国外文献关于旅游动机的影响因素

Based on the inbound country in the last five years, Timor Leste is in the top position for tourists entering Indonesia. Meanwhile, Malaysia, the neighboring country with the largest number of Muslims, occupies the second position. This condition is not necessarily due to Indonesia's potential to attract Muslims as a Halal Tourism destination. Aligned with the condition, based on BPS data & the Ministry of Tourism, in 2019 there were more than 15 million tourists coming to Indonesia, 22% of whom were Muslims. This number is less than Muslim tourists who come to neighboring countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Turkey. Therefore, in this study will be examined regarding Motivation and Intentions to Travel, especially for prospective Malaysian tourists to Indonesia. The independent variables in this study are Pull Factor Motivation (X1), Push Factor Motivation (X2) and Religiosity (X3). Religiosity (X3) is also a moderating variable in its effect on the motivation of Malaysian tourists to Indonesia. The dependent variable in this study is the Motivation of Malaysian Tourists (Y), which can be measured by various dimensions in the instrument of Indonesia as a tourist destination. The research results show that the push and pull factor do not have a direct influence on the motivation of Malaysian tourists but has an indirect effect on religiosity as a moderate variable. The religiosity variable with indicators of religious beliefs, principles and activities directly influences the motivation of Malaysian tourists to Indonesia. Based on the research result, religiosity influences the motivation of Malaysian tourists to come to Indonesia. For this reason, the Government needs to consider aspects of religiosity in the promotion strategy and services for foreign tourists, especially Malaysian tourists.

This study explores the travel motivations and preferences of foreign tourists visiting Siquijor, utilizing the Push and Pull Theory of Motivation to analyze how intrinsic (push) and extrinsic (pull) factors shape travel behavior. A quantitative research design with inferential relational analysis was employed, gathering data from 167 respondents through a structured questionnaire. Reliability analysis confirmed the instrument's consistency (Cronbach's alpha: Push = 0.92, Pull = 0.91). Key findings reveal that predominantly European and highly educated millennials constitute the primary demographic. Their travel motivations emphasize personal enrichment, knowledge acquisition, and cultural engagement, with natural attractions and local cuisine as significant pull factors. Family status significantly influences preferences; singles and divorced travelers prioritize exploration, while married individuals seek family-friendly activities. Accessibility, infrastructure, and online information universally impact travel decisions. The study underscores the need for tailored marketing strategies, including ecotourism development, knowledge-based experiences, and enhanced digital engagement. Recommendations highlight creating inclusive offerings for diverse demographics and promoting local dining. Insights aim to inform sustainable tourism initiatives in Siquijor, aligning experiences with global travelers' evolving expectations while enhancing satisfaction and economic vitality. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of tourism behavior, supporting targeted strategies for destination management and policy development.

The motivation of tourists to travel can be changed by various factors. One of which is the pandemic that occurred 1 year ago. The pandemic is likely affect or even chang the pattern of tourist motivation in determining their tourist destinations. Analysis related to motivation is increasingly important when it is related to tourism as a phenomenon of the world community, where tourist behavior is influenced by various motivations when going on a trip. This research aims to analyze the motivation of push and pull tourists toward the revisit intention in Banyuwangi destination. The respondents of this research were 100 foreign tourists. Data were analyzed using a quantitative approach obtained through surveys with questionnaires as the main research instrument. The analytical tool used to confirm the model of tourist motivation on revisit intention is PLS-PM structural model analysis. The findings of this research show that five push factors of foreign tourist motivation do not affect tourist revisit intention. Those factors are adventure motivation, culture experience motivation, escape motivation, noveltyseeking motivation, and social contact motivation. The pull factors of attractiveness motivation and infrastructure motivation have a significant positive effect on revisit intention. Meanwhile, facilities motivation has no effect on revisiting foreign tourists in Banyuwangi Destination. Keywords: push factors, pull factors, tourist motivation, revisit intention, partial least square, Banyuwangi

Religious tourism is a type of tourism categorized under special interest tourism. Special interest tourism emphasizes the push factors and specific interests or pull factors that greatly motivate tourists to visit the destination. This study aims to examine the influence of push motivation factors including education, interpersonal, physiological, and pull factors including tourist attractions, amenities, accessibility, and ancillary services on the revisit intention of foreign tourists to religious tourism destinations, specifically mosques in Batam City. This research is quantitative in nature, employing an explanatory method. Sampling was done using purposive sampling with accidental sampling method. Sample size determination was conducted using the Slovin formula with a margin of error of 10%, resulting in a minimum sample size of 100. Data was collected from 102 respondents through questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. The results indicate that push factors such as education, interpersonal, physiological, and pull factors such as tourist attractions, amenities, accessibility, and ancillary services have a positive and significant influence on the revisit intention of foreign tourists to religious tourism destinations, specifically mosques in Batam City. These findings imply that tourism management or local governments can enhance pull factors, particularly the amenity variable. Focus should be on improving the completeness of facilities for religious tourism activities.

This study introduces a novel reflective–formative hierarchical model specification for the classic push–pull tourist motivation construct, aligning its measurement with the theoretical distinction between intrinsic “push” drives and external “pull” attributes. Unlike the traditional reflective-reflective structuring of tourist motivation we defied the higher order factors (novelty, knowledge and facilities as formative. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on a purposive sample of 319 international tourists, we empirically validate the reflective–formative (reflective first-order, formative second-order) model. The reflective–formative model showed a superior fit and predictive power: it explained substantially more variance in key outcome constructs (social motives (R2 = 53.60) and self-actualization (R2 = 23.10)) than the traditional reflective–reflective specification (social motives (R2 = 49.30) and self-actualization (R2 = 21.70)), which is consistent with best-practice guidelines for theoretically grounded models. In contrast, the incorrectly specified reflective–reflective model showed stronger effects between unrelated constructs, supporting concerns that choosing the wrong type of measurement model can lead to incorrect conclusions. By reconciling the push–pull theory with measurement design, this work’s main contributions are a theoretically justified reflective–formative model for tourist motivation, and evidence of its empirical benefits. These findings highlight a methodological innovation in motivation modeling and underscore that modeling push–pull motives formatively yields more accurate insights for theory and practice.

The tourism industry plays a large role in the development of many countries, including Malaysia. Unfortunately, the lockdowns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic brought global tourism to a standstill. Though most of the travel curbs have been eased, public health rules still pose challenges to the industry. In the light of the changes in travel preferences among tourists during this unprecedented time, this work sought to gain a better understanding of travel motivation and behaviour in this situation. Since push and pull factors are the most commonly used theory in evaluating tourists’ behaviour, it is utilised in this conceptual paper to investigate the relationship between destination image, tourists’ emotion, satisfaction, and loyalty in the context of Laguna Redang Island Resort. Moreover, tourists’ daily emotional well-being needs to be considered in assessing their travel intention in the post-pandemic situation. The tests for the propositions in the conceptual model of this study revealed that pleasure is an important factor for behavioural intention. The impact of factors was empirically supported by the study. Next, this study presents factors to predict tourists’ loyalty that are useful for future studies. This study also verifies the influence of push factor for tourism consumption on pull factor for destination selection. Plus, in the proposed framework, satisfaction has a mediator role. Overall, the present work contributes to the body of knowledge and provides useful recommendations for tourism authorities.

Abstract This study explores motivations for virtual concert participation and continued participation intention (CPI) using the Push-Pull-Mooring (PPM) framework, given the rising significance of virtual concerts by technological advancement. A survey of 210 virtual concert attendees examined five push factors, four pull factors, and three mooring factors. Results indicate partial support for push (H1) and mooring (H3) effects, while pull effects (H2) were fully supported. Rest motivation and interaction with artists significantly influenced CPI, while all pull factors positively impacted CPI. Mooring factors moderated push and pull effects differently, with challenge of authenticity weakening new experience and interaction effects, while technical issues and lack of information amplified practicality and attractiveness effects, respectively. These findings provide academic and practical insights for sustaining virtual concert participation as a new digital leisure activity.

Tourism villages represent a form of tourism destination that continues to evolve in response to the growing interest of tourists in authentic and sustainable experiences. One such tourism village currently developing in West Java is Lebakmuncang Tourism Village. Motivation is a fundamental element in tourism studies, serving as a primary driving force that compels individuals to engage in travel activities. Tourist motivation is influenced by two primary forces, commonly referred to as push and pull factors. The push and pull factor framework has become one of the most widely recognized and effective theoretical approaches for examining and understanding tourist behavior. This study focuses on identifying and analyzing tourist motivation for visiting Lebakmuncang Tourism Village through a comprehensive and detailed approach. The research utilizes a descriptive quantitative method, involving the distribution of questionnaires to 100 respondents. The results indicate that the dominant push factor motivating tourists to visit Lebakmuncang Tourism Village is the presence of facilities that promote social interaction. Conversely, the dominant pull factors are the inherent characteristics of the destination, such as climate, distance, historical significance, and natural attractions.

With the development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, travel demand has gradually increased, and music festivals have become a new choice for Chinese consumers to travel. Based on Push-pull Theory, this study explores the motivation of Chinese music tourism consumers and their influencing factors. The results of the study show that music tourism consumers are mostly young women and have a high level of consumption; music tourism mainly aims to relax and chase stars; the most popular music styles in music tourism are folk and pop music, and music festivals and concerts are the most popular. Music tourism consumers attach great importance to the safety factor of music tourism, and academic qualifications influence consumers' behavioral choices.

The study's objective is to analyze the consumer behavior of tourists toward spiritual tourism through the combination of two theoretical models of motivation and planned behavior. The study employs the PLS-SEM method to analyze 12 hypotheses based on survey results from 500 tourists at three prominent spiritual tourism sites in Northern Vietnam: Huong Pagoda, Tran Temple, and Yen Tu Pagoda. The research findings indicate that 10 out of 11 hypotheses concerning direct relationships are accepted, including those involving Push Factors, Pull Factors, Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control about Behavioral Intention and Consumer Behavior. Only the connection between attitude and behavioral intention is rejected. This study also shows the mediating role of Behavioral Intention for 3/5 independent variables in the relationship between push factors, subjective norms, behavioral control, and consumer behavior in spiritual tourism programs. The conclusion, academic and managerial contribution, and research limitations are also discussed in this study.

This study examines the influence of destination motivation and destination perception on cross-border tourism consumption among Chinese tourists visiting Bangkok, Thailand, using the Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) framework. Internal travel motives (push factors) and perceptions of Bangkok’s attributes (pull factors) are conceptualized as stimuli shaping tourists’ spending behaviors abroad. A structured survey of 420 Chinese outbound tourists was conducted, employing validated measurement scales adapted to the Bangkok context. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results revealed that both destination motivation (β ≈ 0.45, p < 0.001) and destination perception (β ≈ 0.32, p < 0.001) positively predicted consumption behavior, jointly explaining over 50% of the variance. Tourists with stronger motivations and more favorable perceptions reported higher spending across shopping, dining, and entertainment, consistent with SOR theory’s proposition that destination stimuli elicit approach behaviors through internal responses. The findings offer theoretical and practical implications for cross-border tourism management. For destination marketers and policymakers in Thailand, appealing to Chinese tourists’ dominant motivations and sustaining a favorable image of Bangkok can effectively stimulate on-site consumption and enhance economic benefits. This research contributes to tourism behavior literature by integrating motivation and perception within an SOR-based model to predict actual spending, rather than intentions, in a cross-border context. It also provides actionable insights for post-pandemic tourism recovery strategies targeting high-spending source markets such as China.

Tourist motivations is a fundamental aspect of tourism planning as it enhances marketing efforts, product development, competitive positioning, and facilitates informed policymaking. As such, the present study provides accurate data with which to develop tourism planning in Vietnam based on the push motivation and pull motivation factors of Vietnamese domestic tourists. A quantitative method, namely, a questionnaire that was designed based on a self-desk study, expert opinions, and tour guide opinions, was used to collect data. Out of 670 questionnaire returned, 664 were ultimately usable for analysis. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and regression binary logistic models were then used to analyse the collected data. Seven important push motivation factors, namely, fulfilling prestige, fun and entertainment, escape, family and friends' togetherness, fulfilling spiritual needs, social relationships, and gaining knowledge were identified as important to Vietnamese domestic tourists. Meanwhile, the four important pull motivations for Vietnamese domestic tourists were events and activities; destination's facility, service, and trip sponsor; historical and cultural attractions; and natural resources. The findings can be used to develop tourism planning for domestic tourism in Vietnam. Destinations may use the insights on tourist motivations to attracts tourists and provide them with fulfilling experiences, which would, ultimately, contribute to the overall success and sustainability of Vietnam's tourism industry. Besides, the findings contribute to extant literature on the tourist motivations and tourist behaviours of Vietnamese domestic tourists. Lastly, the case study of Vietnam may serve as confirmation of the value of tourist motivations in tourism planning.

The purpose of this study was to determine the push motivation and pull motivation factors of domestic tourists visiting Sayan Tourism Village, Gianyar Regency. The population of this study were domestic tourists who had visited Sayan Tourism Village, Gianyar Regency. Using the Yamane formula, a total of 100 respondents were obtained with the Purposive Sampling technique, followed by sampling using Accidental Sampling. Data collection was carried out using survey methods (questionnaires), observation and literature studies. The collected data were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with the SPSS 25 application program. The results showed that 5 new push factors were formed from 24 indicators. The push factors are: cultural exploration and vacation factors; breaking away from routine; relaxation; pride; and nostalgia. The pull factors derived from 21 indicators formed 5 new factors, namely: first, cultural attraction factor; second, natural attraction factor; third, tourism facility factor; fourth, accessibility pull factor; and finally, destination image factor. The dominant factors of the push factors are cultural exploration and vacationing, while the dominant factor of the pull factors is cultural attraction.

ABSTRACT Yoga tourism is becoming increasingly popular and relevant among tourists worldwide as people become more concerned about their health and well-being. The study intends to establish the relationship between push and pull motivational factors, flow experience, revisit intention, and intention to recommend in the context of yoga tourism. The respondents were international yoga tourists visiting India (Rishikesh) for yoga and meditation. The study follows a mixed-methods approach. Study 1 explores the push and pull motivation factors derived from the open-ended questionnaires. Study 2 collected responses from 822 international tourists and used structure equation modelling for analysis. As per the findings, the push factor (improved physical endurance) and the pull factor (affordability) have the most significant impact on the flow experience of tourists. Further, the results suggest a considerable effect of flow experience on revisit intention and intention to recommend. The current study provides novel insights into yoga's pull and push motivation drivers, which might benefit Indian yoga tourism by repositioning its marketing approach.

