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… blend electrospun … electrospun fiber mats have high porosity and specific surface area. Because of the good hydrophilicity, chitosan electrospun fiber mats as the controlled-release …

… burst drug release from nanofiber mats, among which coaxial electrospinning has proved to … Sustained drug release from electrospun nanofibers can also be achieved by encapsulating …

Conventional treatments for chronic wounds are often ineffective, thus new therapeutic approaches are needed, such as the delivery of immunomodulatory drugs that can reduce inflammation, restore immune cell function, and facilitate tissue regeneration. A potential drug for such an approach is simvastatin, which has major drawbacks including poor solubility and chemical instability. With the aim of developing a dressing for wound healing, simvastatin and an antioxidant were incorporated into alginate/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers by green electrospinning without the use of organic solvents, thanks to their prior encapsulation into liposomes. The composite liposome–nanofiber formulations exhibited fibrillar morphology (160–312 nm) and unprecedentedly high phospholipid and drug content (76%). Transmission electron microscopy revealed dried liposomes as bright ellipsoidal spots homogeneously distributed over the nanofibers. After nanofiber hydration, the liposomes reconstituted in two size populations (~140 and ~435 nm), as revealed by cutting-edge MADLS® analysis. Lastly, in vitro assays demonstrated that composite liposome–nanofiber formulations are superior to liposomal formulations due to a better safety profile in keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, both formulations exhibited similarly advantageous immunomodulatory effects, measured as decreased inflammation in vitro. A synergistic combination of the two nanodelivery systems shows promise for the development of efficient dressings for chronic wound treatment.

… encapsulation by cationic liposome significantly improved the dispersity and stability of BEO during the electrospinning process, and the prepared BEO-loaded cationic liposomes (BCLs…

Abstract Drug-loaded liposomes incorporated in nanofibrous scaffolds is a promising approach as a multi-unit nanoscale system, which combines the merits of both liposomes and nanofibers (NFs), eliminating the drawback of liposomes’ poor stability on the one hand and offering a higher potential of controlled drug release and enhanced therapeutic efficacy on the other hand. The current systematic review, which underwent a rigorous search process in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Central (Cochrane) employing (Liposome AND nanofib* AND electrosp*) as search keywords, aims to present the recent studies on using this synergic system for different therapeutic applications. The search was restricted to original, peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2014 and 2024. Of the 309 identified records, only 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. According to the literature, three different methods were identified to fabricate those nanofibrous liposomal scaffolds. The results consistently demonstrated the superiority of this dual system for numerous therapeutic applications in improving the therapy efficacy, enhancing both liposomes and drug stability, and releasing the encapsulated drug in a proper sustained release without significant initial burst release. Merging drug-loaded liposomes with NFs as liposomal nanofibrous scaffolds are a safe and efficient approach to deliver drug molecules and other substances for various pharmaceutical applications, particularly for wound dressing, tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and drug administration via the buccal and sublingual routes. However, further research is warranted to explore the potential of this system in other therapeutic applications.

… electrospinning does not conserve intact liposomes. In contrast, coaxial electrospinning enables the incorporation of liposomes … To study the release profile from coaxially electrospun …

Increasing prevalence of infected and chronic wounds demands improved therapy options. In this work an electrospun nanofiber dressing with liposomes is suggested, focusing on the dressing's ability to support tissue regeneration and infection control. Chloramphenicol (CAM) was the chosen antibiotic, added to the nanofibers after first embedded in liposomes to maintain a sustained drug release. Nanofibers spun from five different polymer blends were tested, where pectin and polyethylene oxide (PEO) was identified as the most promising polymer blend, showing superior fiber formation and tensile strength. The wire-electrospinning setup (WES) was selected for its pilot-scale features, and water was applied as the only solvent for green electrospinning and to allow direct liposome incorporation. CAM-liposomes were added to Pectin-PEO nanofibers in the next step. Confocal imaging of rhodamine-labelled liposomes indicated intact liposomes in the fibers after electrospinning. This was supported by the observed in vitroCAM-release, showing that Pectin-PEO-nanofibers with CAM-liposomes had a delayed drug release compared to controls. Biological testing confirmed the antimicrobial efficacy of CAM and good biocompatibility of all CAM-nanofibers. The successful fiber formation and green production process with WES gives a promising outlook for industrial upscaling.

In electrospun scaffolds, coaxial electrospinning is gaining increased attention due to its potential for biocomponent encapsulation and controlled delivery. However, the encapsulation of biocomponents, such as liposomes, remains challenging because of their low stability in commonly used electrospinning solvents. This study, therefore, aims to develop a novel coaxial electrospinning formulation for crafting a liposome-encapsulated, rapid-release coaxial fiber. Liposomes demonstrated desirable stability in fish gelatin/phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solutions, which remain liquid at room temperature and exhibit exceptional spinnability at concentrations exceeding 80 w/v% due to the reduction in surface tension. Fluorescent labelling examinations confirmed the successful encapsulation of liposomes within coaxial fibers electrospun from a 160 w/v% gelatin/PBS core and a 20 w/v% PCL/chloroform/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) shell. The gelatin/PBS core solution formed solid ends at the tips of the core-shell fiber post-spinning, while maintaining a liquid state within the shell, thereby enabling the encapsulation of liposomes within the PCL coaxial fiber. Upon exposure to medium, the solid ends dissolve, enabling the rapid release of liposomes. The successful development of this liposome-loaded electrospun coaxial fiber, using fish gelatin, highlights its potential for creating advanced liposome delivery systems.

Liposomes are employed for the delivery of molecular cargo in several classes of systems. For instance, the embedding of loaded liposomes in polymeric fibrous scaffolds has enabled the creation of hybrid materials that mimic biological membranes. Liposomes with unmodified surfaces have been predominantly integrated into fibers, which leads to instabilities due to interfacial incompatibility. In addition, electrospinning has been almost exclusively employed for fiber fabrication, which limits the potential for scale-up production. Here, we present the fabrication of hybrid biomimetic materials by fusing polymer-coated liposomes to force-spun microfibers to increase the stability of the hybrid materials and enhance the sustained release of the cargo. l-α-Phosphatidylcholine liposomes were coated with chitosan or polyethylene glycol (PEG). The nano-differential scanning calorimetry results confirm that polymer coating does not affect the phase transition temperature (Tm) of the liposomes, where only the model drug, quercetin, reduced Tm. Centrifugal spinning was employed to fabricate hydrophobic polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibers at various polymer concentrations and using various solvents and spinning parameters to increase the yield at the lowest fiber diameter. The highest microfiber production rate obtained occurred at a 20% (w/v) PCL concentration in 50 : 50 (v/v) chloroform and methanol solution with an average fiber diameter of 584.85 ± 26.30 nm. The non-chemical fusion of the polymer-coated liposomes and the fibrous scaffolds was promoted by immersion at T > Tm, under ultrasonication. We hypothesize that the fusion is driven by hydrophobic interactions between the liposomes and the fibers, which merge the materials through the lipid bilayer. The fused hybrid material solved the burst release problem observed when adhering plain liposomes to nanofibers. Both PEG and chitosan yielded a sustained release, where the release rate with the former was faster. These results demonstrate that the fusion of polymer-coated liposomes and microfibers enables more effective blending of the loaded carriers into the polymer microfibers. Ultimately, the fused liposome/microfiber hybrids are stable matrices and enhance the sustained release of molecular cargo.

