POSS用于聚氨酯阻燃和阻尼

This work reports on the thermal stability and flammability of a novel class of rigid polyurethane foams chemically modified by functionalized 1,2-propanediolisobutyl POSS (PHI-POSS) as a pendant group and octa (3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyldimethylsiloxy) POSS (OCTA-POSS) as a chemical cross-link. The foamed hybrid materials were prepared in a three-step process using a sorbitol-based polyether polyol, polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and dimethyl propane phosphonate as a flame retardant. The addition of the POSS modifier influences the PU cellular structure as evidenced by a change in anisotropy index of the cross section parallel to the growth direction. Based on thermogravimetric data and flammability results, one can suggest that there is char formation at the surface and the formed layer acts as an insulating barrier limiting heat and mass transfer with flame retardant and thus leading to decreased heat release rate, especially for systems containing OCTA-POSS.

Polyurethane/polyhedral oligomeric sisesquioxane (PU/POSS) nanocomposites were synthesized via polymerization utilizing the compatibility between POSS nanoparticles and 4,4′-diphenyl methylene diisocyanate. Scanning electron microscope images and Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that POSS nanoparticles were dispersed in PU matrix. Thermal gravimetric analysis was employed to investigate the thermal decomposition behavior of PU/POSS nanocomposites at elevated temperatures. Then fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, underwriters laboratories 94 testing and char residue morphology. These results showed that the addition of POSS promoted the formation of char residues which were covered on the surface of polymer composites, leading to the improvement of thermal stability and flame retardancy.

Abstract Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have been considered as a promising flame retardant fillers for polymers. In this work, the polyhedral oligomericsilsesquioxane (POSS) containing amino group was covalently grafted on the surface of HNTs with 3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propytrimethoxysilane as a chemical bridge. The POSS modified HNTs (HNTs-POSS) dispersed uniformly in the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix and endowed TPU nanocomposites with enhanced tensile properties and fire safety. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that the introduction of 2 wt% HNTs-POSS to TPU matrix remarkably reduced the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 60.0% and 18.3%, respectively. In addition, the peak CO production rate and total smoke release (TSR) could be significantly suppressed by the addition of HNTs-POSS. The well dispersed HNTs in combination with the ceramified silicon network from the thermal decomposition of POSS contributed to the formation of a continuous and compact char layer, exhibiting a tortuous effect by inhibiting heat diffusion and evaporation of volatile gaseous. In addition, the released crystal water from HNTs could dilute the combustible volatiles and then decline the combustion intensity. The tensile tests demonstrated that introduction of 2 wt% HNTs-POSS would enhance the maximum stress of TPU nanocomposite with a slight decrease of elongation at break. The combination of HNTs and POSS through the construction of effective interfacial interactions provides a feasible way to effectively enhance the fire safety of TPU nanocomposites without scarifying ductility.

… the reaction to fire of TPU as bulk polymer using POSS as potential flame retardant (FR). The … the reaction of fire will be then evaluated by mass loss calorimetry. The mode of action of …

The subject of the research was the production of silsesquioxane modified rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams (POSS-Cl) with chlorine functional groups (chlorobenzyl, chloropropyl, chlorobenzylethyl) characterized by reduced flammability. The foams were prepared in a one-step additive polymerization reaction of isocyanates with polyols, and the POSS modifier was added to the reaction system in an amount of 2 wt.% polyol. The influence of POSS was analyzed by performing a series of tests, such as determination of the kinetics of foam growth, determination of apparent density, and structure analysis. Compressive strength, three-point bending strength, hardness, and shape stability at reduced and elevated temperatures were tested, and the hydrophobicity of the surface was determined. The most important measurement was the determination of the thermal stability (TGA) and the flammability of the modified systems using a cone calorimeter. The obtained results, after comparing with the results for unmodified foam, showed a large influence of POSS modifiers on the functional properties, especially thermal and fire-retardant, of the obtained PUR-POSS-Cl systems.

