警用电击枪推广的现实困境与突破路径

… ongoing policy and training debates over use of the Taser and … ) in which a Taser was used by a law enforcement officer. … and municipalities for alleged Taser-related excessive force …

… is important if we are to make informed policy decisions regarding police Taser training. Key … Summary The use of Tasers in law enforcement is a relatively new phenomenon, and in …

… Some 10,000 law enforcement agencies presently equip at least some of their officers with … on how policy might affect any sort of non-lethal force, the assessment of the policy–TASER …

… It should also be made clear here that the use of a Taser is clearly … Taser weapons in this article is in reference to the use of generic electro-shock dart firing devices by law enforcement …

… The collective of scholarly recommendations appear to urge that reasonable force continuum placement of the TASER be a constant among law enforcement agencies. Based on …

… that TASERs are becoming commonplace in law enforcement… say about the health issue regarding TASER—other than we … ’s policy of transporting all individuals struck with a TASER to …

ABSTRACT Using a case study of the ‘less lethal’ electric-shock weapon the Taser in English and Welsh policing, this article argues that the notion of discretion as an arena in which police officers are able to exercise free will can be overstated. Drawing on insights from Science and Technology Studies, it is argued that discretionary decisions may well be structured not only by the human agency but also by the presence and agency of nonhumans and the socio-technical networks within which they are embedded. Whilst existing work has recognised the human and societal influences impacting officer decision making, this article draws on Science and Technology Studies to argue there are merits to a distinctly socio-technical approach to discretion. Broader implications for discretion by police officers and other ‘street level bureaucrats’, for STS and criminology and for policies around Taser are also discussed.

… policy guidance actually to be implemented. The first tactical issue involves law-enforcement … Department in Texas enacted such a TASER-use policy when it prohibited using the device …

… as it is commonly called) to American law enforcement agencies. The officer in charge of the … by the FBI and several American law enforcement agencies throughout the early 90 s. …

Indeed, injury risk has been the focus of most previous work on CED's. Most studies involve a cross-sectional design, comparing incidents in which Tasers were used to those in which they were not, although a few studies have employed a before-and-after approach. The evidence is somewhat mixed, although most studies have found that CED's reduce the likelihood of injury, particularly to police, in the typical use-of-force incident (Seattle Police Department 2003;

We used a randomized controlled trial to test the effect of mass deployment of TASERs on policing. The findings show that the presence of a TASER is causally linked to statistically significant increases in the use of force more generally—a 48% higher incidence during treatment conditions for TASER-equipped officers, a 19% higher incidence for non-TASER-equipped officers, and a 23% higher rate force wide, compared to control conditions. Assaults of officers doubled. However, there were fewer complaints during treatment compared to control conditions (five versus nine complaints). We conclude that, as is the case with other types of weapons, the presence of TASERs leads to increased aggression. The visual cue of a TASER in police–public interactions leads to aggression. Given other benefits of TASERs for policing identified by previous studies, our findings suggest that both enhanced training as well as concealment of TASERS should be considered.

… far been forced to enact policies designed to govern the use of TASERs and other less-than-… committed by police officers employed by lawenforcement agencies across the USA. Google …

… Of the 580 officers in the sample, 214 (37%) worked in a department with an administrative policy that restricted the TASER to situations where suspect resistance was active physical or …

… This trend, widely noticed in media and policy debates, has featured … Taser in England and Wales, and the latter by using this review to highlight gaps in the broader literature on Taser …

… The Commissioner invited presenters to participate based on their medical or scientific knowledge, their law enforcement experience, or their public policy interests. In some cases, …

Despite being touted as a “less lethal” use-of-force option, conducted energy weapons (CEWs) do pose some risk of injury to civilians, and thus warrant empirical examination. CEWs provide users with multiple use modes constituting various levels of severity; yet apart from the work of Somers and colleagues, almost no research exists investigating these levels of severity. Further, research findings on the impact of suspect resistance on CEW deployment are somewhat mixed. We contribute an innovative application of environmental criminology in a Canadian setting by exploring situational and ecological predictors of CEW application severity, with special attention being paid to reasons cited for CEW use and the impact of subject resistance level. Using all 393 Ontario Provincial Police CEW-related use-of-force reports over a two-year period, we find probe deployment to be the most common level of CEW application severity, irrespective of subject resistance level, and even when officers and subjects are in close proximity to one another. Application of CEW for the purpose of effecting an arrest is consistently the strongest predictor of CEW application severity without any mediating effect of subject resistance level or presence of a weapon. Th e impact of applying CEWs for the purpose of effecting arrests on CEW application severity is partially mediated by lighting visibility. Results are discussed.

… number of CED deployments? and (b) Are the number of CED deployments associated with … A qualitative & quantitative analysis of conducted energy weapons: TASER X26 vs. Stinger …

… are expected as part of the deployment of the device should not be … deployment of these devices would result in coded “injuries” to suspects. What then, would be the point of conducting …

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of police use of conducted energy devices (CEDs) on officer and suspect injuries while controlling for other types of force and resistance and other factors.Design/methodology/approachData on 1,645 use‐of‐force incidents occurring between January 1, 2002 and July 2006 were obtained from two different law enforcement agencies. Logistic and generalized ordered logistic regressions are used to model the odds of injury and severity of injury.FindingsThe use of CEDs was associated with reduced odds of officer and suspect injury and the severity of suspect injury in one agency. In the other agency CED use was unrelated to the odds of injury; however, the use of pepper spray was associated with reduced odds of suspect injury. Among other findings, in both agencies the use of hands‐on tactics by police was associated with increased odds of officer and suspect injury, while the use of canines was associated with increased odds of suspect injury.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this research was carried out in two distinctly different law enforcement agencies with different histories of CED adoption, the fact that CED use was associated with reductions in injuries in one agency but not the other indicates the need for additional research on the impact of CED use in other settingsPractical implicationsThe analysis suggests that relative to other forms of force, the use of CEDs and pepper spray can reduce the risk of injury to both suspects and law enforcement officers. This information should prove useful to law enforcement agencies considering adopting CEDs and suggests that agencies should consider the use of these less lethal alternatives in place of hands‐on tactics against actively resistant suspects.Originality/valueAt the time of this writing there was no published independent research on the risks of injury associated with CED use in field settings. The findings reported herein will help inform the public debate on the utility of CEDs for law enforcement.

… Thus, it is not possible to compare the differences in police use-of-force decisions before and … In this study, because police use-of-force decisions were made by officers under pressure …

… in police training to enhance performance on use of force (UoF). … of force (verbalization/de-escalation, less-lethal force, and lethal … literature review on police training for the use of force. …

The use of force in law enforcement during armed conflict remains constrained by general law enforcement principles, in particular necessity and proportionality, as complemented by the human rights principles of legality, precaution, and accountability. In 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) published detailed guidance on the design, procurement, transfer, and use of all less-lethal weapons that reflects international norms and standards. Specific guidance is provided with respect to certain less-lethal weapons, including chemical irritants, conducted energy weapons, police batons, and kinetic impact projectiles. This chapter summarises the key elements of the OHCHR guidance.

… They found that the regulatory framework of the POP Unit gives extremely limited … LLWs, whereas the Department of Correctional Services has a more extensive regulatory framework. …

… [less-lethal weapons] term includes conventional firearms when they are used to discharge less-lethal … However, there is a concern that this approach to regulating these weapons may …

Less-than-lethal weapons, such as conductive energy devices (CEDs) and chemical sprays, have proliferated across law enforcement agencies over the past 30 years. This study …