中国和国际监狱“三分”（分押、分管、分教）工作的比较研究

… This articlesummarizes the first nationalevaluation ofobjective prison classification systems. … individual classification scoring items evidenced only modest correlations with prison …

… an impact on correctional classification. Historically, prison classification has moved from … some of the goals of recently developed classification systems. This diversity in the goals of …

… the day-to-day routine of prisoners and staff? How is prison classification reflected in the design and … We predict there will be future studies of classification systems for women prisoners. …

… Prison classification as a management and predictive tool has long been the focus of … classification models has increased as prison populations exceed capacities and funding for prison …

… of between four months and two years less a day underwent a formal classification … prison placement decisions were recommended. This research examined the classification …

Many prison classification systems include risk … make up classification instruments are selected to measure inmate attributes as information that predicts the occurrence or rates of prison …

… process in solving many of the problems of jails and prisons. This section describes various primary and subsidiary roles performed by control classification systems in jails and prisons. …

… prisoners. To our knowledge, no validation of a female classification system in an all female prison … This deficiency is probably due to the relatively small number offemale prisoners and …

… classification systems–riskassessment, Megargee's MMPI typology, and Toch's Prison … s rehabilitation fell into disfavor and prison populations began to soar, traditional diagnostic …

This study presents the results from the development and validation of a fully automated, gender-specific risk assessment system designed to predict severe and frequent prison misconduct on a recurring, semiannual basis. K-fold and split-population methods were applied to train and test the predictive models. Regularized logistic regression was the classifier used on the training and test sets that contained 35,506 males and 3,849 females who were released from Minnesota prisons between 2006 and 2011. Using multiple metrics, the results showed the models achieved a relatively high level of predictive performance. For example, the average area under the curve (AUC) was 0.832 for the female prisoner models and 0.836 for the male prisoner models. The findings provide support for the notion that better predictive performance can be obtained by developing assessments that are customized to the population on which they will be used.

… prisoner security classification process is the main mechanism through which the ‘quality and rigour’ of prisoners’ confinement are determined: once prisoners … of the prison system are …

… That approach leaves open the possibility of endogeneity—that the harsher prisons … of Prisons (BOP) and exploiting the substantial variation in classification scores within a given prison …

Since the 1980s, departments of corrections have sharply increased the use of segregation as a discipline and management tool. In effect, segregation is a secondary sentence imposed by the correctional facility—one that follows long after and usually is unrelated to the conviction for which the person is incarcerated. The consequences of holding an individual in these conditions over time may include new or exacerbated mental health disturbances, assaultive and other antisocial behaviors, and chronic and acute health disorders. In fact, studies show that prisoners who are released from segregation directly to the community reoffend at higher rates than general-population prisoners. Policy changes that will reduce the use and long-term impact of segregation will benefit not only the staff and prisoners in these units but also ultimately the well-being of facilities, systems, and the community.

… inmates released directly from segregation to the community have shown poorer postrelease outcomes than inmates not released from segregation … of segregation in large adult prisons …

… because inmates who are perceived as gay by other inmates … or intersex inmate to a facility for male or female inmates, … a placement would ensure the inmate's health and safety, and …

… use of disciplinary segregation—prison within prisons (Browne, … severe punishment meted out to inmates who have been found … sample of inmates confined in state operated prisons to …

This essay considers debate over the extent to which some inmates should be isolated from others within prison, the impact of isolation on psychological well-being during confinement, and the implications for supermax prisons with 23-hour lockdown. The need for administrative segregation and solitary confinement is assessed in the context of improving the safety of individual inmates as well as preventing collective violence. These ideas are contrasted with the downside of isolation, including the possibility of compounding problems with existing mental illnesses, the development of “new” psychological problems during confinement, increased demands for psychological and psychiatric resources, and the problems posed for successful re-entry. However, contrary to some scholarly discourses, evidence to date suggests that administrative segregation does not produce dramatic negative psychological effects unless extreme conditions apply.

