不同站点植物果实成熟期讨论结论的近期可查询SCI参考文献

… drive differences in the timing of tree growth and water use … of tree phenology tended to be limited by water availability at … variation in temperature and water availability drive differences …

Phenology is essential to our understanding of bio- geochemical cycles and the climate system. We develop a global mechanistic model of leaf phenology based on the hy- pothesis that phenology is a strategy for optimal carbon gain at the canopy level so that trees adjust leaf gains and losses in response to environmental factors such as light, temperature and soil moisture, to achieve maximum carbon assimilation. We fit this model to five years of satellite observations of leaf area index (LAI) using a Bayesian fitting algorithm. We show that our model is able to reproduce phenological pat- terns for all vegetation types and use it to explore variations in growing season length and the climate factors that limit leaf growth for different biomes. Phenology in wet tropical areas is limited by leaf age physiological constraints while at higher latitude leaf seasonality is limited by low temperature and light availability. Leaf growth in grassland regions is lim- ited by water availability but often in combination with other factors. This model will advance the current understanding of phenology for ecosystem carbon models and our ability to predict future phenological behaviour.

… cold water gradient fields; however, the only phenological data collected from these studies were HD. For the model runs, booting was set to 178 Cd after PI, similar to cold water …

The Tibetan Plateau, housing 20% of China's wetlands, plays a vital role in the regional carbon cycle. Examining the phenological dynamics of wetland vegetation in response to climate change is crucial for understanding its impact on the ecosystem. Despite this importance, the specific effects of climate change on wetland vegetation phenology in this region remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the influence of climate change on the end of the growing season (EOS) of marsh wetland vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau, utilizing satellite‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and observational climate data. We observed that the regionally averaged EOS of marsh vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau was significantly (p < .05) delayed by 4.10 days/decade from 2001 to 2020. Warming preseason temperatures were found to be the primary driver behind the delay in the EOS of marsh vegetation, whereas preseason cumulative precipitation showed no significant impact. Interestingly, the responses of EOS to climate change varied spatially across the plateau, indicating a regulatory role for hydrological conditions in marsh phenology. In the humid and cold central regions, preseason daytime warming significantly delayed the EOS. However, areas with lower soil moisture exhibited a weaker or reversed delay effect, suggesting complex interplays between temperature, soil moisture, and EOS. Notably, in the arid southwestern regions of the plateau, increased preseason rainfall directly delayed the EOS, while higher daytime temperatures advanced it. Our results emphasize the critical role of hydrological conditions, specifically soil moisture, in shaping marsh EOS responses in different regions. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate hydrological factors into terrestrial ecosystem models, particularly in cold and dry regions, for accurate predictions of marsh vegetation phenological responses to climate change. This understanding is vital for informed conservation and management strategies in the face of current and future climate challenges.

… The timing of phenophases in these species is highly sensitive to seasonal rainfall and soil water availability, with temperature also directly influencing the controlling/shifting of the …

Single wheat plants (cv. Gabo) were sown in tall pots and top-watered so that growth proceeded without stress until the time of floral initiation. Having reached this stage, plants encountered increasing stress as soil water was depleted. At intervals after the dawn leaf water potential, ?1, had reached values of –5, –10, –15 bars etc., the stress was relieved with water sufficient for unstressed development until anthesis. The anthesis dates of plants which had encountered mild stress (?1 down to about ndash;15 bars) were ahead of the well-watered control, while those which had encountered more severe stress (?1 from about ndash;25 to ndash;40 bars) flowered after the controls. The results are discussed in relation to the possibilities of including the effects of stress in crop development models.

Global climate is changing and will impact future production of all food and feed crops. Corn is no exception and to ensure a future supply we must begin to understand how climate impacts both the phenological development of corn and the productivity. Temper- ature and precipitation are the two climate factors that will have a major benefit on corn phenology and productivity. The warming climate will accelerate the phenological devel- opment because the number of thermal units required for leaf appearance is relatively constant in the vegetative stage. Productivity of corn is reduced when extreme tempera- ture events occur during pollination and is further exaggerated when there are water deficits at pollination. During the grain-filling period, warm temperatures above the upper threshold cause a reduction in yield. Model estimates suggest that for every 1 (cid:1) C increase in temperature there is nearly a 10% yield reduction. To meet world demand, new adaptation practices are needed to provide water to the growing crop and avoid extreme temperature events during the growing season. Climate change will continue to affect corn production and understanding these effects will help determine where future production areas exist and innovative adaptation practices to benefit yield stability could be utilized.

Extensive research has been conducted on temperate cereal development since the inception of the Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge in 1905. This review presents an overview of the orderly and predictable development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). It begins with the concept of building canopies by the formation, growth and senescence of phytomers (the unit comprised of the leaf, axillary bud, node and internode). Morphological naming schemes for uniquely identifying each plant part are then extended to uniquely name each phytomer unit. The role of the phyllochron (rate of leaf appearance) in synchronizing cereal development and phytomer formation is discussed, as is the use of phenology to predict the timing of the formation, growth and senescence of individual components. The complete developmental sequence of the winter wheat shoot apex correlated with growth stages is extended to spring barley. This overview discusses the abiotic factors controlling cereal development, with special attention given to key questions regarding the critical role of temperature. The review concludes with some cautious glances forward to the exciting possibilities for better understanding of mechanisms controlling the phyllochron and phenology being gained from advances in functional genomics and molecular biology.

