纳米脂质体 单层 农药 肥料

Various strategies have been developed to reduce pesticide usage while enhancing efficacy. However, the current formulation systems face several challenges such as complex system compositions, low encapsulation efficiency, unavoidable use of organic solvents, poor wettability and retention, and particularly the difficulty in addressing these issues simultaneously, which limits their practical applications.

Liposome nanocarriers can be used to solve problems of pesticide instability, rapid degradation and a short period of efficacy. Cymoxanil with antifungal activity requires an ideal drug loading system due to its degradation issues. In this paper, cholesterol and stearylamine were used to prepare non-phospholipid liposomes (sterosomes) as a pesticide nanocarrier, and were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, size distribution, and ζ-potential. The results showed sterosomes were successfully loaded with cymoxanil. The loading efficiency and the drug-to-lipid ratio were 92.6% and 0.0761, respectively. Prolonged drug release was obtained for 3 days, improving the short duration of the drug itself. The addition of cymoxanil-loaded sterosomes in culture medium effectively inhibited the growth of yeast cells, which serve as model fungal targets. Sterosomes as nanocarriers significantly improved the stability and efficacy of cymoxanil, thus introducing practical and economically desirable strategies for the preparation of novel pesticide formulations.

… pesticides to settle problems of low utilization and adverse effects on the environment and human health. (17) The pesticide delivery … time, and enhance the stability of pesticide. (18−21) …

… of the observed enhancement of pesticide penetration into the seeds, the interaction of AG with model lipid bilayer on the example of unilamellar liposomes was studied. Lipid bilayer …

… (30–100 nm) unilamellar vesicles, or SUVs and LUVs, respectively (CitationNew, 1990b). … the mechanism of action in pesticides, and deliver therapeutics substances to farm animals. A …

Abstract Lime-induced Fe- deficient soil causes plant Fe-deficiency, which can be overcome with the foliar application of liposomal Fe fertilizers capable of delivering Fe efficiently to plant tissues. In the current investigation, the effect of foliar fertilization of the Fe-liposome (Fe-L) in two concentrations (2.5 and 5 fold diluted) on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was studied and vegetative growth, the ferrous/total Fe content, and also essential oil constituents were evaluated. In comparison, the FeSO4- EDTA and vehicle (citrate buffer) were used. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and three replications. The sweet basil plants were grown in pots with calcareous loamy soil (pH ∼ 7.6, with an appropriate amount of N, K and P) in a greenhouse. Egg-derived phosphatidylcholine (EPC)/Fe-liposomes (200 nm in diameter and monodisperse size distribution) enhanced the fresh and dry weight, increased total leaf area, and improved chlorophyll, ferrous, and essential oil content of the plants compared to the FeSO4 fertilizer. Moreover, methyl chavicol was found to be the primary compound in the essential oil using a gad-chromatogram-mass spectroscopy GC–MS. Overall, the Fe-liposome is a superior fertilizer than FeSO4- EDTA in terms of Fe-delivery and plant recovery.

Liposomes are artificially or spontaneously formed hollow structures whose contents are limited to a single, double, or multiple lipid membrane. Liposomes can be formed by amphiphilic substances encapsulating an aqueous solution of any substance under certain conditions. Liposomes have been very successfully used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, but there is only limited information on the application of this technology in agriculture. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to summarize the information available since liposome discovery in the 1960s to date on the main properties of liposomes and their production technologies as well as analyze published data on the use of these supramolecular structures in agriculture, mainly as a means of storing, absorbing, and delivering pesticides or antiviral substances to plants.

… Nano liposomal delivery systems can be integrated into IPM … formulations of organic-approved pesticides or fertilizers align … in a wide range of sizes as unilamellar or multi-lamellar …

Abstract The success of nanoencapsulation in pharmaceutical sciences has led it to emerge as a multidisciplinary research field which is also being explored in other fields, including agriculture, for improved efficiency and sustainability. Generally, > 90% of agrochemicals run off during the process of application that results in economic loss and serious environmental hazards. Nanoencapsulation of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides ensures controlled release and targeted delivery of these agrochemicals required for efficient nutrient uptake, disease control, and enhanced growth of various plants and agricultural crops. This chapter will provide an insight into the preparation of nanoencapsulated agrochemicals. The application of various nano-delivery systems loaded with agrochemicals in agricultural practices will also be discussed.