Polyurethane (PU) foams physically modified by two additive phosphorous flame retardants (FR)—phenol isobutylenated phosphate or phenol isopropylated phosphate, and chemically reinforced by functionalized 1,2-propanediolizobutyl POSS (PHI-POSS) have been synthesized and investigated towards thermal and mechanical properties, as well as flammability behaviour. The foamed PU hybrid materials were prepared in a two-step process using a polyether polyol and polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. On the basis of the obtained results of mechanical properties, thermal insulation, thermal stability and flammability investigations, the influence of the applied additives—including POSS nanoparticles, on the rigid polyurethane foams was determined. The analysis of thermogravimetric and microcalorimetry data revealed an improved resistance to burning of the PU foams containing hybrid reactive (POSS)/additive (phosphate) FR systems, as evidenced by reduced rate of heat release. Importantly, mechanical properties tests showed that incorporation of bulky silsesquioxane nanoparticles to polyurethane structure via covalent bonds strengthens the foam integrity.

Three types of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) with different functional active groups were used to modify rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). Aminopropylisobutyl-POSS (AP-POSS), trisilanoisobutyl-POSS (TS-POSS) and octa(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyldimethylsiloxy-POSS (OH-POSS) were added in an amount of 0.5 wt.% of the polyol weight. The characteristics of fillers including the size of particles, evaluation of the dispersion of particles and their effect on the viscosity of the polyol premixes were performed. Next, the obtained foams were evaluated by their processing parameters, morphology (Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, SEM), mechanical properties (compressive test, three-point bending test, impact strength), viscoelastic behavior (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, DMA), thermal properties (Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA, thermal conductivity) and application properties (contact angle, water absorption). The results showed that the morphology of modified foams is significantly affected by the fillers typology, which resulted in inhomogeneous, irregular, large cell shapes and further affected the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. RPUFs modified with AP-POSS represent better mechanical properties compared to the RPUFs modified with other POSS.

… and flame retardant properties of POSS/PU composites, prepared by incorporating POSS as a flame retardant into the PU … Currently, composite flame retardant materials are primarily …

… Hybrid PU-POSS elastomers have been widely studied in … This probably reflects penetration of PU chains in the POSS crystals, … Reaction with PU seems to affect the OCTA-POSS crystal …

… POSS were used – PHI-POSS as pendant group to the main PU chain and OCTA-POSS … Based on thermogravimetric data, thermal stabilization effect of POSS particles on PU foamed …

In this work, a series of heptaphenyl siloxane trisilanol/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T7-POSS) modified by polyols with different molecular weights were synthesized into liquid-like nanoparticle–organic hybrid materials using the grafted-from method. All grafted POSS nanoparticles changed from solid powders to liquid at room temperature. Polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites with POSS contents ranging from 1.75 to 9.72 wt % were prepared from these liquefied polyols-terminated POSS with polyepichlorohydrin (POSS–PECH). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the morphology of the POSS–PECH/PU nanocomposites. The results showed that the polyol-terminated POSS particles overcame the nanoagglomeration effect and evenly disperse in the polymeric matrix. The damping factor (tan δ) of resultant nanocomposites increased from 0.90 to 1.16, while the glass transition temperature decreased from 15.8 to 9.4 °C when POSS contents increased from 0 to 9.75 wt %. The gel content, tensile strength and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses demonstrated that the molecular thermal movement ability of the polyurethane (PU) matrix increased with increasing POSS hybrid content. Therefore, the improvement of the damping properties of the composites was mainly due to the friction-related losses occurring in the interface region between the nanoparticles and the matrix.

Abstract Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix was reinforced with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT), both separately and combined. Composite samples were fabricated using a melt-compounding method. Characterization of the composites obtained was performed via tensile and hardness tests, melt-flow index measurements (MFI), abrasion tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the mechanical performance, flow behaviour, tribological characteristics, thermo-mechanical response and morphological properties. The greatest tensile strength value was obtained for the smallest HNT content. Further addition of HNT resulted in agglomerations for both POSS and HNT particles. The shore hardness of TPU was enhanced by filler inclusions. The TPU/POSS composites displayed significant improvement in terms of abrasion resistance compared to TPU at lower loading levels. The DMA study showed that composites containing 0.5% POSS and 1.0% HNT displayed the greatest storage modulus. The glass-transition temperature of TPU shifted to smaller values with the addition of both nanoparticles. The HNT inclusions increased the MFI value of TPU because of their large aspect ratio. Homogeneous mixing of nanoparticles in the TPU matrix was confirmed by a SEM study of the composites. Their dispersion decreased as the concentrations of POSS and HNT increased. An adjuvant effect of POSS with HNT was achieved in their hybrid composites.

Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were successfully modified with different weight ratios (0.5 wt%, 1.5 wt% and 5 wt%) of APIB-POSS and AEAPIB-POSS. The resulting foams were evaluated by their processing parameters, morphology (Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, SEM), mechanical properties (compressive test, three-point bending test and impact strength), viscoelastic behavior (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, DMA), thermal properties (Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA, and thermal conductivity) and application properties (contact angle, water absorption and dimensional analysis). The results showed that the morphology of modified foams is significantly affected by the type of the filler and filler content, which resulted in inhomogeneous, irregular, large cell shapes and further affected the physical and mechanical properties of resulting materials. RPUFs modified with APIB-POSS represent better mechanical and thermal properties compared to the RPUFs modified with AEAPIB-POSS. The results showed that the best results were obtained for RPUFs modified with 0.5 wt% of APIB-POSS. For example, in comparison with unfilled foam, compositions modified with 0.5 wt% of APIB-POSS provide greater compression strength, better flexural strength and lower water absorption.

… the incorporation of POSS into polyurethane gave materials with … on studies of polyurethane networks containing POSS. … superior mechanical properties, such as damping properties.23 …

Nanocomposites based on multicomponent polymer matrices, consisting of polyurethane and poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) and representing a semi-interpenetrating polymer network, and nanofiller hydroxy-POSS were synthesized, and the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in the system, the dynamic-mechanical properties and the morphology were investigated. The free energy (Gibbs energy) of polyurethane and poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) mixing was calculated depending on the hydroxy-POSS content in the nanocomposites. It was shown that polyurethane and poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) are thermodynamically incompatible. Introduction of a hydroxy-POSS nanofiller leads to an increase in the thermodynamic incompatibility between polyurethane and poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate). Dynamic mechanical analysis has shown that for the nanocomposites, there is one maximum of the mechanical loss (tg δ), which is the result of forced phase compatibility and the existence of a large proportion of interphase layers in the systems. This broad maximum of tan δ covers the temperature range from 0 to 100 °C and has a rather high intensity. This means that the created nanocomposites have the potential of being used as effective noise-vibration-damping materials.

… Polyurethane elastomer has become a current focal point in the field of damping materials due to superior comprehensive properties. However, its effective damping temperature range …

… mechanical properties, such as damping properties.25 … combines the advantages of polyurethane and polyimide, was … mechanical properties of epoxy resin, PUI together with POSS …

… POSS-functionalized Boltorn-thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU… thermal stability and thermomechanical properties. Both TPU … The dampening properties of a polymer become greater …

… (glycidyl POSS). Their results showed that the damping factor of modified EP/PU was increased from … glycidyl POSS from 0.1 to 0.5%, and the damping temperature range of modified EP/…

A series of siloxane–silsesquioxane resins with Q8 structures, as network nodes containing reactive Si–H groups in the siloxane backbone, connecting silsesquioxane moieties, were prepared in a hydrolytic condensation process and successfully functionalized by hydrosilylation of allyl alcohol. The proposed material being an alternative to the well-defined silsesquioxanes has been characterized and used for preparation of a series of polyurethane (PU)-based composites by simple reaction of 3-hydroxypropyl groups of siloxane–silsesquioxane resin with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane and subsequently with 1,6-hexanediol to get polyurethane composite. A series of composites based on PU and octakis(3-hydroxypropyldimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane were prepared in the same manner to investigate the influence of the filler amount (1, 3 or 5%) and its structure on thermal properties of the obtained materials.

