莲雾的活性成分

Abstract This article attempts to report native growth, plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium aqueum, S. aromaticum, S. cumini, S. guineense and S. samarangense. Those are the large public species in the Syzygium genus and some of them have been used as traditional medicines. Different parts (leaves, seeds, fruits, barks, stem barks and flower buds) of each species plant are rich in phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides and phenolics. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, toxicity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic activities are reported in various extracts (methanol, ethanol and aqueous) from different parts of Syzygium sp. The bioactivities were studied by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays for antioxidant, 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazoly)-3-(4-sulfophenyl) tetrazolium and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays for anticancer, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays for antidiabetic, agar well diffusion method for antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality assay for toxicity. Moreover, this review shows that phytochemical constituents of each species significantly presented various bioactivities. Therefore, this review suggests that there is great potential for obtaining the lead drug from these species.

Syzygium samarangense cv. ‘Giant Green’ is an underutilised fruit that can be found in Malaysia and other Asian countries. Since this fruit is not fully commercialised, the information about its potential health benefits is limited. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the polyphenolic contents (total phenolic and total flavonoid) and biological activities (antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase and antibacterial assay) of ‘Giant Green’ leaves and fruits at different maturity stages. The young, mature and old leaves, and unripe, half-ripened and ripened fruits were analysed. The results showed that the young leaves increased the TPC and TFC by 35% and 41%, over the old leaves. Similarly, TPC and TFC contents were 37% and 54% higher in unripe fruits compared to the ripened fruits. In addition, young leaves exhibited the strongest scavenging activity towards DPPH, NO and ABTS radicals with IC50 values increasing 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, over the old leaves. However, in fruit samples, only unripe fruits were able to inhibit more than 50% of radicals. A comparable trend was observed in alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay whereas young leaves and unripe fruits recorded 81% and 99% increases in IC50 values, respectively, from young leaves to old leaves and unripe fruits to ripened fruits. Identically, young leaves also showed a significant effect in antibacterial assay with an inhibition zone increase of 19%, 36%, 32%, and 31% in S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. typhimurium and E. coli, respectively, over the old leaves. However, only unripe fruits were most effective against all tested bacteria while half-ripened fruits were only effective against E. faecalis with a 1.1-fold increase in the inhibition zone compared to unripe fruits. Ripened fruits were resistant to all of the bacteria. These results suggest that the young leaves and unripe fruits of ‘Giant Green’ cultivar of S. samarangense could be a potential candidate for the management of some diseases coming from harmful free radicals or bacterial infection.

The wax apple, Syzygium samarangense, is widely used in traditional medicine. We have previously described a plethora of biological activities from its leaf extract. These include …

Jambu semarang (Syzygium samarangense), which belongs to Myrtaceae family, is widely cultivated in Asia and the Pacific region. This review systematically described the scientifically proven information about the plant's phytochemical contents, traditional usage, and pharmacological activities. Elucidated primary and secondary metabolites of S. samarangense mostly belong to flavonoids, phenolic compounds, resorcinol derivatives, acylphloroglucinols, tannins, terpenoids, and sterols. Various parts of the plant have been used traditionally to remedy cold, itches, cracked tongue, dysentery, and diabetes. It is also commonly consumed fresh or processed as wines, jams, nata, vinegar, and jellies. Currently, in vitro and in vivo experiments of the plant extract have demonstrated various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic, thrombolytic, spasmolytic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anthelmintic, anxiolytic, protease inhibitory, and immunomodulatory effect. Further research in standardization and clinical studies is highly expected for future development.