The use of inorganic nutrient fertilizers in crop agriculture is often inefficient due to rapid leaching of nutrients with percolating water in soil. To address this, a liposomal carrier was developed to slow transport and reduce leaching of inorganic nutrient loads within agricultural soils. Liposomes, spherical lipid bilayers, have been widely used in medicine but remain under-characterized for agricultural applications. Their biocompatibility, high loading capacity, and stability under certain compositions and environmental conditions suggest they could effectively deliver agrochemicals to crops. We present soil column experiments to evaluate the ability of a liposomal carrier to reduce the transport of an ionic tracer load, sodium bromide, under varying soil and water saturation conditions. Results from saturated column experiments demonstrate that encapsulation in liposomes slowed tracer transport and reduced leachate concentrations in sand and silty clay loam soils. Reduction in tracer leachate was also observed for unsaturated column experiments in silty clay loam soil. Subsequent experiments suggested a combination of processes (i.e., attachment, aggregation, physical exclusion, and biogenic immobilization) were responsible for the observed behavior of liposome encapsulated tracer in the soil column experiments. These findings support the use of liposomes as an effective carrier of inorganic nutrients to reduce leaching.

… in which NPK fertilizers are entrapped in nano-particles. Slow … carrier for developing smart delivery fertilizers. Zeolites are group of … [Study of the stability of small unilamellar liposomes …

In the present work, liposomes have been used as nanocarriers in the biofortification of wheat plants with selenium (Se) through foliar application. Liposomal formulations were prepared using 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and Phospholipon®90H (P90H) (average size <100 nm), loaded with different concentrations of inorganic Se (selenite and selenate) and applied twice to the plants in the stage of vegetative growth. Liposomes enhanced Se uptake by wheat plants compared to direct application. The highest Se enrichment was achieved using the phospholipid DPPC and a concentration of 1000 μmol·L-1 of Se without affecting the biomass, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and the concentration of mineral nutrients of the plants. The chemical speciation of Se in the plants was further investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The results from XAS spectra revealed that most of the inorganic Se was transformed to organic Se and that the use of liposomes influenced the proportion of C-Se-C over C-Se-Se-C species.

… slowly released nano-fertilizers improve grain yield and has … the delivery of primary nutrients, sulfur coated nano-fertilizers … liposomes via layer-by-layer self-assembly as novel delivery …

Plant-derived biostimulants represent an innovative approach to enhancing crop productivity, resilience, and quality within sustainable agricultural systems by improving nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and plant defense mechanisms while reducing reliance on synthetic inputs. However, their effectiveness is often limited by poor stability and low bioavailability. Recent advances in nanotechnology, particularly liposomal formulations, address these limitations by enhancing the stability, solubility, and delivery efficiency of bioactive plant compounds. Liposomes facilitate the penetration and systemic transport of active ingredients within plant tissues and enable controlled release at the target site, thereby increasing biostimulant efficacy. This review summarizes current knowledge on plant-derived biostimulants, their classification, nano-formulation, molecular mechanisms, and roles in mitigating abiotic and biotic stress. Special emphasis is placed on liposome-based formulations, including supercritical CO2 extracts and nano-liposomal delivery systems, with examples such as garlic extract and the EliceVakcina® complex. Finally, the potential of liposomal technologies in integrated crop protection and sustainable agriculture is discussed.

This study presents potassium nitrate-loaded nanoniosomes as an innovative controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) with significant potential to advance sustainable agriculture. The …

… An important point of this study was to prove unilamellar liposome formation. We applied a … Comparison of their intensities allowed us to prove unilamellar liposome formation. We …

Lipid nanoparticles (LN) composed of biodegradable lipids and produced by green methods are candidates for the encapsulation of pesticides, potentially contributing to decreasing their release in the environment. From a safety-by-design concept, this work proposes LN for the encapsulation of insecticide active ingredients (AI). However, given the complexity of nanoparticles, ecotoxicological studies are often controversial, and a detailed investigation of their effects on the environment is required. Accordingly, this work aimed to produce and characterize LN containing the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) and evaluate their safety to crops (Solanum lycopersicum and Zea mays), soil invertebrates (Folsomia candida and Eisenia fetida), and soil microbial parameters. The average particle size for LN-loaded with LC (LN–LC) was 165.4 ± 2.34 nm, with narrow size distribution and negative charge (−38.7 ± 0.954 mV). LN were able to encapsulate LC with an entrapment efficacy of 98.44 ± 0.04%, maintaining the stability for at least 4 months. The LN–LC showed no risk to the growth of crops and reproduction of the invertebrates. The effect on microbial parameters showed that the activity of certain soil microbial parameters can be inhibited or stimulated by the presence of LN at highest concentrations, probably by changing the pH of soil or by the intrinsic properties of LN.