… of silsesquioxane in the bulk of the NIPU matrix. Depending on the POSS concentration in the PU … a reduction of the heat of combustion in the final stage of degradation by ca. 30 %. …

Polyurethane (PUR), as an engineering polymer, is widely used in many sectors of industries. However, the high fire risks associated with PUR, including the smoke density, a high heat release rate, and the toxicity of combustion products limit its applications in many fields. This paper presents the influence of silsesquioxane fillers, alone and in a synergistic system with halogen-free flame-retardant compounds, on reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foams. The flammability of PUR composites was determined with the use of a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. The flammability results were supplemented with smoke emission values obtained with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC) and toxicometric indexes. Toxicometric indexes were determined with the use of an innovative method consisting of a thermo-balance connected to a gas analyzer with the use of a heated transfer line. The obtained test results clearly indicate that the used silsesquioxane compounds, especially in combination with organic phosphorus compounds, reduced the fire risk, as expressed by parameters such as the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax), the total heat release rate (THR), and the maximum smoke density (SDmax). The flame-retardant non-halogen system also reduced the amounts of toxic gases emitted during the decomposition of PUR, especially NOx, HCN, NH3, CO and CO2. According to the literature review, complex studies on the fire hazard of a system of POSS–phosphorus compounds in the PUR matrix have not been published yet. This article presents the complex results of studies, indicating that the POSS–phosphorous compound system can be treated as an alternative to toxic halogen flame-retardant compounds in order to decrease the fire hazard of PUR foam.

… polyurethane (PU) foams modified by disilanolisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (… a protective barrier for heat transfer, improving thus the fire resistance of the modified foam. …

… polybutadiene-based polyurethane composites grafted by polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HTPB-based PU-g-POSS) that were prepared by a one-step PU reaction using the …

Polyurethane (PU) is widely used in adhesive, foam, and coating applications. Currently, there is an urgent need to enhance PU's hydrophobic, thermal, and flame-retardant properties to improve its performance while...

Abstract Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is an inorganic-organic nanostructure. POSS nanocage possesses silica core and organic functionalities at corners. POSS has been familiarized with various thermoplastic and thermosetting polymeric matrices. Polyurethane is an imperative polymer used with POSS nanofiller through physical mixing or chemical interaction methods. Inclusion of POSS may advance thermal, mechanical, rheological, crystallinity, morphological, non-flammability and other characteristics of polyurethane nanocomposite. This state-of-the-art article précises design and development of polyurethane/POSS nanocomposite. Versatility of POSS and compatibilization effect have been deliberated on properties and performance of polyurethane. Recent progress of polyurethane/POSS nanocomposite toward non-flammability, anti-corrosion and biomedical relevance has been conversed. Graphical Abstract

… During burning, both rigid and flexible PU foams produce a large amount of smoke … The nontoxic, reactive nanofillers, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) with hybrid (organic…

… hydrate, alumina, and silsesquioxanes have demonstrated improvements in flame … from the fire tetrahedron. Most flame retardants for polymeric materials and PU foams in specific are …

A unique class of polyurethane (PU) elastomer containing inorganic molecules (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, POSS) as molecular reinforcement in the hard segment was investigated by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. WAXD results indicate that POSS molecules form nanoscale crystals showing distinct reflection peaks. The formation of POSS crystals is probably prompted by the microphase separation between solid-like hard segments and rubbery soft segments in PU. The microphase separation of hard and soft segments was observed by SAXS, which shows a long period of 111 Å for 34 wt% POSS-PU and 162 Å for 21 wt% POSS-PU, and hard segment domains with sizes of about 34 Å for both of them. WAXD results from a series of POSS compounds with a corner substituted by a functional group of varying length were compared with POSS-PU, which also confirms the presence of nanoscale POSS crystals in the polymer matrix. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

… A special field is represented by POSS-modified polyurethanes 37 (PU) because these … deformation behavior of POSS-modified thermoplastic PU elastomers. In this paper some results …

… This uniformity, small size scale and ease with which POSS can be decorated with reactive organic functionalities makes them, in many respects, ideal candidates for use as nano-scale …