… : disciplinary segregation (ie, punishment for inmates who … ), protective segregation (ie, protection of vulnerable inmates … % of the inmates in this study experience a stay in segregation …

… segregation would benefit from being able to identify which inmates are at greatest risk for being placed in segregation. … placed in administrative segregation for inmates in federal prison …

Prison officials often rely on restrictive housing to promote institutional safety and security. However, a growing body of research indicates this type of confinement has little impact on inmate behavior or institutional order. An alternative approach involves providing the most dangerous and disruptive inmates with increased case management services and other proactive programmatic opportunities. The success of this strategy requires an ability to prospectively and accurately identify the most problematic inmates. The results of this study indicate that Risk Assessment for Segregation Placement (RASP) and its revised Oregon version (RASP-OR) are valid predictors of segregation placement and institutional misconduct. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Drawing on prison officers’ accounts, this article addresses the extent to which the implementation of dynamic security and open cell regime has been successful in reforming Italian prisons. The article, based on a semi-ethnographic research in two prisons, sheds light on how the prison officers’ cope with the new rehabilitation-oriented role. The uniformed staff’s perceptions and experiences of the new regime are analysed, with a focus on the symbolic order produced over the rehabilitation and the effect of the complexity of the prison’s setting. Along with deepening understandings about the humanization of prison security, this article explores how the prison officers’ role and attitudes might impact and shape the idea of rehabilitation.

Introduction. Due to the different density of population in the Russian Federation and the scale of its territory, correctional system facilities should represent a unified system, in which the institutions are interrelated and interchangeable. In the conditions of a large number of types and sub-types of correctional institutions, the possibility of interchangeability is weakened. Problems associated with the quality of ensuring the internal isolation of convicts have a significant impact on the level of crime and penitentiary security. Hence, the punishment execution practice should more flexibly use the norms on separation of convicts to achieve goals and objectives of the penal executive legislation. Methods: the research used a dialectical method for cognizing objective reality, a logical method, a modeling method, a formal legal method, a systemic method. Results and discussion: the constantly changing socio-criminological portrait of the offender and the level of crime force the legislator to revise criminal-legal and criminal-executive criteria for differentiating those sentenced to imprisonment. The mentioned reasons also affect group differentiation that occurs in the process of distributing convicts to dormitory accommodation (cells) within the correctional institution. The crime level in a separate RF subject and changes in the state criminal policy require the reassignment of correctional institutions as a whole. The system of correctional institutions should not overwhelmingly depend on the criminal-legal criteria of those sentenced to imprisonment and the changing criminal policy of the state, and at the same time, departmental regulation should not bolster the legislatively established system of correctional institutions. Conclusions: the legislator has established a wide range of types of correctional institutions for those sentenced to imprisonment. Remoteness of some of them from the place of residence of convicts, to a certain extent, has both positive and negative impact on their social ties, which ultimately affects the effectiveness of implementation of the panel enforcement legislation goals and objectives.

The penitentiary system of the Republic of Moldova has entered a stage of reform since it was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Justice. For about 20 years under the auspices of the Ministry of Justice, similar to the European penitentiary systems, the national system has been experiencing the same difficulties: a high rate of recidivism, overcrowding in places of detention, an increase in cases of detection of prohibited items and substances in penitentiary institutions, lack of staff and insufficient financial resources. The situation at the national level differs from the general European practice in terms of separate detention of persons sentenced to imprisonment. The penalty of imprisonment is executed in penitentiary institutions of the following types: open, semi-closed, for juveniles (in which conditions correspond to semi-closed penitentiary institutions) and for women, in which the regime of detention corresponds to the regime established for open, semi-closed or closed type of penitentiary institutions, depending on the category of penitentiary institutions assigned by the sentence. The rigidity of the established system is determined by the clear definition in the law of the categories of prisoners and types of penitentiary institutions for serving sentences. It is not allowed to change the type of penitentiary institution. Such a system of imprisonment execution, established by mandatory norms of criminal law, not only creates a problem for the effective implementation of criminal justice (individualization of punishment), but also determines the need to organize three modes of detention in each type of penitentiary institution. Consequently, most penitentiary institutions should have at least 12 separate detention sectors, corresponding to each type of penitentiary and detention regime. At the same time, the problem of choosing the categories of sectors that should be present in a penitentiary institution becomes very relevant. This is due to the fact that the regime of a sentence execution in the form of imprisonment in a penitentiary institution does not consist in simple isolation, but in a regime with a rich content consisting of various aspects of life and activities of convicts during execution of sentences. Based on the results of the study, the author suggests revising the content of the concept “type of penitentiary institution”. This concept should include not only the level of accessibility within the penitentiary institution, but also the restrictions necessary for the detention of persons deprived of their liberty, depending on the assessment of their psychological profile, behavior and individual execution plan.