Abstract Increases in nitrogen (N) deposition and variation in precipitation have been occurring in temperate deserts; however, little information is available regarding plant phenological responses to environmental cues and their relationships with plant growth pattern in desert ecosystems. In this study, plant phenology and growth of six annuals in response to N and water addition were monitored throughout two consecutive growing seasons in 2011 and 2012 in a temperate desert in northwestern China. The effects of N and water addition on reproductive phenology differed among plant species. N and water addition consistently advanced the flowering onset time and fruiting time of four spring ephemerals; however, their effects on two spring‐summer annuals were inconsistent, with advances being noted in one species and delays in another. N and water addition alone increased plant height, relative growth rate, leaf number, flower number, and individual biomass, while their combinative effects on plant growth and reproductive phenology were dependent on species. Multiple regression analysis showed that flowering onset time was negatively correlated with relative growth rate of two species, and negatively correlated with maximum plant height of the other four species. Our study demonstrates that phenological responses to increasing precipitation and N deposition varied in annuals with different life histories, whereby the effects of climate change on plant growth rate were related to reproductive phenology. Desert annuals that were able to accelerate growth rate under increasing soil resource availability tended to advance their flowering onset time to escape drought later in the growing season. This study promotes our understanding of the responses of temperate desert annuals to increasing precipitation and N deposition in this desert.

… Fruit ripening involves profound physiological and biochemical … therefore critical for improving fruit quality, optimizing harvest … progression, implicating it in regulating ethylene sensitivity. …

Despite much recent progress, our understanding of plant phenology response to climate change remains incomplete. In particular, how and to what extent climate warming affects vegetative and reproductive phenology of different plant functional groups in northern grassland ecosystems remain largely unexplored. Here, we compiled data of 1758 observations from 25 individual studies and carried out a meta-analysis of plant phenology in relation to temperature changes across a range of plant species and functional groups in northern China. We show that climate warming tended to extend the duration of reproductive phenology while having no effect on the duration of vegetative phenology. We also identified specific temperature sensitivities for different phenological stages: 1.73 days °C-1 for budding, −3.38 days °C-1 for leaf-spreading, and 0.56 days °C-1 for yellow withered stage, respectively. Notably, warming resulted in earlier leaf-spreading in shrubs and semi-shrubs, but caused a delay in the budding time of sedges. In terms of reproductive phenology, temperature sensitivity was −1.73 days °C-1 for flowering time, −2.53 days °C-1 for fruit ripening, and −0.11 days °C-1 for fruit shedding, respectively. Warming advanced the flowering and fruit repining time of all functional groups except for legumes. Our results indicate that elevated temperatures advanced reproductive phenology and extended its duration in northern grasslands, while showing no impact on vegetative phenology. Our findings demonstrate the differential responses of different functional groups to warming, highlighting the diverse growth strategies and adaptation of grassland plants in a warming world.

Projected impacts from future warming on grapevine phenology have been modelled for two important varieties across six representative wine-growing regions in Australia. Various regional warming projections are based on a range of future greenhouse gas emission scenarios and patterns of climate change from a suite of climate models. Results are compared and contrasted regionally and the sensitivity of grapevine phenology to different climate futures is assessed. Impacts on budburst vary from region to region. Cabernet Sauvignon budburst in Coonawarra is projected to occur earlier by four to eight days in the year 2030, and by six to 11 days in 2050. Season duration (from budburst to harvest) is compressed in all regions studied and harvest is earlier in most cases. Given the highest warming scenario, harvest could be 45 days earlier in Coonawarra by 2050. Some regions may be adversely affected by the chilling requirement not being met in future warmer climates. For example, in the Margaret River region budburst is projected to be later. An important finding of this analysis is that harvest is projected to occur both earlier in the year and in a warmer climate, i.e. a dual warming impact. Harvesting in warmer temperatures can negatively impact grape quality.

As the world’s most widely cultivated fruit, citrus in China is increasingly suffering from ongoing climate change, which affects the sustainability of agricultural systems and social economy. In this study, we linked climate factors to citrus quality and yield and established projection models to elucidate the impact of future climate change. Then, we used the ensemble mean of 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) models to project the 2021–2040 and 2041–2060 climate changes relative to the historical baseline 1995–2014 period under different shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5). The results show that the monthly mean diurnal temperature range in July had the greatest influence on quality, and monthly mean temperature in October, monthly mean relative humidity in October, monthly mean minimum temperature in November and monthly mean maximum temperature in September had the greatest influence on yield at the growth and ripening stages. Moreover, the quality and yield of citrus present different characteristics in terms of change in cultivation areas in the future. The quality of Sichuan, Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces in China will become significantly better, however, Hubei, Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces it will become worse. Surprisingly, yield will increase in all plantations due to future suitable climate conditions for citrus growth and ripening.

Grapevines are extremely sensitive to climate, and changing climatic conditions can significantly threaten the production of many traditional regions. VISCA “Vineyards´ Integrated Smart Climate Application” is an ongoing project cofunded under the Horizon 2020 programme, aimed to integrate weather forecasts at different scales with phenological predictions and irrigation recommendations into a Decision Support System to help growers to tackle the challenges arising from increasing adverse climatic conditions. Here we present LEAF, one of the simulation models developed within the project to predict the vegetative performance of the vineyards and the dynamics of fruit maturation.

