空间生产

列斐伏尔《空间的生产》提出了社会空间的生产理论，他重构了“空间”和“空间生产”的概念，列斐伏尔的空间生产理论对中国的空间生产具有重要的指导意义，特别是对中国的城市化建设具有启示作用。

本文从空间生产理论的视角，分析社区营造在三重空间下如何助推社区治理共同体建设。社区营造通过三重空间机制实现共同体建构：在空间实践层面，通过公共空间的物理改造，重构居民生活场域；在空间的表象层面，借助党建引领与多元协同的参与式规划，建构共治共享的制度空间；在表征性空间层面，通过构建利益共同体与情感共同体，激活居民的情感认同与归属感，最终推动社区走向共建共治共享的社区治理共同体。结论表明，空间不仅是治理的场所，更是治理的媒介与产物，社区营造本质上是一场以空间为载体的社会关系再生产过程。

山东省济南市老旧城区是老济南曾经繁华一时的中间地段，伴随着济南城区的带状发展与外扩，老济南旧城区的繁荣已成历史，旧城区的公服与市政设施的配置已经随城市发展尽显老态，相关配置俨然已经成为经济发展的绊脚石，因此依据相关城市规划理论对济南市老旧城区的功能与设施配置改造成为当今社会发展的时代热题。本文从济南市老旧城区的历史遗留问题与未来发展状况为起点，结合空间生产理论分析了济南市老旧城区空间发展与城市功能创新建设的硬性条件，并针对现状问题归纳总结相应的旧城区改造手段，希望为济南市老旧城区和其他相关城市的老旧城区更新提供参考。

近年来传播学界聚焦传播与空间的互动，关注到了城市空间生产等主题。传播地理学通过探究空间、地方与传播的互动关系，突破传统媒介中心论，将地域文化及移动实践纳入研究视野，揭示媒介如何重构社会空间并形塑地方认同。基于传播地理学跨学科研究的概念框架，分析City Walk参与者在城市中行走移动过程中，与城市空间、地方的双重相遇，发现City Walk中呈现的地方符号、地方纹理的交织、地域化区隔与虚拟空间的打造，缓解社会加速理论视域下的时空压缩焦虑，实现媒介化空间实践与城市的协商互动。

爱德华·索亚作为当代空间研究的领军人物，在继承和发展列斐伏尔、福柯、哈维等人的空间思想的基础上，提出了独具特色的空间批判理论。本文通过分析索亚的成名著作《后现代地理学》，梳理其空间本体论的产生背景、理论构建与现实意义。首先介绍索亚关于空间理论对历史决定论反叛的出发点和进行空间重申的努力；其次，在思考其空间、时间和社会存在之间的辩证关系中，把握其社会—空间辩证法形成的理论逻辑，阐发索亚作为社会批判理论哲学基础的空间本体论思想；最后，探究索亚以空间本体论为指导，将后现代社会批判理论实证化为一种具有鲜明地理学特色的“批判性区域研究”的实践意义。

目的：为研究农旅融合型乡村产业发展过程中公共空间建设内容商品化的成因。方法：文章引入空间生产理论及其三元辩证法模型，通过对江苏新沂宋庄乡村振兴项目进行实证分析，总结出农旅融合型乡村公共空间的生成路径。结果：研究发现，农旅融合型乡村公共空间建设内容是以投资者和消费者为代表的外部主体与以村民为代表的内部主体在空间生产过程中互相博弈的具象结果。结论：文章还梳理了乡村公共空间商品化的潜在风险，并提出建设策略，以期缓和农旅融合型乡村公共空间过度商品化问题，推进其可持续发展。

“空间”问题是上世纪后半叶以来国外马克思主义研究的重要论题。西方新马克思主义者将马克思主义引入空间研究领域，分析空间与资本主义生产之间的关系，拓展了马克思主义研究的新领域。以亨利·列斐伏尔、曼纽尔·卡斯特和大卫·哈维为代表的西方新马克思主义城市空间理论学者，主张运用马克思主义的观点在资本主义的框架下对城市化的发展进程加以研究，其理论观点对中国新型城镇化的理论和实践具有启示意义和借鉴价值。

资本逻辑支配下的空间生产带来了种种社会问题，等级化的空间结构再生产了贫困，空间的区隔引发了社会撕裂的风险，消费主义的泛滥导致生态危机与人的精神危机。为此，我们需要从历史唯物主义的角度审视资本空间生产的过程及其本性。在当代中国，城市化与现代化还未完成，我们需要以新发展理念和新质生产力来规范资本，防止等级化空间结构的扩张，建设以人为中心的、平等、开放、共享的社会主义城市。

本文基于亨利·列斐伏尔的空间三元生产理论，从物质、符号与精神空间生产解构大理白族三月街促进民族交往交流交融的实践逻辑。研究表明：物质空间生产构建起跨族际经济互动的实体场域，传统骡马市集与新消费业态的空间并置既延续了历史商贸网络，又借助物质交换的具身化实践催生新型社会关系；符号空间生产使民族文化的物象符号、非遗展演的视觉符号等与国家叙事的政治符号在历史演变中达成意义共识，通过符号解码的公共性转换消解族群文化边界；精神空间生产则以节庆周期中集体记忆的周期性唤醒为核心，依托神话叙事重构与节俗参与的身体实践，形塑超越族群差异的情感共振空间，使多民族成员在“文化共享域”中实现精神认同的升华。与此同时三月街的发展面临基础设施停滞与活动模式固化，商品同质与文化融合浅表化的现实困境，需要优化公共服务和创新文化叙事载体。