This research, employing a quantitative descriptive approach, aims to understand the motivation of domestic tourists visiting Bongkasa Pertiwi Village, viewed from the dimensions of push and pull factors. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the study indicate that among the nine push factor dimensions and six pull factors investigated, each has dominant factors influencing domestic tourists to visit Bongkasa Pertiwi Village. The dominant push factors are: 1) wanting to enjoy a different atmosphere and environment, 2) wanting to enjoy the journey, 3) wanting to enjoy tourist attractions for pleasure, 4) wanting to spend time with friends or family, 5) wanting to impress family and friends, 6) wanting to meet and interact with new people, 7) wanting to learn about new cultures, 8) wanting to improve skills and self-evaluate, and 9) wanting to visit a place they have long wanted to visit. Meanwhile, the six dominant pull factors for tourists are: 1) affordable rental facility prices, 2) interesting historical sites, 3) good weather and climate, 4) strategic location, 5) comprehensive tourism facilities, and 6) safety from criminal acts.

This study investigates the role of awareness and promotion of destinations in motivating university staff to participate in domestic tourism in Ghana. Guided by the Push–Pull Theory of motivation, the study adopted a quantitative research approach using a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data was collected from 303 respondents selected through stratified random sampling and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Findings revealed that awareness and promotional efforts, particularly through digital platforms, social media influencers, traditional media, and destination events, significantly enhance motivation to participate in domestic tourism. However, the influence of these factors varied by income level, indicating that affordability remains a major determinant of participation. While gender, age, marital status, and educational level showed no significant differences, income was found to significantly affect awareness and promotional responsiveness. The study concludes that strengthening tourism promotion through strategic digital and traditional media campaigns, coupled with affordable travel packages, can effectively increase domestic tourism participation among university staff.  

Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam's major economic and cultural center, is witnessing a substantial transformation in the tourism industry through digital transformation. This is a crucial step to help the city recover quickly from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lay a solid foundation for a future of sustainable development. Therefore, this study aims to explore the factors affecting international tourists' decision to choose Ho Chi Minh City as a destination. The study approaches the Pust-Pull theory, in which push motivation includes the following factors: Knowledge and discovery, entertainment and relaxation, family and friends, and financial conditions; pull motivation includes destination image and destination information. Pust-Pull factors simultaneously affect choosing a tourist destination in Ho Chi Minh City for international tourists. The study's method uses a convenient sampling survey design, including 422 international tourists in Ho Chi Minh City. Data are analyzed using statistical software SPSS 25.0 and SmartPLS 4.1.0.0, and research hypotheses are tested using PLS-SEM. The results show that push and five factors affect tourists' decision to choose a destination, all statistically significant at 5%. The study's unique contribution showed that knowledge discovery and financial conditions have the most substantial influence, while destination image is another factor that strongly influences the decision to choose Ho Chi Minh City as a destination. Finally, the authors proposed key recommendations for tourism businesses and stakeholders, which need to pay attention to digital transformation, a trend and a key factor determining tourism development to enhance appropriate policies to attract more international tourists to the city, contributing to sustainable economic development.

This study examines the factors influencing international tourist’s destination choices in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, using an integrated framework of four behavioral theories: Push-Pull Theory (PPT), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Rational Choice Theory (RCT), and Behavioral Decision Theory (BDT). The research focuses on key factors such as tourist attitudes, travel motivation, personal values, country and destination image, and destination information. Additional ly, the study investigates the moderating role of perceived risk, which affects the relationship between tourist’s attitudes and their final destination choices. A quantitative research method was employed, collecting data from 650 international tourists who visited the Mekong Delta from December 2023 to July 2024. The survey data was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) through SmartPLS 4.0. The analysis revealed that positive attitudes, strong motivation, and favorable perceptions of the destination significantly influence tourists’ decisions to choose the Mekong Delta. However, perceived risks related to security, infrastructure, and climate negatively moderate these decisions, reducin g the likelihood of choosing the destination even among tourists with initially positive attitudes. Thes e findings underscore the importance of understanding how perceived risks shape tourist behavior, particularly during different stages of the decision - making process. The study provides valuable insights for tourism managers and local businesses to develop strategies that enhance destination appeal, address tourists’ concerns, and ultimately promote sustainable tourism in the Mekong Delta.

One of the determining factors in the success of a tourism destination is the emergence of tourists' interest in visiting again, because it can have a significant impact on the local economy and tourism industry. In recent years, a new trend has emerged in the world of traveling where the majority of people traveling are young people, known as the millennial generation. This study aims to analyze the push factors and pull factors for millennial generation tourists in making repeated tourist visits to the Kintamani Tourism Area in Bali. The method used in this research is an exploratory descriptive method. The variables used are tourist characteristics and motivation to visit which are divided into two sub-variables, namely push factors and pull factors. Data was obtained through a survey by distributing questionnaires using purposive sampling to 80 millennial tourists who visited the Kintamani Tourism Area. Next, data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics in the form of tables and graphs to draw conclusions. The research conclusion is that there are 4 push factors (escape/looking for entertainment, relaxation, romance, educational opportunity) and 2 pull factors (natural beauty and climatic conditions) that determine the interest of millennial tourists in returning to the Kintamani Tourism Area

The growth of the air transport industry has been accompanied by various crises including aircraft incidents and accidents, terrorist attacks, and pandemics such as COVID-19. These crises to a great extent affect air travelers' motivation, which in turn affects the air travel demand that justifies airlines' legitimate existence and sustainability. However, there has been relatively little research into understanding air travelers' motivation during and after such crises, despite some studies having been conducted in the tourism domain to understand the motivation of tourists to travel to specific destinations. An enhanced knowledge in this field is important and would benefit the airline industry, which is facing increasing competition from other transportation modes as well online conferencing technologies. By applying the Push and Pull Factor model, this study has sought to identify the travel motivation and further determine whether Push factors have any positive influence on Pull factors. To this end, 760 questionnaires were collected from Taiwan. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses. Our findings reveal that the Destination image remains the most influential Pull factor, while Aviation-specific products and services is the least attractive Pull factor. Self-realization/achievement topped the rankings for the Push factors, while Flying experience was a selling point in its own right among the Push factors, although it was not as appealing as anticipated. The millennium generation, fewer frequent flyers and low-income consumers are more likely to take advantage of flying deals. This paper suggests that a more collaborative approach between airlines, airports and destination organizations could be adopted to design and promote tailor-made aviation and travel products to stimulate segmented consumers’ demand for air travel during crises. Effective marketing strategies need to be in place to promote the specially-designed travel products.

ABSTRACT Market segmentation has become a valuable instrument in planning appropriate marketing strategies. Therefore, the overall purpose of this study is to explore slow tourists’ characteristics, revealing the differences in their motivations using a factor/cluster market segmentation approach. The sample population for this study consisted of tourists who have visited the Choke Mountains ecovillage in Ethiopia. Data were collected from international and domestic samples. Through factor analysis, the push and pull motivation factors were derived from 45 motivation items. As a result of cluster analysis, both samples were segmented into four distinct segments, i.e. escape seekers, want-it-all seekers, novelty seekers and passive seekers. The most significant contribution of this study is a theoretical understanding with empirical results using the new factors (i.e. motivation segmentation) in the context of the concept of slow tourism. This study helps destination managers in planning appropriate marketing strategies. The implications will be useful for destination development and marketing organisations as part of developing sustainable strategies that are in line with the specific needs and experiences of slow tourism participants.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to enhance the dimensional comprehension of Chinese camping satisfaction through an analysis of net effects and combination effects of motivations and involvement. Drawing on the perspective of theme-combination heuristic, the qualitative research uncovers three push factors, three pull factors, and three involvement factors. Both the SEM and fsQCA analysis demonstrate that campsite entertainment (pull), social bonding (push), and self-expression (involvement) play a pivotal heuristic role in attaining higher satisfaction. The fsQCA further proposes four configurations that lead to high satisfaction, encompassing three types, namely pull factor-sensitive type, push factor – oriented type, and hybrid-drive type. This study theoretically reveals the interactions between heuristic factors, and the diverse configurations of motivation-involvement factors will provide valuable insights for managers and operators to cater to the differentiated needs of Chinese campers.

This study explores tourist motivations through a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative coding of open-ended responses with quantitative network analysis. By examining why vacationing is important, we identified eight motivation categories including Physical & Mental Renewal, Social Bonding, and Novelty & Adventure. Network analysis revealed significant co-occurrence patterns between motivations, challenging traditional push–pull frameworks by demonstrating that travelers simultaneously hold multiple, sometimes paradoxical desires. Demographic comparisons showed that women emphasize relaxation and rejuvenation, while men prioritize novelty and exploration. Age-related differences revealed younger travelers seek adventure and personal growth, while middle-aged participants valued family time and relaxation. Our findings demonstrate how tourist motivations function as interconnected constellations rather than isolated factors. By highlighting tensions such as comfort versus sustainability, digital detox versus connectivity, and novelty versus familiarity, the study illustrates how motivational paradoxes can inform destination management strategies. These results offer practical guidance for DMOs, particularly in contexts of overtourism where repositioning is needed, and for new destinations seeking to differentiate themselves in a competitive global market. Framing motivations within these broader transformations—post-pandemic regeneration, sustainability debates, and digital lifestyle shifts—enhances the relevance of our contribution to both scholarship and practice.

Purpose This study aims to identify motivations for visiting Kyoto's prominent religious attractions using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) text analysis of online reviews; establish linkages between push motivational factors and pull factors of the religious sites, forming distinct tourist typologies; and suggest strategies for Kyoto's destination marketing based on the findings. Design/methodology/approach This study analyzed 37,772 TripAdvisor reviews for Kyoto's top 25 religious sites from the pre-pandemic period (March 2020). LDA topic modeling extracts 18 underlying thematic dimensions from the review texts. Axial coding of these dimensions revealed five distinct tourist motivation typologies. Findings Five motivation typologies emerged: cultural seekers drawn to Japan's unique heritage, nature lovers attracted by scenic landscapes, chrono-seasonal experiencers seeking distinct seasonal views, crowd-avoiders prioritizing less congested visits and city wanderers engaging in local activities. Practical implications The findings offer valuable guidance for destination marketers and managers in Kyoto, enabling the development of targeted strategies to enhance visitor experiences and manage overcrowding at popular religious sites. Originality/value This research provides novel insights into nonreligious tourists' motivations for visiting religious sites in a crowded destination. By identifying distinct motivation-based tourist typologies, the study informs strategies for enhancing visitor experiences tailored to diverse needs, contributing to tourism literature and practical destination management.

Walking is a practical and popular tourist activity, but it remains underexplored in the field of tourism. Although extensive literature has been published on topics related to walking and walkability driven by public health, sustainability, livability, and urban design concerns, tourism sector requires deeper exploration, particularly in urban settings. Walking tourism has been observed to possess the capability to promote sustainable tourism. Therefore, this study aims to examine the influence of motivation on the decision of tourists to engage in walking tour in urban tourism areas of Bandung City, Indonesia. Data from 220 tourists and interviews with resource persons were subsequently analysed using multiple linear regression to assess the impact of push and pull factors on walking tourism decisions. The results showed that tourist motivation significantly influences walking tourism decisions. The motivating factors include physical health, pleasure and satisfaction, knowledge gained, and local community behaviour. Physical health and relaxation were considered crucial push factors, while tourists’ attractions and social media promotions were categorized as significant pull factors. This study provides valuable input for local governments and tourism agencies seeking to develop sustainable urban tourism destinations.

Dark sky tourism as a form of niche tourism is gaining popularity worldwide. However, empirical research examining what motivates tourists to seek out this type of experience is lacking. This research note contributes to bridging this knowledge gap by employing push-pull theory to explore tourists’ motivations for visiting dark sky sites. Adopting a qualitative netnographic approach, Chinese tourists’ perspectives were explored through twenty-two semi-structured interviews. Eleven thematic factors were extracted and mapped within a refined push and pull motivation framework. The findings show how push and pull factors motivate both first-time and repeat visitors to gain dark sky experiences.

Segmenting the motivation of travelers using the push and pull framework remains ubiquitous in tourism. This study segments the girlfriend getaway (GGA) market on motivation (push) and accommodation (pull) attributes and identifies relationships between these factors. Using a relatively novel clustering algorithm, the Fuzzy C-Medoids clustering for fuzzy data (FCM-FD), on a sample of 749 women travelers, three segments (Socializers, Enjoyers, and Rejoicers) are uncovered. The results of a multinomial fractional model show relationships between the clusters of motivation and accommodation attributes as well as sociodemographic characteristics. The research highlights the importance of using a gendered perspective in applying well established motivation models such as the push and pull framework. The findings have implications for both destination and accommodation management.

As solo leisure travel increases among U.S. residents, marketers can benefit from a more comprehensive understanding of this consumer segment. Applying Functional Attitude Theory, we conducted a mixed-methods factor analysis ( N  = 30) to categorize the diverse motivations of solo travelers. We used the Q-method to identify three motivational archetypes, each a unique combination of attitude functions that generally rejected social-adjustive motivations. The findings offer insights about the psychological drivers of solo travel that can help industry professionals develop strategic marketing messages that resonate with target audiences. Theoretical and managerial implications are then discussed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly affected all economic sectors. Global tourism has also faced serious threats, due to lifestyle changes and measures taken to prevent the spread of infectious disease. At the same time, in conditions of high uncertainty, the tourists' attitudes, intentions, and behavior are changing significantly. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the effects of perceived risk and travel motivation on domestic tourists' intention to travel abroad during the pandemic. Primary data were collected using the survey method. By applying multiple regression analysis to a sample of 286 respondents, a statistically significant negative effect of health and psychological risk on the intention to travel abroad was determined. Additionally, the research confirmed the significant positive effect of tourist motivation on travel intention. The originality of the paper was achieved through an examination of the connections between perceived risk, travel motivation, and travel intention in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, originality is reflected in the analysis of the effects of different categories of perceived risk on the intention to travel during the pandemic. The results obtained provide a basis for understanding the tourists' behavior and have significant implications for the creation of the tourist offer and the formation of perceived risk management strategies.