… fruit ripening was assessed by comparing two dry macroclimates: the arid climate (BSh) and the Mediterranean climate … internal fruit quality of citrus fruits is sensitive to climatic conditions…

… and climatic seasonal changes during fruit ripening. … of maximum oil accumulation in the fruits and to the fatty acid profile. A … compositions during fruit ripening. The analyzed cultivar and …

… on fruit surface caused by pronounced exposure to sunlight can hasten ripening and other … The above studies suggest that changes in ripening behavior are likely to occur when fruit …

Factors such as extreme temperatures, light radiation, and nutritional condition influence the physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes associated with fruit development and its quality. Besides abiotic stresses, biotic constraints can also affect fruit growth and quality. Moreover, there can be interactions between stressful conditions. However, it is challenging to predict and generalize the risks of climate change scenarios on seasonal patterns of growth, development, yield, and quality of fruit species because their responses are often highly complex and involve changes at multiple levels. Advancements in genetic editing technologies hold great potential for the agricultural sector, particularly in enhancing fruit crop traits. These improvements can be tailored to meet consumer preferences, which is crucial for commercial success. Canopy management and innovative training systems are also key factors that contribute to maximizing yield efficiency and improving fruit quality, which are essential for the competitiveness of orchards. Moreover, the creation of habitats that support pollinators is a critical aspect of sustainable agriculture, as they play a significant role in the production of many crops, including fruits. Incorporating these strategies allows fruit growers to adapt to changing climate conditions, which is increasingly important for the stability of food production. By investing in these areas, fruit growers can stay ahead of challenges and opportunities in the industry, ultimately leading to increased success and profitability. In this review, we aim to provide an updated overview of the current knowledge on this important topic. We also provide recommendations for future research.

… a photoperiod sensitive species … ripening is required for many fruits to develop high fruit sugar levels. This is evident during ripening when 1 to 2 days of cloudy weather occurs and fruit …

This paper analyses the impact of climate change on fruit species, synthesizing evidence of how abiotic stresses—such as extreme temperatures, drought, salinity, and water fluctuations—influence the physiology, metabolism, phenology, and productivity of fruit trees. It examines both direct effects on flowering, fruit set, growth, and quality, as well as indirect impacts on nutrient availability, soil health, and vulnerability to pests and diseases. The article highlights the role of hormones and secondary metabolites in mediating stress responses, alongside the critical importance of cellular and antioxidant protection mechanisms. Adaptive strategies across physiological, biochemical, molecular, and agronomic levels are discussed, including the selection of tolerant varieties and rootstocks, irrigation adjustments, microclimatic management, and the use of biotechnological approaches and biostimulants to enhance fruit resilience and quality. In conclusion, the article underscores the necessity of an integrated approach to ensure the sustainability and productivity of orchards in the face of climate change.

Temperature is the basic factor that differentiates vegetation around the world. All field experiments require the indication of the range of temperatures occurring in a given growing season. Temperature is an important factor determining fruit plant production, both in the growing season and in the winter dormant period. Various air temperature indicators were developed in a way that allowed the best possible description of adaptations of species, cultivars, and regions of adaptations to cultivation. They are based on experimentally obtained data and calculated optimal temperatures of growth and development of plants in particular development stages. In horticulture, the description of dependencies of the growth and development of plants on weather began to be accompanied with the development of simulation models. The aim of this manuscript was a new review of fruit plant temperature indices to predict abiotic and biotic hazards in fruit production for various selected types of fruit crops in a seasonal temperate climate. This is especially important due to the growing risk of climate change, which significantly alters local growing conditions. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate and present a set of specific indicators for producers, which we have reviewed from the current literature and presented as follows. Climatic conditions characteristic of a given region should be of key importance for the selection of species for commercial cultivation and planning of protection measures.

Climate influences plant phenological traits, thus playing a key role in defining the geographical range of crops. Foreseeing the impact of climate change on fruit trees is essential to inform policy decisions to guide the adaptation to new climatic conditions. To this end, we propose and use a phenological process-based model to assess the impacts of climate change upon the phenology, the suitability and the distribution of economically important cultivars of peach (Prunus persica), across the entire continental France. The model combines temperature dependent sub-models of dormancy, blooming, fruit survival and ripening, using chilling units, forcing units, frost occurrence and growing degree days, respectively. We find that climate change will have divergent impacts upon peach production. On the one hand, blooming will occur earlier, warmer temperatures will decrease spring frost occurrence and fruit ripening will be easily achieved before the start of fall. On the other hand, milder winters will impede the plant buds from breaking endodormancy, with consequent abnormal patterns of fruit development or even blooming failure. This latter impact will dramatically shift the geographic range of sites where peach production will be profitable. This shift will mainly be from the south of France (Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur), to northwestern areas where the winter chilling requirement will still be fulfilled. Our study provides novel insights for understanding and forecasting climate change impacts on peach phenology and it is the first framework that maps the ecological thermal niche of peach at national level.