… Therefore, Eug can achieve the effect of slow-release by being encapsulated by liposomes and electrospinning, thus achieving the effect of controlling its release and prolonging the …

Abstract BACKGROUND Bioactive peptides derived from protein hydrolysates provide various health benefits; however, their practical application is limited by low gastrointestinal stability, enzymatic degradation, and poor intestinal absorption. Overcoming these challenges remains a key bottleneck for oral peptide delivery. This study aimed to develop and systematically compare uni‐axial and co‐axial electrospun pullulan/carboxymethylcellulose fibers incorporating liposome‐encapsulated glutenin hydrolysate (GH) to enhance its stability, mucoadhesion, and controlled release along the gastrointestinal system. RESULTS GH (7.5 mg mL−1) was encapsulated into lecithin–phytosterol (1:0.5, w/w) liposomes, yielding an average size of 76 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 57.52%. These liposomes were successfully embedded into nanofibers, showing homogeneous distribution and GH loading efficiencies of 61.04–85.22%. Compared with free GH, liposomal systems preserved the antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP values) of GH during gastrointestinal digestion, while the non‐hybrid formulation demonstrated reduced preservation. Liposome‐loaded nanofibers exhibited markedly lower GH release under gastric conditions (21.05–25.85%) than free‐GH fibers (42.69%), while co‐axial fibers provided the most sustained intestinal release. Additionally, liposomal incorporation significantly enhanced mucoadhesive properties. CONCLUSION The hybrid liposome–nanofiber approach integrates protective and controlled‐delivery mechanisms, resulting in enhanced preservation of antioxidant activity and sustained release compared with conventional fibers. This food‐grade strategy shows strong potential for oral delivery of bioactive peptides in functional food and nutraceutical applications requiring gastrointestinal stability. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Liposomes and nanofibers have been introduced as effective drug delivery systems of anticancer drugs. The performance of chitosan (core)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/paclitaxel simple nanofibers, chitosan/paclitaxel (core)/PCL/chitosan (shell) nanofibers and paclitaxel-loaded liposome-incorporated chitosan (core)/PCL-chitosan (shell) nanofibers was investigated for the controlled release of paclitaxel and the treatment of breast cancer. The synthesized formulations were characterized using polydispersity index, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The sustained release of paclitaxel from liposome-loaded nanofibers was achieved within 30 days. The release data was best described using Korsmeyer-Peppas pharmacokinetic model. The cell viabilities of synthesized nanofibrous samples were higher than 98 % ± 1 % toward L929 normal cells after 168 h. The maximum cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was 85 % ± 2.5 % using liposome-loaded core-shell nanofibers. The in vivo results indicated the reduction of tumor weight from 1.35 ± 0.15 g to 0.65 ± 0.05 g using liposome-loaded core-shell nanofibers and its increasing from 1.35 ± 0.15 g to 3.2 ± 0.2 g using pure core-shell nanofibers. The three-stage drug release behavior of paclitaxel-loaded liposome-incorporated core-shell nanofibers and the high in vivo tumor efficiency suggested the development of these formulations for cancer treatment in the future.

In this study, we evaluated a novel combination of drug delivery devices composed of holo-transferrin conjugated liposomes for siRNA (36 nM) delivery, and electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)-gelatin (GT) microfibers for resveratrol (40 µM) release. Single- and co-cultures of cancerous K562 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to test the efficacy and targeting over eight days. BCR-ABL siRNA-encapsulated (36 nM) holo-transferrin-conjugated PEG-liposomes were characterized using dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. RT-qPCR was performed to assess the silencing BCR-ABL gene. Two treatment protocols were explored: i) simultaneous administration ii) delayed liposomes addition by three days based on resveratrol release profile. Formed liposomes were 123 (±6.65) nm in diameter, holo-transferrin conjugation efficiency was 85.9 (±7.30)%, and siRNA loading efficiency was 92.3 (±2.57)%. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) content was analyzed by ELISA. Targeted siRNA release in combination with resveratrol release was more potent and has long-term effects compared to bolus doses. Delayed addition of liposomes increased non-viability of K562 cells to 92.7 (±2.00)% and 94.32 (±1.70)%, in the absence and presence of HUVECs, respectively. HUVECs non-viability level was significantly lower. Using two different delivery devices approach has a broader impact on cancer treatment.

Novel composite nanofibers incorporating curcumin-loaded flexible nano-liposomes (CLFN-liposomes) were developed for applications in tissue engineering, dressings, and drug delivery and release systems in this research. The preparation of CLFN-liposomes for curcumin encapsulation through the ethanol injection method was explored through a factorial experimental design. The optimal conditions for CLFN-liposomes/polycaprolactone composite nanofiber (CLFN-liposomes/PCL) were explored using the Taguchi method, emphasizing the addition of PCL, operational voltage, and flow rate. Uniformly distributed CLFN-liposomes with a smaller mean particle size of 53.9 ± 7.4 nm and higher encapsulation efficiency of 47.3 ± 3.4 % were synthesized for effective penetration. The smallest nanofiber diameter (186.3 ± 62.3 nm) with a smooth and uniform distribution was obtained after obtaining the optimum combinations of 17 wt% PCL, 4 wt% CLFN-liposomes/PCL, 25 kV, and 0.25 mL/h flow rate. The release of curcumin from CLFN-liposomes/PCL nanofibers followed the Higuchi model kinetics, with extended release for up to 48 h due to the dual-stage release from the nano-liposomes to the nanofibers. CLFN-liposomes/PCL dressings exhibited improved wettability (70.7° ± 4.3), water uptake (730 ± 44.2 %), biocompatibility (96 %), antimicrobial activity (41.8 ± 0.8 mm and 38.0 ± 1.1 mm inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), and sustained release of curcumin, surpassing existing dressings in various aspects. This, novel composite nanofibers incorporating curcumin-loaded flexible nano-liposomes were developed, with promising wound dressing and broad application prospects. This study provides a novel idea for the release and delivery of active components through liposomes.