The Indonesian government has designated ten tourist destinations as Muslim-friendly, all of which are situated within Muslim-majority regions. While these initiatives mark significant progress in strengthening halal tourism, there remains a notable research gap concerning the behavioral intentions of Muslim travelers to visit destinations located in non-Muslim areas. This study seeks to address that gap by exploring the key determinants influencing Muslim travelers’ intentions to visit non-Muslim tourism destinations in Indonesia. Integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with the marketing mix framework, this research provides a comprehensive perspective that combines psychological and marketing dimensions of travel decision-making. Data were collected from 361 Muslim respondents through a structured online questionnaire, and the proposed hypotheses were examined using multiple regression analysis. The findings reveal that the main components of TPB—attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—positively influence travel intention. Likewise, the marketing mix factors —product, price, place, and promotion —also demonstrate a substantial effect on the intention to travel to non-Muslim destinations. Interestingly, religiosity was found to have no significant impact, suggesting that Muslim travelers may prioritize overall travel experiences, accessibility, and service quality over purely religious considerations when choosing destinations. These results highlight the growing openness and adaptability of Muslim tourists as they explore diverse cultural and geographical settings. From a policy perspective, the study emphasizes the importance of governments, tourism authorities, and industry stakeholders extending Muslim-friendly facilities, services, and communication strategies to regions with Muslim-minority populations. Doing so can enhance inclusivity, encourage cross-cultural engagement, and foster a more sustainable and diversified model of halal tourism development in Indonesia and beyond.

This research extends the current understanding of tourist loyalty for small island destinations. Using cumulative prospect theory, we establish and test research models to examine the such underlying determinants as motivation, the theory of planned behavior, image, and risk factors on tourist loyalty. Through the adoption of necessity and sufficiency logic, this research successfully identifies four exclusive conditions for tourist loyalty: necessary and sufficient, necessary but insufficient, unnecessary but sufficient, and unnecessary and insufficient. Subjective norm and affective image were found to be critical aspects required for the occurrence and enhancement of tourist loyalty. Additionally, through case-based analysis, the study reveals that multiple necessary conditions and complex combinations of the above antecedents can also impact tourist loyalty, emphasizing the intricate nature of the factors influencing tourist loyalty in small island destinations. Theoretical significance and practical implications are discussed.

Purpose This research paper aims to explore the concerns and determinants of travelers’ behavior toward ChatGPT in the hospitality and tourism context. It also examines the weight of risk factors versus that of motivation and innovation characteristics influencing travelers’ approach behaviors toward ChatGPT. Design/methodology/approach A cumulative prospect theory was used to determine travelers’ responses to ChatGPT. This study, using a fuzzy-set qualitative approach, explored risk, motivation and innovation factors as determinants of approach behaviors for ChatGPT. Findings Findings revealed that risk, motivation and innovation factors were the key triggers of approach behaviors for ChatGPT. An intricate combination effect of the perceived risk, motivation and innovation characteristics was found, and the necessary predictors were determined. Practical implications The findings of this study will expand our current knowledge and offer practical insights for the development of ChatGPT in the hospitality and tourism sector. Originality/value This study makes a significant contribution to the existing literature by providing a nuanced understanding of the intricate interplay between the various factors that shape customer behavior in the context of technology adoption in hospitality and tourism studies.

Purpose This study aims to understand how female executive travellers should be characterized by inter-winning socio-economic segmentation and leisure travel motivation. Design/methodology/approach This study identifies push factors as a motivation for leisure travel among female executives in India. Quantitative research methodology was applied based on 892 online responses to a questionnaire. Principal component analysis was applied to identify the underlying dimensions of push motivational items. Findings The findings disclose five-factor dimensions of self-esteem; knowledge- and novelty-seeking; stimulus; escape; and self-recognition. Among the five identified dimensions, stimulus was the most important factor for motivating female executives to travel for leisure, followed by knowledge and novelty-seeking. Research limitations/implications This study was conducted on 1,100 female executive travellers, meaning the results are only valid for this cultural context. All data was collected through a referral chain network survey among female executives via Google survey forms. While segmenting types of travellers amongst females, usage of push motivation framework as a variable remains pervasive in tourism research. Originality/value Although literature on female travel motivation is abundant, however, to the authors’ knowledge, empirical studies that focus on female executives leisure travel motivations are still rare. These findings are, therefore, valuable for illuminating tourism stakeholders to cater this potential segment more customisedly.

Tourism is a significant cultural, social, and economic activity where individuals travel to different locations or countries outside of their usual environment. This involves spending money for various purposes such as business, leisure, and other activities, resulting in tourism expenditures (UNWTO 2021). The Internet, particularly the World Wide Web, has revolutionized social interactions and cultural experiences, shaping a new era of connectivity (Moradkhani, 2014). The travel industry has evolved with the rise of online advertising as a potent tool for attracting potential travelers. This research aims to explore the impact of online advertising on tourists' motivation to visit Egypt and their ethical conduct within the Egyptian tourism context, focusing on beach tourism in Red Sea resorts. An empirical study involving a substantial sample of 417 participants is presented, detailing the research methodology and its connections to ensure the study's credibility. Quantitative methods were used in this study to test the hypotheses. Data was collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)-26.0 software, utilizing various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings of this study indicate several distinctions. While Facebook advertising has shown some influence on tourists' ethical behavior, it is not the sole determining factor. Perceived sociocultural factors do not significantly impact ethical behavior, suggesting that these aspects may not heavily shape tourists' ethical conduct. However, perceived sociocultural factors do play a partial role in influencing travel motivation. This indicates that sociocultural aspects may influence people's travel motivations, but other factors may also be involved. Online Facebook advertising has a lasting impact on travel motivation. This shows that Facebook ads can have a positive impact on people's desire to travel. Online advertising on Facebook has a lasting impact on sociocultural aspects. This means that Facebook ads can influence people's perceptions of socio-cultural factors related to travel. Sociocultural factors play an important role in the impact of Facebook advertising on ethical behavior. This means that while sociocultural aspects may play a role in the relationship between Facebook advertising and ethical behavior, there are other factors as well. Sociocultural factors play an important role in the impact of Facebook advertising on travel motivation. This suggests that sociocultural aspects may influence the relationship between Facebook advertising and people's travel motivations, but other factors may also play a role. These results indicate that Facebook advertising has a significant impact on travel motivation and sociocultural aspects. However, other factors also influence ethical behavior, and the role of sociocultural aspects in mediating this relationship is not clearly defined. Additional research is needed to understand these relationships more fully. This study provides a valuable theoretical contribution by enhancing the current body of literature on tourist visit intentions. It offers a deeper insight into the motivational factors that impact the travel decision- making process, thereby enriching our knowledge in the field of tourism behavior research and tourism decision- making literature. Furthermore, it addresses gaps in empirical research on tourist behavior patterns in economically and culturally diverse countries.

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ABSTRACT The gay traveler, a segment of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) travel market, is perceived to be a homogeneous market segment as a result of the assumption that gay men have a unique “homosexual lifestyle.” This assumption is problematic as it conceals many other important variables, and it may hinder effective destination marketing. A Web-based electronic survey was completed by 469 gay male travelers, and attribute-based benefit segmentation was carried out by applying a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s procedure with Euclidean distances. The typology is based on the push and pull framework; the motivations of travelers were assessed both in terms of their socio-psychological motivations and destination attributes of Cape Town. The typology empirically suggests that gay travelers are not homogeneous, and that sexuality influences the travel behavior of a minority of gay men. Consequently, not all gay travelers or activities by these travelers can be labeled as “gay” tourism.

This study aimed at understanding different factors that impact the influence of location sharing in social media on the motivation to travel. A conceptual model was developed for the same based on an extensive review of literature. In this study 244 responses were collected using a pan-India cross sectional survey through an online questionnaire. Using ordered logistic regression we analyzed the impact of factors such as trust worthiness of online review, intensity of social media usage, interpersonal social influence and self location sharing behavior on the influence of the location sharing in social media on motivation to travel. Our analysis revealed a significant positive association with openness to social influence as well as a willingness to trust online reviews with the influence of location sharing by others on our leisure travel destination choices. It was also observed that those who are motivated to share their own location are highly motivated to travel by location sharing by their peer group in social media. Another important factor which was found to be influential was the role of marital status - those who were single were significantly more likely to be influenced in their travel choices by location sharing in social media. Age and social media usage were not significant in their influence. In summary, what our analysis revealed was an interesting influence of the personal and the social on the motivation to travel on the influence of location sharing in social media - you were most susceptible if you were single, open to social influence, and trusting of the feedback given by others; and least susceptible if your concerns for your own privacy overweighed your social needs.

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Analysis of online reviews on tourism studies has been widely used among researchers. Transportation plays an important role and acts as a medium to connect tourists towards tourist destinations. There is still a lack of studies concerning their reasons for using public transport. Hence, this study addresses to investigates the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of tourists to use public transport in Kuala Lumpur through TripAdvisor. This research analyses 3,345 reviews of Go KL City Bus, Light Rail Transit (LRT) Kelana Jaya Line, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Monorail and RapidKL Bus in Kuala Lumpur, manually using NVivo 12.0 to determine their reasons for using the bus service through content analysis. The findings indicate that the majority of the tourists’ motivation to ride public transport is for sightseeing and exploring the city for free. Understanding tourists’ motivation to use public transport could assist tourism agencies in providing proper facilities for them to reach tourism destinations easily.

COVID-19 has negatively affected the travel and tourism industry and may continue to do so in the future. Therefore, hospitality businesses need to pay attention to consumer reactions, concerns, and motives for travelling in this era. This study leverages the stimulus-organism-behaviour-consequence (SOBC) model to examine psychological factors that influence Japanese travellers' intention to travel and willingness to pay premiums for safe travel by analysing data from 790 respondents. The findings of the study reveal that extraversion positively associates with introjected motivation and negatively with amotivation. Neuroticism personality type positively associates with amotivation and negatively associates with introjected motivation. Introjected motivation positively associates with perception of safe travel during COVID-19, whereas amotivation has a non-significant association with perception of safe travel during COVID-19. Perception of safe travel positively associates with intention to travel and willingness to pay premiums for safe travel. Finally, intention to travel has no effect on willingness to pay premiums for safe travel. These findings provide valuable theoretical and managerial implications.

Our study explored the role of leisure travel desire on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control for shared accommodation using a theory of planned behaviour lens. Furthermore, the consequent effects on the intention to stay and pay a premium for sanitization practices are also explored. Lastly, the study evaluates the contingency effects of COVID-19 risk and perceived sanitization practices on the above relationships. The study used partial least squares in SmartPLS 3.3.9 to validate the direct and contingent relationships, by analyzing complete responses from West (n=186) and East (n=234) parts of India. Findings suggest that leisure travel desires in the new normal do positively affect their attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control towards shared accommodation, which in turn shapes their intention to stay and pay a premium for sanitization practices. Furthermore, while COVID-19 risk reduces the direct effects, perceived sanitization practices enhance them.

Fear of missing out (FoMO) theory is often applied in non-marketing domains and associated with negative consequences. This study considers FoMO in the marketing domain of tourism and examines whether FoMO has a positive impact on tourist behavior. Using FoMO theory, push and pull travel motivation theory and regret theory, this study considers FoMO's role in tourists’ social media check-in behavior at new and old tourist attractions. Partial least squares analysis was applied on survey information obtained from 416 individuals (199 for new-attraction and 217 for old-attraction) regarding their views on the land art attraction of Taiwan’s East Coast Land Art Festival. Fear of missing out exerted greater influence on travel motivation for recent artworks than for previous artworks. While the arts motivation drove visit intention, check-in intention also played an important role. Check-in-related variables’ effect size on visit intention was medium for recent artworks and small for previous artworks. FoMO, in the tourism context, has a positive effect on affecting tourist behavior by stimulating travel motivations and check-in motivations. Its effect is more evident in new than in old attraction, that is, attraction newness is a moderator. The impact of check-in behavior on visit intention is higher for the new than for the old attraction.

The purpose of the study is to examine the role of social media in tourism promotion and travel motivation within the context of Pakistan. This study investigates the influence of social media tourism promotion and travel motivation on the actual behavior of tourists, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the theoretical framework. A quantitative, descriptive research design with a deductive approach was employed. The population comprised followers of five Facebook pages managed by registered tour operator companies in Pakistan, with a final sample of 375 respondents selected through multi-stage probability sampling. Data were collected using a structured, closed-ended questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale. Reliability was confirmed through a pilot study and Cronbach’s alpha analysis, with all variables exceeding acceptable thresholds. The findings suggested that majority of respondents were male (59.7%), while females made up 40.3% of the sample. This gender distribution further shows that more male tourists participated in the study than females. The results of the study confirm that social media tourism promotion has a positive and significant impact on the actual behavior of tourists. Additionally, these findings highlight the importance of social media as a tool for influencing tourist behavior. Findings of the study also revealed that behavioral intentions of tourists (BIT) significantly impact the actual behavior of tourists (ABT). In conclusion, this study confirms that social media and travel motivation significantly influence tourists’ behavioral intentions and actual travel behavior in Pakistan. The findings validate the Theory of Planned Behavior and highlight the need for strategic, motivation-aligned social media marketing by tourism operators.

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In our current modern world, it can be said that it is very difficult to live a balanced and healthy life, and to always perform well in the world of work, so it is very important to pay attention to our leisure time and our primary prevention activities, which can help preserve our health and improve our fitness. The purpose of the research is to examine the appearance of leisure tourist trips among employees, and how tourist trips appear among the primary prevention tools. Our research found answers to the main questions of what activities employees try to regain their ability to work, and whether trips are popular as primary prevention activities. The recreational activities of the employees are primarily filled by various obligations, but at the same time, the use of primary prevention activities is pushed into the background during everyday life. During the research, we established that medical and wellness holidays are very popular among the respondents, as 22.5% of the sample (133 people) take part in medical tourism holidays and 50.3% of the respondents (297 people) take part in health care on a focused wellness holiday. The quiet, calm environment and the closeness to nature, which helps the employees to regenerate, appeared prominently in the motivation for the choice of destination. Among primary prevention tools, leisure activities spent with family, relationships, and friends, healthy eating, and walking and nature walks are the ones that appear dominantly in the everyday life of employees. In order to reduce the problem of burnout, pressure to perform, and stress among employees and to enable them to perform well in their tasks, it is very important to assess their needs and provide them with programs that contribute to improving their health and regaining their ability to work, such as appropriate recreation programs and various trips.

