汤姆青霉天然产物的分离提取

… by a marine-derived strain of Penicillium steckii isolated from an unidentified tunicate. The … The structures 1 and 2 resemble tanzawaic acid A–D, previously isolated from Penicillium …

… and I, were isolated from a 5080-m-deep-ocean sediment-derived fungus Penicillium sp. along … new bioactive breviane spiroditerpenoids were isolated from the fungi Penicillium sp. at a …

… Our investigation of secondary metabolites produced by P. corylophilum strains isolated from … corylophilum is remarkable, but there are other examples of secondary metabolites …

Background: Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide; its species are of major importance in the natural environment as decomposer of organic materials as well as food and drug production. Objective: Chromatographic isolation and identification of its bioactive secondary metabolites and their evaluation as antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: Disc agar plate method has been recognized to assess the antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was determined using phosphomolybdenum method. The fungus strain SAM16-EGY was isolated from soil and was molecularly identified as Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY using 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid technique (acc. no., KP125952). Results: Seven compounds namely 3-O-docosyl-4-benzoyloxy methyl-3-oxobicyclo (4.1.0) heptane-1,5,6,7 tetrol (3-O-docosyl-3-debenzol rotepoxide) (1), (4bE, 6Z, 8E, 9aS, 10S)-1,4-dihydroxy-9a, 10-dihydro-10,12-epoxy-5-methylbenzo[a] azulen-12-one (2), 7α,9β,15β-triacetoxy-3-β-hydroxy jatropha-5E, 11E-diene (3), sesquiterpene I diol dihexoside malonate ester (4), piperogalone (5), (5R, 8Z, 11Z)-5 β-(6'-O-malonyl-β-glucopyranozyloxy-6-hydroxy tetradeca-8, 11-dienoic acid (6), and n-trcosanyl-n-octaced-9-enoate (7) were isolated and identified from this fungus. Their structures were determined on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans only, whereas compound 3 exerted higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (9 mm), P. aeruginosa (9 mm), C. albicans (11 mm), and Aspergillus niger (13 mm) as compared to the other compounds. In the phosphomolybdenum assay, compound 5 showed high total antioxidant capacity value of 608.59 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g compound, followed by compound 2 (443.66 mg) and compound 1 (332.16 mg). Conclusion: The isolated compounds showed promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

In this investigation, the extracts of filamentous fungi exhibited inhibitory effect on the growth of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, as well as against the yeast Candida albicans…

… for secondary metabolites applied to Fungi imperfecti led to the isolation of some strains of the genus Penicillium, which attracted attention by producing a family of metabolites called …

… with diverse bioactivity have been recently reported from Penicillium spp. isolated from … In the present study, eight secondary metabolites were isolated from a fungal strain SF-5629, …

Introduction Fungus-derived secondary metabolites are fascinating with biomedical potential and chemical diversity. Mining endophytic fungi for drug candidates is an ongoing process in the field of drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. Endophytic fungal symbionts from terrestrial plants, marine flora, and fauna tend to produce interesting types of secondary metabolites with biomedical importance of anticancer, antiviral, and anti-tuberculosis properties. Methods An organic ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium verruculosum sponge-derived endophytic fungi from Spongia officinalis yielded seven different secondary metabolites which are purified through HPLC. The isolated compounds are of averufin (1), aspergilol-A (2), sulochrin (3), monomethyl sulochrin (4), methyl emodin (5), citreorosein (6), and diorcinol (7). All the seven isolated compounds were characterized by high-resolution NMR spectral studies. All isolated compounds', such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis, and antiviral, were subjected to bioactivity screening. Results Out of seven tested compounds, compound (1) exhibits strong anticancer activity toward myeloid leukemia. HL60 cell lines have an IC50 concentration of 1.00μm, which is nearly significant to that of the standard anticancer drug taxol. A virtual computational molecular docking approach of averufin with HL60 antigens revealed that averufin binds strongly with the protein target alpha, beta-tubulin (1JFF), with a −10.98 binding score. Consecutive OSIRIS and Lipinski ADME pharmacokinetic validation of averufin with HL60 antigens revealed that averufin has good pharmacokinetic properties such as drug score, solubility, and mutagenic nature. Furthermore, aspergilol-A (2) is the first report on the Penicillium verruculosum fungal strain. Discussion We concluded that averufin (1) isolated from Penicillium verruculosum can be taken for further preliminary clinical trials like animal model in-vivo studies and pharmacodynamic studies. A future prospect of in-vivo anticancer screening of averufin can be validated through the present experimental findings.