Polymeric scaffolds incorporating plant-derived compounds, produced by electrospinning, have attracted attention in the field of skin tissue engineering. This study evaluates the sustained antioxidant activity of polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin nanofibers prepared by electrospinning and incorporating loaded liposomes of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a strong antibacterial and antioxidant molecule found in green tea, that significantly accelerates the wound-healing process. The morphology and the structural properties of the membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR spectroscopy. Results revealed that the EGCG released from PCL+gelatin nanofibers scavenges the toxic ROS species generated by exposure to either H2O2 or UV radiation and slows down the oxidation events associated with damage. This study provides the basis for development of promising nanofiber formulations containing EGCG that might enhance repair/regeneration of skin tissue.

The hydration of phospholipids, electrospun into polymeric nanofibers and used as templates for liposome formation, offers pharmaceutical advantages as it avoids the storage of liposomes as aqueous dispersions. The objective of the present study was to electrospin and characterize amphiphilic nanofibers as templates for the preparation of antibiotic-loaded liposomes and compare this method with the conventional film-hydration method followed by extrusion. The comparison was based on particle size, encapsulation efficiency and drug-release behavior. Chloramphenicol (CAM) was used at different concentrations as a model antibacterial drug. Phosphatidylcoline (PC) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), using ethanol as a solvent, was found to be successful in fabricating the amphiphilic composite drug-loaded nanofibers as well as liposomes with both methods. The characterization of the nanofiber templates revealed that fiber diameter did not affect the liposome size. According to the optical microscopy results, the immediate hydration of phospholipids deposited on the amphiphilic nanofibers occurred within a few seconds, resulting in the formation of liposomes in water dispersions. The liposomes appeared to aggregate more readily in the concentrated than in the diluted solutions. The drug encapsulation efficiency for the fiber-hydrated liposomes varied between 14.9 and 28.1% and, for film-hydrated liposomes, between 22.0 and 77.1%, depending on the CAM concentrations and additional extrusion steps. The nanofiber hydration method was faster, as less steps were required for the in-situ liposome preparation than in the film-hydration method. The liposomes obtained using nanofiber hydration were smaller and more homogeneous than the conventional liposomes, but less drug was encapsulated.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most prevalent and aggressive brain tumors for which there is currently no cure. A novel composite nanosystem (CN), consisting of chitosan-coated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (c-SLN) embedded in O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCS)-containing nanofibers (NFs), was proposed as a potential tool for the local delivery of lipophilic anti-proliferative drugs. Coacervation was selected as a solvent-free method for the preparation of stearic acid (SA) and behenic acid (BA)-based SLN (SA-SLN and BA-SLN respectively). BA-SLN, containing 0.75% w/w BA sodium salt and 3% w/w poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), were selected for the prosecution of the work since they are characterized by the lowest size functional to their subsequent coating and incorporation in nanofibers. BA-SLN were coated with chitosan (CS) by means of a two-step coating method based on the physical absorption of positively charged CS chains on the SLN negative surface. Nile Red (NR), chosen as the hydrophobic model dye, was dissolved in a micellar solution of BA sodium salt and then added with a coacervating solution until pH ≅ 2.5 was reached. Immunocytochemistry analyses highlighted that CS-coated BA-SLN (c-BA-SLN) exhibited a higher accumulation in human glioblastoma cells (U-373) after 6 h than CS-free BA-SLN. Finally, the c-BA-SLN dispersion was blended with a solution consisting of freely soluble polymers (O-CMCS, poly(ethylene oxide) and poloxamer) and then electrospun to obtain NFs with a mean diameter equal to 850 nm. After the NFs dissolution in an aqueous media, c-BA-SLN maintained their physicochemical properties and zeta potential.

Abstract Nanotechnology has been extensively explored for the potential applications in developing materials for sustained drug release. In this study, a modified coaxial electrospinning, characterized by a detachable concentric spinneret, was developed for the fabrication of a new kind of hybrid structural nanomaterials. The hybrid nanofibers consisted of a drug-free thin layer of glycerol monostearate as the shell and a drug-loaded nanocomposite containing berberine hydrochloride and ethylcellulose as the core, which were confirmed by scanning electron microscopic and transmission electron microscopic results. X-ray diffraction analyses suggested that the drug berberine hydrochloride was converted into an amorphous state with the carrier ethylcellulose in the core section. Fourier transform infrared spectra suggested that all the components were compatible. In vitro dissolution tests verified that the structural hybrids can provide an improved drug sustained-release profile than monolithic medicated nanocomposites in terms of initial burst release, sustained-release time and tailing-off time. The mechanism involving the influences of sheath layer on the drug release behaviour was suggested. The reported protocols pave a new way for fabricating lipid–polymer-based functional nanostructures with accurate structure–property–performance relationship and are useful for developing a series of new functional nanomaterials.

… electrospun scaffold containing chitosan nanoparticles was introduced to overcome the common problems of instability and burst release … )-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was fabricated …

Inferior healing and peritendinous adhesions are the major clinical problems following Achilles tendon injury, leading to impaired motor function and an increased risk of re-rupture. These complications are presumed to be inextricably linked to inflammation and fibroscar formation. Here, microRNA29a is identified as a promising therapeutic target for tendon injury through the cross-regulation of the immune response and matrix remodeling. MiR29a-LNPs were successfully prepared by microfluidic technology. They are then loaded into the core-shell nanofibers to achieve local delivery in the injured tendon, where the shell layer is composed of PELA for anti-adhesion. Our studies reveal that miR29a regulates collagen synthesis and NF-κB activation in tenocytes, and promotes macrophage polarization by inhibiting the inflammasome pathway. In vivo studies of the Achilles tendon-rupture model indicate the best repair in the miR29a group, as evidenced by superior collagen composition and alignment, higher mechanical strength, and better functional recovery. In conclusion, a functionalized anti-adhesive membrane that promotes nascent tendon matrix remodeling and improves the regenerative immune microenvironment is developed for the treatment of tendon injury.

Electrospun nanofibrous dressings present suitable characteristics to be used in wound healing, such as high porosity and high surface area-to-volume ratio. In this study, a wound dressing based on PLGA and Aloe vera containing lipid nanoparticles (NLCs) was developed. NLCs were added in order to add a lipid component that could avoid the adhesion of the dressing to the wound and improve its handling. Membranes with and without NLCs were composed of uniform fibers of about 1 µm in diameter. Their porosity was above 80% and their thickness was about 160 µm. Both dressings showed similar water vapour transmission rate 1100 g/m2day. The formulation containing NLCs presented a higher ultimate tensile strength (2.61 ± 0.46 MPa) and a higher water uptake. Both formulations were biocompatible in vitro. Furthermore, the cell adhesion assay demonstrated that both membranes had a low adherence profile, although it was lower with the dressing containing NLCs. Finally, their efficacy was evaluated in a full thickness wound healing assay conducted in db/db mice, where both enhanced healing similarly. Accordingly, the PLGA-AV-NLC membrane might be a promising strategy for the treatment of chronic wounds, since it improved handling in comparison to the formulation without NLCs.