在乡村振兴背景下，土族盘绣非遗工坊成为文化传承与经济发展的重要实践载体。研究依托列斐伏尔空间生产理论，剖析了工坊的物质、制度、文化三维空间属性，揭示了其从家庭式传承向公共文化实践转型的空间生产逻辑。工坊通过空间实践的物质转化、制度空间的规划赋权、文化空间的体验再生产，构建了“传承–生产–赋能”的复合发展机制。面对传承断层与市场竞争等挑战，提出需优化物质空间文化识别度、完善制度空间收益分配与人才培养机制、深化文化空间线上线下融合传播，以推动工坊可持续发展，为乡村振兴提供持久文化动力。

在社会生产与再生产的过程中，在全球化盛行的当今时代，许多非正义问题日益凸显，社会对正义的追求愈发迫切。英国地理学家、哲学家大卫·哈维在此背景下注意到了空间正义的重要性，他摆脱了传统思想上认为的在分配领域实现空间正义的思想，他既关注空间分配正义，更关注“空间”的社会生产过程的正义，认为只有变革“空间”的社会生产过程，改变资本主义生产关系，变革社会结构和制度，才能真正实现空间正义。他提出了“辩证乌托邦”的构想，力图通过此构想使其理论变成可以实践的现实，但这一构想忽视了共产主义的科学性，因此具有一定的片面性。不可否定的是哈维的空间正义理论为当今空间正义问题的分析提供了重要的借鉴意义。将哈维的空间正义理论进行深入分析，与我国的实际情况相结合，对于我国解决空间正义问题、实现现代化建设具有重要价值。

列斐伏尔延续马克思和恩格斯对资本主义深刻的批判思路，洞察资本主义社会新的变化和生产关系的更新，揭示了新的历史时期资本主义的统治手段。当代资本主义社会为了自我持存，将空间纳入资本主义生产体系，利用空间进行资本增殖，塑造资本化的现代城市，不断生产出新的空间得以幸存。列斐伏尔在哲学维度、政治维度和文化维度对其进行了批判，揭示出了资本主义城市空间的抽象性和虚伪性，对未来城市形态展开辩证想象。

在全球化和信息化的双重浪潮下，思想政治教育正面临着前所未有的挑战与机遇。作为塑造个体世界观、人生观和价值观的关键途径，思想政治教育亟需新的理论支撑以适应时代发展。本文深入探讨了马克思恩格斯空间理论在思想政治教育中的应用，旨在通过这一理论框架为教育实践提供新的视角和方法。文章从自然空间、教育空间和社会关系空间三个维度出发，详细剖析了空间在思想政治教育中的多重作用，并提出了构建一个融合城乡、线上线下以及家庭–学校–社会一体化的多维空间教育架构。这一架构旨在促进思想政治教育的创新发展，以更好地引导个体形成正确的思想观念和价值取向，为社会的可持续发展贡献力量。

列斐伏尔作为西方马克思主义的代表人物，将研究视角从宏观转到微观，提出了日常生活批判理论。日常生活具备总体性、二重性和无意识性，作为“消费被控制的官僚社会”走向了一种全面的异化，包括时空的异化、休闲的异化。日常生活的解放进路主要为节庆与“瞬间”，列式晚年提出的节奏分析，以及具体的身体实践。

上世纪六十年代，在人文社会学科中发生了一场名为“空间转向”的范式革新，“空间”在学界的理论反思中重新回到研究的视野中。以列斐伏尔、福柯为代表的一批思想家从身体空间、城市空间与全球化空间等不同角度中展开了对空间问题的探讨，深刻改变了人文社会科学研究的传统思维方式，将旧有的历史性思维转向横向的空间思维。由此，在后现代性对现代性的超越过程中，空间作为打破现代性统治的观念武器，其背后关联着的后结构主义试图改造结构主义的愿景，也使空间转向理论成为了后现代性对现代性的超越过程中的一把关键钥匙，在一定程度上成为西方思想家走出现代性窠臼，发掘新的社会理论，开展范式革新的基点。

目的：日常生活批判理论是列斐伏尔的核心哲学思想，为了更好促进列斐伏尔日常生活批判理论研究的发展，归纳列斐伏尔日常生活批判理论研究现状及热点，分析学术发展趋势。方法：使用CiteSpace对中国知网2003~2023年以列斐伏尔日常生活批判为主题的178篇文献进行图谱分析，主要分析包括发文数量、作者、机构、关键词共现、关键词聚类、突现词和时间线等，揭示列斐伏尔日常生活批判研究的发展脉络和研究热点。结果：采用关键词聚类分析法，得到7个主题4大类别的聚类，生成关键词聚类、关键词突现、关键词时间线等图谱。结论：列斐伏尔日常生活批判理论研究的年度发文量呈现动态增长趋势；各学者与机构之间应加强合作，构建学术交流网络；研究热点主要包括对列斐伏尔日常生活批判理论内容的整体与微观研究、不同学者间日常生活批判理论的比较研究、列斐伏尔思想转变的研究。整体研究趋势呈现出从宏观到微观、从个体研究到多维度研究的变化特征。