Organic–inorganic hybrid materials, prepared via chemical synthesis route or physical blending of functionalized nanofillers within polymer matrix, have gained an increased attention in the recent years. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles, due to their nanometer size and functionalization possibilities, are applied as effective modifiers—both chemical and physical, for polymer matrices, including polyurethanes (PU). In this work, we describe the synthesis and processing of polyurethane/POSS hybrid nanocomposites and discuss the influence of POSS moieties on the thermal properties of PU matrices. Glass transition, the crystallinity of the soft phase, as well as the order–disorder transitions are affected by the incorporation of POSS in the polyurethane structure. Direct polymer-POSS interaction, or -indirect—due to the suppression or enhancement of microphase separation by the POSS moieties are discussed in terms of topology of the polymeric structure with the key role of POSS functionalization.

In this work, new version: we report essential data on the stability of gamma-irradiated polyurethanes chemically modified by octa(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutylmethylsiloxy) POSS (o-POSS) which varies from 2, 4, 6, 8 to 10 mass%. These hybrid materials were tested by isothermal (190 °C) and nonisothermal (β = 2, 3.7, 5 and 10 K min−1) chemiluminescence, and the thermal stability of gamma-radiation-aged samples was correlated with the change in the nanofiller loading and absorbed dose. The compositions where inorganic phase is less than 6% show an increasing thermal strength as o-POSS concentration enhances. The other samples with higher nanoparticle content present less stability in respect of inferior homologous composition. The nonisothermal chemiluminescence profiles are changing from one type of sample to the other where nanofiller induces different effects. The considerations on mechanistic aspects are discussed, too.

… alter the degradation mechanism of the matrix polyurethanes—TG … It was found that the thermal stability of the PU/POSS … lower reactivity and, therefore, greater chemical and thermal …

… The effects of covalent POSS inclusion on the thermal properties of segmented PU-… In these systems it was proposed that POSS acted to physically reduce the rate both of reactive …

… % POSS present higher thermal stability relative to the neat … degradation is initiated in polyurethane and POSS nanofiller can modified the rate of process by modification of reacting …

Abstract Synthesized from 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), poly(tetramethylene)glycol (PTMG), and propanediolisobutyl-POSS (PHI‑POSS) nanohybrid polyurethanes (PU) were examined by TG/FTIR/MS coupled method to determine the mechanism of thermal improvement caused by POSS addition. The measurements were made in both; inert and oxidizing atmosphere for composites containing 0, 6, and 10 % of PHI-POSS. Depending on the concentration of additive, and the surrounding atmosphere we noticed from 5 to 15 °C improvement on different stages of degradation. Among the released gases, mostly tetrahydrofuran (THF), butanediol (BDO), and HDI were recorded, as well as various PTMG-derived ethers and alcohols formed during the depolymerization of segments present in the amorphous phase, as well as amines and amides as decomposition products of segments in the crystalline phase. Interestingly, the release of formates and formaldehyde before the first stage of degradation was observed in the oxidizing atmosphere. The effect of POSS addition causes: (i) reduction of the number of hard domains intensifies the first stage of degradation, but simultaneously increases the onset and the temperature of the maximum rate of decomposition at different stages through preventing some rearrangements leading to breaking of chain, and (ii) formation under elevated temperature conditions of silica-rich char residues that act as a barrier for gas and mass transport.

In this work, we report on the thermal and thermomechanical properties of rigid PU foams modified with POSS moieties, paying special attention to molecular dynamics of these systems. 1,2-Propanediolisobutyl POSS (PHI-POSS) are used as pendent groups and octa(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyldimethylsiloxy) POSS (OCTA-POSS) serve as chemical crosslinks. DSC reveals an initial slowing down of the segmental dynamics for small loadings (5 wt%) of both POSS moieties, followed by an acceleration, probably due to changes in the topology of the PU network and the morphology of the foam. A low-temperature mechanical relaxation is observed by DMA and is attributed tentatively to a local β relaxation, much similar to that observed in hyperbranched polyurethanes.