… electrospun nanoparticles-in-nanofibers (NPs-in-NFs) wound dressings that allow a well-controlled release … ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrospun nanofibers (NFs) incorporating optimized …

We introduce the design and study of a hybrid electrospun membrane with a dedicated nanoscale structural hierarchy for controlled functions in the biomedical domain. The hybrid system comprises submicron-sized internally self-assembled lipid nanoparticles (ISAsomes or mesosomes) embedded into the electrospun membrane with a nanofibrous polymer network. The internal structure of ISAsomes, studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy, demonstrated a spontaneous response to variations in the environmental conditions; as they undergo from a bicontinuous inverse cubic phase (cubosomes) in solution to a crystalline lamellar phase in the polymer membrane; nevertheless, this phase reorganization is reversible. As revealed by in situ SAXS measurements, if the membrane was put in contact with aqueous media, the cubic phase reappeared and submicron-sized cubosomes were released upon dissolution of the nanofibers. Furthermore, the hybrid membranes exhibited a specific anisotropic feature and morphological response under an external strain. While nanofibers were aligned under external strain in microscale, the semi-crystalline domains from the polymer phase were positioned perpendicular to the lamellae of the lipid phase in nanoscale. The fabricated membranes and their spontaneous responses offer new strategies for the development of structure-controlled functions in electrospun nanofibers for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery or controlled interactions with biointerfaces.

… of core–shell nanofibers produced from coaxial electrospinning as templates for molecular … of the release mechanism. Drug release from the self-assembled lipid nanoparticles could be …

Nanofibers are cutting-edge drug delivery systems that are being utilised to treat a variety of ailments. Nanofibers are mostly woven by electrospinning techniques that are majorly used in drug delivery, wound dressing, tissue engineering, sensors, etc. They have several limitations that can be addressed by developing nano-in-nano delivery techniques. Nanoparticles are incorporated into nanofibers in these nano-in-nano systems. They offer a lot of benefits over other nanosystems, including the ability to shield drugs from physical deterioration, the ability to provide prolonged drug release, high surface area to volume ratio, increased drug loading capacity and the potential to be employed in critical conditions such as cancer. These nanoparticles can be encapsulated, entrapped, or adsorbed onto nanofibers in a variety of ways. To include nanosystems into nanofibers, a variety of materials and different kinds of nanoparticles can be used. The present review gives an insight to the applications of nano - in - nano drug delivery system for different diseases/disorders. The review also brings forward the current state of these novel delivery systems along with future prospects.

The electrospinning process has gained popularity due to its ease of use, simplicity and diverse applications. The properties of electrospun fibers can be controlled by modifying either process variables (e.g., applied voltage, solution flow rate, and distance between charged capillary and collector) or polymeric solution properties (e.g., concentration, molecular weight, viscosity, surface tension, solvent volatility, conductivity, and surface charge density). However, many variables affecting electrospinning are interdependent. An optimized electrospinning process is one in which these parameters remain constant and continuously produce nanofibers consistent in physicochemical properties. In addition, nozzle configurations, such as single nozzle, coaxial, multi-jet electrospinning, have an impact on the fiber characteristics. The polymeric solution could be aqueous, a polymeric melt or an emulsion, which in turn leads to different types of nanofiber formation. Nanofiber properties can also be modified by polarity inversion and by varying the collector design. The active moiety is incorporated into polymeric fibers by blending, surface modification or emulsion formation. The nanofibers can be further modified to deliver multiple drugs, and multilayer polymer coating allows sustained release of the incorporated active moiety. Electrospun nanofibers prepared from polymers are used to deliver antibiotic and anticancer agents, DNA, RNA, proteins and growth factors. This review provides a compilation of studies involving the use of electrospun fibers in biomedical applications with emphasis on nanoparticle-impregnated nanofibers.

Electrospinning technologies have been applied in the field of tissue engineering as materials, with nanoscale-structures and high porosity, can be easily prepared via this method to bio-mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Tissue engineering aims to fabricate functional biomaterials for the repairment and regeneration of defective tissue. In addition to the structural simulation for accelerating the repair process and achieving a high-quality regeneration, the combination of biomaterials and bioactive molecules is required for an ideal tissue-engineering scaffold. Due to the diversity in materials and method selection for electrospinning, a great flexibility in drug delivery systems can be achieved. Various drugs including antibiotic agents, vitamins, peptides, and proteins can be incorporated into electrospun scaffolds using different electrospinning techniques and drug-loading methods. This is a review of recent research on electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications, the development of preparation methods, and the delivery of various bioactive molecules. These studies are based on the fabrication of electrospun biomaterials for the repair of blood vessels, nerve tissues, cartilage, bone defects, and the treatment of aneurysms and skin wounds, as well as their applications related to oral mucosa and dental fields. In these studies, due to the optimal selection of drugs and loading methods based on electrospinning, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that these scaffolds exhibited desirable effects for the repair and treatment of damaged tissue and, thus, have excellent potential for clinical application.

Electrospinning, a high-voltage-driven spinning technique, has the ability to fabricate multiscale fibers from a variety of materials. Its relatively high production rate, low setup cost, and …

Both electrospinning apparatus and their commercial products are extending their applications in a wide variety of fields. However, very limited reports can be found about how to implement an energy-saving process and in turn to reduce the production cost. In this paper, a brand-new type of coaxial spinneret with a solid core and its electrospinning methods are developed. A novel sort of medicated Eudragit/lipid hybrid nanofibers are generated for providing a colon-targeted sustained release of aspirin. A series of characterizations demonstrates that the as-prepared hybrid nanofibers have a fine linear morphology with the aspirin/lipid separated from the matrix Eudragit to form many tiny islands. In vitro dissolution tests exhibit that the hybrid nanofibers are able to effectively prevent the release of aspirin under an acid condition (8.7%±3.4% for the first two hours), whereas prolong the drug release time period under a neutral condition(99.7±4.2% at the seventh hour). The energy-saving mechanism is discussed in detail. The prepared aspirin-loaded hybrid nanofibers can be further transferred into an oral dosage form for potential application in countering COVID-19 in the future.

In recent years, a wide variety of high-performance and versatile nanofiber membranes have been successfully created using different electrospinning methods. As vehicles for medication, they have been receiving more attention because of their exceptional antibacterial characteristics and ability to heal wounds, resulting in improved drug delivery and release. This quality makes them an appealing choice for treating various skin conditions like wounds, fungal infections, skin discoloration disorders, dermatitis, and skin cancer. This article offers comprehensive information on the electrospinning procedure, the categorization of nanofiber membranes, and their use in dermatology. Additionally, it delves into successful case studies, showcasing the utilization of nanofiber membranes in the field of skin diseases to promote their substantial advancement.