… on pesticides, deltamethrin loaded in chitosan-coated beeswax solid lipid nanoparticles (CH… chitosan on the characteristics of nanoparticles, encapsulation efficiency and the payload of …

… The residual amount of deltamethrin in the lipid nanoparticles was determined by HPLC with the same conditions as described in section Encapsulation efficiency and payload. …

… as novel pesticide formulations exhibiting improved pest and … to encapsulate various active ingredients, such as pesticides… Encapsulation of these compounds in LNPs provides several …

Synthetic pesticides, crucial compounds for agricultural production, degrade quickly and damage the environment, hence solutions for their decreased usage or formulations with prolonged efficacy at low dosages are needed. Nanotechnology for nanosized formulations may reduce pesticide adverse effects. Nano-encapsulated pesticides made from nanocapsules, nanoemulsions, micelles, and nanogels outperform traditional pesticides with minimum environmental impact. Nanopesticides allowed target-based administration to decrease leaching and drainage into water bodies, and lower pesticide active component dosages. Nanocapsules with a core-shell configuration and a pesticide in the core are the most advantageous nanomaterials. Nanocapsules shield the active component. Stimuli-responsive nanocapsules may limit pesticide release by responding to pH, temperature, light, enzyme, or redox reactions. Toxicity prevents their use. This review discusses the latest developments in nanocapsule fabrication methods, their relevance, contemporary synthetic approaches to developing pesticide-loaded nanocapsules, and the features of these nanocomposites, with an emphasis on sustainable agricultural applications.

… When the herbicides were encapsulated, atrazine showed … encapsulation efficiency obtained for atrazine, with initial fast release of the fraction of the herbicide that was not encapsulated…

… of biocompatible and biodegradable lipids, are inherently … to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pesticides, … and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) utilize lipids to encapsulate …

A well-known strategy for managing pest resistance is application of mixture of pesticides. Conventionally formulated pesticides have several environmental incompatibilities. The use of biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers in formulating pesticides could improve environmental protection. In this study, a mixture of imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin was co-encapsulated for the first time using liposomes as nanocarrier to simultaneously deliver these insecticides. Ethanol injection was used to produce self-assembled liposomes. The formed nanoliposomes were coated with different concentrations of chitosan. Nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiencies of lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid were about 93% and 51%, respectively. The insecticide carrying liposomes had a size and surface charge of 57 nm and +0.6 mV, respectively. The size and surface charge of the particles produced were increased to 69 nm and +31 mV after being coated with chitosan (0.1%, W/V). In this study, residual activity of technical grade imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin and their mixture and the effect of adjuvants used in commercial and nano formulations of these insecticides on Myzus persicae Sulzer was investigated. The insecticidal effects and duration of residual activity of nano-formulations was correlated with concentration of chitosan in final formulation. In accordance with the life cycle of M. persicae, using the mixture of imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin improves the residual effect over their use alone. The use of lipid nanocarriers makes the improvement even further and can be a better alternative to conventional combination of these insecticides due to their more environmental friendliness.

Pesticides are commonly used in modern agriculture and are important for global food security. However, postapplication losses due to degradation, photolysis, evaporation, leaching, surface runoff, and other processes may substantially reduce their efficacy. Controlled-release formulations can achieve the permeation-regulated transfer of an active ingredient from a reservoir to a target surface. Thus, they can maintain an active ingredient at a predetermined concentration for a specified period. This can reduce degradation and dissipation and other losses and has the potential to improve efficacy. Recent developments in controlled-release technology have adapted the concepts of intelligence and precision from the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, we present recent advances in the development of controlled-release formulations and discuss details of the preparation methods, material improvements, and application technologies.

Mosquito-borne diseases represent a growing health challenge over time. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are the second generation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and they continue to attract significant interest as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in disease inhibition and insect control. Activated ingredients presented in the Poinciana leaves were extracted and GC–MS data indicated an increased abundance of terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic substances. Poinciana extract was encapsulated to the vicinity of nanostructure lipid carrier, Po-NLC, and surface modified with magnetic nanoparticles, Po-NLC-MNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles depicted average particle size of 73.2 and 75.55 nm while zeta potential of (− 29.4) and (‒ 4.44 mV) for Po-NLC and Po-NLC-MNPs, respectively. Transmission electron microscope and morphology determination showed regular, irregular spherical and oval shapes with diverse single particle size. X-rays diffraction pattern of the freely synthesized MNPs was compared to the decorated NLC and the results manifested that the NLC was successfully decorated with MNPs. The larvicidal activity of plant extract, Poinciana extract (Po), and their nanoparticle conjugates against 3rd instar larvae of Culex pipiens was evaluated at 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm concentrations. Both high and low concentrations of Po-NLC-MNPs, indicated potential larval mortality than plant extracts (Po extract) itself. The mortality rate reached 100% for 3rd instar larvae. Based on their relative toxicity, (Po-NLC-MNPs) was the best at killing larvae, followed by Po-NLC. The synthesized nps were checked for their cytotoxic effect against wi38 cell line. The in-vitro cytotoxicity results indicated that there was no significant cytotoxicity and the nanocomposite barely caused weak changes in the tested cells. The synthesized nanoparticles have potential to create a new generation of eco-friendly, effective alternatives for controlling mosquito-borne diseases.