… a number of secondary metabolites including … metabolites were determined making use of a new extraction method and analysis combining HPLC, LC/MS/MS, and LC/NMR. Penicillium …

… from Dongzhaigang mangrove natural reserve in the South China Sea and isolate and evaluate potential exploitable antifungal secondary metabolites brefeldin A and penicillic …

Abstract Endophytic fungi are the plant symbiont with highly diverse nature and poorly defined ecological importance in host fitness. Although there are the reports on the isolation and characterization of fungal endophytes from a variety of hosts, there is still no report of Penicillium citrinum from Azadirachta indica. In this study, an endophytic P. citrinum was isolated from A. indica. The purified fraction of secondary metabolites was characterized by combining TLC, GC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses. The TLC purified fraction was identified as milbemycin. The pure fraction did not show any antioxidant activity while crude extract showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition capacity; IC50 = 52.13 μg ml−1). The secondary metabolites displayed significant antimicrobial activity against human's pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The inhibition zones between 15 and 20 mm were recorded against Gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Gram–ve Aeromonas hydrophila, while maximum inhibition of 29 mm was observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. P. citrinum can be a promising fungus that has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and may provide future insight towards the production of bioactive compounds.

… Recent data revealed that such an antifungal protein Penicillium antifungal … purification and characterization of a novel antifungal protein, Pc-Arctin, from the fungal strain Penicillium …

… found that the extract of Penicillium simplicissimum (belonging to subgenus … purified by LPLC on a silica gel column using benzene–acetone (25:1), followed by the repeated purification …

… Bioactive natural products produced by microbes as sources of new and approved drugs for the treatment of human diseases continue to play a valuable role in the drug discovery …

Marine-derived Penicillium fungi are one of the most important sources for the discovery of new bioactive natural products. This study characterized the isolation, structures, and antiglioma activities of twelve compounds, including three novel ones—penipyridinone B (1), 11S-(−)-penilloid A (2), and 11R,14E-(+)-penilloid A (3)—from the marine fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1750. The structures of the novel compounds were determined via extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) data, Mosher’s method, optical rotation (OR) calculations, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Penipyridinone B represents the first example of its structural type and showed potent antiglioma activity, with IC50 values of 2.45 μM for U87MG cells and 11.40 μM for U251 cells. The known compounds of questiomycin A (9) and xanthocillin X (10) also showed antiproliferative activity against both U87MG and U251 cells, with IC50 values of 13.65 μM to 22.56 μM. The antiglioma activity of questiomycin A and xanthocillin X may be related to the promotion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and the enhancement of caspase-3 enzyme activity.

… range of pH 3 to 10 was isolated and purified from culture filtrates ofPenici;ium charlesii 16 … in nature and have been reported from Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum, Penicillium notatum, and …

Penicillium chrysogenum has been reported as a potent taxol producer based on quantitative analysis by TLC and HPLC. The biosynthetic potency of taxol has been validated from PCR detection of rate-limiting genes of taxol synthesis such as taxadienesynthase and 10-de-acetylbaccatin III-O-acetyltransferase (DBAT), which catalyzes the immediate diterpenoid precursor of the taxol substance, as detected by PCR. Taxol production by P. chrysogenum was assessed by growing the fungus on different media. Potato dextrose broth (PDB) was shown to be the best medium for obtaining the higher amount of taxol (170 µg/L). A stepwise optimization of culture conditions necessary for production of higher amounts of taxol was investigated. The substance taxol was produced optimally after 18 d of incubation at 30 °C in PDB adjusted initially at pH 8.0 with shaking (120 rpm) (250 µg/L). The P. chrysogenum taxol was purified successfully by HPLC. Instrumental analyzes such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, 1HNMR and 13C NMR approved the structural formula of taxol (C47H51NO14), as constructed by ChemDraw. The P. chrysogenum taxol showed promising anticancer activity.