Abstract Encapsulating curcumin (CUR) in nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, silica nanoparticles, protein-based nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanocrystals could be efficient for a variety of industrial and biomedical applications. Nanofibers containing CUR represent a stable polymer-drug carrier with excellent surface-to-volume ratios for loading and cell interactions, tailored porosity for controlled CUR release, and diverse properties that fit the requirements for numerous applications. Despite the mentioned benefits, electrospinning is not capable of producing fibers from multiple polymers and biopolymers, and the product’s effectiveness might be affected by various machine- and material-dependent parameters like the voltage and the flow rate of the electrospinning process. This review delves into the current and innovative recent research on nanofibers containing CUR and their various applications.

Electrospun drug-eluting fibers are emerging as a novel dosage form for multipurpose prevention against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and unintended pregnancy. Previous work from our lab and others show the versatility of this platform to deliver large doses of physico-chemically diverse agents. However, there is still an unmet need to develop practical fiber formulations for water-soluble small molecule drugs needed at high dosing due to intrinsic low potency or desire for sustained prevention. To date, most sustained release fibers have been restricted to the delivery of biologics or hydrophobic small molecules at low drug loading of typically < 1 wt.%, which is often impractical for most clinical applications. For hydrophilic small molecule drugs, their high aqueous solubility and poor partitioning and incompatibility with insoluble polymers make long-term release even more challenging. Here we investigate several existing strategies to sustain release of hydrophilic small molecule drugs that are highly-loaded in electrospun fibers. In particular, we investigate what is known about the design constraints required to realize multi-day release from fibers fabricated from uniaxial and coaxial electrospinning.

Advances in pharmaceutical technology have promoted the development of colon-targeted delivery system for oral administration of bioactive peptides or proteins to enhance their bioavailability. In this study, a multi-unit nanofiber mat was fabricated by coaxial electrospinning and its feasibility as the colon-targeted delivery system for a bioactive peptide, salmon calcitonin (sCT), was investigated. Sodium alginate and sCT-loaded liposome coated with pectin served as the shell layer and core layer, respectively. An in vitro study demonstrated that the encapsulated sCT was released in a sustained and colon-targeted way. Analysis using different mathematical models showed that release followed a complex mechanism. In addition, greater amounts of sCT were released from the core-shell nanofiber mat into simulated colon fluid (SCF) than was released from a uniaxial nanofiber mat (65.2% vs. 47.8%). The use of a core-shell nanofiber mat further alleviated the burst release of sCT into simulated gastric and intestinal fluid (SGF and SIF), demonstrating the superiority of a multi-unit vehicle for colon-targeted delivery of sCT. Furthermore, 88% of the bioactivity of encapsulated sCT was retained. This multi-unit vehicle offers a better-designed vehicle for the colon-targeted sustained release of bioactive peptides or proteins and, thus, should improve oral bioavailability.

It has been shown that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC)-based tissue engineering has potential clinical application because of its paracrine effect, differentiation ability and high …

The clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tissue engineering is hindered by critical challenges, including low cell survival rates, poor retention at injury sites, and the lack of bioactive scaffolds that mimic the native tissue microenvironment. To address these limitations, this study developed a multifunctional platform using liposomal silymarin (Lip-Sil)-enriched polycaprolactone/alginate (PCL/Alg) hierarchical fibers to enhance the delivery, adhesion, and functionality of adipose-derived MSCs (AMSCs) for tissue regeneration. Lip-Sil was synthesized using the remote loading method and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and dissolution behavior. PCL/Alg hierarchical fibers were fabricated via electrospinning and evaluated for mechanical properties, morphology, hydrophilicity, degradation rate,, and surface chemistry using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The biological performance of the scaffolds was assessed through in vitro studies, including cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation of AMSCs using MTT assay, DAPI staining, and FE-SEM imaging. The Lip-Sil formulation exhibited a particle size of 94.7 nm, a zeta potential of -29 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 73%. The cumulative dissolution profile showed a sustained release, reaching 65% after 2 weeks. The PCL/Alg fibers demonstrated a significant reduction in diameter (157.7 ± 42.8 nm) compared to pure PCL fibers (323.3 ± 122.8 nm). Mechanical testing revealed that the PCL and PCL/Alg scaffolds had a tensile strength of 10 ± 1.3 and 2.7 ± 0.17 MPa and a strain at break of 67.4 ± 2.41% and 55.1 ± 2.9%, respectively. The addition of alginate improved hydrophilicity (water contact angle: 31.8 ± 4.1° vs. 126.9 ± 9.6° for PCL) and degradation rate. The water uptake rate of PCL/Alg scaffolds reached 80.7 ± 5.3% within 18 h, significantly higher than that of PCL scaffolds (18.6 ± 0.88%) and these ratios for both samples remained constant until 28 h. AMSCs cultured on PCL/Alg/Lip-Sil scaffolds showed an excellent increase in cell proliferation compared to control groups (p < 0.01) after 7 days of incubation. DAPI staining revealed a mean cell adhesion index of 1.6 ± 0.1 for the composite scaffold. FE-SEM imaging confirmed enhanced cell spreading and expansion on the composite scaffolds. The developed PCL/Alg/Lip-Sil scaffold represents a promising platform for tissue engineering, offering controlled drug release, improved cell adhesion, and enhanced AMSC proliferation. This multifunctional system addresses key challenges in stem cell delivery and tissue regeneration, providing a robust foundation for future clinical applications.

… content liposomes showing a more sustained release pattern … of intact liposomes; something that blend electrospinning did … electrospun nanofibers can avoid undesirable burst release …

In the present study, we fabricated an efficient, simple biomimetic scaffold to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Electrospun poly L-lactic acid nanofibers were employed to mimic the nanofibrillar structure of bone proteins and coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to simulate bone minerals. Thereafter, we regulated the release pattern of BMP-2 peptide through covalent attachment of an optimized liposomal formulation to the scaffold. The fabricated platform provided a sustained release profile of BMP-2 peptide up to 21 days while supporting cellular attachment and proliferation without cytotoxicity. In-vitro results confirmed the superiority of the scaffold containing liposomes through enhancement of growth and differentiation of MSCs. Ectopic bone formation model exhibited significant localized initiation of bone formation of liposome incorporated scaffold. Consequently, these findings demonstrated that our designed platform with modified release properties of BMP-2 peptide considerably promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs making it a unique candidate for bone regeneration therapeutics.