Correctional classification is at the core of the prison experience. Classification processes determine what, with whom, and how an inmate will spend his or her time while incarcerated. Classification designation influences virtually all dimensions of prison life, including the structure of inmate routines, ability to move about the facility premises, program eligibility, mandatory treatments, and housing location or style. Yet it is very challenging to speak about correctional classification in general terms, because there are 51 different classification schemes in the United States, one for each of the 50 states and the federal prison system. Correctional classification can be centralized or decentralized to varying degrees across institution, facility, and unit levels of prisons. Although often used interchangeably in correctional argot, the two predominant correctional classification types are security (referring to the characteristics of the prison) and custody (referring to the permissions of the inmate). Classification structures and processes shape much of the prison experience and, as such, are central to investigations of the effects of prison on inmate outcomes. Indeed, the extent of the deprivations inmates face during incarceration is largely determined by their institution, facility, unit, and custody levels. Discussing correctional classification across systems is challenging because classification designations take on a heterogeneous, nested structure, meaning that in some systems institution and facility are the same, in other systems facility and custody are the same, and in still other systems institution, facility, and custody are all distinct, with custody nested in facilities nested in institutions. In addition to classification structures, there are classification processes which are the set of procedures that correctional administrators use to determine security and custody levels. Classification criteria, processes, and timelines vary across departments of corrections. The general goals of classification procedures are to minimize the probability of escape and maximize the security of the department facilities, inmates, and staff, while housing the inmate at the least restrictive level possible and providing appropriate services. Correctional administrators must balance security and rehabilitative concerns in custody and security classification practices. In what is often described as a direct trade-off, most agencies prioritize the security and safety of inmates and staff over the treatment needs of inmates.

Introduction: the article is devoted to the creation of correctional institutions of combined type with regard to the current penal enforcement legislation and the Concept for the development of the penal enforcement system of the Russian Federation up to 2030. The foundation of correctional institutions of this type corresponds to the modern penal enforcement policy of the Russian Federation, but requires scientific study. The relevance of the presented article is also determined by modern trends in penitentiary science and practice. Purpose: on the basis of generalization and analysis of official statistical data, theoretical and scientific sources, findings and approaches of scientists-penitentiaries, to comprehensively reveal the prospects for establishing institutions of combined type at the current stage of the RF penal enforcement system development. Methods: the dialectical method of scientific cognition was used when writing a scientific article. The following scientific methods of cognition were also applied: comparative law, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, and statistical. Results: in the course of the study and based on its results, the authors developed a theoretical model of a complex correctional institution (institution of combined type), which includes separate areas proposed and scientifically justified by the authors. Each area of the combined type institution selected by the authors is described separately and in detail. The theoretical model of a complex correctional institution (institution of combined type) corresponds to the provisions of the current legislation, as well as the prospects for its development up to 2030, and also widens and complements them. Conclusions: in order to capture correctional facilities of a combined type in the RF penal enforcement legislation, it is proposed to enshrine the theoretical model of a complex correctional institution proposed by the authors in the corresponding articles.

… of multi-regime (hybridity) of correctional institutions is … of correctional institutions as “hybridity” and “multi-regime”. RZ … an offender and determining a classification group according to the …

Abstract Background: Despite existing international standards for the prison management of incarcerated trans people, carceral policies across Australian jurisdictions vary in their availability, breadth, and appropriateness. Trans populations in prison represent a vulnerable population, having specific needs surrounding their health, safety, and wellbeing. Prior reviews into Australian carceral policies highlight where contemporary prison practices fall short of meeting those specific needs. Aims/method: A review was conducted on the available carceral policy documents of each Australian correctional service regime, examining their coverage of issues including healthcare access, placement decisions, and classification systems against international standards and prior Australian recommendations. Forty-one relevant policy documents were reviewed against eighteen benchmark recommendations, along with supplementary data. Results: Australian jurisdictions varied widely on the coverage of the reviewed areas. Benchmark attainment ranged from twelve out of eighteen (Victoria and Western Australia) to three out of eighteen (Queensland). The use of administrative segregation was identified as the area in most need of policy reform. No jurisdiction met every benchmark.Conclusions: This review highlights the need for carceral policy reform across Australian jurisdictions in order to meet the unique needs of incarcerated trans people, especially in the areas of administrative segregation and healthcare access. The review also highlights the need for carceral policy reform to bring Australian jurisdictions in line with each other on the management of incarcerated trans people, to reduce disparate outcomes across states and territories.

… dominance of risk/need-based correctional classification and the somewhat uncritical use/… correctional regimes. Second, I will reflect on the evolution of gender-responsive correctional …

… If correctional management regimes are implemented poorly, terrorist … classification of terrorist prisoners and instead integrated this offender group into the existing prisoner classification …

… Classification is an essential feature of effective correctional management and ‘evidence-… addressed through correctional programming. In a correctional regime, compliance means that …

… The evolution and meanings of risk in correctional assessment and classification are … has an unparalleled status and authority in many correctional regimes. The link to the ‘what works’ …

… correctional treatment literature, a crossclassification of drug treatment programs is presented. The classification … treatment programs when the correctional regime is not organized for or …