… pesticides by the incorporation of Artemisia arborescens L essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (… For this reason pesticides have been encapsulated into different microcapsules or …

The excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers has generated losses in biological diversity, environmental pollution, and harmful effects on human health. Under this context, nanotechnology constitutes an innovative tool to alleviate these problems. Notably, applying nanocarriers as controlled release systems (CRSs) for agrochemicals can overcome the limitations of conventional products. A CRS for agrochemicals is an eco-friendly strategy for the ecosystem and human health. Nanopesticides based on synthetic and natural polymers, nanoemulsions, lipid nanoparticles, and nanofibers reduce phytopathogens and plant diseases. Nanoproducts designed with an environmentally responsive, controlled release offer great potential to create formulations that respond to specific environmental stimuli. The formulation of nanofertilizers is focused on enhancing the action of nutrients and growth stimulators, which show an improved nutrient release with site-specific action using nanohydroxyapatite, nanoclays, chitosan nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and amorphous calcium phosphate. However, despite the noticeable results for nanopesticides and nanofertilizers, research still needs to be improved. Here, we review the relevant antecedents in this topic and discuss limitations and future challenges.

Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have demonstrated important plant growth-inducing activity, but their applications in horticulture are limited. In recent years, lipid-nanoparticles (Lipid-NPs) have been developed as an efficient carrier for the delivery system of lipophilic compounds. Nevertheless, the research associated with VOC application through Lipid-NPs has not been studied. The main objective was to evaluate the growth induction of Lactuca sativa and Solanum lycopersicum through the controlled release of VOCs from lipid-NPs. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were developed for the release of three selected VOCs with previously known growth-inducing activity (2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, and 2-tridecanone). From 48 tested formulations, SLN-21 and NLC-8 showed the smallest diameters and high stability. Differential release of 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone was detected from SLN-21 and NLC-8, while the release of 2-tridecanone was high and constant from both lipid-NPs. Seeds bioassays demonstrated that no toxicity was triggered by VOCs released from lipid-NPs. An effective increase in root and foliar growth was achieved in L. sativa and S. lycopersicum with VOCs released from both lipid-NPs evaluated. Interestingly, all VOCs released from lipid-NPs significantly increased the development of lateral root in S. lycopersicum, and root hair density in both vegetables. Therefore, lipid-NPs are an effective and efficient tool for the release of VOCs to be applied as plant growth promoters in horticulture.

… , or to deliver fertilizers and other essential compounds. Agrochemicals are classified into … cells via the lipid exchange envelope penetration model, which enables nanocarriers to easily …

… Control release fertilizers (CRFs) are coated fertilizers whose … Different types of nanocarriers for delivering fertilizers, their … are the fundamental building blocks of lipids, DNA, ATP, and …

… review explores nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid … Similarly, slow-release nano fertilizers and pesticides enhance nutrient uptake, minimize losses…

Essential oils (EOs) contain a complex mixture of volatile and non-volatile molecules with diverse biological activities, including flavoring, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and nutraceutical properties. As a result, EOs have numerous potential applications in the agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industries. However, their hydrophobicity, chemical instability, and volatility pose a challenge for many of their applications. These challenges can often be overcome by encapsulation EOs in colloidal delivery systems. Over the last decade or so, nanoencapsulation and microencapsulation technologies have been widely explored for their potential to improve the handling, dispersibility, and stability of hydrophobic substances, as well as to control their release profiles (e.g., targeted, triggered, sustained, or burst release). These technologies include emulsification, coacervation, precipitation, spray-drying, spray-cooling, freeze-drying, fluidized bed coating, and extrusion. This article reviews some of the most important developments in EOs encapsulation, the physicochemical mechanisms underlying the behavior of encapsulated EOs, current challenges, and potential applications in the food and biomedical sciences. This review has found that nanoencapsulation has countless of potential advantages for the utilization of EOs in the food industry and can improve their water-dispersibility, food matrix compatibility, chemical stability, volatility, and bioactivity.