近年来旅游地社会空间研究逐渐得到业界关注，且该类型研究关乎多个利益相关者，涉及相关产业、城乡发展与旅游业可持续发展等方面，具有重要意义。论文在社会空间研究的基础上，试图从理论、研究方法与研究主题等方面聚焦于旅游地的社会空间研究，得到以下结论：① 理论方面，以列斐伏尔等学者的社会空间思想为基础，多理论融合分析为主，未来研究中应在理论上实现突破；② 研究方法上，定性与定量方法均有涉及，呈现多学科方法交叉的特征；③ 研究主题上，聚焦于社会空间演变与驱动机制，其它主题的研究较少，未来应有所突破。

城乡融合发展不仅是一个社会变迁过程，也是一个空间重组与整合的过程。从城乡融合发展的一般逻辑和规律上看，城乡关系的演进依次经历城乡依存、城乡分离、高水平城乡融合的发展阶段。以马克思主义空间正义理论视角阐释城乡融合发展理念的生成逻辑与理论内涵，有助于厘清我国城乡融合发展的理论渊源和价值意蕴。同时，对照我国在推动城乡融合发展过程中遇到的难题，应坚持以人为本的核心理念，尊重城乡融合发展的本质规律，重塑多维空间正义。

Rural construction has been paid attention to by the country, and different strategies have been adopted at different stages. The rural revitalization proposed in the new era is a comprehensive revitalization including culture. Based on the three spatial concepts of space perception, space conception and space reproduction proposed by Lefebvre, the article takes the construction of the sensible space, conceptual space and living space of rural culture as the important content of the reconstruction of rural cultural space. From the ecological, historical and subjective perspective of the rural cultural space, this paper explores the internal logic of the reconstruction of the modern rural cultural space. That is, to follow the ecological balance of the cultural space, and to meet the living requirements of the cultural space. Rural cultural space reconstruction should respect its the historical tradition and awaken the memory of homesickness. At same time, there is rural residents’ cultural consciousness. Cultural reconstruction needs toreflect their subjective status.

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With the development of the consumption era, the research on spatial production in urban spatial renewal has turned to spatial consumption. However, the injustice caused by the urban renewal activities with capital and power as the main body also makes the research heat of spatial justice remain high. This paper explores the integrated analytical framework of “space production, space consumption, and spatial justice” in urban renewal, aiming to deeply understand the complexity and multidimensionality of contemporary urban spaces. The article first argues the necessity of constructing a tripartite spatial theory analysis framework, introduces the concepts and main contents of space production, space consumption, and spatial justice, and discusses their interactions and influences. Secondly, based on the original theoretical content, a tripartite spatial theory analysis framework is constructed. Finally, starting from the absence of spatial justice, the limitations of traditional spatial production models, and the differentiation of space consumption, the paper proposes urban renewal strategies guided by the tripartite spatial theory, emphasizing the importance of policy intervention, mode innovation, and social integration to achieve more equitable and sustainable urban spatial development.

ABSTRACT Social works scholarship pays increasing attention to space and place. This ‘spatial turn’ stresses that place is more than a background in which social work unfolds and intends to study the co-constitution of people, places, and institutions. This article presents Lefebvre’s social production of space to study social work from a geographical perspective. For Lefebvre, space is produced in the interactions between spatial practices and layouts (perceived space), representations and classifications of space (conceived space), and direct experiences of space (lived space). We apply this framework to the Dutch Canon of Social Work to analyse how space and social work co-constituted. This analysis identifies three periods with distinctive relations between perceived, conceived, and lived spaces; integration (1848–1925), emancipation (1925–1983), and participation (1983–2013). We argue that Lefebvre’s framework offers a theory to take space and place out of their passive context; can guide strategic interventions for social work to reshape places; and opens avenues to study social work, public service, and space as dynamic, co-constituting elements. This article emphasises the political nature of space and place, showcases the different roles social work(ers) played over time, and positions social work as an active constituent in the production of space.

As custodians of intangible cultural heritage and ecological knowledge systems, Chinese traditional villages face dual challenges, namely, rapidnew urbanization and the commodification of capital-driven spaces. Thus, the sustainability crisis within their living environments has become increasingly prominent. This study reviews Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space and the features of traditional villages through a literature review. It identifies six sustainable characteristics of traditional villages, grounded in the theory of the production of space. Case studies of four distinct traditional villages (Hongcun, Anhui; Yazhe Zaozu, Sichuan; Tianluokeng, Fujian; Dingcun, Shanxi) — representing diverse types and geographical contexts—were conducted to validate these characteristics. The results indicate the following: First, the sustainability of the living environment in traditional villages manifests not only in the persistence of physical spaces, but more fundamentally in the maintenance of social bonds and spiritual culture. Second, the holders of rights in traditional villages vary across regions and village types. Third, the sustainability of the living environments typically exhibits distinct local characteristics, rich experiential narratives, strong collective practices, considerable resilience, significant cultural symbolism, and close interconnectivity. These findings extend the applicability of the production of space in examining the sustainability of rural living environments, offering valuable theoretical insights and practical strategies for the conservation and sustainable development of Chinese traditional villages.

ABSTRACT The Barranco of Cuenca, Ecuador, is an urban sector characterized by its sloping topography. For decades, its interventions have followed homogenization and commodification models that have led to a crisis of social space framed in a spatial alliance between the tourism industry and the real estate system. This article seeks to understand the production of space in this sector from the perspective of urban archaeology. The methodological design is qualitative-exploratory, supported by historical-critical and socio-spatial practices analysis. This approach allows the evaluation of urban elements in a space of representation, incorporating the processing of uses and practices by historical layers. Consequently, we demonstrate a conflicting influence of the past on contemporary space, revealing urban resignification areas that stimulate the imagination of another Barranco. This theoretical-methodological framework can be replicated to achieve legitimacy for spaces in dispute which have not yet found a solution to integrating the inscriptions of the past with current urban appropriations.