… Syzygium samarangense is a plant well known for its various … phytochemical constituents or bioactive compounds present in … The dried Syzygium samarangense leaves were employed …

Syzygium samarangense is a potential herbal plant that can be developed in the medical world. Research related to the use of this plant in the medical world has varied, but the stem bark of the plant is rarely developed. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents of S. samarangense stem bark and its bioactivity as anticancer and anti-inflammatory in silico . The research method started with extracting and identifying bioactive compounds through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, followed by molecular docking with Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 receptors (anticancer targets) and COX-2 (anti-inflammatory targets), as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) pharmacokinetic analysis. The results showed that this plant’s methanol extract contained 60 bioactive compounds with three potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory compounds: kaempferol-7-rhamnoside-4′-glucoside, syzyginin B, and casuarinin. ADMET analysis displayed that they have similar ADMET profiles, with a potential compound as anti-breast cancer and anti-inflammatory, especially syzyginin B. Further research for the compound is needed, such as in vitro and in vivo , to develop its potential.

Wax apple ( Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry) is a tropical non-climacteric fruit and belongs to Myrtaceae . It has high diversity in cultivars, metabolite content, and its biological activities. In this comprehensive review, research findings had revealed that various metabolites found in the wax apple have biological activities. The said biological activities such as: antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-glycation, anti-inflammation, anti-hypertriglyceridemic, anti-hyperglycemic, relaxant, and spasmolytic activities. Other potential use for the metabolites also includes the treatments for neurodegenerative abnormality, analgesic, and central nervous system (CNS) depression agent. Furthermore, wax apple physiological and phytochemical characteristics can be enhanced by girdling technique, hydrogen peroxide treatment, plant growth regulators treatment, and fruit bagging treatment. Meanwhile, postharvest technology of wax apple fruit utilizes nitric oxide treatment, oxalic acid treatment, cold treatment, and Aloe vera gel coating. Wax apple has also been evolved as an ointment, anti-acne cream, and nata de guava. However, environmental stress becomes a challenge in the wax apple plantation. Therefore, the development of molecular biology, chemistry, and postharvest technology will solve those challenges. This review concludes that wax apple ( S. samarangense ) is a tropical fruit that promises to support the nutritional values and human health.

Cycloartenyl stearate (1a), lupenyl stearate (1b), sitosteryl stearate (1c), and 24-methylenecycloartanyl stearate (1d) (sample 1) from the air-dried leaves of Syzygium samarangense exhibited potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at effective doses of 6.25 mg/kg body weight and 12.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Sample 1 also exhibited negligible toxicity on zebrafish embryonic tissues. There were incidences of mortality upon direct exposure of sample 1 to dechorionated embryos, but higher mortality and aberration were observed during intact chorion treatment.

Botanicals have been explored for their multitude of pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential. In this study, crude methanolic extract (MSSL) and organic soluble fractions of Syzygium samarangense leaves were evaluated for antioxidant activity using in vitro and in vivo models. To evaluate the antioxidant activity, total antioxidant capacity, free radical scavenging ability (DPPH) and reducing power, assays were conducted in vitro. Lipid peroxidation and activities of different antioxidant enzymes were measured in vivo. Quantitative phytochemical analyses such as the measurement of total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and proanthocyanide contents were also evaluated. The ethyl acetate fraction (ESSL) showed significant effects in DPPH assay (IC50 = 38.84 ± 0.08 μg/mL) and reducing power assay. The effect of ESSL was found to be concentration-dependent with remarkable antioxidant activity as compared to other tested samples. In addition, administration of the extract/fractions (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) to male Wistar rats increased the percentage of inhibition of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase significantly (p < 0.05). The level of lipid peroxidation decreased at 400 mg/kg body weight after seven days in hepatotoxic rats. The pharmacological findings of this study clearly indicate that extracts and/or fractions of Syzygium  samarangense leave could be a source of natural antioxidants.