Nanocarriers represent a revolutionary approach to optimize the application of agrochemicals in agriculture. These minute delivery systems, typically constructed from nanoparticles, elevate the efficiency of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers by facilitating precise and controlled release. They shield the active components from degradation, curtail the required quantity, and mitigate detrimental environmental consequences. Nanocarriers can be tailored to dispense agrochemicals gradually, ensuring a sustained impact while reducing the risk of runoff and contamination. This advancement not only enhances the overall efficacy of agrochemicals but also promotes more sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices, leading to reduced chemical usage and less harm to the environment. Nanomaterials have been used for a number of purposes in the field of medicine but agriculture has not benefitted appreciably through this technology. However, in the present scenario when global agricultural practices need dramatic interventions in order to scale up productions significantly, nanotechnology can offer quick and effective solutions. Nanocarriers can help in reducing the chemical inputs in agriculture on the one hand and also increase the efficiency of the administered agrochemicals. In this manner, the environmental impact of agriculture can be significantly reduced without compromising on the production. The present chapter takes a closer look on the use of nanocarriers, their types and advantages of this relatively new system.

Nanocarriers offer a transformative approach to agrochemical delivery, revolutionizing modern agriculture. These nanoscale vehicles enhance bioavailability, control release, and improve target specificity of diverse cargoes, including pesticides, herbicides, nutrients, PGRs, genetic material, and biostimulants. Through passive (root absorption, stomatal penetration, cuticular diffusion) and active (endocytosis, plasmodesmata transport) uptake mechanisms, nanocarriers deliver cargo directly to plant tissues. Surface functionalization optimizes interaction with plant cells, enhancing adhesion, permeability, and controlled release. This technology improves nutrient uptake, pest control, and stress tolerance, while minimizing environmental impact. However, safety and environmental concerns necessitate rigorous research and regulatory frameworks. Future directions include bioengineered nanocarriers, AI integration, and scalable production for sustainable agriculture.

… Zeolite-based nanocarriers encapsulate and slowly release nutrients, reducing nutrient leaching and improving fertilizer use efficiency [55]. Lipid-based nanocarriers encapsulate …

Abstract Natural antimicrobials and biostimulants hamper the negative impact of agrochemicals and their delivery needs a proper carrier system. For these bioactives, nano-encapsulation technologies are widely applied in the field of food and pharmaceuticals and rapidly taking center stage in agriculture. The present chapter highlights the nano-encapsulation technologies and their applications in the delivery of bioactive ingredients. Nanoencapsulation techniques such as those based on lipid-based delivery systems, electro-spinning, electro-spraying, and complex coacervation are described. Moreover, new-generation delivery systems like nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and biological nanocarriers are highlighted along with their functionalities for entrapping bioactive compounds. The release mechanisms of active ingredients from nanocapsules are explained at the end of the chapter. With a substantial improvement over conventional agricultural methodologies, these promising nanoencapsulation technologies have tremendous scope for the effective and sustained release of bioactives for the precision crop protection and production.

… in fertilization … formulations, which can resolve problems related to commercial pesticides. Most of the current efforts focus on design formulations similar to conventional formulations …

AbstractPlant-derived nano-adjuvants offer an eco-friendly solution to reduce reliance on chemical insecticides. In this study, a novel lauric acid-diacetone alcohol nanoliposome (LA-…

Pesticides play an important role in agricultural disease and pest control. However, the low utilization efficiency and environmentally unfriendly disadvantages of conventional pesticide formulations cause substantial environmental and ecological damage. Constructing intelligent controlled-release pesticide systems via nanotechnology is a feasible way to overcome these defects. In this research, an emamectin benzoate-loaded liposome nano-vesicle (EB-Lip-NV) with a multicompartment structure and thermo-responsive characteristics was developed to accurately control nocturnal pests and improve insecticidal activity. EB-Lip-NV is an unusual low-temperature rapid-release system based on phase transitions of the liposome membrane. Compared with the conventional water-soluble granule (SG), the EB-Lip-NV exhibited higher control activity on Spodoptera exigua. More importantly, the control efficacy of Spodoptera exigua at 20 °C was around 1.4 times that at 40 °C because of low temperature-induced rapid release. This controlled-release behavior of EB-Lip-NV in response to temperature change could effectively control the population of nocturnal pests. In addition, the toxicity of the EB-Lip-NV towards zebrafish was lower than that of SG by above 50%. This study provides a new strategy for constructing intelligent controlled-release pesticide systems with improving utilization rate and reducing harm to the environment and non-target organisms.