The changes in the state of the climate have a high impact on perennial fruit crops thus threatening food availability. Indeed, climatic factors affect several plant aspects, such as phenological stages, physiological processes, disease-pest frequency, yield, and qualitative composition of the plant tissues and derived products. To mitigate the effects of climatic parameters variability, plants implement several strategies of defense, by changing phenological trends, altering physiology, increasing carbon sequestration, and metabolites synthesis. This review was divided into two sections. The first provides data on climate change in the last years and a general consideration on their impact, mitigation, and resilience in the production of food crops. The second section reviews the consequences of climate change on the industry of two woody fruit crops models (evergreen and deciduous trees). The research focused on, citrus, olive, and loquat as evergreen trees examples; while grape, apple, pear, cherry, apricot, almond, peach, kiwi, fig, and persimmon as deciduous species. Perennial fruit crops originated by a complex of decisions valuable in a long period and involving economic and technical problems that farmers may quickly change in the case of annual crops. However, the low flexibility of woody crops is balanced by resilience in the long-life cycle.

ABSTRACT We assessed how thermal tolerance strategies are associated with community diversity and phylogenetic context along a tropical elevational gradient, integrating community‐ and population‐level perspectives by examining a widespread focal species together with its co‐occurring species, and evaluated whether biotic and evolutionary context accounts for variation in thermal niches beyond elevation alone. Between 2023 and 2024, we surveyed vascular plant assemblages across seven sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, spanning sea level to ~2200 m elevation, with emphasis on the bromeliad Pitcairnia flammea and co‐occurring monocots, dicots, and ferns. Community diversity, species cover, and phylogenetic structure were quantified for each assemblage, and photosynthetic heat and cold tolerance (T50) and leaf functional traits were measured for P. flammea populations and dominant sympatric species. This two‐level design allowed community‐wide patterns among species to be assessed alongside intraspecific variation among populations of the focal species. We used phylogenetic analyses, multivariate analysis, and best model selection to assess the relative roles of elevation, diversity, and phylogenetic context in shaping thermal strategies. Cold tolerance and leaf area showed strong phylogenetic conservatism across taxa, whereas heat tolerance exhibited little phylogenetic structure. Mid‐elevation assemblages, characterized by peak species richness, showed greater divergence in thermal tolerance among species. In contrast, P. flammea populations displayed their broadest thermal tolerance at high elevations, coinciding with high monocot diversity and phylogenetic clustering, as well as harsher abiotic conditions. Lowland populations were the most abundant in assemblages with lower representation of closely related taxa, but exhibited reduced heat tolerance. Overall, community diversity and phylogenetic structure explained variation in thermal strategies better than elevation alone, indicating that biotic context, captured here through patterns of community diversity and phylogenetic relatedness, is an important correlate of thermal niche differentiation along tropical elevational gradients.

This Perspective examines the critical frontiers shaping the future of plant phenology research and identifies key emerging challenges and opportunities expected to influence the field in the 21st century. The study is based on a combined approach including a targeted literature review, structured AI‐assisted idea generation, and intensive interdisciplinary expert workshop discussions. The resulting research agenda is organized around four principal domains: ecological interactions shaping plant phenology, advanced remote‐sensing approaches for monitoring, innovations in phenological modelling and societal implications of phenological change. These domains reveal persistent gaps in current plant phenology research as well as opportunities for significant scientific and practical advances, particularly in integrating ecological, technological and applied perspectives. The synthesis provides practical guidance for future research aimed at improving the understanding, prediction and management of plant phenological shifts, thereby supporting ecological resilience and long‐term sustainability. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Plant phenology plays an important role in regulating carbon and water cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Rising temperatures have a profound impact on vegetation phenology in the northern hemisphere, advancing spring phenology and delaying autumn phenology. However, the effects of daytime and nighttime warming on spring phenology are not well understood. We investigated the response of leaf unfolding date (LUD) to daytime and nighttime temperatures over past 30 years by a total of 4,320 LUD records, including 10 deciduous tree species and 2 shrubs at 12 sites in China. We also compared the divergence of temperature sensitivity of woody LUD between early leaf unfolding species and late leaf unfolding species. LUD was mainly regulated by preseason minimum temperatures other than preseason maximum temperatures. Compared to maximum temperatures, minimum temperatures had more significant effects on LUD across all species during 1983–1997. LUD for early leaf unfolding species and late leaf unfolding species was sensitive to minimum temperatures and maximum temperatures during 2000–2014, respectively. Daytime and nighttime warming led to the advancement of LUD, whereas the sensitivity of leaf unfolding to nighttime temperatures decreased from the period 1983–1997 to 2000–2014. Decreased chilling requirements slowed down the advancement of LUD. The day-night-temperature GDD (DN GDD ) model had higher values of R 2  (0.93) and lower RMSE (6.33 days) compared to the threshold ( R 2 = 0.72, RMSE = 13.84 days) and GDD ( R 2  = 0.81, RMSE = 7.96 days) models. The DN GDD model performed better on estimating woody LUD than the threshold and GDD models. This study highlights the different responses of LUD for early leaf unfolding species and late leaf unfolding species to daytime and nighttime warming, which will help us better understand plant phenological processes.

