shareholder litigation discourages managers from engaging in explorative innovation activities. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance.

Staggered boards (SBs) are one of the most potent common entrenchment devices, and their value effects are considerably debated. We study SBs ’ effects on fi rm value, managerial behavior, and investor composition using a quasi-experimental setting: a 1990 law that imposed SBs on all Massachusetts-incorporated fi rms. We fi nd that relative to a matched control group of companies, for treated companies the law led to an increase in Tobin ’ s Q, investment in capital expenditures and R&D, patents, and higher-quality patented innovations, resulting in higher pro fi tability. These effects are concentrated in innovating fi rms, especially those facing greater Wall Street scrutiny. An increase in institutional and dedicated investors also accompanied the imposition of SBs, facilitating a longer-term orientation. The evidence suggests that SBs can bene fi t early-life-cycle fi rms facing high information asymmetries by allowing their managers to focus on long-term investments and innovations. comportement des gestionnaires et la composition des investisseurs en ayant recours à un cadre quasi-expérimental, soit une loi de 1990 obligeant toutes les entreprises constituées en corporation au Massachusetts à mettre en place des CART. Nous établissons que, comparativement à un groupe témoin d ’ entreprises, la loi a entraîné chez les entreprises examinées une augmentation du ratio Q de Tobin, des investissements dans les dépenses d ’ immobilisation et la RD, des brevets et des innovations brevetées de grande qualité, en plus d ’ accroître la rentabilité. Ces effets se retrouvent principalement chez les entreprises innovantes, plus particulièrement celles qui font l ’ objet d ’ une surveillance accrue de la part de Wall Street. L ’ imposition des CART a également donné lieu à une hausse des investisseurs institutionnels et spécialisés, ce qui facilite l ’ établissement d ’ une orientation à plus long terme. Les données probantes portent à croire que les CART peuvent pro fi ter aux entreprises en début de cycle de vie qui font face à d ’ importantes asymétries d ’ information en permettant à leurs gestionnaires de se concentrer sur les investissements et les innovations à long terme.

Income taxes are typically set to raise revenues and redistribute income at the lowest possible efficiency costs, which result from the distortions in individual behaviors that taxes entail. Individuals can respond along many margins, such as labor supply, tax avoidance and evasion, and geographic mobility. But one margin that taxes may affect — innovation — is less frequently considered. Conceptually, taxes reduce the expected net returns to innovation inputs and can reduce innovation. Much like other margins of responses to taxes, this efficiency cost must be taken into account. Innovation is done by a relatively small number of people, but it is nevertheless likely to have widespread benefits. While inventors may have divergent motivations, such as social recognition or the love of discovery, they also face an economic reality. How strongly innovation responds to taxes is an empirical question that has been the subject of a growing body of recent work. In this paper, I study how to account for innovation when setting personal income and capital taxation. I distinguish between two cases: one in which the government can set a differentiated tax on inventors and one in which the government is constrained to set the same tax on all agents. I provide a model that flexibly accounts for the spillovers generated by innovation and the non-pecuniary benefits inventors receive from innovation and derive tax formulas expressed in terms of estimable sufficient statistics. The second part of the paper discusses the empirical evidence on the effects of taxes on the quantity, quality, and location of innovation, as well as tax avoidance and income shifting done through innovation. Abstract Income taxes are typically set to raise revenues and redistribute income at the lowest possible efficiency costs, which result from the distortions in individual behaviors that taxes entail. Individuals can respond along many margins, such as labor supply, tax avoidance and evasion, and geographic mobility. But one margin that taxes may affect — innovation — is less frequently considered. Conceptually, taxes reduce the expected net returns to innovation inputs and can reduce innovation. Much like other margins of responses to taxes, this efficiency cost must be taken into account. Innovation is done by a relatively small number of people, but it is nevertheless likely to have widespread benefits. While inventors may have divergent motivations, such as social recognition or the love of discovery, they also face an economic reality. How strongly innovation responds to taxes is an empirical question that has been the subject of a growing body of recent work. In this paper, I study how to account for innovation when setting personal income and capital taxation. I distinguish between two cases: one in which the government can set a differentiated tax on inventors and one in which the government is constrained to set the same tax on all agents. I provide a model that flexibly accounts for the spillovers generated by innovation and the non-pecuniary benefits inventors receive from innovation and derive tax formulas expressed in terms of estimable sufficient statistics. The second part of the paper discusses the empirical evidence on the effects of taxes on the quantity, quality, and location of innovation, as well as tax avoidance and income shifting done through innovation.