… for controlled-release and co-delivery of pesticides. A multi-compartment liposome nano-… pathways, along with a thermo-responsive controlled release. The effectiveness of Co-EM-…

… Smart nanopesticides demonstrates excellent potential in the prevention of … nanopesticide (CDC-F127-P) is fabricated base on Pluronic F127 and cinnamaldehyde-derived liposome. …

… The controlled release of agrochemicals is investigated in this chapter by examining several nanoencapsulation techniques, such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, …

Pesticides are the basis for defending against major biological disasters and important for ensuring national food security. Biocompatible, biodegradable, intelligent, and responsive materials are currently an emerging area of interest in the field of efficient, safe, and green pesticide formulation. Using nanotechnology to design and prepare targeted pesticides with environmentally responsive controlled release via compound and chemical modifications has also shown great potential in creating novel formulations. In this review, special attention has been paid to intelligent pesticides with precise controlled release modes that can respond to micro-ecological environment changes such as light-sensitivity, thermo-sensitivity, humidity sensitivity, soil pH, and enzyme activity. Moreover, establishing intelligent and controlled pesticide release technologies using nanomaterials are reported. These technologies could increase pesticide-loading, improve the dispersibility and stability of active ingredients, and promote target ability.

Diagram of components of controlled- and sustained-release micro/nanocarriers of pesticide: nanomaterials and stimuli-responsive triggers (R stands for different groups).

The application of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for pest control is environmentally friendly and accurate. However, the efficiency of RNAi is often inconsistent and unreliable, and finding a suitable carrier element is considered critical to success in overcoming biotic and abiotic barriers to reach the target site. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW), which is one of most important global agricultural pests, has recently spread rapidly to other parts of the world. In this study, a method to improve the stability and RNAi efficiency of the dsRNA carrier complex was reported. Methoprene-tolerant gene (Met) was selected as a target, a gene which is critical to the growth and development of FAW. Biomaterials nanoliposomes (LNPs) were modified with polyethylenimine (PEI) to deliver the dsRNA of Met. The synthesized Met3@PEI@LNPs reached a size of 385 nm and were found to load dsRNA effectively. Through stability and protection assays, it was found that LNPs provided reliable protection. In addition, the release curve also demonstrated that LNPs were able to prevent premature release under alkaline condition of the insect midgut but accelerate the release after entering the acidic environment of the target cells. The cell transfection efficiency of the prepared LNPs reached 96.4%. Toxicity tests showed that the use of LNPs could significantly improve the interference efficiency, with 91.7% interference efficiency achieved when the concentration of dsRNA in LNPs was only 25% of that of the control. Successful interference of Met demonstrated it could significantly shorten the larval period and make the larvae pupate earlier, thus achieving the purpose of control. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of nanotechnology to provide a novel RNAi delivery method for pest control.

… the nanoformulations used as systems for controlled release of pesticides and concentrates on … Liposomes are ideal candidates for molecular vectorization in biological media because …

… Thx-loaded sterosomes exhibited sustained and pH-responsive controlled release of the pesticide, suggesting a practically and economically desirable strategy for the preparation of …

… by control release formulations. Nanopesticides are new trends in forming controlled and … shell nanocapsule for fipronil, insecticide coated liposome, Artemisia arborescens essential oil, …

In an effort to make pesticide use safer, more efficient, and sustainable, micro-/nanocarriers are increasingly being utilized in agriculture to deliver pesticide-active agents, thereby reducing quantities and improving effectiveness. In the use of nanopesticides, the choice to further design and prepare pesticide stimulus-responsive nanocarriers based on changes in the plant growth environment (light, temperature, pH, enzymes, etc.) has received more and more attention from researchers. Based on this, this paper examines recent advancements in nanomaterials for the design of stimulus-responsive micro-/nanocarriers. It delves into the intricacies of preparation methods, material enhancements, in vivo/ex vivo controlled release, and application techniques for controlled release formulations. The aim is to provide a crucial reference for harnessing nanotechnology to pursue reduced pesticide use and increased efficiency.