Wound healing is a complex process and one of the major therapeutic and economic subjects in the pharmaceutical area. In recent years, the fabrication of nano‐sized wound dressing models has attracted great attention for tissue regeneration. Plant extracts loaded nanoparticles are environmentally friendly and non‐toxic and the release of the bioactive substance will be controlled to the wound area. This study aims to fabricate wound dressing models that contain bioactive components for tissue regeneration. Fungal chitosan/polycaprolactone nanofiber was fabricated by electrospinning and it has been characterized. Plant extracts loaded nanoliposomes were prepared, characterized, and embedded in nanofiber structures. The effectiveness of wound dressing models for tissue regeneration was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. It was observed that all wound dressing models positively affect the cell viability of human dermal fibroblast cells. It was determined that plant extracts loaded nanoparticles embedded in nanofibers increased in cell viability than nanoparticles that were non‐embedded in nanofiber structures. Histological analysis showed that plant extract‐loaded nanoliposomes embedded in chitosan/PCL nanofibers were used for tissue regeneration. The most effective nanofibers were determined as Wd‐ClNL nanofibers.

Liposomes and nanofibers have been implemented as efficacious vehicles for delivering anticancer drugs. With this view, this study explores the antiproliferative efficacy and apoptosis induction in leukemia cancer cells utilizing irinotecan-loaded liposome-embedded nanofibers fabricated from chitosan, a biological source. Specifically, we investigate the effectiveness of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/chitosan (CS) (core)/irinotecan (CPT)nanofibers (termed PCL-CS10 CPT), PCL/chitosan/irinotecan (core)/PCL/chitosan (shell) nanofibers (termed CS/CPT/PCL/CS), and irinotecan-coloaded liposome-incorporated PCL/chitosan-chitosan nanofibers (termed CPT@Lipo/CS/PCL/CS) in releasing irinotecan in a controlled manner and treating leukemia cancer. The fabricated formulations were characterized utilizing Fourier transform infrared analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. Irinotecan was released in a controlled manner from nanofibers filled with liposomes over 30 days. The cell viability of the fabricated nanofibrous materials toward Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) non-cancerous cells after 168 h was >98 % ± 1 %. The CPT@Lipo/CS/PCL/CS nanofibers achieved maximal cytotoxicity of 85 % ± 2.5 % against K562 leukemia cancer cells. The CPT@Lipo/CS/PCL/CS NFs exhibit a three-stage drug release pattern and demonstrate significant in vitro cytotoxicity. These findings indicate the potential of these liposome-incorporated core-shell nanofibers for future cancer therapy.

Electrospun silk fibroin (SF)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibrous mats co-loaded with teicoplanin (Tp) and nanoliposomal curcumin (LC) were fabricated to combine extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetic architecture with dual antimicrobial and regenerative functionality. Tp and LC were homogeneously incorporated into SF and PVA, respectively, and electrospun under optimized voltage and flow conditions to yield defect-free fibers. Morphological analysis confirmed a consistent nanofiber diameter and a water uptake of 364.17% ± 42.25%, while in vitro degradation in PBS progressed to 45.74% ± 3.99% mass loss after 28 days. Tensile testing demonstrated a breaking strength of 5.39 MPa, indicating sufficient mechanical integrity for wound application. Drug-release assays revealed a biphasic profile for Tp-an initial burst of 666.31 ± 6.85 μg/mL within the first 24 h, followed by sustained liberation over 4 weeks-whereas curcumin exhibited a steady release rate. Cytocompatibility studies on dermal fibroblasts showed 80.88% ± 1.60% viability, and hemolysis remained below 0.13% ± 0.03%, confirming hemocompatibility. In antimicrobial evaluations, the composite dressings achieved synergistic antibactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, outperforming single-agent controls. These findings substantiate the T@S/LC@P scaffold as a versatile, infection-resistant dressing, promising accelerated wound healing and preventing microbial colonization.

Electrospun proliposomes are an innovative solid-state drug delivery approach in which amphiphilic nanofibers, composed of a hydrophilic polymer, phospholipids, and therapeutic agent(s), are fabricated via electrospinning. These nanofibers stabilize lipids in a dry matrix and spontaneously self-assemble into nanoscale liposomes upon hydration. The integration of liposomes with electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds represents an innovative approach, creating a synergistic nanoscale drug delivery system that combines the complementary advantages of both liposomal and nanofiber technologies. The templating effect of nanofibers, combined with polymer carriers, enhances stability, facilitates the dispersion of therapeutic agents, and enables on-demand liposome formation. This opinion article highlights the principles of the in situ proliposome method and the advantages, therapeutic applications, challenges, and opportunities of electrospun proliposomes, positioning them in the broader quest to overcome liposome instability.

… The PEO and PVOH electrospun fiber mats with the maximum nanoliposome content (7.5% m/m in relation to polymer) and, consequently, the highest β-carotene content were …

… (DOX) anticancer drug and Bcl-2 siRNA have been incorporated into the liposome-embedded … The average diameter of electrospun CS/PEO/PCL/DOX-siRNA-liposome simple and CS/…

In this study, propolis extract (PE) was first encapsulated in different liposomal formulations (65–370 nm) with high encapsulation efficiency (68%–93%). The liposomal PE was further embedded in a food‐grade gelatin‐zein core/shell fiber by using the co‐axial electrospinning method. Transmission electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy verified the structure of liposomes and their homogeneous dispersion in fibers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the smooth morphologies of core/shell liposomal fibers. The loading of PE in liposomal fibers improved both thermal (differential scanning calorimetry) and textural (elongation at break and tensile strength) properties, and the fibers loaded with more PE provided higher mucoadhesiveness. The PE‐loaded fiber showed higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The incorporation of liposomal PE in fiber enhanced the viability of human skin fibroblast (HFF‐1) cells. The adhesion of HFF‐1 cells on fiber was demonstrated by SEM, thus PE‐loaded liposomal fiber could provide an efficient platform for cell growth. The findings of this study proposed that propolis‐loaded liposomal hybrid fibers produced by the co‐axial method can be used as a potential wound healing material.