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The focus of this paper, the organisational entity termed the spa, signifies a local place with a significant presence in the (semi)urban areas of Sri Lanka. Spas play diverse roles within the local specificity, as legally endorsed wellness service providers and, on the contrary, as places of commercial sex work. In this context, we explore the social construction of the spa within the broader socio-cultural geography of Sri Lanka, utilising a socio-spatial perspective. For this purpose, we draw upon Henry Lefebvre’s conceptual spatial triad to examine the ongoing spatial practices, representational space, and representations of the space of the spa. In doing so, this paper provides insights into the way in which the interplay of class and gender relations in the local geography of Sri Lanka forms this organisational entity as a distinctive social space. Informed by a qualitative methodology, the paper draws on data generated from in-depth interviews conducted with the social actors who occupy the urban spas of Sri Lanka, specifically the female spa workers who form the labour force of these spas. Focusing on an organisational context that has become a space of tension in Sri Lankan society, the study provides original insights into the complex socio-political dimensions producing this unique social space in the urban geographies of Sri Lanka. Keywords: Class Relations, Gender Relations, Socio-Cultural Geography, Power, Social Space, Sri Lankan Spas

Memorial facilities are one of the crucial places where citizens conduct activities facilitating disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, previous studies have primarily focused on the post-construction phase of official memorial facilities, neglecting the citizen activities collaborating with the official memorial construction process before and during the construction process. This research gap is important considering the urgency of disaster-affected regions to recover from spatial, social, and psychological voids while working towards the goal of DRR, including the efforts of citizens in the official efforts. This study addresses this gap by examining the case of the official memorial park in Ishinomaki, Tohoku region, following the Great East Japan Earthquake. Here, local citizens actively participated in activities before, during, and after park construction, engaging with official efforts. Data were gathered from various online sources to capture activity, space, and management information. Employing a mixed methods research approach, we conducted both quantitative analysis, counting labels of structural coding, and qualitative description of original texts. Our findings reveal that fostering mutual respect built on communication and collaborative tree-planting activities were crucial for maintaining the pre-existing citizen activities and collaborative construction during the official construction period. Additionally, the implementation of a collaborative regulation system was vital for integrating and managing spontaneous citizen activities to achieve the park’s intended objectives post-opening. In conclusion, we highlighted a framework elucidating the mechanisms through which these processes contribute to DRR across key phases of disaster risk management: preparedness, prevention, response, and recovery (PPRR). These insights are important in guiding efforts to engage citizens in DRR initiatives through recovery and reconstruction facilitated by memorial facilities.

Under the dual background of urbanization and socialization, along with the rapid development of social media, the consumption orientation of China's consumer groups presents diversified characteristics, and new-style tea drinks are an important part of them. In this paper, we study the spatial production and business model of new-style tea drinks, and explore the construction of new-style tea drink consumption space under the symbolic perspective.

This article uses an interdisciplinary approach and concepts of path dependencies, legacies, mental maps and social spaces to analyse the role of railway experts in the process of construction of national space in interwar Southeast Europe on the example of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia as a case study. The spatial analysis of this case study is based on primary and secondary sources: archival material, contemporary journals and newspapers, and contemporary expert's studies. The article analyses the role of transport infrastructure and railway experts in the construction of Yugoslav transport and national space, claiming that the old infrastructure and institutional path dependencies prevented construction of it.

Society is a human construct in a continuous historical process, hence, also geographical. The Social is always composed of a temporal and spatial dimension and, therefore, necessarily endowed with historicity and geographicity. According to Dardel (2022), geographicity is the existential connection of the human being with the earth, that is, the spatial experience obtained by the subjective apprehension of the objective world. This article aims to establish a revaluation of the concept of geographicity in the social sciences debate, discerning it as a social construct by considering theoretical foundations from humanistic geography, phenomenology, and the sociology of knowledge, linked as a proposal for an epistemological alternative in the field of theoretical geography itself. The concepts of space, landscape, place, perception of space, material space, conceived space, and lived space are the key concepts that interlace the dialectical relationship between the objective and subjective manifestations of reality, as a way of socially constructing geography. The result is, therefore, the evident epistemic fertility of humanistic geography, presented in this work through the theoretical review regarding a social construction of geographicity.