Pesticides play a crucial role in ensuring food production and food security. Conventional pesticide formulations can not meet the current needs of social and economic development, and they also can not meet the requirements of green agriculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient, stable, safe, and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations to gradually replace old formulations which have high pollution and low efficacy. The rise of nanotechnology provides new possibilities for innovation in pesticide formulations. Through reasonable design and construction of an environmentally friendly pesticide delivery system (PDS) based on multifunctional nanocarriers, the drawbacks of conventional pesticides can be effectively solved, realizing a water-based, nanosized, targeted, efficient, and safe pesticide system. In the past five years, researchers in chemistry, materials science, botany, entomology, plant protection, and other fields are paying close attention to the research of nanomaterials based PDSs and nanopesticide formulations and have made certain research achievements. These explorations provide useful references for promoting the innovation of nanopesticides and developing a new generation of green and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations. This Perspective summarizes the recent advances of nanomaterials in PDSs and nanopesticide innovation, aiming to provide useful guidance for carrier selection, surface engineering, controlled release conditions, and application in agriculture.

Abamectin has been widely used as a biopesticide to control pests, such as pinewood and root-knot nematodes. However, the low aqueous solubility and poor photostability of abamectin have largely hi...

… recent advancements in nano-fertilizer research, focusing on … of agrochemicals, while lipid-based nanocarriers serve to … carriers, while lipid-based nanocarriers facilitate the efficient …

… Nano fertilizer use typically accounts for less than half of the … Lipid-based nanomaterials have been identified as possible … of physical and chemical storage stability, toxicity, loading …

Agriculture plays a vital role in global food security and economic stability. However, climate change and environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity threaten crop health. Abiotic stress causes 20%–50% of global yield losses annually by disrupting essential physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and water absorption, ultimately hindering plant growth and leading to crop failure. Innovative strategies to enhance plant resilience and promote sustainable agriculture are essential. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to mitigate abiotic stress and boost crop yields. Nanoparticles possess unique physicochemical properties, including high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratios and the ability to penetrate biological membranes, which enables targeted nutrient delivery, enhanced stress tolerance, and improved photosynthesis. Nano‐based agricultural products, including nano‐fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, outperform conventional agrochemicals by offering greater efficiency with fewer environmental risks. Controlled‐release nano‐fertilizers ensure sustained nutrient availability, reducing leaching and pollution. For instance, nano‐hydroxyapatite fertilizers prevent phosphorus fixation, while silica‐based nano‐fertilizers enhance nitrogen use efficiency and plant health. Advanced nano‐delivery systems, such as nano‐capsules and solid lipid NPs, enable precise pesticide release, minimizing waste and contamination. Carbon‐based nano‐fertilizers improve nutrient retention and reduce runoff. At the same time, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) enhance drought tolerance, photosynthetic efficiency, and enzymatic activity, strengthening crop resilience. Despite its potential, further research is necessary to evaluate the long‐term environmental impact, toxicity, regulatory challenges, and cost‐effectiveness of nanotechnology. This review highlights the role of nanomaterials in mitigating abiotic stress, enhancing plant health, and ensuring sustainable food production in a changing climate.

In the current scenario, it is an urgent requirement to satisfy the nutritional demands of the rapidly growing global population. Using conventional farming, nearly one third of crops get damaged, mainly due to pest infestation, microbial attacks, natural disasters, poor soil quality, and lesser nutrient availability. More innovative technologies are immediately required to overcome these issues. In this regard, nanotechnology has contributed to the agrotechnological revolution that has imminent potential to reform the resilient agricultural system while promising food security. Therefore, nanoparticles are becoming a new-age material to transform modern agricultural practices. The variety of nanoparticle-based formulations, including nano-sized pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, and sensors, have been widely investigated for plant health management and soil improvement. In-depth understanding of plant and nanomaterial interactions opens new avenues toward improving crop practices through increased properties such as disease resistance, crop yield, and nutrient utilization. In this review, we highlight the critical points to address current nanotechnology-based agricultural research that could benefit productivity and food security in future.

… sources), and silica-oxides: mesoporous SiO₂ for slow-release N, P, K, organic or polymeric nanocarriers such as chitosan, alginate nanoparticles loaded with urea or K, lipid-based …

Nanotechnology emerges as an important way to safeguard global food security amid the escalating challenges posed by the expansion of the global population and the impacts of climate change. The perfect fusion of this breakthrough technology with traditional agriculture promises to revolutionize the way agriculture is traditionally practiced and provide effective solutions to the myriad of challenges in agriculture. Particularly noteworthy are the applications of nano-fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, which have become milestones in sustainable agriculture and offer lasting alternatives to traditional methods. This review meticulously explores the key role of nano-fertilizers and pesticides in advancing sustainable agriculture. By focusing on the dynamic development of nanotechnology in the field of sustainable agriculture and its ability to address the overarching issue of global food security, this review aims to shed light on the transformative potential of nanotechnology to pave the way for a more resilient and sustainable future for agriculture.