This study aims to examine changes in destination image among international sport tourists and compare the influence of travel motivation for cultural experiences on destination image before and after participation in a sporting event. Using mere exposure theory as the theoretical framework, this study collected data in two phases: pre-survey from November 2 to 12, 2018, and post-survey data from November 19, 2018, to December 3, 2018. In the pre-survey, 496 of 1,384 international sport tourists responded to the questionnaire (response rate: 35.8%), while in the post-survey, 264 of the 496 completed the follow-up (response rate: 53.2%). The paired t-test results indicate that participation in sporting events significantly improved six destination image factors: city/convenience, sport, city atmosphere, sightseeing/leisure, nature and business. In addition, the results of a two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that the main and interaction effects of travel motivation for cultural experiences on the “city/convenience” factor were statistically significant. This study provides context-specific empirical evidence showing how mere exposure through event participation can influence destination image. The findings also indicate that cultural travel motivation may moderate this change; however, the significant moderation effect appears only for the “city/convenience” dimension. Therefore, the study offers a focused and valuable contribution by highlighting the nuanced and limited scope of cultural motivations in shaping destination image change in the context of city marathons.

The purpose of this study is to determine how the brand equity of Indonesia's ten halal destinations affects tourists' motivation and intention to revisit. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Islamic marketing framework, this study integrates both behavioral and spiritual dimensions to explain tourist decision-making in halal destinations. The research employed a quantitative approach using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 3.2.9 as the analytical tool. Data were collected from 413 valid responses of domestic tourists from Generations X and Y (aged 27–56) who had visited at least one of Indonesia’s halal destinations in the last five years. Purposive sampling was used to ensure respondents met the halal travel criteria. The results revealed that perceived quality, value, and loyalty of halal destinations positively and significantly affect halal destination brand equity, while awareness and image have insignificant effects. Furthermore, halal destination brand equity significantly influences tourist motivation and intention to revisit, confirming its mediating role between destination attributes and behavioral outcomes. The novelty of this research lies in integrating Islamic values, such as ihsan (service excellence) and tayyib (goodness), into the halal destination brand equity framework, thereby offering a holistic understanding of spiritual–behavioral alignment. The findings provide theoretical and managerial implications for strengthening Indonesia’s position as a leading global halal tourism destination.

Despite many studies exploring the factors that influence the use of technology in tourism, research focusing on the moderating effect of age on the use of digital marketing tools and platforms for domestic leisure travel purposes remains elusive. Using dimensions from the Technology Acceptance Model and motivation as an additional construct, this study examined the moderating effects of age on digital marketing tools and platform adoption. A sample of 401 domestic tourists and a self-administered questionnaire were used for data collection. Regression analysis was used to analyze the relationships between the proposed variables and the moderating effect of age on these relationships. The findings revealed that perceived usefulness and motivation significantly influenced the use of digital marketing tools and platforms, and the effect of motivation was more significant. Tourists’ age played a notable role in contributing to the strength of the relationships. Tourism marketers, managers, business owners, and web developers can use these results as tools to make more effective marketing decisions to promote leisure travel.

ABSTRACT While our travel decisions involve many decisions related to the right or wrong way to behave, our understanding of morality in tourism is largely underdeveloped. Currently, we are hoping for a more responsible and sustainable future after the pandemic. However, we still lack understanding of how moral motivations influence people’s travel behavior during a crisis for better crisis management. Against the background of COVID-19, this study develops the moral motivation of travel amid public health crisis (MMTPHC) scale and tests its influence on travel behavior to advance our understanding of morality in tourism. Specifically, two moral motivations (compliance with anti-epidemic policy related to traveling and shame) discourage people’s travel intentions. However, concern about public denunciations and empathy toward others encourage travel intention. We also found shame and concern for public denunciations mediate the relationships between face concerns and travel intentions. Practical implications are suggested.

The motivation to travel has been extensively studied, as it plays a crucial role in influencing people's travel decisions. Various theories have been proposed to explain travel behavior, including allocentric, psychocentric, push-pull factors, TPC, and TCL. This study delves into the impacts of perceived risks and travel constraints on Japanese people's motivation to travel to Mongolia, employing the push-pull theory as a framework. In the questionnaire survey, 142 Japanese citizens were selected by simple random sampling method, and the survey was conducted in Japanese and English between April and May 2023. The collected data were analysed using IBM SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 4 software. Out of the seven proposed hypotheses, four were confirmed and three were rejected. When examining risk/constraints as mediating variables, the results revealed that push motivation did not significantly influence travel intention, while pull factors demonstrated a statistically significant relationship. Furthermore, two and three variables were identified to characterize the push and pull factors that drive Japanese people's travel decisions. Two segments of travellers were also identified: those seeking nature-based experiences and those interested in historical and cultural attractions. These findings may guide tourism business operators seeking to attract Japanese travellers to Mongolia.

This study looks at how social media might encourage travel within Pakistan and promote tourism. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the theoretical framework, it examines the effects of travel motivation and social media tourism marketing on travelers' real behavior. Deductive reasoning was used in a quantitative, descriptive study design. The final sample of 80 respondents was chosen using multi-stage probability sampling, and the population was made up of followers of five Facebook pages run by Pakistani tour operator companies that are registered. A systematic, closed-ended questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was used to gather data. The findings indicated that the majority of respondents were male (77.3%), while females accounted for 22.7% of the sample, showing a higher participation of male tourists. The findings highlight the significance of social media as a tool for influencing traveler behavior by confirming that social media tourism promotion has a favorable and significant impact on travelers' real behavior. The study also found that tourists' actual behavior (ABT) is greatly influenced by their behavioral intentions (BIT). This study concludes that social media and travel motivation have a major impact on Pakistani visitors' behavioral intentions and actual travel behavior. The results underline the necessity for tourism to use motivation-aligned, planned social media marketing and support the Theory of Planned Behavior.

According to WHO, 16% of the world's population are people with disabilities. Given this high number, disability-friendly tourism can be utilized as a special tourism market. This study aims to analyze the effect of travel constraints on travel intention through travel motivation for people with disabilities in Bandung. Over the past few years, Indonesia has begun to develop disability-friendly tourism infrastructure and services. The theory used in this study is the Theory of Planned Behavior, which has proven effective in shaping the behavioral intentions of tourists. This research was conducted using quantitative methods with structural equation modelling analysis procedures using CB SEM. The data collection technique used was non-probability sampling, targeting people with visual impairments, hearing impairments, physical disabilities, and mild mental disabilities. There are 200 pieces of data collected using a questionnaire. The results showed that travel constraints significantly positively affect travel intention through travel motivation among people with disabilities in Bandung. Existing literature finds a direct effect of travel constraints on travel intention in the tourism industry. This study contributes to the existing literature by including travel motivation as a mediating variable in mediating the effect of travel constraints on travel intention among people with disabilities in Bandung.

This study examines the push-and-pull motivations that drive Chinese urban residents to take leisure trips to recreational belts around metropolises (ReBAM). It analyzes how internal motives and external destination attributes interact to reveal distinct market segments and provide targeted marketing implications. A measurement scale was developed through expert panels and validated with factor analysis. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) then linked push motives and pull attributes in data from 907 urban Chinese travelers. Five push dimensions – knowledge seeking; escaping routine; health and business development; nature and family affinity and stress relief/relaxation – were identified. About 22 pull attributes were individually relevant. CCA uncovered two overlapping traveler segments: Total value experience seekers (who pursue comprehensive destination qualities) and Escape/Tolerant tourists (who prioritize basic comforts and relaxation). The destination–attribute instrument is suited to broad leisure-travel scenarios, which may limit its guidance for specific recreational projects. Destination managers should emphasize safety, cleanliness, convenient transportation and diverse offerings to satisfy both identified segments. Tailored product bundles that appeal to comprehensive experience seekers as well as relaxation-oriented tourists are recommended. Findings support urban leisure policies aimed at improving mental health and well-being through accessible leisure opportunities, aligning tourism development with broader societal goals for quality urban living. This research extends push-pull theory to China’s peri-urban leisure context, highlighting culturally specific motives (family cohesion, health-oriented travel and professional networking) and offering nuanced insights into urban travelers’ complex motivational profiles.

Female solo travel is experiencing a global increase and specifically, gaining popularity in Asia. This study explores how personal values and female solo travel motivation affect travel behavior. Using a sample comprising 381 single females in Taiwan, partial least squares structural equation modeling was utilized to investigate the hypotheses. The results revealed Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 3 are supported, which verifies personal internal values significantly affect female solo travel motivation, and are identified as significant factors influencing female solo travel intention. Additionally, Hypothesis 5 is partially support, indicating the female solo travel motivations of escape/relaxation, relationship, and self-actualization contribute to the formation of positive female solo travel intention. As Hypothesis 2 and Hypothesis 4 are unsupported, external values have no impact on female solo travel motivation or any significant effect on female solo travel intention. This research adds to the vast gap in tourism literature by identifying the personal values and motivations of female solo travel, and benefits the development of the female solo travel market.

This study explored the role of xenocentrism (XEN) and ethnocentrism (ETH) theories in the decision-making process for travel destinations for South African tourist consumers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of XEN and ETH on attitude towards the product (ATP) and perceived purchase intention (PPI) and the role of motivation (MOT) and information (INF) in those relationships. An online survey was used to collect the data for this study, and it was analyzed using CFA and SEM. Findings indicate that XEN impacts ATP for foreign products, resulting in a preference for imported goods. In contrast, ETH significantly impacts PPI, encouraging people to prioritize domestic products. Also, MOT influenced PPI and mediated the relationship between INF and PPI, and INF influenced MOT, ATO, and ETH. Managers should use cultural sensitivity in marketing strategies to target foreign and local consumers with unique tastes and beliefs and enhance perceived value through high-quality products and local sourcing. Emphasizing foreign characteristics in xenocentric markets and local sourcing in ethnocentric markets can enhance perceived value.

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This research aimed to comprehensively understand the motivations and expectations of young Filipino professionals regarding domestic leisure travel. The findings provided valuable insights and marketing strategy recommendations for stakeholders in the tourism industry, including policymakers and businesses. These recommendations are designed to promote sustainable growth in the domestic leisure travel sector and enhance the experiences of travelers. Through thematic analysis of interviews with ten participants, the study was able to categorize codes from their narratives under predetermined key push (motivations) and pull factors (expectations). Various subthemes emerged, shedding light on different preferences and behaviors influencing travelers' decisions. These findings enhance the understanding of domestic tourism in the Philippines and inform strategic marketing strategies for stakeholders. Recommendations of the research include authenticity-focused branding, strategic partnerships with local experiences, wellness and mindfulness retreats, and sustainability initiatives.

This study aims to examine the impact of virtual tourism engagement on the intention to use virtual tourism and the motivation for real-world travel among Generation Z in Indonesia. The background of this research stems from the growing popularity of virtual tourism as an alternative solution for planning and experiencing tourism digitally, particularly among tech-savvy generations. A quantitative approach was employed, with data collected through an online survey involving 30 respondents who are university students in Semarang City. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis techniques and the assistance of SPSS version 22 software. The results indicate a significant relationship between virtual tourism engagement and the intention to use virtual tourism, as well as a direct relationship between virtual tourism engagement and motivation for real-world travel. Furthermore, the intention to use virtual tourism was also found to influence the motivation to undertake real-world travel. These findings enhance the understanding of how digital experiences through virtual tourism can stimulate interest and desire to travel physically. The implications of this study are relevant for tourism industry stakeholders, virtual tourism developers, and destination marketers in designing more effective strategies to attract travelers, particularly from Generation Z. This research also contributes theoretically to the development of technology-based tourist behavior studies.

The limitation of traveling refers to individual limitations; namely, interpersonal and intrapersonal constraints. However, trust shapes the traveler’s confidence to travel. Furthermore, travelers need motivation as their push factor to appeal their interest in traveling. This study aims to explore the relationship between travel constraints and trust on travel intention and travel motivation as the mediating variable. The sample was determined by using purposive sampling on Indonesia’s travelers who travelled during the Covid-19 pandemic, from March 2020 to February 2021 using online questionnaire. Results indicated that the intrapersonal constraint had positive effects on travel intention and travel motivation. On the other hand, interpersonal constraints and trust did not affect travel intention nor travel motivation. Therefore, the research results imply a positive contribution to the collaborative development theories between Theory Planned Behavior and those related in tourism sector. Leaders in tourism business sectors could plan their marketing strategies in a fast-changing pace in the world such as, the crises of Covid-19 pandemic to bring people’s motivation out in order to be interested in traveling again although with several terms and conditions after the human mobility was curtailed.  

Different types of tourists require a diverse demand. Moving from a descriptive explanation, this study offers a further investigative dialog to understand a tourism destination impacts as well as tourist requirements particularly from Gen- Z as the future tourism consumer and succeeding demographic cohort of millennials. The aim is to recognize Indonesian Gen-Z tourist’s behavior and to some extent their motivation to travel for holiday. This study employs a qualitative research methodology which utilize 5W1H questioning technique and Keywords-in-Context (KWIC) method for data collection and analysis through the pioneer study of tourist typology by Cohen’s (Cohen, 1974) as tourism anthropologist. The current study rouses the tourist’s distinctions as an important aspect when planning for tourism destination management since ‘individual mass tourist’ and ‘explorer’ including ‘drifter’ are likely to look for inter-cultural contact with a host comparing to ‘organized mass tourist’ group. This research enhances anthropology of tourism literature, methodology and the route for establishing and maintaining tourism development at destination from the relationship of guest (tourist) and host (destination) perspectives.

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Abstract This study identifies the determinants for tourists of Ho Chi Minh City (HCM City) as a travel destination. From a qualitative perspective, two groups (ten domestic and eight foreign tourists) were interviewed. Quantitatively, input data were obtained from 615 tourists who visited HCM City between October 2023 and February 2024. Factors affecting destination choice included tourism motivation, destination image, and information source. Destination image had the most significant influence followed by tourism motivation, while source of information had an important indirect impact. Based on the research findings policy implications are proposed to increase HCM City’s attractiveness as a tourist destination.