… be a mixed culture of two Penicillium corylophilum strains. The … We focused on those that were most easily purified, and the … As formic acid was used in the final HPLC purification of 3, its …

Application of a refined procedure of experimental design and chemometric analysis to improve the production of curvularin-related polyketides by a marine-derived Penicillium sp. DRF2 resulted in the isolation and identification of cyclothiocurvularins 6-8 and cyclosulfoxicurvularins 10 and 11, novel curvularins condensed with a mercaptolactate residue. Two additional new curvularins, 3 and 4, are also reported. The structures of the sulfur-bearing curvularins were unambiguously established by analysis of spectroscopic data and by X-ray diffraction analysis. Analysis of stable isotope feeding experiments with [U-(13)C3(15)N]-l-cysteine confirmed the presence of the 2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid residue in 6-8 and the oxidized sulfoxide in 10 and 11. Cyclothiocurvularins A (6) and B (7) are formed by spontaneous reaction between 10,11-dehydrocurvularin (2) and mercaptopyruvate (12) obtained by transamination of cysteine. High ratios of [U-(13)C3(15)N]-l-cysteine incorporation into cyclothiocurvularin B (7), the isolation of two diastereomers of cyclothiocurvularins, the lack of cytotoxicity of cyclothiocurvularin B (7) and its methyl ester (8), and the spontaneous formation of cyclothiocurvularins from 10,11-dehydrocurvularin and mercaptopyruvate provide evidence that the formation of cyclothiocurvularins may well correspond to a 10,11-dehydrocurvularin detoxification process by Penicillium sp. DRF2.

Introduction The synthesis of natural compounds with strong biological activity from affordable sources has proven challenging for scientists. As a natural resource rich in a variety of bioactive substances, fungal metabolites have the potential to be used in medical applications to serve a global purpose towards a sustainable future. Methods A total of 25 filamentous fungi were isolated, and their secondary metabolites were assessed for their antimicrobial efficiency. Results The extracellular extract of the strain Penicillium chrysogenum Pc was selected for its high bioactivity compared with the other whole isolates. The GC-MS analysis of the extracellular extract of P. chrysogenum Pc was found to contain approximately 16 variable compounds. After several separation and purification processes using flash chromatography, HPLC, TLC, NMR, and FTIR, the most bioactive compound was identified as (Z)-13-docosenamide or erucylamide with a molecular formula of C22H43NO and a molecular weight of 337.0. The purified (Z)-13-docosenamide possessed antimicrobial activity with an MIC of approximately 10 μg/mL for the tested pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli), and 20 μg/mL against the tested fungi (Penicillium aurantiogriseum and Aspergillus fumigatus). Furthermore, MTT assay showed that (Z)-13-docosenamide inhibited cellviability and the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma, in vitro, with an IC {sb}{/sb}50 of 23.8 ± 0.8 μg/mL. Conclusion The remarkable bioactivity of (Z)-13- docosenamide makes it a potential candidate to assist the pipeline for the creation of antibacterial and anticancer drugs, which will help to reduce the incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and fatalities related to cancer.

… The microbial fermentation of Penicillium brevicompactum … using Penicillium brevicompactum and its further purification … the mobile phase on MPA purification process. Under optimum …

… Five rare dichloro aromatic polyketides (1–5) were obtained from an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp., along with five known metabolites (6–10). Their structures were elucidated by …

Objectives: This review article highlights a remarkable class of compounds (polyketides) and their derivatives produced by fungi of genus Penicillium and the diversity of their biological activities, isolated, identified and biologically assessed. The species belong to this genus represent a large part of microbial diversity and one of the promising resources in the search of biologically active natural scaffolds. Penicillium genera are one of the most important sources of different secondary metabolites of a wide range of classes of chemical compounds, i.e., anthraquinones, benzodiazepines, coumarins, diketopiperazines, ergot alkaloids, polyketides, quinolines, quinazolines, steroids and terpenoids. Interest in these metabolites increases owing to their valuable pharmacological and therapeutic properties. Methods: This review includes articles between 1988 and 2018, reviewed by internationally accepted databases and scientific journals. Results: This review demonstrates the structural and biological diversity of fifty-three polyketides isolated from different Penicillium species highlighting the culture media used for fungal growth and solvent of extraction along with biological activities and the reported biological assays used to estimate the potential activities of the reviewed polyketides. Conclusion: The structural and biological diversity and potency of reviewed Penicillium polyketides along with the reproducibility of their production make them a perfect candidate for the discovery of new potent pharmaceuticals.