This work reports for the first time on a new class of flexible polyurethane foam hybrids (PUFs) synthesized with the use of less toxic aliphatic hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), which have been chemically modified by POSS moieties. The flexible polyurethane foam hybrids (PUFs) chemically modified by functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes: octa(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyldimethylsiloxy)POSS (OCTA-POSS) and 1,2-propanediolizo-butylPOSS (PHI-POSS), was obtained. The resulting foams, which contain 0 to 15 wt % POSS, were characterized in terms of their structure, morphology, density and compressive strength. The FT-IR results indicate the chemical incorporation of both OCTAPOSS and PHIPOSS into the polyurethane matrix. SEM-EDS analysis showed that both OCTAPOSS and PHIPOSS nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously in the foam structure; at 15 wt % load PHIPOSS characteristic "crosses" are formed. With the increase of PHIPOSS content in the matrix, the formation of agglomerates is observed, as revealed by WAXD spectra. The introduction of POSS compounds reduces the porosity of the polyurethane, with the number of pores increasing as the amount of modifier increases. Mechanical tests - compressive strength - show that the hardness of modified materials (5 wt % POSS) increases compared to the reference material. An incubation was carried out in a simulated physiological fluid (SBF) to pre-assess the bioactivity of the materials obtained. The obtained results confirmed the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer on the PUF-POSS surface. Cytotoxicity, cell cycle and apoptosis of osteoblast cells and fibroblasts were assessed in the presence of the PUF-POSS materials. Test materials have a cytotoxic effect on both established cell lines. PUF-PHIPOSS samples showed better biocompatibility than reference and PUF-OCTAPOSS samples, as they caused lower mortality of the examined cells.

… flame-retardant HF600B. The mechanical, thermal, damping, and flame retardancy properties of PU damping layer and the sound insulation, vibration damping, and fire resistance of …

Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams were reinforced with sugar beet pulp (BP) impregnated with Aminopropylisobutyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (APIB-POSS). BP filler was incorporated into PUR at different percentages—1, 2, and 5 wt.%. The impact of BP filler on morphology features, mechanical performances, and thermal stability of PUR was examined. The results revealed that the greatest improvement in physico-mechanical properties was observed at lower concentrations (1 and 2 wt.%) of BP filler. For example, when compared with neat PUR foams, the addition of 2 wt.% of BP resulted in the formation of PUR composite foams with increased compressive strength (~12%), greater flexural strength (~12%), and better impact strength (~6%). The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that, due to the good thermal stability of POSS-impregnated BP filler, the reinforced PUR composite foams were characterized by better thermal stability—for example, by increasing the content of BP filler up to 5 wt.%, the mass residue measured at 600 °C increased from 29.0 to 31.9%. Moreover, the addition of each amount of filler resulted in the improvement of fire resistance of PUR composite foams, which was determined by measuring the value of heat peak release (pHRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke release (TSR), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) released during the combustion. The greatest improvement was observed for PUR composite foams with 2 wt.% of BP filler. The results presented in the current study indicate that the addition of a proper amount of POSS-impregnated BP filler may be an effective approach to the synthesis of PUR composites with improved physico-mechanical properties. Due to the outstanding properties of PUR composite foams reinforced with POSS-impregnated BP, such developed materials may be successfully used as thermal insulation materials in the building and construction industry.

… to the polyurethane in order to provide flame retardancy to the … (POSS) have been used to process PU nanocomposites. The … of nanoadditives in flame retardant applications for textile …

… It was demonstrated that POSS nanoclusters induced an effective fire retardant effect, which … It was shown that POSS bearing phenyl ligands were far more effective than POSS with …

… [(6-Oxide-6H-dibenz(c,e)(1,2)oxaphosphorin-6-yl)methyl]butanedioic (DDP) is a kind of phosphorous-containing flame retardant and contains two carboxyls that can chemically link to …

… Bourbigot et al. prepared polyurethane/POSS (TPU–POSS) … POSS shows a higher flame spread with respect to neat PP, Al isobutyl POSS appears to be an effective fire retardant for PP, …