In September 2009, French riot police armed with flame-throwers, bulldozers and chain saws demolished an illegal migrant camp in Calais known locally as “the Jungle” and dispersed its occupants (Garnham 2009). Over two years the camp had grown from a handful of occupants in a few makeshift tents to over 800 in a sprawling shantytown spilling into the town of Calais (Rawstorne 2009). This article explores how British newspapers’ use of the “jungle” metaphor constructed a particular social imaginary of migrant spaces and their informal camps at a time when migrant shelters were a focus of policy and public concern. The jungle metaphor signified a barbaric space characterised by environmental degradation and lawlessness that encroached on ordered spaces of white civility. This construct was used to justify the razing of the camp, the demolition of the shelters and the dispersing of its occupants by the French police. However, mini-camps sprung up almost immediately all along the French coastline (Allen 2009c) and newspapers expressed fears of the local community that these could grow into mini-jungles (Allen 2009b) – a fear realised a year later with the emergence and demolition of the “new jungle” in a small village near Dunkirk (Finan and Allen 2010) which was similarly demolished. Benedict Anderson (1991) argues that the notion of “nation-ness” has become a central construct in many aspects of modern thought. He posits the concept of a nation as an imagined community, as members “will never know most of their fellow members” and the notion of citizenship and belonging to the nation enables people to imagine the boundaries of a nation even when these boundaries may not physically exist (1991, 6). One of the significant historical developments, which facilitated the emergence of national consciousness, is the rise of print capitalism. Newspapers as part of this print capitalism facilitated this imagination and communion with the unknown other. A prominent aspect of Anderson’s imagined community is the role of media, particularly print media where these can facilitate national conversations. These conversations allow people to be aware of each other’s existence, experience and belonging to a community. Media are intrinsically implicated in creating a national consciousness and a bond between individuals. According to Anderson, “these fellow-readers to whom they were connected through print, formed the embryo of the nationally imagined community” (1991, 44). Thus, the role of newspapers as cartographers of the imagined community is facilitated through its sustained discourses and is an important part of the discursive, metaphorical and visual construction of the nation state in our everyday lives. This imagination of “us” is crafted by inserting imagined boundaries, defining inclusion and by marking out the “Other”. In other words, media as a cultural artefact has a cartographic function in people’s everyday lives, infusing spatial geography and boundaries and enacting these through narratives, visual and discursive frames. Despite the eminence of Anderson’s thesis “imagined communities”, this cartographic role of the media, particularly print media and its incumbent journalistic techniques to sustain a social imaginary of an imagined community, is under explored in journalism studies. What is well conceived in media and communication studies as well as broader scholarship on information and communications technologies (ICTs) is the ability of media to transcend time and space and to reconfigure Space Construction in Media Reporting A Study of the Migrant Space in the ‘Jungles’ of Calais

The social production of urban space is marked by the segregationist pattern. This encourages denial of decent housing for a portion of the Brazilian population, which has to seek vulnerable territories (favelas) as a survival strategy. The aim of this article is to present the reality scenario where these vulnerable territories (favelas) are present in the urban space of Londrina/PR, which unfolds in the concern to enter into the paradox between the formal construction environment and these territories, as most of them are located in areas of permanent preservation (APP's), which by precept of the Laws: Forest Code (2012) Environmental Code of Londrina (2012), should be preserved. A qualitative approach was the used methodology in the research, with the theoretical-methodological framework based on Lefebvre (2006) and primary and secondary sources were used to obtain the data. Environmental laws clash with the information obtained in the survey: the existence of 69 vulnerable territories, with 3,160 families (10,867 people, 2017) rising to 3,815 families (12,240 people) in 2020 (LONDRINA, 2021). This reality results in the lack of convergence between the territorial planning policy (PDM) and policies such as: environmental, housing, environmental sanitation (other sectoral policies) that should be integrated in favor of the development of inclusive and socially and environmentally sustainable cities, which could contribute to overcoming the paradox of the social production of space

Structuralist human geography emerging between the 1960s and 1980s, its theoretical foundations stem from the interdisciplinary integration of linguistics, anthropology, and Marxism, emphasizing the revelation of deep-seated social structures and power relations behind spatial phenomena from holistic and systematic perspectives. The school has propelled geography from descriptive to explanatory research, introducing core theories such as “production of space,” “capitalist spatial logic,” and “urban political economy analysis”, providing critical perspectives for understanding socio-spatial relations. However, its tendency toward structural determinism and economic reductionism limits its ability to explain individual agency and new social phenomena. Nevertheless, the theoretical legacy of structuralism remains relevant in critiques of neoliberal urbanization and environmental geography, continuously expanding its scope of application through integration with other theories. This paper explores the developmental context, academic contributions, and limitations of structuralist human geography.

Public open spaces (POS) in coastal areas often develop organically without formal planning, yet play a critical role in the social life of urban communities. This study examines the transformation of the organic public open space at Nunbaun Sabu Beach, Kupang City, Indonesia. The aim of this research is to identify the factors driving the functional transformation of this coastal space and the patterns of social activities occurring within it. A qualitative approach was adopted, using case study methodology, including field observations and in-depth interviews. The findings indicate that the space has shifted from parking lot for churchgoers to a public social space for recreation and social interactions. The transformation is largely driven by the construction of a coastal defense wall (500 meters long), which provided a sense of safety and enhanced the area’s attractiveness for social activities. The beautiful sunset view further entices visitors to engage in activities such as resting, gathering, and enjoying the natural scenery. This study also emphasizes how physical infrastructure, such as the coastal defense wall and the sunset view, plays a critical role in the transformation of this organic public open space, as framed by Michel de Certeau’s theory of space manipulation and Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space. The findings offer valuable insights for urban planning that is more responsive to organically developed public spaces.