Ogan ethnic community in South Sumatera has been used a decoction of the stem bark of  Syzygium samarangense  L (locally named “jambu air” in Indonesia) for hypertension medicine. Hypertension is a degenerative disease caused by free radical activity in the body. This study aims to scientifically prove the use of a decoction of the stem bark of  S. samarangense  so that its use by the Ogan ethnic community can be justified. The research began with fractionation of the stem bark by gradient solvents, and each fraction was tested for antioxidant activity. Isolation of antioxidant compounds from active fractions was carried out by chromatographic techniques. Antioxidant tests on fractions and pure compounds were carried out by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Based on spectroscopic data analysis and by comparing with literature, the pure compounds were identified as quercetin and gallic acid. Both of these compounds have strong antioxidant activity with IC 50  quercetin 11.16 and gallic acid 11.43 µg/mL. This research proves that the use of the stem bark of  S. samarangense  for a degenerative disease by the Ogan ethnic community contains the truth.

Leaves of jambu air (Syzygium samarangense L.) has been used by local residents as medicine for various diseases caused by free radical agents in human’s body. This study aims to find a new source of antioxidants from medicinal plants and their endophytic fungi Syzygium samarangense leaves was fractionated by maceration method using gradient solvent i.e.  n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antioxidant activity of the leaf fractions was determined using 1,1diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The chemical compound was isolated from active fraction by chromatographic techniques and their chemical structure was identified using spectroscopy techniques.  The endophytic fungi was isolated from S. samarangense leaves and continued to cultivation in potato-dextrose broth (PDB) medium for four weeks. The medium was extracted using ethyl acetate and determined its antioxidant activity. Fungi’s isolate with highest activity was analyzed to identify its molecular. Ethyl acetate fraction of S. samarangense leaves showed highest antioxidant activity. Spectroscopy analysis result concluded the isolated compound is 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl flavanone. Four endophytic fungi had been isolated form S. samarangense leaves. Antioxidant activity test showed that ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi BJA-1 has the highest value. Molecular identification of BJA-1 shows high homology with Lasiodiplodia venezuelensis strain CBS 129753.

… and assess the protective properties of Syzygium samarangense extract (SSE) against … bioactivity of rose apple extract was thus compared to the activity of the two phenolic compounds …

Postharvest deterioration of wax apple leads to unacceptable appearances, physical and quality losses that raise serious concerns commercially. Bioactive compounds of wax apple …

Majumder S, Acharyya S, Ghosh A, Chakraborty S, Sarkar S, Saha S, Bhattacharya M. 2021. Insights into low biological activity of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) juice by in vitro phytochemical investigation with special reference to metabolomics. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 19: 30-38. Wax-apple (Syzygium samarangense) is an Asian waxy and juicy fruit that is reported as antidiarrheal and useful in diseases like dysentery. Moreover, no stronger medicinal evidence has been found associated with this fruit and its juice to ensure more biological activities and composition. Being edible, waxy and juicy, this fruit is quite popular in coastal areas and islands, but the absence of stronger medicinal and biochemical evidence associated with this fruit or its juice has created a worldwide underutilizing status. In this research, we intended to investigate phytochemical characteristics and composition of this fruit juice through detailed biochemical tests and metabolomics. Qualitative detection tests for bioactive groups of molecules (tannin, coumarin, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenol, etc.), antioxidant assay, and antibacterial test simply showed its low in vitro biological activity. A GC-MS based metabolomics was performed where presence of wax components like long-chain hydrocarbons has been revealed. Based on the GC-MS based metabolomics a proposed pathway of wax apple's wax biosynthesis has been established. The overall study strongly clarified the absence of bioactive components in this fruit and proved that the fruit, named wax apple, is actually a source of natural waxes that can be responsible for its claimed antidiarrheal property.

… samarangense using column chromatography and the compounds structures' were established by using chemical and … by their edible fruits and aromatic constituents as well as, they …

… cumini possesses chemopreventive, radioprotective, and antineoplastic properties and is … of its food and medicinal uses was presented [4]. Syzygium samarangense, locally known …

… may be responsible for the medicinal use of the plant in … of: (A) hexane extract of Syzygium samarangense (Ss.Hex), and (B) … of Syzygium samaramgense and its constituent flavonoids is …

… Abstract: Syzygium Samarangense is a potential medicinal … the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leave in mice… involving components of the methanolic extract of Syzygium …