… warming leads to flowering delays, with temperature conditions during the chilling phase being the main driver of spring phenology. … predicting phenology responses to future warming . …

… delayed six days on average in 2023/2024 as a consequence of warmer ambient temperatures which delayed … Validation of chill unit and flower bud phenology models for ’Montmorency…

… early and mid-late budbreak cultivars. We apply a Chill, Anti-Chill, and Growing Degree … advances (ie,>20 days) within colder areas due to persistent chilling and increasing heating …

… rates of budburst, low chilling requirements and were not … and moderate to large chilling requirements for budburst in SD … by late frosts and may be advantageous in a global warming …

… Forecast shifts in flowering phenology were driven more by projected accelerated heat accumulation than delays in meeting chill requirements. The projected temperature increases in …

This study investigated the effects of elevated temperature on the phenology and morphology of the early-maturing peach cultivar ‘Mihong’. The experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2024 in a temperature-gradient chamber at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju, Korea, with four warming treatments (+2.2 °C to +5.0 °C above ambient). Higher temperatures delayed the onset of endodormancy and markedly shortened the period from endodormancy release to full bloom. Elevated temperatures also increased the LD ratio, with the proportion of fruits exceeding an LD ratio of 1.0 rising significantly with temperature. The LD ratio showed strong correlations with November mean temperature (MT11) and March maximum temperature (HT3) (r = 0.81) and was also associated with the average temperature (Temp3, r = 0.51) and duration (P3, r = −0.54) of the endodormancy release to full bloom phase. Stepwise and PLS regression identified temperatures in May, November, and March as key predictors of the LD ratio, while PCA revealed that temperature variables (Temp3, Temp5) and stage durations (P3, P4) were major contributors. These results confirm that climate warming alters the phenology and morphology of ‘Mihong’, reducing fruit quality and marketability, while providing a basis for predictive modeling and highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies such as shading or growth regulator application.

In most temperate tree species, phenological events such as flowering and autumnal cessation of growth are not primarily controlled by temperature.

… data were related to the water pulses and inter-pulses. The … that the plant presents flowers and fruits, as well as other … prolonged, irregular rains and droughts. Several studies have …

Water limitation is a primary driver of plant geographic distributions and individual plant fitness. Drought resistance is the ability to survive and reproduce despite limited water, and numerous studies have explored its physiological basis in plants. However, it is unclear how drought resistance and trade-offs associated with drought resistance evolve within plant clades. We quantified the relationship between water availability and fitness for 13 short-lived plant taxa in the Streptanthus clade that vary in their phenology and the availability of water in the environments where they occur. We derived two parameters from these relationships: plant fitness when water is not limiting and the water inflection point (WIF), the watering level at which additional water is most efficiently turned into fitness. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to explore trade-offs related to drought resistance and trait plasticity and the degree to which water relationship parameters are conserved. Taxa from drier climates produced fruits at the lowest water levels, had a lower WIF, flowered earlier, had shorter life spans, had greater plastic water-use efficiency (WUE), and had lower fitness at nonlimiting water. In contrast, later-flowering Streptanthus taxa from less xeric climates experienced high fitness at nonlimiting water but had no fitness at the lowest water levels. Across the clade, we found a trade-off between drought resistance and fitness at high water, though a single ruderal species was an outlier in this relationship. Our results suggest that drought escape trades off with maximal fitness under nonlimiting water, and both are tied to phenology. We also found that variation in trait plasticity determines how different plant species produce fitness over a water gradient.

… leaf phenological events of canopy renewal in the early spring. In contrast to male flower production, fruit … We hypothesized that a winter drought is liable to impose limitations on leaf …

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a rainfed crop predominantly grown in temperate and subtropical climates, faces significant challenges in production due to terminal drought stress impacting various phenological stages. This study addresses the challenges posed by terminal drought stress on the phenological stage of chickpea varieties viz., JG 36 and JG 14. The experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 at the Experimental Research Farm, Seed Technology Research Unit, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P), using a split-split plot design with three replications. This research also investigates the impact of foliar applications of cytokinin analogs viz., Thiourea, Thidiazuron, and Benzyladenine and nutrients viz., ZnSO4 and KCl on chickpea under water deficit stress conditions. The results revealed significant differences in days to pod formation, seed formation, physiological maturity, and harvest maturity among the irrigation levels, varieties, and foliar spray of plant growth regulators and nutrients. Under different irrigation levels, D1 (Irrigation at 30 DAS and flower initiation) exhibited delayed phenological stages of the crop, while D2 (Drought stress at flowering up to physiological maturity) showed an early onset of all the phenological stages. Under water deficit conditions, JG 14 exhibited accelerated maturity beyond its typical early maturation in comparison to well-watered conditions, highlighting the impact of environmental stress on varietal responses. With respect to the application of plant growth regulators and nutrients, treatment T12 (TDZ @ 10 ppm + 1% KCl) significantly delayed pod and seed formation, as well as physiological and harvest maturity as compared to untreated control (T1). Foliar application of TDZ @ 10 ppm + 1% KCl (T12) enhanced seed filling duration by 2.59 days compared to the untreated control. Further investigations are needed to identify the impact of Thidiazuron and KCl in enhancing seed yield and seed weight of chickpea under optimal and sub-optimal soil water conditions, to provide recommendations for chickpea growers.