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Abstract In previous years, substantial research has focused on walkability, primarily examining how the built environment affects walking behavior. However, these studies have predominantly defined walkability through physical and social factors, with limited exploration of its spatial dimension. This article seeks to address this gap by examining the spatiality of walkability through Lefebvre’s spatial triad. The study begins with a literature review that introduces the concept of walkability from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Subsequently, the theoretical and practical dimensions of walkability are analyzed by conceptualizing space as a socially produced entity. This approach shifts the focus from identifying what makes a space walkable to understanding the processes involved in its production. By proposing a new interpretation of walkability, the study broadens the concept beyond physical and social dimensions to include perceived, conceived, and lived spaces. We suggest that incorporating the spatial dimension enhances both the theoretical framework and practical implementation of walkability, particularly within the field of transportation planning. Additionally, the article synthesizes and analyzes existing literature and planning practices to provide a deeper understanding of how walkable spaces are produced. It emphasizes the significance of the spatial dimension in walkability and suggests avenues for future research.

This study explores how community gardens in Cape Town's marginalised Cape Flats area enact spatial justice through everyday practices. I draw on Henri Lefebvre's ideas on the social production of space, especially the spatial triad (space as perceived, conceived, lived), to unpack how physical, ideological and symbolic dimensions of space intersect in these urban gardens. The findings underscore how community gardeners physically transform otherwise neglected land into ‘perceived’ spaces of cultivation, asserting spatial agency despite insecure tenure and limited infrastructure (water access, soil quality). In terms of ‘conceived’ space, gardeners negotiate and subvert top‐down planning logics by repurposing school grounds and municipal reserves. Finally, gardens as ‘lived’ space emerge as sites of cultural reclamation and social cohesion, where crops, seed exchanges and collective action sustain memory and identity in the face of apartheid's legacies. However, persistent challenges, such as tenure precarity, resource scarcity and competing land‐use pressures, threaten each garden's longevity. These findings are based on semi‐structured interviews with representatives of 34 community gardens and key state actors, supplemented by documentary analysis of planning and policy frameworks. Gardens function as urban oases of resistance and resilience. Addressing urban gardens in the largely overlooked Global South context fills a critical gap in urban justice scholarship. High‐impact urban planning should aim to help community gardens secure land tenure, embed them in formal spatial frameworks and recognise their multifunctional role in enhancing food security, cultural preservation and equitable urban transformation.

Urban streets are essential public spaces that facilitate everyday physical activity and promote health equity. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad, this study proposes a conceptual and methodological framework to quantify street-level exercise deprivation through the dimensions of conceived (planning and structure), perceived (visual and sensory), and lived (practice and experiential) urban spaces. We integrate multi-source spatial data-including street networks, street-view imagery, and social media-using explainable machine learning (SHAP analysis) to classify streets by their dominant deprivation modes, forming a novel typology of spatial inequity. Results highlight significant differences across urban contexts: older city cores predominantly experience infrastructural constraints (conceived space), whereas new development areas suffer from experiential disengagement (lived space). Furthermore, by identifying spatial mismatches between population distribution and exercise intensity, our study reveals localized clusters of latent deprivation. Simulation experiments demonstrate that targeted improvements across spatial dimensions can yield up to 14% increases in exercise supportiveness. This research not only operationalizes Lefebvre's spatial theory at the street scale but also provides actionable insights and intervention guidelines, contributing to the broader goals of spatial justice and urban health equity.

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze how riparian subjects experience spatial accessibility in the public ports located on the southern waterfront of the city of Belém, Pará: the Porto do Açaí and the Ruy Barata Hydroviary Terminal.   Theoretical Framework: The concepts and contributions of Milton Santos (such as landscape, territory of use, and organic relations) and Henri Lefebvre (the right to the city and the triad of conceived, perceived, and lived space) provide a solid foundation for understanding the context of the investigation.   Method: The methodology adopted is a qualitative investigation. Data collection was performed using techniques of bibliographic review, systematic observation, and semi-structured interviews in order to deepen the understanding of these riverside spaces.   Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that the reproduction of urban intervention models imposed on realities with strong riparian ties (or riverside connections) does not always align with the right to the city, which should be based on the local populations' way of life.   Research Implications: The result has implications for influencing practices in the field of local urban planning. These implications may extend to the areas of architecture, urbanism, and engineering.   Originality/Value: This study contributes to expanding knowledge on spatial accessibility in the riparian urban Amazon. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its role in fostering a more sensitive perspective, focusing on the diversities involving the lived body and culture within differentiated urban contexts.

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This paper, preoccupied with intersectionality in spatial criticism and broadly portraying the visual representation of urban space in popular culture (film), critically looks into the lived experiences around the Delhi neighborhood, Paharganj, as illustrated in Rakesh Ranjan Kumar’s 2019 film Paharganj. Theoretically grounding on Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad and production of space, and on Michel Foucault’s “panopticon” and “heterotopia,” this paper investigates (a) ways in which Paharganj turns into a deviant and dangerous space with its countercultural brooding and camouflaged criminality and how such deviant “lived space” negates or adds dimension to the “conceived space,” and (b) how such subversive space (Paharganj) challenges territorial jurisdiction by creating an alternative and resistant power nexus which sometimes leads to its denomination as the “Republic of Paharganj,” a status as “dangerous” or desired space in the film. As a part of its spatial reading of popular cultural texts, this paper primarily takes on Paharganj. However, to substantiate Paharganj’s spatial representation in popular culture, this paper also secondarily makes reference to two other films: Holy Smoke! (1999) and Dev. D (2009).

It is widely accepted that Henri Lefebvre's Marxism had anarchistic traits, but few have tried to specify what these traits are, or what they mean. This paper argues that Lefebvre's work should be seen as first and foremost an anti‐authoritarian theory that uses space, rather than a spatial theory. Written from a position that refuses to be either just ‘Marxist’ or just ‘anarchist’, this paper makes a claim to the possibility of a radical geography that can engage with and beyond both.