This study examines the role of motivational factors in the selection of India as a travel destination, using Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation (Hygiene-Motivation model) as a theoretical foundation. By examining how stereotypes about India influence tourists' decision making, this study categorises motivational factors into hygiene and motivation categories and examines their influence on destination choice. A survey conducted at the Romanian Tourism Fair in February 2019 with 729 participants forms the basis for this analysis. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to assess the relationships between these factors. The study reveals two main types of factors that influence tourists: Hygiene factors (e.g. accessibility, comfort, food and overall quality of services) and motivational factors (e.g. cultural richness, scenic beauty and local traditions). The study shows that stereotypes about India play a crucial role in shaping tourists’ priorities — those who have negative stereotypes are more likely to focus on hygiene factors, such as ensuring that basic service expectations are met. In addition, while motivational factors still play an important role, elements such as natural beauty and cultural experiences take centre stage in the travel decision.

The modern stage of societal development requires not only knowledge in the field of economics, but also of human psychology. The choice of a tourist product has always been influenced by different rational and irrational (subjective) factors. As an intrinsic characteristic of every human being, emotion provokes decisions that could maximize pleasure and serve as stimuli for mental arousal. Bulgaria's rich tourist resource potential creates real opportunities for obtaining a tourist experience based on the symbolic dimensions of the tourism product. The present study reveals the systematic interrelation between consciousness, emotion and consumer value and examines the peculiarities of Bulgaria in the context of its transformation into a destination for diverse emotional experiences.

The study aims to assess the effect of a number of factors on the decision to choose a destination in order to propose some solutions to attract domestic tourists to ecotourism in Con Dao. The research model includes one dependent variable of the decision to choose the destination with five independent variables which are the factors affecting the decision to choose the destination. Study outcome was that the effect of factors on tourists’ decision to choose a tourist destination is Motivation (0.323); Quality of Service (0.243); Tourism resources (0.235); Experience of tourism (0.104) and Communication (0.095). A number of solutions proposed to attract domestic tourists to Con Dao, namely preserving the natural landscape; embellishing and upgrading historical and cultural relics; improving and upgrading tourism services; strengthening the dissemination of information about Con Dao’s eco-tourism resources; improving the professionalism of staff, and diversifying tourism services.

Safety is one of the fundamental elements in the tourist's decision-making process when choosing a holiday destination. Over the years numerous destinations were faced with challenges how to function and survive on the tourist market. To plan future developmental activities, it is mandatory to observe how tourists perceive safety of a destination, and what are the motivational factors that are connected with safety, that influence their decision-making process the most, and in post pandemic period in particular. Empirical research was conducted with the use of a structured questionnaire to examine what are the safety motivation factors that influence tourists to choose Opatija Riviera as a holiday destination in the post pandemic period. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The results indicate that tourists pay significant interest for communication with service providers, general information about the destination, what is the current criteria for entering the country, organization of health insurance and health protection during their stay, and possibility of doing a simple test for COVID. Moderate relevance was given to Opatija Riviera belonging to the "green region" and keeping the social distance during stay. Determined findings represent a good basis for formation of developmental activities which will improve the level of Opatija Riviera's safety and its competitiveness on the tourist market in the future.

Destination image influences tourist motivation and destination choice which is experiencing challenges in the age of the Internet. User Generated Content on the internet provides alternatives to the projected official image of a destination. This paper presents the research design of an adapted Q-Methodology study to understand the online destination image of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo from the perspective of different generations of potential tourists from China. Q-Methodology is a systematic method to extract participants’ subjective perceptions and is referred to as a bridge between qualitative and quantitative research traditions. Current literature is replete with destination attributes rooted in Western perspectives, but the Asian perspective remains understudied. The Q-Methodology process is explained including the generation of a concourse from two image sources to denote both perceived images and projected images of Sabah to understand the attributes of its online destination image. The concourse consisted of 266 photographs generated from the most popular travelogue website in China www.mafengwo.cn where images are posted and shared by tourists themselves, and also from ‘Signature Attractions’ listed on the Sabah Tourism Board website. Next, the Q-set is derived from the concourse, a P-set is recruited to conduct the Q-sort, a ranking order of the Q-set of 33 images. A purposive sample of 24 participants or P-set will be selected (potential outbound tourists in China) consisting of six persons from four different generations: post-1950s/post-1960s, post-1970s, post-1980s, and post-1990s. Each P-set will conduct a Q-sort of the Q-set (images) to produce the key attributes for Sabah’s online destination image rooted in the perceptions of four different generational groups. As a final step to enhance the credibility of findings, the P-set will participate in a focus group discussion. This paper only delineates the research design for data collection in this study.

This work is based on a survey to study the influence of social media on tourist destination choices. By examining four major aspects—i.e., the influence of social media content, the desired information on travel, shared online experiences, and the match between real experiences and social media expectations—the results highlight the significant role of social media in shaping travelers' choices and motivations. Visual and sensory material play a very important role. The study, which focuses on Morocco, provides insights into the nuances of social media use in a developing country with a flourishing tourism economy and a high internet penetration rate.

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This study aims to better understand the motives of young people in deciding to visit a certain destination. The young generation – between 18 and 26 years of age – were surveyed for the purposes of this study. The total sample consists of 870 respondents living in five cities of the Republic of Serbia. The obtained results indicate that psychological motives do not show importance among young people when they decide to travel to a tourist destination, while emotional sensual motives, development motives, gastronomy motives, and self-realisation motives have a significant and positive effect on visiting a destination. The study has several specific benefits in relation to discovering the youth’s main motives for visiting a destination, complementing the existing literature. The results also have a practical application in the management of the development of tourist destinations and their direction towards an accurately determined profile of tourists.

This study examines the influence of tourist motivation on revisit intention, with destination image as a mediating variable, in the context of a cultural destination with limited digital connectivity (Inner Baduy). Grounded in the Cognitive–Affective–Conative (CAC) framework, tourist motivation represents the cognitive domain, destination image the affective domain, and revisit intention the conative domain. A quantitative survey was conducted with 440 domestic visitors using purposive sampling, and data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings reveal that destination image plays a crucial role in shaping revisit intention, while tourist motivation alone does not directly encourage repeat visits. Instead, the effect of motivation is channeled through the formation of a positive destination image, which significantly enhances the likelihood of returning. These results highlight the importance for destination managers to focus on managing visitor expectations and delivering emotionally engaging experiences that strengthen the destination’s image, thereby fostering long-term loyalty.

Many reasons tempt tourists, instigating researchers to analyse their motivations in choosing a destination matching their self-emotional persuasion. Some destinations arouse interest in travelling repeatedly, making tourists loyal owing to the destination's competitive advantage. The study intends to identify the influencing aspects that could cater to tourist satisfaction, thus generating potential loyal tourists; various dimensions of tourist motivations lead to the decision-making for the tourist, and major factors are the destination’s attributes and the destination’s perceived image. Any destination to sustain itself in the competitive tourism market has to evolve beyond the present competition, which requires likely tourist knowledge and their travel motivation related to their purchase decision-making for the destination. The results find that a peaceful environment, festivals and events, eco-tourism natural trails, and climatic conditions are crucial in attracting tourists to Kanyakumari—motivations like. Natural sceneries, the confluence of three seas Bay, Arabian and Indian Oceans, Sunrise and Sunset, attractive beaches, and Vivekananda rock are concrete competitive attributes of the district. The study further suggests managerial insinuations that can improve the district's competitiveness in increasing the tourist influxes.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the factors that affect the destination selection processes of tourists visiting Göbeklitepe. Knowing the factors that affect the formation of consumer-based destination value will reveal what should be taken into account in the destination marketing studies. It is thought that the push and pull factors that make up the travel motivation affect the consumer-based destination value. At the same time, there is a consensus that image is an indispensable factor for destination development and marketing strategies. The basic point expressed in the studies examining the destination image is that the perception, knowledge and activity-based evaluations play a role in the formation of the image. Another factor that affects the image is the effect of social media. Destination image is considered to be an important factor in deciding on holiday destination selection. In this study, the push and pull factors that create travel motivation, consumer-based travel motivation, brand image and the effect of social media on the destination were examined. In line with this purpose, we conducted the survey method, quantitative and descriptive, and the research carried out on the destination of Göbeklitepe.

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is one of the tourist destinations in Probolinggo Regency, East Java, which attracts domestic and foreign tourists. The method used is descriptive with a quantitative approach. Sampling uses probability sampling techniques and the Slovin formula as a measuring tool. With a total of 100 tourist respondents who have visited in 2023, the results of the study showed that there was a significant positive relationship with a correlation value of 0.506 and a determination coefficient value of 25.6%, which indicates that tourist attractions have a fairly strong relationship with tourist motivation to visit the destination.

Incidental and discrete emotions can influence tourist decision‐making and their preferences for destinations with different types of attractions and activities. In this explorative study, we apply a choice model and the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion to examine the influence of those negative emotions that emerged during Australia's lockdown on tourists' anticipated destination preferences. We find that negative emotions were influenced by both pre‐lockdown emotions and lockdown conditions. Negative emotions exert a significant impact on tourists' selection of destinations and influence their attitudes toward social distancing measures. Travel motivations and gender also affect tourist preferences. Finally, we address the theoretical implications of this study regarding the impact of incidental emotions on travel preferences and make practical suggestions to practitioners on providing targeted products and adjusting management and marketing strategies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Push Motivation, and Pull Motivation and Islamic Norm Practice on Muslim Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty in Lhokseumawe City. The research stages include: data observation, determining the main problem, activity objectives, literature study, data collection, data processing, analysis of results, and evaluation of research results. The results of the research push motivation has no significant positive effect on Muslim tourist satisfaction and on destination loyalty. push motivation has a significant positive effect on Muslim tourist satisfaction and on destination loyalty.  Islamic norm practice has a significant positive effect on Muslim tourist satisfaction while Islamic norm practice has no significant positive effect on destination loyalty satisfaction.

Objective study this is to describe the image of the destination, motivate tourists, and increase interest in the destination tour of Kediri Regency. Location study in tourist destinations in Kediri Regency. The data collection technique used is a questionnaire. Technique data analysis in the study uses engineering model analysis, descriptive statistics. The study found that affective, unique, and cognitive images determine destination images. Tourist motivation is determined by stress-busting / fun, novelty-seeking, achievement, and family oriented / education. Memorable tourism experience is determined by involvement, refreshment, hedonism, meaningfulness, culture and social interaction, knowledge, and novelty. The intention to revisit is determined by the willingness to invite, willingness to positive tale, willingness to prioritize the visiting destination, and willingness to visit again. The biggest contribution to the formation of intention to revisit is the willingness to invite reflected from the will to recommend to friends to visit Kediri. It is expected to support an effective and sustainable tourism development strategy for destinations that tour Kediri Regency.

Space tourists’ decision-making would be far more complicated than general tourism, but limited research has investigated the process. This research explored potential space tourists’ decision-making process, grounded in the constraint–effects–mitigation (CEM) model. Through in-depth interviews with 10 individuals who experienced extensive space tourism activities, the grounded theory approach revealed four underlying themes of motivations, constraints, negotiation, and future intention along with nine macro themes, identifying relevant tourism-based theories (e.g., leisure constraints, push-pull motivation). Negotiation was further found to be a complicated process, including appraisal, involvement, and strategies. Furthermore, future intentions ranged from abstract to concrete, as depicted by construal level theory. Lastly, an extended CEM model was developed with a compelling description of the decision-making process, theoretically enhancing the ability to explain each variable in detail. Space tourism companies are suggested to consider the key attributes and their relationships in developing marketing strategies and training programs.

No abstract available

Tourism is an important driver for the economy, and youth tourism has been identified as a major contributor to this industry. While this is an important segment, it has unique characteristics and demand patterns that differ from other groups of travelers. This study aims to investigate the demographic profiles of Malaysian youth travelers and what motivates them to travel. The study’s target respondents are students who have visited Kundasang, a popular tourist destination in Sabah. Questionnaires were distributed from September to November 2024. The majority of the respondents agreed that they chose to travel for internal motivation such as relief from academic stress and relaxation. The findings also show that source of income plays a major role in motivating these students to travel. In term of demographics, females were found to prefer both push elements (emotional relief and social involvement) and pull aspects (natural beauty, cultural experiences, and adventure activities). Males are similarly drawn to these qualities, have a lower level of agreement on these factors. The prospect of this group of tourists is significant both now and in the future, makes it important for the tourism marketers to understand. The findings of this study provides useful insights for the tourism marketers, particularly to those who target the youth tourists as their major audience.

No abstract available

This study investigates the relationship between intellectual motivation, competency motivation, social motivation and health and physical motivation and tourism participation, while tourists’ emotional involvement has been used a mediating variable. Drawing on theories of travel motivation, such as Crompton’s (1979) push-pull framework, the study investigates how the desire for adventure, knowledge, cultural enrichment, and personal growth influences tourism behavior. A comprehensive review of literature highlights the role of tourism motivation in shaping destination choices, particularly for cultural, heritage, and educational tourism. In this study, survey method has been used to collect data and 242 respondents answered the Google form online. However, this study has used PLS-SEM model to get the robust results. The findings underscore the importance of tourism motivation as a key driver of tourism participation and tourist emotional involvement has week mediation impact on tourism participation. This study contributes to the understanding of travel motivation by emphasizing the significance of intellectual curiosity in shaping tourism behavior and provides practical implications for destination marketers and tourism planners seeking to attract intellectually motivated tourists. Future research directions include examining the moderating effects of demographic factors and the role of emerging trends, such as digital learning and virtual tourism, on intellectual motivation and tourism participation.

Wellness tourism is a type of special interest tourism that aims to maintain the body's fitness of tourists. Wellness tourism with facilities or activities that involve tourists, such as yoga, spas, and art performances. One of the fitness tourism destinations in Indonesia that is currently entering the development stage is the Special Region of Yogyakarta. These destinations have various kinds of local wisdom to be an attraction in terms of attractive fitness tourism activities. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of tourist motivation on destination loyalty (loyalty to destinations) through the involvement of tourists in wellness tourism in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach, the type of explanatory research, by distributing questionnaires to 120 domestic tourists who visit fitness tourism destinations in the Special Region of Yogyakarta using a non-probability sampling technique with purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used is statistic descriptive, regression analysis, and Sobel Test which is used to see the influence between variables, either directly or indirectly. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence between tourist motivation and destination loyalty through the involvement of tourists in wellness tourism in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In addition, the tourist involvement variable has a mediating role for the tourism motivation variable with destination loyalty.