… of pulses from 1980 to 2014. Finding correlations among phenology of pulses cultivars with dif… of climate warming on phenological stages of pulses are also the objectives of the study. …

… work is to give an detailed information on drought stress in fruit trees. … drought stress at particular phenological stages, such as flowering and fruiting, and during stem extension and fruit …

Society faces a serious and urgent dilemma as a result of how ecosystems are being affected by global climate change. Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and more severe as a result of climate change, which directly affects ecosystem production and support services. The impact of rising temperatures on plant pollinators has been studied in two main methods recently. The first is the probable extirpation of certain populations as a result of altered plant and pollinator ranges. The second is a shift in the phenology of plants and pollinators, or the time of blooming and pollinator activity. Under the influence of climate change, spatial or temporal changes in plants and pollinators may result in mismatches and the possible loss of present plant-pollinator associations. Moreover, the functional characteristics and coupling between plants and their pollinators may change as a result of climate change, which may impair the stability of their connections. Future research should, in our opinion, increasingly concentrate on (a) addressing multiple scales of biodiversity, (b) long-term monitoring of plant-pollinator interaction networks, (c) assessing the fitness of significant indicator species, (d) documenting changes in the functional traits of plants and pollinators along spatial and temporal scales to help rewire and/or restore their interactions, and (e) assessing the conservation status of important plants and their pollinators.

… In response to climate change, the geographical range and phenology of insect pollinators shift, their … and increasing the potential spatial mismatch between the crop and its pollinators. …

Abstract Climate change has a diverse range of impacts on wild bees, including their phenology or timing of life history events. Climate‐driven phenological shifts can not only impact individuals at species level but also threaten the vital pollination service that wild bees provide to both wild plants and cultivated crops. Despite their involvement in pollination, for most bee species, especially in Great Britain, little is known about phenological shifts. This study makes use of 40 years of presence‐only data for 88 species of wild bees to analyse shifts in emergence dates, both over time and in relation to temperature. The analyses reveal widespread advances in emergence dates of British wild bees, at an average rate of 0.40 ± 0.02 days per year since 1980 across all species in the study data set. Temperature is a key driver of this shift, with an average advance of 6.5 ± 0.2 days per 1°C warming. For change in emergence dates both over time and in relation to temperature, there was significant species‐specific variation, with 14 species showing significant advances over time and 67 showing significant advances in relation to temperature. Traits did not appear to explain variation in individual species' responses, with overwintering stage, lecty, emergence period and voltinism considered as possible explanatory traits. Pairwise comparisons showed no differences in sensitivity of emergence dates to increasing temperature between trait groups (groups of species which share all four traits) that differed by only one trait. These results highlight not only a direct impact of temperature on the phenology of wild bees themselves but also the species‐specific shifts highlight a possible impact on the temporal structure of bee communities and the pollination networks for which the wild bees are so crucial.

Climate change implies change in climate as a result of direct or indirect interference of human activities i.e. anthropogenic activities resulting in the change in composition of global atmosphere and climate variability over a comparable period of time. It has been found that global temperature hiked by 0.8°C and is believed to reach 1.1-5.4°C by the 25th century. On the contrary, CO2 concentration has reached to 370ppm from 280ppm which indicates a drastic change in the concentration of CO2. The factors like volcanic eruptions, oceanic currents, the orbital movements of the earth and other anthropogenic activities are the reasons for this shift. Change in climate results in a number of changes in insect pollinators such as changes in insect phenology, distribution, biodiversity and interactions with plants. In addition to this climate change is also responsible for habitat loss, nutritional inadequacies and lack of diverse food due to effect of climate change on plant and flower growth. Hence, climate change negatively effects plant and pollinator interactions. As most of the flowering plants are in need of insect pollinators for reproduction and fruit and seed set. Therefore, conservation and protection of these pollinators are prime need for food security and the knowledge on the effect of climate change on pollinators and evolve suitable mechanization to prevent them from getting affected by this climatic modification.

As anthropogenic climate change alters species’ phenology, phenological shifts may cascade to disrupt species interactions to impact ecosystem functioning. We present a 108-year phenology dataset of 8,840 event dates for 251 phenophases for seven amphibian species, 58 birds, 14 insects, and 163 plant species, including 52 species introduced to New York. The dataset was collected at a single location in the Northeastern United States, providing continuity in monitoring since the early 1900s. We show that linear phenology analyses can underestimate the magnitude of phenological shift relative to circular methods, particularly for species experiencing extreme advancements. However, species phenologies are generally advancing, with faster advancements of insects and amphibians compared to birds and plants. Additionally, in our dataset, species with event dates later in the year are advancing more rapidly than species earlier in the year, and this relationship is stronger for animals than for plants. We present a novel, network-based approach for visualizing community and ecosystem-scale phenological synchrony. Using this approach, we find a high degree of synchrony between the monitored species, and this approach reveals that plants are more central in the phenological network, as well as species with phenological events earlier in the year. While many synchronous species are shifting at relatively similar rates and display similar temperature sensitivities, we highlight two species interactions potentially vulnerable to changing climate: Eastern Tent Caterpillars and Monarchs. Our results illustrate the utility of long-term ecological monitoring for investigating ecosystem responses to climate change and identifying potentially vulnerable phenological networks. Significance Statement The purpose of this study is to understand how climate change has affected the phenology of an ecological community for over 100+ years. We present a novel approach to analyzing and visualizing community-level phenological data. We find that plants are central to phenological networks, as are species that flower, fruit, or undergo other phenological events earlier in the year. This is important because understanding which species are most central to an ecosystem, as well as which species are vulnerable to climate-driven mismatches (e.g., a butterfly emerges before the flowers that it feeds on bloom) that could cascade through an ecosystem.