… in lower-quality patents, while boards with science expertise have higher-quality patents. … in education levels and gender composition on boards in companies based in those regions. …

A next generation of innovation in enabling and complementary green energy technologies is needed to further accelerate the decarbonization of electricity systems. Few studies have investigated the policy determinants of innovation in this sector to glean insights on how governments may support the development and deployment of these technologies. Policies that were successful at supporting the first wave of renewables innovation may not be sufficient to produce similar results in the next wave of green innovation since those face higher coordination challenges. Using the case of smart grid technology, we investigate the effects of interoperability standards, an instrument that may facilitate coordination through establishing common technological frameworks, on inventive activity. Using firm-level analysis, we find that on average standards decrease firms' patenting activity. We further find that this negative effect is driven by firms with high patenting intensity, whereas standards enable the entry of new firms into the field. We further find suggestive evidence that standards improve innovation quality.

… occur and affect the quality of algae and algal by-… , the patent landscape from the last five years was researched and studied, indicating recent technologies to preserve product quality. …

This paper sheds light on the convergence of innovation (patenting) using data from two‐digit manufacturing industries in 32 countries over the period of 1976–2006. It shows that patenting rates tend to converge over time (patenting growth is faster when initial patents are lower), including within countries (across industries) and within industries (across countries). Notably, the quality (citations and citations per patent) and efficiency (patents per worker) of innovation also exhibit convergence. Convergence is widespread across all countries and industries in our sample, and in all time periods. Country‐level data confirms that patent convergence continued through 2020. Patent convergence is stronger where financial development, international financial integration, and institutional quality are higher, and under the presence of financial policies supportive of financial liberalization. These factors contribute to both within country (across industries) and within industry (across countries) convergence. The results highlight the importance of the financial and institutional environment for the growth of patenting, and ultimately for economic growth and productivity.

… Based on the digital twin technology, this paper studied the overall development of patent applications, the oil dependence of the automobile industry, and the production and sales of …

Technetium-99m is the workhorse of diagnostic nuclear medicine. The aim of the work is to analyze the technetium-99m patents since 2000 to photograph its innovation. QUESTEL’s ORBIT Intelligence system was used for the collection of technetium inventions disclosed in patents and patent applications in more than 96 countries in the period 2000–2022; 2768 patent documents were analyzed. Patent counting and analysis have shown that SPECT imaging using technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals is still robust. The introduction of new technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals into clinical routine goes beyond successful trials. In eastern economies, such as China and other emerging markets, patent applications are on the rise, while those in developed western countries are stagnating, with some exceptions for the United States. But despite the difficulties, academic and industrial research on these tracers remains essential for the development of nuclear medicine.

Abstract Our study seeks to determine whether patent thickets covering biologic drugs are responsible for delayed biosimilar market entry. We compare patent assertions against the same biosimilar drugs across three countries. On average nine to twelve times more patents were asserted against biosimilars in the United States than in Canada and the United Kingdom. Biosimilars also enter the Canadian and UK markets more quickly than they do in the United States following regulatory approval. Later market entry is not a problem when the brand name drug company is asserting high quality patents (i.e. patents covering significant advances). Consequently, we drilled down into the U.S. patent portfolio of one major biologic, Abbvie's Humira drug, and found that it was made up of roughly 80% non-patentably distinct (duplicative) patents linked together by terminal disclaimers, which is permitted under United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) rules. In contrast, there were far less non-duplicative European patents that covered Humira. Patent thickets can allow brand name drug companies to delay biosimilar entry by relying on the high cost of challenging many duplicative patents instead of the quality of their underlying patents. Accordingly, we suggest several policy interventions that may thin these biologic patent thickets.