The aim of the study is to filter the behavioural and spatial practices of subjects who experience/practice the square with respect to Lefebvre’s trialectic space approach and place them to an analytic plane in the context of reading the dynamics in the city square of Afyonkarahisar during the corona days when decisions and prohibitions taken by the government are applied. The article is an experimental study and important data regarding the space-oriented practices and dynamics in Afyonkarahisar city square during the corona days have been obtained by adopting monitoring/observing and experiencing methods and reading the theoretical and conceptual framework of Lefebvre’s spatial approach theory related to the literature review. Images, actions, government policies and behavioural patterns of people in the square on the determined important dates have been accepted as empirical findings of the field study. Findings that have been obtained have been read again through subjects who experience/practice Afyonkarahisar urban square during the coronavirus pandemic in the context of Lefebvre’s trialectic space approach.

In the field of Deaf Geographies, one neglected area is that of the individual deaf body and how individual deaf bodies can produce deaf space in isolation from one another. Much of the work published in the field talks about collectively or socially produced deaf spaces through interaction between two or more deaf people. However, with deaf children increasingly being educated in mainstream schools with individual provisions, and the old social networks and institutions of deaf communities coming under threat by the closure of deaf clubs and changing work practices, more research on the way in which individuals can produce their own deaf spaces and navigate those spaces is needed. In this paper, I outline two possible theoretical approaches, that of Lefebvre’s productive gestures to produce social space, and Bourdieu’s habitus, capital and hexis. I suggest that these theories can be productively utilised to better understand the individual basis of the production of deaf spaces.

Based on the narrative perspective, this paper studies the spatial characteristics and cultural significance of the Shike Ancestral Hall in En Village, Guangdong, as a sacred building. By drawing on Lefebvre’s theory of spatial production, the physical space, cultural value, and community sentiment of the Shike Ancestral Hall are linked to explore its role in the sense of place, clan memory, and cultural identity. The study found that the combination of perceived, conceived, and lived space gives the Shike Ancestral Hall profound social, cultural, and religious significance. The ancestral hall is not only a material existence but also a vital link to maintain the emotional and cultural identity among clan members. Through the multi-sensory experience of the building, including light, sound, touch, and smell, the unique atmosphere of the sacred space is revealed, further deepening the need for sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage.

Enhancing farmers’ livelihood resilience is a cornerstone of sustainable rural development and poverty alleviation consolidation in developing countries. While tourism has emerged as a prominent rural revitalization strategy, the mediating role of tourism-induced land use transitions in building resilience—and the underlying spatial mechanisms through which these transformations operate—remains inadequately understood. This study integrates Henri Lefebvre’s spatial production theory with land systems analysis to examine how tourism-driven land use transitions influence farmers’ livelihood resilience in rural China. Using provincial panel data and three waves (2018, 2020, 2022) of nationally representative household survey data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we construct a comprehensive tourism development index emphasizing land transformation dimensions and employ panel regression models with instrumental variables and threshold analysis. The findings reveal that tourism-induced land use transitions significantly enhance farmers’ livelihood resilience through three distinct spatial mechanisms: land-based rural infrastructure investment, industrial land structure rationalization, and cultural facility land development. Importantly, this relationship exhibits a double-threshold effect with diminishing marginal returns, and the positive impact is substantially stronger in heritage-rich regions with comparative policy advantages. By establishing land use transitions as a critical spatial production pathway linking tourism to sustainable livelihood outcomes, this study advances land systems science, offering a novel theoretical framework for integrating people–nature interactions in heritage-rich rural areas and practical guidance for strategic land use planning in support of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This research aims to explain the form of space utilization in the Kalimati Long Storage Reservoir Area from Henri Lefebvre's perspective which includes the dimensions of spatial practice, spatial representation, and representational space. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with the research observation unit being the Kalimati Long Storage Reservoir Area, while the unit of analysis is space production in the Kalimati Long Storage Reservoir Area from Henri Lefebvre's perspective. Data collection was obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis techniques of Miles and Huberman are data reduction, data presentation, and concluding/verification. The research results obtained are (1) the form of space utilization of the Kalimati Long Storage Reservoir is used for exercising, enjoying the view, taking selfies, fishing, hanging out and trading (2) the Kalimati Long Storage Reservoir has become a lively space due to community activities which produce interaction (3) the Kalimati Reservoir Long Storage Kalimati can be considered a symbol that can change dysfunctional areas into organized areas for community activities. Space never exists in itself, but out of necessity and demand. The production and reproduction of space will continue to be dynamic following the community's sense of sociality.

This paper, using Henri Lefebvre's theory of "the production of space" as a framework, explores the underlying generative logic and resolution paths through an in-depth analysis of three cases of conflicts arising from the transformation of resettlement communities. The study finds that the root cause of community spatial conflict lies in the rupture between the spatial representation led by planners and the representative space formed by residents based on local knowledge. This rupture manifests as a three-fold generative logic: the misalignment of cultural cognition is the breeding ground for conflict; the imbalance of spatial power is the driving force behind the intensification of conflict; and the lack of a dialogue mechanism ultimately leads to the outbreak of conflict. Based on this, this paper proposes to construct a dialogical governance model, whose core resolution paths include: embedding culturally sensitive assessments at the planning stage to prevent meaning conflicts; strengthening the meaning translation and negotiation functions of social workers to bridge the cognitive gap; and promoting an open and process-oriented governance framework to leave institutional space for residents' creative practices, thereby transforming spatial conflict into an opportunity for the benign reproduction of the community.