Climate change raises a serious threat to global entomofauna—the foundation of many ecosystems—by threatening species preservation and the ecosystem services they provide. Already, changes in climate—warming—are causing (i) sharp phenological mismatches among host–parasitoid systems by reducing the window of host susceptibility, leading to early emergence of either the host or its associated parasitoid and affecting mismatched species’ fitness and abundance; (ii) shifting arthropods’ expansion range towards higher altitudes, and therefore migratory pest infestations are more likely; and (iii) reducing biological control effectiveness by natural enemies, leading to potential pest outbreaks. Here, we provided an overview of the warming consequences on biodiversity and functionality of agroecosystems, highlighting the vital role that phenology plays in ecology. Also, we discussed how phenological mismatches would affect biological control efficacy, since an accurate description of stage differentiation (metamorphosis) of a pest and its associated natural enemy is crucial in order to know the exact time of the host susceptibility/suitability or stage when the parasitoids are able to optimize their parasitization or performance. Campaigns regarding landscape structure/heterogeneity, reduction of pesticides, and modelling approaches are urgently needed in order to safeguard populations of natural enemies in a future warmer world.

Global climate change has led to phenological mismatches between birds and insects across natural ecosystems. However, their effects on ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here we show whether climate change induced phenological mismatches between birds and insects can degrade grassland ecosystems through trophic cascades. We conduct decadal (2014–2024) phenological surveys of larks (Alaudidae) and grasshoppers (Acrididae) in a grassland nature reserve in Inner Mongolia, China. Significant phenological mismatches between larks and grasshoppers occur within the reserve, and mean temperature in April emerges as the most critical factor influencing mismatch magnitude. The phenological mismatch index, a measure of mismatch between lark hatching and grasshopper nymphal phenology, shows stronger explanatory power for variations in net primary productivity (NPP) within the reserve than climatic factors. The annual NPP decreases as mismatch magnitude increases. Moreover, we conduct a three-year bird exclusion experiment to identify the trophic cascading mechanism linking the phenological mismatch to vegetation productivity. The results demonstrate that a marked increase in grasshopper abundance, induced by the absence of lark predation, results in a decline in plant species diversity, soil degradation, and a reduction in plant aboveground biomass. Our results indicate that climate change induced phenological mismatches between birds and insects can degrade ecosystems through trophic cascades. A study combining a decade of surveys with a three-year field exclusion experiment demonstrates the ecosystem-wide importance of phenological mismatches between larks and their grasshopper prey.

Temperate understory plant species are at risk from climate change and anthropogenic threats that include increased deer herbivory, habitat loss, pollinator declines and mismatch, and nutrient pollution. Recent work suggests that spring ephemeral wildflowers may be at additional risk due to phenological mismatch with deciduous canopy trees. The study of this dynamic, commonly referred to as “phenological escape”, and its sensitivity to spring temperature is limited to eastern North America. Here, we use herbarium specimens to show that phenological sensitivity to spring temperature is remarkably conserved for understory wildflowers across North America, Europe, and Asia, but that canopy trees in North America are significantly more sensitive to spring temperature compared to in Asia and Europe. We predict that advancing tree phenology will lead to decreasing spring light windows in North America while spring light windows will be maintained or even increase in Asia and Europe in response to projected climate warming.

Interacting species can respond differently to climate change, causing unexpected consequences. Many understorey wildflowers in deciduous forests leaf out and flower in the spring when light availability is the highest before overstorey canopy closure. Therefore, different phenological responses by understorey and overstorey species to increased spring temperature could have significant ecological implications. Pairing contemporary data with historical observations initiated by Henry David Thoreau (1850s), we found that overstorey tree leaf out is more responsive to increased spring temperature than understorey wildflower phenology, resulting in shorter periods of high light in the understorey before wildflowers are shaded by tree canopies. Because of this overstorey-understorey mismatch, we estimate that wildflower spring carbon budgets in the northeastern United States were 12-26% larger during Thoreau's era and project a 10-48% reduction during this century. This underappreciated phenomenon may have already reduced wildflower fitness and could lead to future population declines in these ecologically important species.

… about pollinatorplant phenology and how the interaction is being affected by climate change. … The phenological mismatch hypothesis is actively studied and debated. While there are …

Phenological mismatch results when interacting species change the timing of regularly repeated phases in their life cycles at different rates. We review whether this continuously ongoing phenomenon, also known as trophic asynchrony, is becoming more common under ongoing rapid climate change. In antagonistic trophic interactions, any mismatch will have negative impacts for only one of the species, whereas in mutualistic interactions, both partners are expected to suffer. Trophic mismatch is therefore expected to last for evolutionarily short periods, perhaps only a few seasons, adding to the difficulty of attributing it to climate change, which requires long-term data. So far, the prediction that diverging phenologies linked to climate change will cause mismatch is most clearly met in antagonistic interactions at high latitudes in the Artic. There is limited evidence of phenological mismatch in mutualistic interactions, possibly because of strong selection on mutualists to have co-adapted phenological strategies. The study of individual plasticity, population variation, and the genetic bases for phenological strategies is in its infancy. Recent work on woody plants revealed the large imprint of historic climate change on temperature, chilling, and day-length thresholds used by different species to synchronize their phenophases, which in the Northern Hemisphere has led to biogeographic phenological regions in which long-lived plants have adapted to particular interannual and intermillennial amplitudes of climate change.