… on marine organisms, a fungus, strain No. 36, identified as Penicillium olsonii, wasselected. … of fermentation mediumhaving the following composition: yeast extract 1 g, glucose 5 g in …

… : a novel endophytic fungus isolated from the inner bark of the … Unfortunately, taxol was originally isolated from the bark of the … One of these fungi, identified as Penicillium raistrickii …

In the course of our continuous interest in identifying bioactive compounds from marine microbes, we have investigated a tunicate-derived fungus, Penicillium sp. CYE-87. A new compound with the 1,4-diazepane skeleton, terretrione D (2), together with the known compounds, methyl-2-([2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl)acetate (1), tryptamine (3), indole-3-carbaldehyde (4), 3,6-diisobutylpyrazin-2(1H)-one (5) and terretrione C (6), were isolated from Penicillium sp. CYE-87. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectral analysis, including 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D (COSY, multiplicity edited-HSQC and HMBC) NMR and HRESIMS, as well as comparison of their NMR data with those in the literature. The compounds were evaluated for their antimigratory activity against the human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and their antiproliferation activity against HeLa cells. Compounds 2 and 6 showed significant antimigratory activity against MDA-MB-231, as well as antifungal activity against C. albicans.

The use of chemical insecticides in agriculture has posed several challenges to environment and ecosystem health. Pesticides of biological origin are considered to be suitable for sustainable environment. In the present study bioactive compounds from Penicillium sp. was isolated and tested for insecticidal activity on Spodoptera litura and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium sp. were characterized using GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. GC-MS analysis showed 20 different bioactive compounds namely, Propanoic acid, ethyl ester, Acetic Acid, Propyl Ester, Isopentyl Acetate, Acetic Acid, 2-Methylpropyl Ester, Behenic alcohol, 1-Hexadecene, 1-Octadecene, 1-Hexacosanol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 1-Tetradecanol, 1-Dodecene, Tetrydamine, and Octadecanoic acid. The presence of functional groups such as, chloroalkanes, sulfonates, phosphines, amines, carboxylic acid, alkanes, and isocyanates was identified by using FTIR. Ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium sp., were tested for larvicidal activity on Spodoptera litura and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae showed significant larval mortality after 48 h of exposure with LC50: 72.205 mg/mL: LC90: 282.783 mg/mL and LC50: 94.701 mg/mL: LC90:475.049 mg/mL respectively. High antifeedant activity was observed in 300 μg/mL at 48 h of crude extract exposure. The present study concludes that Penicillium sp., secondary metabolites are effective for control of Spodoptera litura and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.

… Report from this study supports the growing evidence that bioactive compounds produced by fungal endophytes may not only be involved in the host-endophyte relationship, but may …

… Three new bioactive compounds, namely (S)-tenellic acid B … -2-one (3), were isolated from the terrestrial fungus Penicillium … isolated in the current study as one of the known compounds. …

… for new biologically active substances. During the course of screening for biologically active secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms, an antibiotic compound containing an …

The thermophilic fungusPenicilliumspecies was isolated from Ghamiqa hot spring sediments in Saudi Arabia. Extract ofPenicilliumspecies cultured on solid rice medium yielded two new compounds 3-(furan 12-carboxylic acid)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-4 and 5-dihydro-2H-pyran13α-methyl-7-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester-1-indanone2. In addition, three known compounds, austinol3, emodin4, and 2-methyl-penicinoline5, were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously determined by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. All isolated metabolites were studied for their antibiotic effect against several pathogenic bacteria and for their cytotoxicity against the lymphoma human cancer cell line HTB-176. Austinol3exhibited strong antibacterial activity againstP. aeruginosabacterial strain with an MIC value of 0.13 ± 0.4 µg·mL−1, whereas emodin4demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against the tested HTB-176 cell line with an IC50value of 2 ± 7.6 µM, while the other compounds were moderate to inactive with IC50ranging from 4.3 ± 0.25–22 ± 2.94 µM in this assay.