Despite the growing integration of Smart Travel Applications (STAs) into tourism experiences, limited research has explored how specific STA attributes influence tourist engagement and emotional connections to destinations. This study examines how STA features foster place attachment through the mediating role of technology engagement and the moderating role of extrinsic motivation within an integrated model. Using survey data from 670 U.S. based STA users with travel experience, structural equation modeling (SEM) reveals that STAs attributes significantly influence engagement dimensions, with focused attention, felt involvement, and perceived usability emerging as key drivers of place attachment. Latent Moderated Structural (LMS) Equation Model further shows that extrinsic motivation has a significant and nuanced moderating effect on these relationships. Theoretically, the study extends place attachment and Self-Determination Theory through a dimensional approach within the smart tourism context. Practically, it offers guidance for designing emotionally resonant and user-centered STAs that enhance destination experiences and foster long-term tourist–place relationships.

Gay tourists are increasingly important for destination segment marketing, but little attention has been paid to gay tourism in Asian destinations. This research focuses on the internal and external factors of gay travelers that make them travel in Thailand and explores their interactions with destination loyalty. We first conduct semi-structured interviews to explore the motivation, opportunity and ability (MOA) of gay tourists traveling to Thailand and then integrate the concepts of involvement and loyalty into MOA theory to explain destination loyalty formation using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that gay men's travel motivation and ability have positive relationships with their destination involvement and destination loyalty, while their travel opportunity has a positive relationship only with their destination loyalty. Additionally, gay men's destination involvement positively influences their destination loyalty. These findings provide valuable practical implications for developing gay destinations and promoting gay tourism in Asia.

ABSTRACT To comprehend the factors that motivate and inhibit seniors’ travel behaviour, and the influence of “conscious consumption” and “technology efficacy”, a research framework is developed based on the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability model (MOA). Data was collected from 374 senior travelers and was analysed using smart PLS. The findings revealed the impact of motivators and opportunity which was measured by constraints to travelling was found to be significant. Technology efficacy (ability) was found to moderate the relationship between intentions and actual travel behaviour. Conspicuous consumption moderated the relationship between social affiliation, arousal, and intentions. This research will help policymakers create tourism involvement initiatives.

Objective: This study examined the effect of travel motivation and celebrity endorser credibility in influencing the intention of the Indonesian Generation Z to visit South Korea, with involved a mediating role of tourist attitude, which refers to the Korean Wave Phenomenon. Design/Methods/Approach: This study was done by quantitative approach with Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis procedure using SmartPLS 4. The data collection technique was purposive sampling, aimed at the Indonesian Generation Z as the target respondent. There were 385 data collected using the online questionnaires. Findings: The results show that travel motivation and celebrity endorser credibility positively and significantly affect the visit intention to South Korea. Tourist attitude also mediates the relationship between travel motivation and celebrity endorser credibility in affecting the visit intention to South Korea. Originality: The existing literature discovered the direct effect of travel motivation and celebrity endorser credibility on visit intention in the tourism industry. This study contributes to the existing literature by involving tourist attitude as a mediation variable in the relationship between tourist motivation and celebrity endorser credibility in affecting visit intention to South Korea. Practical/Policy implication: This study contributes to proposing recommendations for a more effective marketing and promotion strategy for tourism products in South Korea by looking at trends in tourist preferences and involving the role of celebrities as an endorser. Research also contributes to developing literature on marketing and promoting tourism products and tourist behavior literature.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread all over the world and has impacted tourism globally, with countries taking various measures such as travel restrictions, border closures, lockdowns, or quarantines to contain the virus. Tourists’ motivation has also been affected by COVID-19, but so far, the literature has not yet discussed their concern over COVID-19 as well as the relationships among their motivation, involvement, and behavior intention. Therefore, this study fills the gap in the literature by taking cycling tourism as an example to understand the involvement of tourists concerning COVID-19 and presents the depth and breadth of its effects upon tourism. Due to the challenge of face-to-face, on-site investigation, we employ an online survey for data collection, use exploratory factor analysis to extract the main factors of motivation, involvement, and behavior intention, and set up a structural equation model to examine the relationships among the three factors. The results show that COVID-19 has positively and significantly affected motivation and involvement. Motivation positively and significantly affects involvement, and involvement affects motivation and behavior intention. The main finding herein is that motivation does not affect behavior, but involvement does mediate between the motivation and behavior of cyclists during COVID-19. Therefore, people may perceive the risk of health and wellbeing through such involvement.

It seems that people’s quality of life can be positively influenced through bicycle tourism. Bicycle tourism can be an effective measure to enhance serious leisure, tourism satisfaction, and quality of life. To verify this empirically, a survey was conducted of bicycle tourists who visited Qinghai Lake in China during an international road bike race. The purpose of the present research is to prove the association between latent variables related to bicycle tourism through statistical analysis. For this, hypothetical relationships based on tourism motivation, serious leisure, tourism satisfaction, and quality of life were presented as research models. As a result of empirical analysis, it was analyzed that friends and nature had an effect on serious leisure among the motivation of bicycle tourism. In addition, it was found that the level of serious leisure for bicycle tourism exerted a positive influence on the satisfaction and quality of life. This suggests that bicycle tourism can improve the quality of life during travel to Qinghai lake by bicycle and revealed the crucial role in relationships is serious leisure.

No abstract available

Well-being and yoga activities, which are among the types of tourism that have attracted increasing attention among people in recent years due to their various benefits, also have a place in the field of tourism as they have an entertainment aspect and are considered as leisure activities. These activities are mostly visible as participation in yoga tourism. There are tools and academic resources that help examine the motivations that lead individuals to these tourism activities. As it is important to determine the motivating reasons to join tourism, specifically yoga tourism activities, at this point, motivation theories can be supportive to understand tourists' attitudes and behaviors towards travel. Hence, these theories are adopted to understand some underlying causes of yoga travelers to join yoga tourism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the motivations of tourists participating in yoga tourism, which is shaped around entertainment and spiritual purposes, in terms of these theories. Based on results, it is interpreted that motivation theories offer significant insights for tourism professionals in the yoga tourism sector on how to develop and implement p strategies to serve a variety of tourist needs.

Shrimp fishing, a unique leisure activity in Taiwan, provides an important recreational option for local residents. Guided by self-determination theory, this study investigates how leisure motivation and leisure involvement affect perceived leisure benefits, with leisure satisfaction as a mediator. A survey from 359 shrimp fishing participants and structural equation modeling, results how that both leisure motivation and involvement positively influence leisure benefits, with leisure satisfaction acting as a partial mediator. Moreover, leisure motivation exerts stronger direct and indirect effects than involvement. These findings contribute to the literature by extending self-determination theory in leisure research and provide practical guidance for venue operators and managers in enhancing consumer engagement, improving service design, and sustaining cultural leisure industries.  

Wellness tourism is a rapidly growing sector in the global travel industry, and India has emerged as a significant player in this market. This study aimed to validate the Wellness Tourism Motivation Scale (WTMS) in the Indian context, as understanding tourists' motivations for engaging in wellness travel is vital for both the industry and destination marketing. The WTMS is a well-established instrument used to assess tourists' motivations for participating in wellness-related activities during their trips. A total of 634 Indian wellness tourists were surveyed in top five wellness destinations within India. The sample was distributed in two groups to conduct EFA and CFA. The findings indicate that the WTMS exhibits strong reliability and validity when applied to the Indian wellness tourism context. The scale's factor structure was consistent with previous research, identifying various motivation factors. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on wellness tourism in India, fostering its sustainable growth and global competitiveness. The implications are discussed in details.

No abstract available

The study focuses on analyzing factors that influence the Millennial generation's intention to choose spiritual tourism and determining the mediating role of attitude and motivation in this relationship. Based on the theory of planned behavior, theories of motivation and basic human value theory, the study has identified 3 factors: Tourism destination image, spiritual belief and reference groups influence the Millennial generation's intention to choose spiritual tourism. A survey based on a sample of 287 domestic and international tourists of the Millennial generation participating in travel experiences at spiritual tourist destinations in Vietnam. After collecting data, SmartPLS software is used to test the relationships of the research model. Research results show that all three factors influence the Millennial generation's intention to travel spiritually and confirm the mediating role of attitude and motivation in this relationship.

This study aims to determine the effects of culinary destination image and tourist motivation on the intention to visit South Korea. It explores the role of attitude as a mediating variable and examines the direct effects of these factors on visitation intention. A total of 129 respondents were obtained using both online and offline questionnaires. The research method makes use of PLS-SEM analysis. The findings indicate that the image of culinary destinations and tourist motivation significantly influences attitude. Furthermore, attitude significantly impacts visiting intentions. Tourist motivation directly affects visiting intentions. Attitude serves as a mediating variable linking the image of culinary destinations and tourist motivation to visiting intentions. Additionally, the image of culinary destinations has an indirect effect on visiting intentions.

Yogyakarta is a city which has the highest percentage of elderly with 12.07% of its population in 2017. The higher number of elderly population indicates the importance in the provision of special mobility’s infrastructure for them. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of the elderly in Yogyakarta City and the characteristics of their mobility. Besides, it also explores the factors which considered in decision making for traveling. This research used quantitative data sets. Questionnaires were distributed to elderly aged of 60-90 years old to collect the primary data. The result shows that the elderly of Yogyakarta City is dominated by women whose education background are an elementary school. The data show that 35,6% elderly are still working in informal sectors whose average monthly expense is less than 1 million rupiah. The outdoor activity of elderly of Yogyakarta City is dominated with the purpose of doing social activities and socializing with others. Their mobility is clustered around the home. The relative close distance makes them easier to mobile because they could reach the destination independently. The highest push motivation of elders to travel is to meet their spiritual needs while pull motivation is the suitability of the destination with their conditions.

Purpose There is limited research on the behavior of different categories of space tourists as identified by different types of space tourism. To address this deficiency, the purpose of this study is to examine what factors make consumers participate in orbital and/or suborbital space tourism, along with three dimensions of motivation, constraint and artificial intelligence. To achieve this study’s goals, a comprehensive research model was developed that included three dimensions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, intrapersonal and interpersonal constraint and awareness of and trust in artificial intelligence, in comparing orbital and suborbital space tourism groups. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was carried out with respondents who wanted to participate in orbital (n = 332) and suborbital (n = 332) space tourism in the future. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, multi-group analysis and deep learning were used to understand potential space tourist behavior. Findings Extrinsic motivation has the greatest positive impact on behavioral intention, followed by awareness of and trust in artificial intelligence, while intrapersonal constraint strongly negatively affects behavioral intention. Surprisingly, interpersonal constraint is insignificant by partial least squares-structural equation modeling but is still one of sufficient causal configurations by fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Interestingly, the two types of space tourism have very distinct characteristics. Originality/value This study created a comprehensive integrated research model with three dimensions of motivation, constraint and artificial intelligence, along with potential orbital and suborbital space tourist groups, to identify future consumer behavior. Importantly, this study used multi-analysis methods using four different approaches to better shed light on potential orbital and suborbital space tourists.

Abstract This study applied consumption value theory to identify the dimensions influencing metaverse usage for Ayurveda health tourism. By integrating this theory into the hedonic motivation model, we establish a coherent framework for analyzing the flow experience and metaverse usefulness driving tourist travel intentions for Ayurveda tourism. Data collected from a cross-sectional survey of 494 tourists examined both metaverse tourism motivation and metaverse Ayurveda tourism values driving travel intentions for Ayurveda tourism. Structural equation models through Smart PLS were used to verify the validity and reliability. The model’s resilience was validated by predictive modelling using PLSpredict. The findings show that dimensions influencing metaverse tourism usage was tested and illustrated through five consumption values: (i) functional value, (ii) social value, (iii) conditional value, (iv) epistemic value and (v) economical value. This study contributes to our understanding of the important factors that influence travelers’ intentions to interact with metaverse platforms for Ayurvedic tourism, including perceived usefulness, hedonic motivation, and flow experience. The results offer insightful guidance for metaverse platforms developers and the tourism industry, emphasizing the factors to be prioritized to increase traveler’s engagement and more effectively promote Ayurvedic tourism in virtual settings.

The main group of Thai and Chinese tourists plays a significant role in the tourism industry of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). While, the opening of the Laos-China high-speed train service with routes passing through major tourist spots of Lao PDR, will incentivize old tourists to return to travel again or to attract new tourists to attract interest.This research aims to: 1) Test the factors affecting travel motivation. 2) Study the tourism image and motivation factors affecting repeat visits among Thai and Chinese tourists traveling to Lao PDR by train. The population is Thai and Chinese tourists travelling to the Lao PDR using the Lao-China high-speed train service. This study focuses on 4 provinces of Lao PDR, which are the Vientiane Capital City, Vientiane, Luang Prabang and Oudomxay Provinces. A total of 400 samples were collected using a questionnaire in both Thai and Chinese. Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used alongside Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to verify the structural correctness of latent variables and analyze model consistency using WarpPLS 7.0. The results found that: 1) Demographic factors affect both push factors (e.g., experience, cultural exchange needs) and pull factors (e.g., tourist attraction atmosphere). These factors significantly influence the travel motivation of Thai and Chinese tourists. 2) The tourism image factor consists of four elements: Environmental image of natural attractions; Cultural environmental image; Social environmental image; and Tourist attraction infrastructure. Tourism image and motivation factors positively affect the decision to revisit, with tourism image having a stronger influence. Enhancing Lao PDR’s tourism image is important for attracting repeat tourists. According to the results of the study, tourism in Lao PDR is reflected in Thai and Chinese tourists who decide to travel to Lao PDR. In addition, the main factor in travelling to Lao PDR, that is the motivation of tourists, comes from the demographic factors of the tourists themselves. Creating a good tourist image of the Lao PDR in all tourism-related structures. It is a very important variable that will bring a response to the intention of travelling again. For this reason, authorities should have guidelines or measures to develop and promote the country's image in all dimensions. This is to encourage Thai and Chinese tourists, who are the main tourist groups, as well as tourists from other countries, to meet the demand for repeat tourism in Lao PDR.