Agriculture has always been a cornerstone of human civilization, acting as the primary source of raw materials for food production and ensuring the sustenance and nutritional needs of societies worldwide. Rapid population growth, limited arable land, soil degradation, nutrient depletion, water scarcity, and climate change are placing immense pressure on agricultural systems. Consequently, the agriculture sector encounters a remarkable convergence of challenges that threaten global food security and sustainability. These challenges are compounded by the increasing prevalence of crop diseases, reduced soil fertility, and inefficiencies in agricultural practices, further broadening the gap between food production, accessibility, and nutritional quality. The need for a resilient and adaptive agricultural system has never been more critical. Sustainable agriculture emerges as a promising solution, addressing these challenges by balancing economic growth, environmental stewardship, and social inclusivity. Nanotechnology provides new pathways for sustainable agriculture by improving the precision and efficacy of agrochemicals, enhancing soil health, and enabling real-time monitoring of agricultural systems through nanosensors while also ensuring safer and higher-quality food production. For instance, nanopesticides and nanofertilizers reduce the overuse of chemicals, lowering environmental contamination and optimizing resource utilization while ensuring targeted delivery of agrochemicals. Additionally, nanosensors enable the rapid detection of pathogens, nutrient deficiencies, and contaminants, fostering proactive and data-driven agricultural management. Despite its immense potential, the adoption of nanotechnology in agriculture is not without challenges. Concerns regarding the toxicity, bioaccumulation, and environmental impact of chemically synthesized nanomaterials underscore the need for comprehensive research and regulatory frameworks. This chapter explores the pivotal role of nanotechnology in addressing challenges faced by the agricultural and food sectors, emphasizing its transformative potential in ensuring sustainable production and global food security. It investigates the scientific principles underlying nanotechnological innovations, their practical applications in sustainable agriculture, and their potential to bridge the gap between food production and demand.

Modern agriculture is increasingly challenged by climate change, soil degradation, and the growing incidence of fungal diseases, which significantly reduce crop yields and quality. To mitigate these problems, the increased use of synthetic pesticides has become common; however, their overuse has led to environmental contamination, human health risks, and the emergence of resistant pathogens. Essential oils (EOs) have shown promise as a sustainable alternative due to their natural antifungal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Despite their potential, direct agricultural application of EOs is limited by volatility, poor water solubility, and instability under environmental conditions. Nanotechnology offers an innovative approach through the nanoencapsulation of EOs, enhancing their stability, bioavailability, and controlled release while minimizing volatilization losses. Among the available delivery systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), stand out for their biocompatibility, environmental safety, and ability to prolong biological activity in the field. These systems also enable codelivery of EOs with biocontrol agents or micronutrients, thereby supporting integrated pest and disease management strategies. This review provides a timely and comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in the nanoencapsulation of EOs using lipid-based nanoplatforms, filling a critical gap in the literature by elucidating the pivotal role of NLCs in enabling sustainable, effective, and scalable strategies for fungal disease control in agriculture. Additionally, it highlights current challenges and future research directions related to large-scale production, field validation, and the assessment of ecological safety and potential effects on nontarget organisms.

… There are also stable particle aggregations and gravitational separations. … They are advanced lipid-based nanocarriers that perform better than classical nanoemulsions due to lower …

The convergence of nanotechnology, plant hormones, and plant-associated microbiomes offers a transformative approach for climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture. This perspective examines how nanocarriers can improve the delivery and stability of natural hormones and microbiome-compatible compounds, addressing challenges such as low bioavailability, environmental degradation, and nontargeted effects. Plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, and salicylic acid, play essential roles in stress responses and growth regulation, while beneficial microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling, pathogen resistance, and resilience against abiotic stresses. However, their practical application remains limited due to their instability and inconsistent performance under field conditions. Recent advancements have demonstrated that innovative nanomaterials, such as polymeric, lipid-based, or silica nanoparticles, can enable the controlled release, targeted delivery, and environmental protection of these compounds. For example, chitosan-based nanoparticles increase root colonization by beneficial microbes and enhance systemic resistance in tomatoes and maize. This review synthesizes the current knowledge and emerging technologies at the nano–phyto–micro interface, highlighting synergistic mechanisms and gaps in regulation, formulation, and large-scale applications. We advocate integrated research strategies that combine omics approaches, advanced formulations, and real-world validations to unlock the full potential of this triad. Aligning nanotechnology with nature-based solutions may pave the way for low-input, high-efficiency farming systems tailored to changing climates.