Diverse bioactive compounds were derived from the marine Penicillium sp. EMS8, isolated from the Mediterranean Sea, Abu Qir coast, Alexandria, Egypt. The large-scale cultivation of EMS8 on solid media led to an ethyl acetate extract with high anti-microbial activity against various pathogenic strains. The metabolomic profile of the strain extract obtained by LC-HRMS/MS analysis and dereplication, revealed the presence of 396 compounds. Subsequent data processing using MassHunter and MZmine 2.5 enabled the construction of a feature-based molecular network on the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform, followed by visualisation in Cytoscape. The revealed clusters of structurally related molecules, including several chlorinated compounds indicated by characteristic isotopic patterns and similar DAD spectra. The extract was then submitted to a series of chromatographic purifications resulting in a new amide derivative; methyl (E)-6-((5-methoxy-5-oxopentyl) amino)-6-oxohex-3-enoate (1), and N-acetyl tyrosine methyl ester (2), a new natural product, alongside four chlorinated azaphilone derivatives (3-6), and further eleven known compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were investigated using 1D (1H,13C), 2D (H,H COSY, HSQC, HMBC) NMR, and HR-ESIMS mass spectrometry. The results emphasise the importance of the marine fungus as a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds with high capacity as antimicrobial agent.

… subsequently guided the identification of target molecules using classic chromatographic methods. Via this procedure, we successfully identified two antifungal metabolites, fructigenine …

… produced by microscopic fungi of the genus Penicillium are highly toxic. Some of them … metabolites (alkaloids) produced by Penicillium fungi is performed by thin-layer chromatography (…

Changes in cultivation conditions, in particular salinity and temperature, affect the production of secondary fungal metabolites. In this work, the extracts of fungus previously described as Penicillium dimorphosporum cultivated in various salinity and temperature conditions were investigated using HPLC UV/MS techniques, and their DPPH radical scavenging and cytotoxicity activities against human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 were tested. In total, 25 compounds, including 13 desoxyisoaustamide-related alkaloids and eight anthraquinones, were identified in the studied extracts and their relative amounts were estimated. The production of known neuroprotective alkaloids 5, 6 and other brevianamide alkaloids was increased in hypersaline and high-temperature conditions, and this may be an adaptation to extreme conditions. On the other hand, hyposalinity stress may induce the synthesis of unidentified antioxidants with low cytotoxicity that could be very interesting for future investigation. The study of secondary metabolites of the strain KMM 4689 showed that although brevianamide-related alkaloids and anthraquinone pigments are widely distributed in various fungi, these metabolites have not been described for P. dimorphosporum and related species. For this reason, the strain KMM 4689 was re-sequenced using the β-tubulin gene and ITS regions as molecular markers and further identified as P. hispanicum.

… metabolites from Penicillium and other fungi, and comparisons to published maxima from gradient high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J. Chromatogr. …

The objectives of this study were to analyze the secondary metabolites of Penicillium expansum and evaluate antibacterial activity. Twenty eight bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of P. expansum. The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of P. expansum revealed the existence of the Levoglucosenone, Edulan ll, 4-[Dichloromethyl]-2-[[2-[1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl]amino-6-trichloro, 1,2-Cyclopentanedione, Ethanethiol, 2-(5-(4-methyl-2-pyridyloxy)pentyl)amino-hydrogen su, Imidazole,2-amino-5-[(2-carboxy)vinyl], D-Glucose,6-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl, Eicosanoic acid , phenylmethyl ester, Dodecanoic acid, 3- hydroxyl, DL-Leucine,N-glycyl, Cyclohexene,1,5,5-trimethyl-6-acetylmethyl, 1,2-Nonadecanediol, Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid  isobutyl-amide, 6-Acetyl-s-d-mannose, α-D-Glucopyranoside,O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-s-D-fruc, propanedioic acid, amino-diethyl ester, 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, valeric acid, dodecyl ester, deoxyspergualin, I-Gala-I-ido-octonic lactone, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, paromomycin, 16-Nitrobicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-1-ol-13-one, cis-Vaccenic acid, 2-Bromotetradecanoic acid, phthalic acid,  butyl undecyl ester, picrotoxin, D-Fructose and diethyl mercaptal. The FTIR analysis of P. expansum proved the presence of aliphatic fluoro compounds, tetiary amine, C-N stretch and methylene-CH. asym which shows major peaks at 1028.06, 1151.50 and 2852.72, respectively.  Methanolic extract of bioactive compounds of P.  expansum were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia by using the diffusion method in agar. The zones of inhibition were compared with different standard antibiotics. S. aureus has maximum zone formation (7.01±0.141) mm.   Key words: Antimicrobial activity, metabolites, bioactive compounds, GC-MS, FT-IR, P. expansum.