… Liposomes are the most well established systems for drug delivery due to their … Electrospinning is a versatile method which incorporates many drugs into polymeric nanofibers. Self-…

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with microenvironment imbalance, thereby resulting in poor regeneration and recovery of the spinal cord. Gene therapy can be used to balance the inflammatory response, however target genes cannot exist in localized injured areas. Methods: A genetically engineered electrospun scaffold (GEES) to achieve long-term immunoregulation and nerve repair was constructed. By combining the microfluidic and electrospinning techniques, interleukin-10 plasmid (pIL10) was loaded into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) (pIL10-LNP), which was encapsulated to the nerve growth factor (NGF). Immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and other tests were employed to comprehensively assess the role of GEES in modulating macrophage polarization and facilitating neural repair. Results: The results showed that the scaffold released >70% of the pIL10-LNP within 10 d and continued slow release within 30 d. In vitro cell experiments have demonstrated that GEES effectively stimulates macrophages to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and facilitates the differentiation of neural stem cells into neuronal cells. In rat T9 SCI model, the GEES significantly inhibited the inflammatory response in the acute and chronic phases of SCI by transfecting local tissues with slow-release pIL10-LNP to promote the release of the anti-inflammatory factor IL10, thereby creating a favorable microenvironment. With the addition of NGF, the repair and regeneration of nerve tissues was effectively promoted, and the post-SCI motor function of rats improved. Discussion: GEES can regulate post-SCI immune responses through continuous and effective gene delivery, providing a new strategy for the construction of electrospun scaffolds for nerve repair in gene therapy.

… The loading efficiency, the release kinetic and the permeation profile of Ket-HP were studied. An accurate physicochemical characterization was carried out to assess the interactions …

… with immobilization of siGFP-LNP complexes (siGFP-LNP complex 1:10 … into hADSCs, but electrospun PLGA scaffolds with aligned … siRNA release kinetics were examined to confirm the …

The fast advancement in nanotechnology has prompted the improvement of numerous methods for the creation of various nanoscale composites of which nanofibers have gotten extensive consideration. Nanofibers are polymeric/composite fibers which have a nanoscale diameter. They vary in porous structure and have an extensive area. Material choice is of crucial importance for the assembly of nanofibers and their function as efficient drug and biomedicine carriers. A broad scope of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be incorporated within the nanofibers or bound to their surface. The ability to deliver small molecular drugs such as antibiotics or anticancer medications, proteins, peptides, cells, DNA and RNAs has led to the biomedical application in disease therapy and tissue engineering. Although nanofibers have shown incredible potential for drug and biomedicine applications, there are still difficulties which should be resolved before they can be utilized in clinical practice. This review intends to give an outline of the recent advances in nanofibers, contemplating the preparation methods, the therapeutic loading and release and the various therapeutic applications.

… enhance cellular uptake and drug release kinetics and overcome biological barriers. They … -grafted chitosan electrospun nanofibers (Fig. 10), facilitating sustained DEX release and …

… into electrospun nanofibers during blend electrospinning, … systems possess burst release kinetics, which exposes drugs … much in favor of multifunctional LNP use in terms of diagnosis of …

… process did not affect the stability of β-carotene during encapsulation. Superior UV protection performance, of β-carotene loaded liposomes within electrospun fibers of PEO and PVOH …

Enzyme prodrug therapy (EPT) enables localized conversion of inert prodrugs to active drugs by enzymes. Performance of EPT necessitates that the enzyme remains active throughout the time frame of the envisioned therapeutic application. β‐glucuronidase is an enzyme with historically validated performance in EPT, however it retains its activity in biomaterials for an insufficiently long period of time, typically not exceeding 7 d. Herein, the encapsulation of β‐glucuronidase in liposomal subcompartments within poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun fibers is reported, leading to the assembly of biocatalytically active materials with activity of the enzyme sustained over at least seven weeks. It is further shown that liposomes provide the highly beneficial stabilization of the enzyme when incubated in cell culture media. The assembled biocatalytic materials successfully produce antiproliferative drugs (SN‐38) using externally administered prodrugs (SN‐38‐glucuronide) and effectively suppress cell proliferation, with envisioned utility in the design of cardiovascular grafts.

… the encapsulation of active ingredients (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic) into liposomes … the composite fibers in water is essentially a PC hydration and liposome formation process. …

Due to their small size, flexibility, and adhesive properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold promises as effective drug delivery systems. However, challenges such as the variability in vesicle types and the need to maintain their integrity for medical applications exist. Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric and known for its diverse health benefits, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, faces obstacles in clinical use due to issues like low solubility, limited absorption, and rapid breakdown in the body. This study aimed to incorporate large-sized curcumin-loaded extracellular vesicles (lEVs) into fast-dissolving nanofibers made of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by electrospinning. By using aqueous PVA-based solutions for electrospinning, the presence of curcumin-loaded lEVs in the nanofibers was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, the release study demonstrated high concentrations of the drug in nanofibers containing lEVs. These findings are significant for advancing the development and utilization of active ingredient-loaded EV systems within nanofibrous formulations, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes.

… Thus, strategies that enable optimized retention and release profiles of sEVs at wound sites are desirable. Herein, we fabricated novel functional phosphoethanolamine phospholipid-…

… release of biomolecules into the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanism of controlled release of electrospun … is an adequate substitute for improving vesicle …

Large-volume skin defects, such as diabetic ulcers and burns, pose a significant clinical challenge due to impaired healing capacity and a lack of effective treatment options. Although mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are well-established promoters of angiogenesis in wound healing, their multi-mechanistic regulatory networks and functionalities when integrated with biomaterials are not fully elucidated. In this study, we developed a core-shell polycaprolactone/gelatin nanofiber scaffold incorporating bone marrow MSC-EVs (PCL-EVs). The incorporation of PCL-EVs enhanced the scaffold's hydrophilicity, which in turn facilitated cell adhesion and proliferation. Functionally, the PCL-EVs scaffold suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine release, enhanced endothelial tubule formation, promoted fibroblast lipid catabolism, and increased mitochondrial abundance. Mechanistically, PCL-EVs mediated angiogenesis through upregulation of HIF-1α-VEGF signaling and cGMP-PKG cascades. Furthermore, PCL-EVs modulated inflammatory responses by inhibiting the PANoptosis pathway, leading to a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines. In fibroblasts, PCL-EVs induced metabolic reprogramming characterized by increased lipolysis and mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby boosting ATP and metabolite production to support tissue repair. In a rat large full-thickness excisional wound splinting model, the PCL-EV nanofiber scaffold demonstrated significant potential for remodeling skin defects. This study not only developed a biomimetic core-shell scaffold as a sustained-release platform for MSC-EVs but also elucidated the mechanisms through which it promotes full-thickness wound healing, demonstrating its multi-faceted role in enhancing angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and metabolic reprogramming.

The development of accurate drug delivery systems is one of the main challenges in the biomedical field. A huge variety of structures, such as vesicles, nanoparticles, and nanofibers, have been proposed as carriers for bioactive agents, aiming for precision in administration and dosage, safety, and bioavailability. This review covers the use of electrohydrodynamic techniques both for the immobilization and for the synthesis of vesicles in a non-conventional way. The state of the art discusses the most recent advances in this field as well as the advantages and limitations of electrospun and electrosprayed amphiphilic structures as precursor templates for the in situ vesicle self-assembly. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of combined strategies for the development of advanced structures for the delivery of bioactive agents are analyzed.