The effect of global climate change on plant-pollinator interaction is not limited to changes in phenology and richness within communities but also includes the spatial mismatch caused by the inconsistency of geographical distribution changes. Subsequently, the pollinator interaction network may be remodeled or even disrupted. In this study, we simulated the suitable habitat niche of 15 Rhododendron species and their eight pollinator species as well as their overlapping versus geographical mismatch under the current and three future climate change scenarios in 2090s, using MaxEnt. Results showed that the suitable habitat of all Rhododendron species would decrease in 2090s. In particular, 10, 8, and 13 Rhododendron-pollinator assemblages would have a reduced spatial match region under the climate change scenarios, mainly due to the contraction of the suitable habitat of Rhododendron species. The results provide novel insights into the response of plant-pollinator interactions to global warming, useful to prioritize conservation actions of alpine plant ecosystems.

… and Ives, 2011; Kudo and Ida, 2013) and pollinators (CaraDonna … that phenological mismatches between plants and pollinators may be uncommon in nature due to similar phenological …

… about phenological mismatches disrupting plant–pollinator mutualisms, mismatches at the … We sought to determine how shifts in flowering phenology associated with climate change …

… First, we illustrate how this threshold is crossed with increasing phenological mismatch between the plant and pollinator populations. We then ask how the position of the threshold …

Insect phenology is affected by climate change and main responses are driven by phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary changes. Any modification in seasonal activity in one species can have consequences on interacting species, within and among trophic levels. In this overview, we focus on synchronisation mismatches that can occur between tightly interacting species such as hosts and parasitoids or preys and predators. Asynchronies happen because species from different trophic levels can have different response rates to climate change. We show that insect species alter their seasonal activities by modifying their life-cycle through change in voltinism or by altering their development rate. We expect strong bottom-up effects for phenology adjustments rather than top-down effects within food-webs. Extremely complex outcomes arise from such trophic mismatches, which make consequences at the community or ecosystem levels tricky to predict in a climate change context. We explore a set of potential consequences on population dynamics, conservation of species interactions, with a particular focus on the provision of ecosystem services by predators and parasitoids, such as biological pest control.

Temporal mismatches among plants and pollinators, driven by climate change, are considered a potential cause of population declines of these mutualists. However, field studies demonstrating population declines as a result of climate-driven phenological mismatches are uncommon, and the extent to which mismatches will be a problem in the future remains unclear. We revisit predicted consequences of climate-driven phenological mismatch in plant-pollinator systems by identifying nine previously-applied assumptions that are violated or insufficiently understood in real systems. Briefly, the assumptions are: (1) Dates of first-flowering (DFF) or dates of first activity (DFA) correctly describe phenology, and disparities between DFF and DFA represent the magnitude of mismatch. (2) “Optimal” matches are measured correctly. (3) Advancement of DFF or DFA will be the primary phenological change in the future. (4) Future phenological shifts will be independent for each species. (5) All plant-pollinator interactions are equally effective. (6) Populations of plants and pollinators are limited by mutualistic interactions. Some previous models have also assumed that the effects of future mismatches will not be influenced by (7) emergence of novel interactions, (8) competition or facilitation from altered co-flowering and co-flight, and (9) phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptive evolution of phenology. Those assumptions affect the direction, extent, and accuracy of predicted consequences of future phenological mismatch. In discussing them, we identify important topics for future research in pollination ecology.

Climate change is a global issue for everyone. It is challenging the flowering and migration patterns of many biotic flowering agents in different climatic zones around the world, resulting in the delay of the new emergence of plants. This study will provide the scientific basis for how flowering plant species are affected. The topic focuses on summarizing the changing role of biotic agents for flowering plants and their ecological responses to other ecosystem services. To better understand these patterns, data compiled evidence from a range of biomes and geographic regions on how climate change affects forest insects, including changes in their geographic ranges, population sizes, host use, and community interactions. More than 60% of examined butterfly species expanded their ranges northward by 35–240 km during the twentieth century. It is estimated that around 75% of crop species and nearly 87.5% of flowering plant species rely on animal pollination, and the demand for insect-mediated crop pollination has tripled in recent years. More than 85% of flowering plant species rely on biotic agents such as insects and animals, whereas the remaining flowering plant species depend on abiotic agents such as water and wind. Approximately more than 1,400 species of birds and mammals act as pollinators, while 1–2 lakh pollinators belong to the animal kingdom, and around 3–4 lakh angiosperms produce flowers globally. The activities of interacting species are typically structured around timing. Mitigations and adaptation both are interconnected paths to make conversation with climate change.

… -pollination. We recently showed in Collinsia verna that during periods of infrequent pollinator visits, autonomous self-pollination boosted … that when the pollination environment in wild …