… Paraherquamide and six novel analogs were isolated from the fermentation of Penicillium charlesii (ATCC 20841). All seven natural products displayed potent antinematodal activity …

… has been isolated from culture broth of Penicillium herquei Fg-372 by solvent extraction and … at Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and classified as Penicillium herquei. The compound was …

… been isolated from the culture filtrate of a Penicillium sp. strain No. 24-4 which was isolated from a … the producing organism, fermentation, isolation, structure determination andbiological …

Soybeans offer an abundant source of isoflavones, which confer useful bioactivities when existing in aglycone forms. The conversion of isoflavones into aglycones via fermentation of soybean products is often realized by β-glucosidase, an enzyme produced by fungi. In this study, a filamentous fungus, Clerodendron cyrtophyllum, was isolated from root of Clerodendron cyrtophyllum Turcz, which was able to produce the highest activity of β-glucosidase up to 33.72 U/mL at 144 h during fermentation on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB). The obtained fungus was grown on isoflavones-rich soybean extract to produce genistein and daidzein, achieving the conversion rate of 98.7%. Genistein and daidzein were isolated and purified by column chromatography using hexane/acetone (29:1/1:1), reaching purities of over 90% of total isoflavones, as identified and determined by TLC, LC-MS/MS, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These results imply that the isolated P. citrinum is a potential fungal strain for industrial-scale production of genistein and daidzein from isoflavones-containing soybean extracts. These products may serve as potential raw materials for manufacture of functional foods that are based on aglycones.

Six locally isolated strains of Penicillium were checked for their potential to produce cyclosporine A through submerged fermentation. The medium used for drug production was composed of glucose, 5%; peptone, 1%; KH2PO4, 0.5% and KCl, 0.25% (w/v). Butyl acetate was used to extract the fermentation medium for cyclosporine ′A′ analysis. The confirmation analysis was done through high performance liquid chromatography and the chromatograms obtained were compared with that of Sandimmun Neoral ®capsule (Novartis) containing 100 mg of cyclosporine and with the external standard cyclosporine A 98.5% pure. Only chromatogram of Penicillium fellutanum (FCBP 937) isolated from Guava fruit showed a peak at 2.768, which was comparable with both the standards. The amount of drug calculated was 16.18 μg/ml.

… SK-1894,a soil isolate. Wealso reported that triacsins are … Bwere isolated from the cultured broth, and characterized. This paper discribes the producing organism, fermentation, isolation, …

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… Three polysaccharides PS1-1, PS1-2 and PS2-1 were successfully isolated from marine fungus Penicillium sp. F23-2 and the chemical characteristics were determined. Antioxidant …

A systematic chemical investigation of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium solitum MCCC 3A00215 resulted in the isolation of one novel polyketide (1), two new alkaloids (2 and 3), and 22 known (4–25) compounds. The structures of the new compounds were established mainly on the basis of exhaustive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data. Viridicatol (13) displayed moderate anti-tumor activities against PANC-1, Hela, and A549 cells with IC50 values of around 20 μM. Moreover, 13 displayed potent in vitro anti-food allergic activity with an IC50 value of 13 μM, compared to that of 92 μM for the positive control, loratadine, while indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester (9) and penicopeptide A (10) showed moderate effects (IC50 = 50 and 58 μM, respectively).

Cultivation of the endophytic fungus Penicillium commune, which was isolated from the semi-mangrove plant Hibiscus tiliaceus, afforded one new compound 1-O-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoyl)-glycerol (1) along with thirteen known products, including 1-O-acetylglycerol (2), N-acetyltryptophan (3), 3-indolylacetic acid methyl ester (4), 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethanone (5), 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (6), (4R,5S)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (7), thymidine (8), uracil (9), thymine (10), ergosterol (11), β-sitosterol (12), β-daucosterol (13), and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6β-triol (14). The structures of these compounds were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with literature data or with authentic samples.

… The goal of this work was to isolate the main (“major”) components of P. canescens complex and to study their physicochemical and biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and …

One new (d‐arabinitol‐anofinicate, 1) and fourteen known (2–15) compounds were isolated from the marine Penicillium sp. MCCC 3A00228. The structure of the new compound was established mainly by extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 exhibited weak transcriptional effect on Nur77. While compound 13 showed moderate in vitro anti‐proliferative effect against QGY7701, H1299, and HCT116 tumor cells with IC50 values of 21.2 μM, 18.2 μM, and 17.6 μM, respectively.