Mesenchymal stem cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSCs-sEV) have shown promising prospects as a cell-free strategy for bone tissue regeneration. Here, a bioactive MSCs-sEV-loaded electrospun silk fibroin/poly(ε-caprolactone) (SF/PCL) scaffold was synthesized via a mussel-inspired immobilization strategy assisted by polydopamine (pDA). This pDA modification endowed the as-prepared scaffold with high loading efficiency and sustained release profile of sEV. In addition, the fabricated composite scaffold exhibited good physiochemical, mechanical, and biocompatible properties. In vitro cellular experiments indicated that the MSCs-sEV-loaded composite scaffold promoted the adhesion and spreading of preosteoblast and endothelial cells, as well as enhanced osteogenic differentiation and angiogenic activity. In vivo experiments showed that the functionalized electrospun scaffolds promoted bone regeneration in a rat calvarial bone defect model. Results suggest that the developed MSCs-sEV-anchored pDA-modified SF/PCL electrospun scaffolds possess high application potential in bone tissue engineering owing to their powerful pro-angiogenic and -osteogenic capacities, cell-free bioactivity, and cost effectiveness.

… PCL-F127 vesicles and the vesicle incorporated electrospun … release, rhodamine-B is used as an indicator and its release … and the electrospun membrane exhibited a controlled profile, …

… , nanoparticles or vesicles, an electrospun fiber membrane … formulations to achieve sustained and targeted drug release. … ) and release profiles of electrospinning filaments co-…

In the context of a rising incidence of chronic wounds worldwide, developing more efficient wound dressings is in demand. In this setting, nanofiber dressings have shown promising features. We combined three biopolymers: beta-glucan (βG), chitosan (CHI) and pectin into the same nanofibers. In addition, antimicrobial activity was provided adding chloramphenicol (CAM), which also was entrapped in liposomes for a more sustained drug release. Applying a coaxial electrospinning setup allowed fabricating core-shell nanofibers, with βG and CHI in the shell, and pectin with CAM liposomes in the core. Initially, challenges during electrospinning with gel-clogging of the needle tip emerged, due to the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex between the positively charged CHI and negatively charged pectin. This happened although pectin and CHI were separated in the coaxial electrospinning setup. Here, the critical intervention to solve this problem was reducing the pH of the pectin-containing core-solution. The successful electrospun core-shell nanofibers (Coax-LipCAM), with a mean diameter of around 200 nm, was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. Among the control nanofibers, a mono-axial control-nanofiber, Mono-core-CAM, was prepared. This control formulation contained the same polymers as present in the core of the Coax-LipCAM together with "free" CAM (not entrapped in liposomes). When Mono-core-CAM was compared with Coax-LipCAM, Coax-LipCAM exhibited enhanced tensile strength and higher stability in simulated wound fluid. Furthermore, CAM release from Coax-LipCAM was extended, with 80% of the drug released after eight hours. Finally, all CAM-containing nanofibers showed antimicrobial activity comparable to pure CAM when tested against E. coli and S. aureus. In conclusion, core-shell nanofibers with CAM-liposomes in a pectin-core and with a shell contained βG and CHI, were successfully prepared. Their promising morphological and mechanical characteristics, favorable stability and swelling properties, sustained CAM release, and preserved antimicrobial activity encourages further clinical evaluation targeting the treatment of chronic wounds.

… nanostructures, including advanced electrospinning … controlled drug release behaviors of multi-chamber core–shell nanofibers … of liposomes and two-chamber core–shell structures to …

UNLABELLED A modified tri-axial electrospinning process was developed for the generation of a new type of pH-sensitive polymer/lipid nanocomposite. The systems produced are able to promote both dissolution and permeation of a model poorly water-soluble drug. First, we show that it is possible to run a tri-axial process with only one of the three fluids being electrospinnable. Using an electrospinnable middle fluid of Eudragit S100 (ES100) with pure ethanol as the outer solvent and an unspinnable lecithin-diclofenac sodium (PL-DS) core solution, nanofibers with linear morphology and clear core/shell structures can be fabricated continuously and smoothly. X-ray diffraction proved that these nanofibers are structural nanocomposites with the drug present in an amorphous state. In vitro dissolution tests demonstrated that the formulations could preclude release in acidic conditions, and that the drug was released from the fibers in two successive steps at neutral pH. The first step is the dissolution of the shell ES100 and the conversion of the core PL-DS into sub-micron sized particles. This frees some DS into solution, and later the remaining DS is gradually released from the PL-DS particles through diffusion. Ex vivo permeation results showed that the composite nanofibers give a more than twofold uplift in the amount of DS passing through the colonic membrane as compared to pure DS; 74% of the transmitted drug was in the form of PL-DS particles. The new tri-axial electrospinning process developed in this work provides a platform to fabricate structural nanomaterials, and the core-shell polymer-PL nanocomposites we have produced have significant potential applications for oral colon-targeted drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A modified tri-axial electrospinning is demonstrated to create a new type of core-shell pH-sensitive polymer/lipid nanocomposites, in which an electrospinnable middle fluid is exploited to support the un-spinnable outer and inner fluids. The structural nanocomposites are able to provide a colon-targeted sustained release and an enhanced permeation performance of diclofenac sodium. The developed tri-axial process can provide a platform for fabricating new structural nanomaterials with high quality. The strategy of a combined usage of polymeric excipients and phospholipid in a core-shell format should provide new possibilities of developing novel drug delivery systems for efficacious oral administration of poorly-water soluble drugs.

Two novel core-shell fibers which could self-assemble liposome were fabricated based on bioadhesive polymer carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), separately. The shell layers were CMCS/PVA and CMC-Na/PVA, respectively, and the core layer was mixture of PVP, Phospholipids (PC) and Carvedilol (Car). The diameter distribution and core/shell structure were examined by SEM and CLSM. FTIR and XRD were also used to characterize the fiber. Self-assembled liposome was observed by TEM, and other parameters like drug encapsulation efficiency was also determined. In vitro adhesive force was conducted to evaluate bioadhesive property of fibers. Dissolution test demonstrated Car was almost completely released within 2 h and presented linear release. The permeation studies across porcine TR146 cell culture and buccal mucosa were carried out, indicating self-assembled liposome and bioadhesive polymer both promoted drug penetration. MTT test showed TR146 cells were safe after incubation with fibers' extraction medium under the concentration of 10 mg/mL. In summary, this design based on self-assembled liposome and core/shell fiber using water-soluble bioadhesive polymer was desirable for Car buccal absorption.

… release is triggered by ultrasonic waves have usually employed relatively weak encapsulation systems such as liposomes… a combination method of electrospinning and electrospraying, …