Absalom, Absalom! presents the changing spatial geography of the American South under the power struggles among various social classes. Drawing on French philosopher Henri Lefebvre's spatial theory, this study argues that the Southern class in Faulkner's works constitutes not merely an economic or historical entity, but rather an ongoing, conflictual process of production of space. Integrating the map of Yoknapatawpha County, this paper contends that the inequality in spatial occupation among different classes in Jefferson and the spatial segregation enforced by the doors of the plantation houses concretize the representations of space conceived by planters in the context of slavery, revealing the spatialization of power and the class hegemony embedded in space. As a victim of this order, Sutpen's cross‐class spatial practice, such as transforming the capital acquired in transboundary spaces like the West Indies and the “wilderness” of the Indians into the localized representational space of Sutpen's Hundred, achieved the reproduction of space and social relations. The spatial transformation of Sutpen's Hundred, from wilderness to plantation and back to wilderness, demonstrates the restructuring of the old spatial order driven by shifts in the Southern economic model and the ethical misconduct underlying the planters' production of space. By connecting the local spaces of the American South with internal and external “other” spaces, Faulkner reveals that space serves not only as a medium through which different social classes define power and reshape identities, but also as a moral mirror reflecting the South's spiritual predicament as it attempted to position itself between traditional and emerging values during a period of social transformation.

This study aims to explore an alternative direction for sustainable spatial regeneration based on local cultural assets. By integrating Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space and cultural production theory, the study proposes a “Cultural Production-Based Spatial Regeneration Model.” Through theoretical research, the model identifies the three dimensions of space—perceived, conceived, and lived space—and analyzes the interactions between cultural agents and spatial elements. As an empirical case, the study examines ZhuYi Village (竹艺村) in Sichuan, China, where traditional bamboo crafts have been revitalized through the integration of exhibition, hands-on learning, education, and artistic practices. The collaboration among local residents, designers, and institutions has restored the village’s sense of place and cultural identity. This research views space not as a physical backdrop but as the outcome of socio-cultural practices, and aims to provide both theoretical insights and practical strategies for future place-based regeneration policies.

Under the influence of tourism and globalization, heritage production presents a new landscape. As a crucial framework for interpreting heritage, Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) has profound significance in discussing its practice characteristics in this context. Taking cities along the Jiangsu–Zhejiang section of the Grand Canal as a case study and drawing upon policy text, this study explores the practice characteristics of AHD in the tourism context. Results indicate that the thematic practices of AHD encompass protection and management, ecological construction, cultural production and inheritance, touristification, infrastructure and services, and marketing and cooperation, forming a clustering pattern with touristification as the central theme. The spatial characteristics manifest as multi-scale practices ranging from global to regional to local, each corresponding to diverse thematic characteristics. This study deepens the understanding of AHD in tourism and advances the research progress of heritage tourism. It also provides practical references for the utilization of urban heritage and the management of heritage tourism.

Studying the Sorgenfri urban renewal project in the Swedish city of Malmö, this article suggests that a shift in planning documents reflects a new understanding of segregation containing traces of arguments from theoretical debates in geography. This new understanding of segregation appears informed by geographic debates on encounters, mobility, and boundaries, and implies that segregation is best addressed by planners in public space “between” housing areas to create more “meetings” between “strangers”. While planning focused on segregation in a more granular way, it also ignored racialised inequality's structural preconditions in ways that perfectly match the neoliberal premises of municipal planning. Thus, translating spatial theory into planning practice can be seen as a strategically selective work shaped by local political conditions. This means that geographers’ work might have unexpected and undesired effects even when it has “impact” in policy practice, and that geographers would do well to face this challenge equally strategically.

ABSTRACT This research explores the challenges of using spatial justice as a basis for public policy and urban planning. Philosophical principles of justice are useful for systematic reasoning but lack objective criteria for evaluating spatial justice. We propose a framework based on criteria from social psychology – strict equality, need, merit, and entitlement – to a territorial perspective to determine the most appropriate distribution of amenities. We aim to provide a foundation for policy evaluation and urban interventions based on a selected spatial justice criterion.

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Since the 1990s, skateboarding has emerged as a significant urban practice, often resulting in spatial conflicts. The predominant response from municipal authorities has been to confine skateboarding to purpose-built skateparks, overlooking more integrated and inclusive spatial solutions. This study critically examines this approach and explores alternative skateboarding spaces within the framework of urban sociological discourse on the creative city phenomenon and the evolving collaboration between skateboarding communities and city authorities. Employing a praxeological approach, the analysis integrates cultural theory, discourse analysis, and fieldwork. Building on existing literature, the study is complemented by case study analyses of skateboarding spaces worldwide. To provide a structured understanding, a spatial typology is developed, encompassing purpose-built skateparks, self-constructed DIY projects, shared spots, and legalized street spots. These spaces are conceptualized along the axes of exclusion vs. inclusion and subcultural vs. sportification. Key opportunities and essential conditions for the implementation of innovative spatial concepts in urban environments are identified, with particular emphasis on the pivotal role of collaboration between skateboarding communities and municipal authorities. By presenting a theoretical framework for diversifying skateboarding spaces, the findings contribute to the urban planning discourse and promote participatory urban development and design.