Purpose Fishing village tourism is a form of tourism that has been newly started according to the economic revitalization of underdeveloped fishing villages, the increase in leisure time and income of tourists, and the diversification of tourism needs. In order to maintain sustainable fishing village tourism, it is necessary to identify what motives tourists participate in fishing village tourism and to empirically study the effects of these motivation factors on destination image and tourist satisfaction and loyalty. Methods A survey was conducted on tourists who visited Daeyado, Yongshin, and Gagyeongju fishing villages located in Taean, which are representative tourist destinations in the west coast, and 176 questionnaires were used for empirical analysis. Results As a result of factor analysis, motivation for fishing village tourism was classified into five factors: nature appreciation, eating and purchasing marine products, family relations and rest, fishing village experience, and marine leisure sports experience, and destination image and traveler satisfaction and loyalty were each classified as a single dimension. As a result of the hypothesis verification, among the motives for fishing village tourism, factors such as family relations and rest, eating and purchasing marine products, nature appreciation, and marine leisure sports experience had a significant effect on the destination image, and fishing village experience, nature appreciation, and marine leisure sports experience factors had a significant effect on traveler satisfaction. It was verified that the destination image had a significant effect on traveler satisfaction and loyalty, and traveler satisfaction had a significant effect on loyalty. Conclusion In the end, it was studied that a good destination image can be planted according to the motive of fishing village tourism, and the loyalty of revisit, word of mouth, and recommendation can be increased by increasing the satisfaction of travelers.

Motivation is a crucial factor in encouraging local involvement in tourism progress, yet it is often overlooked in tourism literature. To address this gap, this research examines the moderating role of motivation in the relationship between opportunity, knowledge, social identity, attitude, expected benefits and willingness to participate in tourism expansion. Data from 382 respondents were collected and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM). The results indicate that all the factors studied significantly influence the community's willingness to engage in activities related to tourism. This implies that these factors play a key role in shaping the community's intentions to participate in activities aimed at supporting tourism expansion in their area. Furthermore, we identified motivation as a moderator in the relationship between the study constructs and the intention to participate in sustainable tourism. The study emphasises how important it is for the government to create policies and offer training that encourage community involvement in the growth of the tourism sector in order to promote community involvement, remove obstacles to participation and improve community collaboration.

This study is based on the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB) and focuses on the elderly population in the main urban area of Chongqing to explore their intentions and influencing factors regarding health and wellness tourism behavior. Data was collected through questionnaire surveys and field research, and SPSS 26.0 and Amos 29.0 software were used for reliability, validity analysis, and structural equation modeling testing. The study shows that behavioral attitude, perceived behavior control, and the context of health and wellness tourism have a significant positive impact on the elderly’s intentions regarding health and wellness tourism behavior, while the influence of subjective norms is not significant. In addition, subjective norms have a significant positive effect on behavioral attitudes and perceived behavioral control. Based on the research conclusions, suggestions are made to strengthen the behavioral intention of elderly tourists to participate in health and wellness tourism.

The study evaluates the shift from Motivation to Experience: How Advertising and Income Influence Urban Park Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa - A Case Study of Agodi Parks and Gardens, Ibadan. The data for this study were collected both from the primary and secondary sources. A pilot survey of the population was conducted to determine the sample size. The study used a sample size of Seventy-three questionnaires which were administered and sixty four were returned and analyzed. The research technique used for the collection of data for this study is the purposive sampling technique which makes it easier to collect data. The data was analyzed manually through the use of frequency and simple percentage tables, tables were used in presenting the data. Research findings show that advertisement motivates consumers to keep patronizing the destination, more income will influence the patronage behavior of the consumer and it also show that consumers are motivated to keep patronizing the site with other factors such as Proximity, Services rendered, Facilities in the site, Nature friendly environment, Accessibility, Fun and entertainment, Relaxation and Affordability. Hence, the study recommends that there is need for destinations to embark on advert campaign by using jingles that arouse the interest of their prospective customers; formal advertising policy that motivates/influences the patronage decision of consumers must consider adverts that appeal to them and this must equally be initiated, a proactive and effective advert process for established tourism sites should be designed and implemented. In formulating advertising policies, companies must emphasize other factors that motivate consumers to patronize the destination more in terms of Proximity, Services rendered, Facilities in the site, Nature friendly environment, Accessibility, Fun and entertainment, Relaxation and Affordability and lastly the study recommends that there is need for an improvement in the economy to empower the consumers to enable them make more patronage to the park.

This study explores the influence of motivation and satisfaction on visitor loyalty in the context of adventure tourism, focusing on the Skywalk activity at Kuantan 188 (K188) Tower in Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia. As experience-driven travel becomes increasingly prominent, understanding the psychological and experiential factors that encourage visitor retention is essential for sustainable tourism development. Employing a quantitative research design, data were collected from 265 visitors using purposive sampling, targeting individuals who had experienced the skywalk activity. A structured questionnaire measured motivation, satisfaction, and loyalty using a 7-point Likert scale, and the instrument demonstrated high reliability across constructs (Cronbach’s α >0.90). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to examine the relationships among the variables. The findings reveal that both motivation (β = 0.320, p < .001) and satisfaction (β = 0.531, p < .001) significantly influenced visitor loyalty, with satisfaction emerging as the stronger predictor. These results underscore the importance of delivering fulfilling and emotionally engaging experiences in enhancing loyalty especially in exciting and thrilling adventure tourism and nature-based tourism environments. The study contributes to the growing body of adventure tourism literature by empirically validating the link between visitor experience components and loyalty behavior. The findings offer valuable insights for tourism managers, marketers, and policymakers in designing targeted, experience-based tourism strategies.

Agrotourism is a form of tourism that involves visitors in activities related to agriculture, plantations, and other agro-based experiences. The increasing number of agrotourism destinations has created competition, making visitor loyalty essential for maintaining these attractions. Tourist loyalty can be influenced by high-quality experiences and overall satisfaction during visits to agrotourism sites. Additionally, tourists' motivation to visit agrotourism also affects their loyalty. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between loyalty to specific attractions and overall tourist destinations, as well as to examine the effect of motivation on visitor loyalty to agrotourism in Region K. The research employed a quantitative method using a five-point Likert scale for measurement. Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS 4.0 software. A total of 314 responses were collected through a questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. The results of this study indicate that motivation influenced by pull factors does not affect satisfaction, whereas push factors do. Motivation has an impact on the quality of the experience. Furthermore, experience quality influences both satisfaction and loyalty. Satisfaction, in turn, affects loyalty. Lastly, attraction loyalty contributes to destination loyalty.

This study aims to identify and analyze the characteristics and motivations of tourists visiting Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII), focusing on demographic, geographic, psychographic, and travel pattern dimensions, as well as the dominant motivational factors influencing their visit. A quantitative descriptive research design was used, and the research was conducted during the on-site survey period from April to June 2025 at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII), Jakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents who met the criteria of being at least 17 years old and having spent a minimum of two hours at TMII. A 5-point Likert scale was used to measure motivational attributes. The sampling technique applied was stratified random sampling to reflect the heterogeneity of TMII visitors and to enhance the representativeness of the sample. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions, percentages, and mean scores, were used to analyze visitor profiles and motivation patterns. The results show that 58% of visitors are young adults aged 20–30, with students (42%) and private employees (27%) forming the dominant occupational groups. Geographically, most visitors come from Jakarta (34%) and West Java (20%). The majority (70%) use private vehicles, 81% visit on weekends, and the typical length of visit ranges from 1 to 2 hours. Motivational results indicate that hedonic enjoyment, memory-making, relaxation, novelty-seeking, and information-seeking are the strongest drivers influencing visits, while social expansion is the least influential. The motivational pattern reflects a combination of push factors (internal needs for enjoyment, relaxation, novelty) and pull factors (TMII’s cultural attractions). This study contributes to tourism research by strengthening the understanding of motivational patterns in cultural theme parks and offering comparative value for similar destinations in the region.

ABSTRACT Adventure tourism has become a prominent segment within the tourism industry, fuelled by the increasing popularity of packaged adventure holidays. Despite the rise of package adventure tourism, there remains a gap in understanding what motivates tourists to choose a package adventure holiday. This study focused on package tourists visiting wildlife national park for diverse adventure activities. Using the scale development approach, the study began with the generation of initial items through literature review and written interview of 40 participants. Subsequently item refinement was achieved through exploratory factor analysis of data from 244 package tourist, followed by scale validation using confirmatory factor analysis on the remaining item with data from 341 package tourist. As a result, nine dimensions of package adventure tourist motivations were developed. These motivational dimensions include predetermined price, social interaction, safety, novelty, convenience, escape, culture, natural attractions, and excitement. This multidimensional scale will help comprehend the motivation of package adventure tourists and illuminate the nature of their preferences and choices.

In the wake of the pandemic, countries worldwide have strived to revive their tourism sectors, with Thailand’s industry playing a crucial economic role. Grounded in Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), this study examines key psychological determinants of domestic travel intentions, including threat severity, response efficacy, and psychological resilience. Data from 509 Thai participants were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal that heightened threat perceptions significantly weaken travel intentions, while confidence in protective measures enhances willingness to travel. Psychological resilience mitigates perceived threats and strengthens the effect of response efficacy on travel intention. Surprisingly, anxiety did not significantly impact travel intentions. This study offers a holistic perspective on travelers' cognitive and emotional responses to health crises. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to strengthen public resilience, foster trust in safety measures, and support sustainable recovery in the tourism sector.

Abstract: India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world attracted a large no. of foreigners as well as domestic tourist.  After post pandemic this industry once again started reviving to reach its pre pandemic position. Tourism in recent years is not only to visit historical places; have many other motives also. This research objective is to cluster tourist arrivals in India using primary data collected from various tourist places covering historical monuments, religious places, research institutions and medical units and others. To understand people’s varied motive to visit in the country will support for making policy for tourist arrival in future. The findings of the study suggest that clusters of tourist arrivals are mainly to visit religious monuments, historical monuments, medical services, business and commercial activity, education and research work and some others miscellaneous works are primary concerns. The creation of more homogeneous sub groups on the basis of their travel motive will help us in formulation of policies and target marketing will enhance tourist arrival in the country. Three distinct market segments are identified— freedom and spiritual seekers, multi-purpose seekers, and fun and special interest in adventures seekers—based on a cluster analysis using k-means methodology.

The high number of tourist transport accidents in Indonesia makes transportation security as a factor that affects tourist risk perception. Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) about tourism places also affects the tourist risk perception. Research on the effect of travel risk perception on intention to travel has been done, but research on risk perception variables associated with accident risk perception has not been found. This research fills the research gap on the development of travel intention model which involves travel motivation, eWOM and risk perception variables associated with accident risk perception on island tourism using water transportation (ship) as the main transportation. This research used qualitative method by collecting data through depth interview, focus group disscusion and using literature study data as research data. The findings of this research are 10 indicators for accident risk perception variable, 10 indicators for travel motivation-push motivation variable, 7 indicators for travel motivation – pull motivation variable and 5 indicators for eWOM variable. The model developed in this study is adapted to the characteristics of the island tourism in Indonesia that is considering the island tourist experience and the risk of tourism island perceived by domestic tourist of

In this study, the aim is to evaluate the tendencies and travel motivations of academics, who are one of the profiles of bleisure tourists in the sample of universities in Kayseri, towards bleisure tourism. The study also aims to provide suggestions that industry representatives can benefit from in product design and marketing activities, and to present knowledge that is expected to have a widespread impact on relevant body of knowledge. In line with the purpose of the research, data were collected through semi-structured interviews using the purposive sampling method, including 24 academics, within the framework of maximum diversity sampling in qualitative research methods. As a result of the analyses, it was found that the majority of participants, although not previously familiar with the concept, showed a positive inclination towards bleisure travel within their professional lives and frequently experienced such travels. Additionally, among the motivation factors for participants regarding bleisure travel, cultural exploration, personal planning, and participation in activities, as well as factors such as discovering local flavors, visiting architectural and cultural elements, and benefiting from the facilities of the hotel, were observed.

Purpose Guided by the self-determination theory and theory of planned behaviour, this study aims to examine the determinants of participating in metaverse tourism for Gen Z and Gen Y. Design/methodology/approach The cross-sectional method was used to collect data from 248 respondents from Gen Z and Gen Y tourists. The research model was evaluated using the partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings The PLS-SEM results supported the positive effect of attitude and perceived behavioural control on tourists’ intention to participate in the metaverse tourism. In addition, the crucial role of intrinsic motivation in raising individuals’ cognitive beliefs about metaverse tourism was confirmed. Originality/value In addition to the theoretical contributions, the findings provide several managerial implications for tourism practitioners, scholars and metaverse developers to help them make insightful decisions and promote the development of metaverse tourism.

In recent years, social media platforms have spawned many influencers and internet celebrities who actively engage in marketing and promotion strategies. The trend of incorporating social media influencers into marketing strategies is rising. In the current technological era, these influencers, especially those on TikTok, have gained immense popularity and are crucial in influencing people, particularly the younger demographic of social media users. This study aims to investigate the content of TikTok and the impact of TikTok influencers on young people's travel motivation. This study employs descriptive and Pearson correlation analyses as the chosen quantitative research methodologies. A structured instrument using a survey was distributed to Malaysian youth. The purpose of the survey was to examine the relationship between TikTok influencers and the travel motivation of young people. The results of this study indicate a correlation between TikTok influencers and youth travel motivation. The captivating content created by these influencers, which includes visually appealing travel destinations, exciting activities, and one-of-a-kind cultural experiences, has a substantial effect on shaping the travel motivation of young people. By leveraging the power of TikTok influencers, travel-related businesses, organisations, and entrepreneurs can improve their marketing strategies to reach and engage the youth demographic. Understanding the impact of TikTok influencers on the travel motivation of young people can aid in developing marketing campaigns that resonate with this demographic. This research supports the growth of the tourism industry by providing insights for stakeholders to enhance their marketing strategies and cater to the preferences of young travellers. It emphasises the influential role of TikTok influencers in encouraging youth to travel and shaping their destination preferences. Incorporating these influencers into marketing efforts can effectively engage with the youth demographic, leading to improved outcomes and contributing to the expansion of the tourism industry.