… In our ongoing search for secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi, Penicillium sp. PF9 was isolated from the leaves of Artemisia princeps Pamp. (Asteraceae). Penicillium …

Abstract New mellein derivative; 4-methylmellein (1) along with five known compounds: 4-hydroxymellein (2) and 6-hydroxymellein (3), tyrosol (4), cervesterol (5), and stigmast-4-ene-3-one (6) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. isolated from the leaf of Senecio flavus (Asteraceae). Structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR, in addition to UV, IR and MS spectrometry. Compounds (3, 4 and 6) were isolated for the first time from the genus Penicillium. Compounds 1–4 showed antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and variable activities against A. flavus and the yeast C. albicans. Compounds 1–3 showed cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell line.

… The objective of this work was to carry out a detailed analysis of the metabolites present in the culture broth of a new marine-derived Penicillium roqueforti strain isolated in the Canary …

The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of endophytic fungi of different parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (CX) and further characterize their biological activities and identify chemical compounds produced by these endophytic fungi. A total of 21 endophytic fungi were isolated and identified from CX. Penicillium oxalicum, Simplicillium sp., and Colletotrichum sp. were identified as promising strains by the color reaction. Comparing different organic extracts of the three strains, it was observed that the ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium oxalicum and Simplicillium sp. and the n-butanol extract of Colletotrichum sp. showed significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The ethyl acetate extracts of Penicillium oxalicum had outstanding antioxidant and antibacterial effects, and its radical scavenging rates for ABTS and DPPH were 98.43 ± 0.006% and 90.11 ± 0.032%, respectively. At the same time, their IC50 values were only 0.18 ± 0.02 mg/mL and 0.04 ± 0.003 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium oxalicum showed MIC value of only 0.5 mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. By liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we found that Penicillium oxalicum could produce many high-value polyphenols, such as hesperidin (36.06 μmol/g), ferulic acid (1.17 μmol/g), and alternariol (12.64 μmol/g), which can be a potential resource for the pharmaceutical industry. In conclusion, these results increase the diversity of CX endophytic fungi and the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of their secondary metabolites.

In this study, a marine brown alga Sargassum cristaefolium-derived fungal strain, Penicillium sumatraense SC29, was isolated and identified. Column chromatography of the extracts from liquid fermented products of the fungal strain was carried out and led to the isolation of six compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as four previously undescribed (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid and glycolic acid derivatives, namely penisterines A (1) and C–E (3–5) and penisterine A methyl ether (2), isolated for the first time from natural resources, along with (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (6). Of these compounds identified, penisterine E (5) was a unique 6/6/6-tricyclic ether with an acetal and two hemiketal functionalities. All the isolates were subjected to in vitro anti-angiogenic assays using a human endothelial progenitor cell (EPCs) platform. Among these, penisterine D (4) inhibited EPC growth, migration, and tube formation without any cytotoxic effect. Further, in in vivo bioassays, the percentages of angiogenesis of compound 3 on Tg (fli1:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish were 54% and 37% as the treated concentration increased from 10.2 to 20.4 µg/mL, respectively, and the percentages of angiogenesis of compound 4 were 52% and 41% as the treated concentration increased from 8.6 to 17.2 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-angiogenic activity of penisterine D (4) makes it an attractive candidate for further preclinical investigation.

… Each strain was grown on six different culture media to enhance the number of observable metabolites. Thirty-two secondary metabolites were detected in crude extracts with twenty first …

… Data concerning mass and NMR spectra proved it to correspond to a compound recently characterized by the name of Sch 642305 from a Penicillium verrucosum strain [34] (Fig. 1). …

Penicillium chrysogenum QEN-24S, an endophytic fungus isolated from an unidentified marine red algal species of the genus Laurencia, displayed inhibitory activity against the growth of pathogen Alternaria brassicae in dual culture test. Chemical investigation of this fungal strain resulted in the isolation of four new (1–3 and 5) and one known (4) secondary metabolites. Their structures were identified as two polyketide derivatives penicitides A and B (1 and 2), two glycerol derivatives 2-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoyl)-glycerol (3) and 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoyl)- glycerol (4), and one monoterpene derivative penicimonoterpene (5). Penicitides A and B (1 and 2) feature a unique 10-hydroxy- or 7,10-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethylundecyl moiety substituting at C-5 of the α-tetrahydropyrone ring, which is not reported previously among natural products. Compound 5 displayed potent activity against the pathogen A. brassicae, while compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line.