Hajj and Umrah are popular in Indonesia, where most people are Muslim. Data shows that every year, the number of Hajj and Umrah pilgrims tends to increase. This is the background for the proliferation of Hajj and Umrah travel businesses in Indonesia. As technology progressed, Indonesians started to insist on conducting Umrah mandiri, or independent Umrah, independently, without the assistance of a travel agency. We conducted this study using the Nusuk platform in the Independent Umrah Community to analyze the impact of lifestyle on travel intention and motivation. We used SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) as the analysis method, with the assistance of LISREL software. The study sample consisted of 300 respondents. The findings showed that lifestyle and travel motivation variables have a positive and significant influence on the intention to use the Nusuk platform. This research not only employs a statistical tool but also analyzes the independent Umrah community's intention to utilize the new platform, a topic not previously explored in prior studies. We anticipate that this research will assist Nusuk platform managers in creating more appealing programs, thereby boosting user intentions.

Purpose - The development of information systems and transportation networks has enabled greater human mobility and simplified the organization of both business and tourist trips abroad. The aim is to test the impact of uncertainty avoidance and security threats, tourist ethnocentrism, and cultural intelligence on the selection of foreign tourist destinations. Methodology - The research was implemented in the Republic of Serbia at the end of 2024 using a questionnaire with the participation of 608 respondents, and their responses were analyzed using the software SmartPLS 4. Findings - The analysis revealed that uncertainty avoidance, security threats, and tourist ethnocentrism exert a negative influence, while cultural intelligence exerts a positive influence on respondents' decisions regarding the selection of foreign tourist destinations. The degree of uncertainty avoidance, security threats, and tourist ethnocentrism was higher among respondents with lower levels of education and monthly income, whereas the degree of cultural intelligence was more pronounced among respondents with higher levels of education and income. Implications - The implications lie in the implementation of a holistic approach when conceptualizing the model and providing relevant insights for the formulation of strategies in the field of tourism.

The emergence of new internet-enabled technologies and social media, with increasing usage of smartphones, have transformed communication in the tourism industry. Social media has enabled tourists to search, share, and co-create tourism-related content. It has become one of the potential sources for tourists to plan, organize, and fulfill their expectations. The following paper aims to explore the role of social media on tourists’ intentions to visit tourist destinations in Madhya Pradesh. The research design explores already available and published reading materials along with performing a primary data survey. The study collects responses from 170 tourists through a structured questionnaire. Analysis of the same was conducted using descriptive techniques like percentages, charts, and F test based on gender in Excel. The key findings reveal a strong influence of social media on tourism and travelers who primarily rely on social media for information searches and planning their vacations. Destination managers and travellers being the primary stakeholders have been using social media for co-creating (e-word of mouth), sharing, and disseminating tourism experiences that have led to the emergence of new business models. The study aims to assist tourism destination managers in managing their online communications to enhance their customer loyalty and destination branding through customer engagement and retention through social media marketing applications. The research study will offer unique dimensions for the extensive use of social media marketing for tourism destination image and tourist intention.

This study investigates factors influencing Chinese travelers’ behavior in sharing travel experiences on social media, using the frameworks of Perceived Value Theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action, and Social Influence Theory. This study aims to explore the intrinsic motivations and social factors that drive individuals to engage in sharing travel experiences and examine how these factors, along with personal characteristics, influence this behavior. Data from 489 participants were collected using a structured survey method and indicate that convenience value, emotional value, attitude, subjective norm, social identity, and group norm significantly affect sharing behavior, while monetary and social values do not. Additionally, personality traits such as openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness moderate the relationship between these values and the sharing behavior. This study contributes to the literature by providing a deeper understanding of the motivations underlying travel experience-sharing on social media in China and by examining how both intrinsic motivations and social influences affect this behavior. The findings offer practical implications for tourism marketers to prioritize seamless digital platforms, emotionally engaging experiences, and personalized campaigns. Governments can support these efforts by promoting policies that enhance platform convenience and foster social engagement. Focusing on Chinese travelers, this research also provides a cross-cultural perspective, deepening the theoretical understanding of travel experience-sharing.

The emergence of electronic sports as a competitive arena in the realm of video gaming has not only garnered substantial popularity among players and spectators, but it has also piqued the interest of academic researchers across diverse disciplines. This study will undertake a theoretical assessment of esports, scrutinizing it within the framework of motivation, consumer behavior, and experience. Furthermore, an analysis of 206 publications from the Web of Science (WOS) database, spanning the fields of tourism, business, and management from 2011 to 2023, will be conducted using Vosviewer. The citation analysis, co-authorship analysis, and bibliographic coupling analyses revealed that the most cited authors in the field are Hamari and Sjöblom. The countries leading in terms of the number of publications on the topic are the USA, Australia, and the UK, in that order, while the countries with the most citations are Finland, the USA, and New Zealand, respectively. In the keyword analysis, terms such as “esports”, “video games”, “electronic sports”, “esports gameplay”, and “uses and gratifications” were prominent. Upon examining the sources, the “International Journal of Sports Marketing” emerged as the leading source in terms of the number of publications, while the “Internet Research” journal had the highest number of citations. The findings of this study are significant as they provide valuable insights for researchers interested in esports.

This paper investigates the convergence of Instagramability, algorithmic impact, and travel intention using an extensive bibliometric analysis of visual-centric tourism research. Utilizing 350 Scopus-indexed documents published from 2010 to 2025, the analysis employs VOSviewer and Biblioshiny to investigate publication trends, subject clusters, and collaborative networks across authors, institutions, and countries. The results indicate three primary research areas: (1) social media and decision-making, (2) sustainable tourism and destination development, and (3) the psychological and behavioral aspects of travel. The topic has transitioned from traditional examinations of tourist motivation to digitally mediated paradigms that prioritize visual communication, influencer marketing, and algorithmic curation. China, the United States, and the United Kingdom have become important places for people from all over the world to work together. There are also strong intellectual links between Asia and Europe. The study advances theoretical frameworks by amalgamating theories of visual communication, algorithmic mediation, and behavioral intention, while also providing practical guidance for destination marketers and policymakers to enhance digital engagement methods. The study, constrained by its dependence on Scopus data, provides a robust basis for subsequent empirical and computational investigations into the interplay between algorithms and visual culture in shaping contemporary travel behavior.

PurposeThis study performs a science mapping approach based on bibliometric analysis of the metaverse and its associated technology in tourism and hospitality. As an immersive technology, metaverse has penetrated various segments of human life and business activities. This digital transformation phenomenon has also penetrated tourism and hospitality in mixed reality, comprising virtual, augmented and extended reality.Design/methodology/approachThe knowledge structure of the past and future trends in the sector’s metaverse application is analyzed to present the topological and temporal structure by a science mapping approach.FindingsFindings show that current and emerging trends are related to tourism mobilities, cultural and heritage tourism, digital landscape transformation and motivation to adopt virtual reality. At the same time, future trends suggest three themes related to the transformation of the tourism industry through the metaverse: immersive heritage exploration, technology adoption in metaverse tourism.Research limitations/implicationsMetaverse technology will continue impacting tourism services and product offerings. Stakeholders and players in the tourism sector need to adapt to the development of metaverse technology to stay competitive and relevant in today’s digital environment.Originality/valueThrough a science mapping approach, this study offers a crucial temporal and structural understanding of the metaverse in tourism phenomenon.

This study explores the dynamics of motorcycle tourism in rural areas and its potential contribution to sustainable and regenerative development. A bibliometric analysis of management-related publications was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection, focusing on topics such as tourism, motivation, rurality, and motorcycling. VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) was employed to support this analysis. Based on the literature, a theoretical framework was developed, leading to four research hypotheses that aimed to empirically examine the relationships between cultural motivation, community interaction, type of accommodation, event location, and tourist behaviour. To test these hypotheses, structured questionnaires were distributed in person during rural motorcycling events in Portugal, yielding a valid sample of 233 respondents. The data were analysed using SPSS 28 software via statistical methods to reduce dimensionality and identify latent structures, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. The results confirmed all four hypotheses, highlighting the importance of cultural motivation for return intentions, community interaction for perceived authenticity, accommodation type for destination recommendations, and event location for overall satisfaction. The study also identifies gender-related differences and reinforces the value of immersive, co-created experiences in enhancing the competitiveness of rural destinations. This theoretical contribution supports the advancement of motorcycle tourism as a sustainable niche while offering practical guidance for inclusive and regenerative tourism planning.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the dimensions of spiritual tourism development, examine its current status, effectiveness and scope and analyze the knowledge landscape in terms of theories, contexts and research methodologies. The study also seeks to guide future research on spiritual tourism development. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis were used using a framework-based approach. The theories, constructs, characteristics and methods (TCCM) framework guided the SLR, whereas VOS-Viewer facilitated comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Findings The study conducted a quantitative SLR, analyzing 80 research articles published between 2003 and 2023. Using the TCCM framework, the research identified crucial factors influencing the growth of spiritual tourist destinations, such as intrinsic motivation, destination physicality, tourist experience, spiritual activities and host community support. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to theoretical advancement in spiritual tourism, provides insights into the current research landscape, offers practical guidance for stakeholders and serves as a roadmap for future research endeavors. Originality/value This research enhances knowledge by thoroughly assessing prior research, addressing gaps and offering practical managerial insights for spiritual tourism development. The managerial implications outlined in the study offer practical insights for destination planning and promotion in the context of spiritual tourism.

Purpose This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of previously published articles related to adventure tourism to assimilate the current trend, gaps in the literature and future research direction of this particular field. Design/methodology/approach A total of 585 documents were retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science core collection for analysis using VOSviewer. Performance and science mapping analysis was performed to comprehensively review the adventure tourism publication. Findings The findings show that publication in this field is growing significantly. Cluster analysis using the co-citation of references method resulted in four broad research areas: risk in adventure tourism, adventure tourism motivation, adventure tourism experience and adventure tourism product development. Originality/value The study acts as an archive of adventure tourism publications. Potential authors can quickly comprehend what is expected and current happening in adventure tourism field. It can assist scholars in identifying gaps and possible future directions.

This study aims to analyze research trends and thematic developments in the fields of tourism, marketing, and business management, from 2021 to 2024, and to evaluate the ABAC Journal’s thematic alignment and research positioning within these fields using global trends as a benchmark. A bibliometric analysis of 365,942 Scopus-indexed publications was conducted using keyword co-occurrence mapping and Louvain clustering, with cosine similarity applied to refine thematic classification. A total of 297 articles were selected for qualitative interpretation to deepen content understanding. The results reveal four widely shared research directions across the three fields, including (1) Sustainability, (2) Psychology and Behavior, (3) AI, Digital Strategy, and Customer Experience, and (4) COVID-19 and Risk Management. In addition, each field features a unique thematic area: Leisure, Well-being, and Social Dynamics in tourism; Brand Equity, Consumer Trust, and Digital Engagement in marketing; and Governance, Public Policy, and Institutional Development in business management. The ABAC Journal, while highlighting a practical focus especially within Southeast Asia, contributes across all thematic areas in tourism, marketing, and business management. It demonstrates strong proportions and citation performance in Psychology and Behavior, particularly in marketing and tourism. Although topics related to AI, Digital Strategy, and Customer Experience, as well as Sustainability in marketing, receive high citation impact, they remain underrepresented by volume. By comparison, engagement with Sustainability, especially in tourism, appears disproportionately high relative to its citation impact. The overall findings of this study suggest that the ABAC Journal, along with other journals of similar scope, should strengthen engagement with emerging areas such as digital innovation, AI applications, and customer experience, while continuing to prioritize sustainability-related themes as an enduring focus in contemporary research.      

This study aims to critically evaluate the scientific evolution of film-induced tourism research from 1998 to 2024, identifying its transformative impact on tourism management and destination marketing. Our study seeks to uncover the pivotal role of audiovisual fiction in shaping tourist behavior, constructing destination images and influencing global travel motivations. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database, covering 386 documents. The study employed VOSviewer software to map co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence and thematic clusters, revealing multidisciplinary contributions and collaboration patterns. The analysis reveals a steady increase in research activity, with a significant rise in interest after 2020. Two primary research clusters emerge: one focused on tourist motivations and profiles and another on the influence of audiovisual media in shaping destination images. Despite a broad multidisciplinary approach, limited collaboration among researchers and institutions was observed. The findings underline the growing role of film-induced tourism as a strategic tool for destination management and marketing. This study is limited by its exclusive reliance on the Scopus database, which may underrepresent non-English publications and contributions from emerging regions. Additionally, the use of a single bibliometric tool (VOSviewer) may restrict the scope of thematic clustering. Future studies should incorporate alternative databases and complementary analytical tools to enhance coverage and robustness. Despite these limitations, the findings offer valuable insights for advancing international collaboration and interdisciplinary dialog in film-induced tourism research. The study demonstrates that film-induced tourism is an expanding field of research, with a well-established impact on travel motivations and the construction of destination images. However, it still faces significant challenges related to international collaboration and interdisciplinary engagement among researchers and institutions. This work not only highlights emerging trends and gaps in collaboration among researchers and institutions but also provides actionable insights for leveraging media-driven tourism as a strategic tool for sustainable development and competitive advantage in the tourism industry.

Introduction and Objective: This study analyzes trends in publications, citations, researcher activities, and co-occurrence visualizations on sport tourism using bibliometric analysis. The aim is to identify patterns in research development, explore emerging topics, and highlight research gaps, particularly the connection between sport tourism and sports events, as well as cultural preservation policies. Methodology: Data from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2000 to 2023, were analyzed using Dimensions and VOSviewer software. The analysis followed the PRISMA flowchart (identification, screening, and feasibility) and focused on articles related to sport tourism in the fields of commerce, management, tourism, and services. Results: The highest number of publications occurred in 2021, while the fewest were published in 2000. Co-occurrence network visualization revealed a strong link between sport tourism and sports events, but little connection to cultural preservation policies, indicating a research gap. Overlay visualization shows a trend towards the intersection of the sports industry and health tourism. Density visualization highlights high-density topics like sport tourism and event tourism, while topics such as sport heritage and nostalgia in sport tourism have low density. Conclusion: Future research should explore low-density topics, such as sport heritage and nostalgia in sport tourism, which remain underexplored and present potential areas for further investigation.