高速公路规划适应性分析方法

PurposePresent study aimed to integrate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) in conjunction with multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) to enhance infrastructure investment planning.Design/methodology/approachThis analysis combines GIS databases with BIM simulations for a novel highway project. Around 150 potential alternatives were simulated, narrowed to 25 more effective routes and 3 options underwent in-depth analysis using PROMETHEE method for decision-making, based on environmental, cost and safety criteria, allowing for comprehensive cross-perspective comparisons.FindingsA comprehensive framework proposed was validated through a case study. Demonstrating its adaptability with customizable parameters. It aids decision-making, cost estimation, environmental impact analysis and outcome prediction. Considering these critical factors, this study holds the potential to advance new techniques for assessment and planning railways, power lines, gas and water.Research limitations/implicationsThe study acknowledges limitations in GIS data quality, particularly in underdeveloped areas or regions with limited technology access. It also overlooks other pertinent variables, like social, economic, political and cultural issues. Thus, conclusions from these simulations may not entirely represent reality or diverse potential scenarios.Practical implicationsThe proposed method automates decision-making, reducing subjectivity, aids in selecting effective alternatives and considers environmental criteria to mitigate negative impacts. Additionally, it minimizes costs and risks while demonstrating adaptability for assessing diverse infrastructures.Originality/valueBy integrating GIS and BIM data to support a MCDM workflow, this study proposes to fill the existing research gap in decision-making prioritization and mitigate subjective biases.

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The rapid electric vehicle (EV) adoption and relatively short EV driving range urge city planners to expand charging infrastructure (i.e., EV charging stations (EVCSs) and direct current fast chargers (DCFCs)) in the highway network for supporting long-distance intercity EV travels. To properly address distinct roles as well as interactions of the EVCS planner, traffic network, power distribution networks (PDNs), and drivers, this paper explores a bilevel planning model in which the upper level determines EVCS and DCFC construction plans and the two lower-level subproblems describe the user equilibrium-based traffic assignment model of the traffic network and the operation model of PDNs. Moreover, the statistical charging time is modeled in the traffic network subproblem as a function of statistical charging demand and the number of DCFCs, leveraging the macro traffic pattern and micro charging behavior of individual drivers with balanced accuracy and computational complexity. The proposed model also captures the impacts of social factors, charging infrastructure, and driver behaviors on dynamic EV traffic demands. Reformulation and linearization techniques are applied to convert the proposed bilevel problem into a tractable single-level mixed-integer linear programming model for effective computation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on an intercity highway network with multiple PDNs. The findings from numerical case studies highlight the important interplay among the construction plans of EVCSs and DCFCs, the PDN constraints, the user equilibrium traffic network, and the EV drivers. Case studies illustrate the feasibility and necessity of considering the number of DCFCs to calculate the macro-perspective charging time in the user equilibrium traffic network model. The dynamic traffic demand, induced by social factors and traffic demand elasticity, was also found to be a crucial factor in reshaping EV traffic. Thus, properly considering these important factors would lead to a more accurate quantification of traffic demands and ultimately result in a more reasonable charging facility construction plan.

Highway alignment optimization is critical for developing sustainable and resilient transportation infrastructure. Traditional alignment selection methods frequently fail to comprehensively account for all of the diverse factors, including geometric compliance, traffic efficiency, land use factors, environmental impacts, and cost considerations, ultimately resulting in suboptimal project outcomes. To address these challenges, this study proposes a building information modeling (BIM)-based alignment optimization framework that integrates diverse datasets, sophisticated modeling techniques, and stakeholder collaboration. The proposed framework systematically enables the user to model terrain, design geometric features, simulate traffic, and conduct cost analysis and environmental impact assessments. A case study of the Dera Ghazi Khan Northern Bypass project in Pakistan, a critical infrastructure project designed to ease congestion and enhance regional connectivity, is presented to validate the proposed framework. Three alignment alternatives were analyzed, with the optimized solution (Alignment Option 2) demonstrating a 30% reduction in congestion, a 20% decrease in travel time, and a 6.48% reduction in construction costs compared to the other alignment alternatives. These outcomes highlight the transformative potential of BIM-driven optimization to significantly enhance sustainability, cost-efficiency, and operational performance. This framework offers a scalable and adaptable model to guide future infrastructure development initiatives toward more sustainable outcomes.

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Highway traffic system is an important infrastructure of the city and one of the key elements of urban sustainable development. However, for a long time, the concepts and methods of highway traffic planning and management are relatively lagging behind, leading to the serious traffic congestion, environmental pollution, energy consumption and land use conflict problems in the highway traffic system. Therefore, it is necessary to re-examine the traditional concepts and methods of highway traffic planning and management, and formulate a more scientific and reasonable highway traffic planning and management scheme from the perspective of sustainable development.

Abstract Many highway agencies have several functional groups responsible for planning for safety, maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R), mobility, and other functions. The functional nature of State Highway Agencies (SHAs) can result in a siloed approach to planning. Such efforts are further challenged by functional groups utilizing legacy systems which lack interoperability. In practice, this leads to redundant planning efforts and potential spatial-temporal conflicts in the projects proposed by the different groups over a planning period. There is a need for an integrated approach to planning supported by information systems. However, the existing literature on formalized knowledge representation fails to adequately account for the level of information needed for cross-functional planning of projects scheduled for the same network. Hence, this study presents an ontology for integrating information to support the cross-functional and spatial-temporal planning of highway projects. The Integrated Highway Planning Ontology (IHP-Onto) is a shared representation of knowledge about pavement assets, M&R planning, and inter-project coordination. Sources of the knowledge acquired included expert interviews, a review of nation-wide studies, and previously published ontologies. The implementation phase included a case study demonstration of the ontology by answering relevant competency questions via SPARQL queries. Based on the data-driven evaluation of the ontology, the precision and recall rates obtained were 97% and 92% respectively. Based on the results of the evaluation approaches, IHP-Onto was demonstrated as being sufficient to represent domain knowledge capable of supporting integrated highway planning.

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With the implementation of the national dual carbon goal, the prospect of self-consistent highway transportation energy system is huge. Under the new situation, the planning and deployment of highway electric vehicle charging facilities face both opportunities and challenges. In order to realize the deep coupling and coordinated operation of charging facilities and self-consistent energy system, a planning and deployment method of electric vehicle charging facilities in a self-consistent highway transportation energy system based on The Flow Refueling Location Model (FRLM) was proposed. Firstly, based on the characteristics of users' charging behaviors, a queuing charging model was constructed. Secondly, extending on the basis of FRLM, adding the queue constraint from the perspective of social travel users and the fund constraint from the perspective of operation and management users., a new model for the location and capacity of highway charging stations was established with the optimization target of maximum comprehensive annual benefit. Thirdly., an algorithm was designed to determine the preliminary selection of the charging stations combination, and the immune algorithm was used to further solve the optimization. Finally, the proposed method was simulated and verified in a highway network. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method are verified by the case study.

After entering the 21st century, China’s national economy has shown a rapid growth momentum, the comprehensive transportation system has been continuously improved, the road traffic infrastructure has made remarkable achievements, and the modern logistics industry has also risen rapidly and grown rapidly, which has greatly changed the market demand for road transport hubs. The road transport hub is the main node of the road transport network, the hub of passenger and freight distribution of road transport, and the organizational center for the interconnection of road transport and other transport modes and the development of comprehensive transport. Highway transportation hub is an important part of highway transportation infrastructure and plays an important role in highway transportation. The planning scheme evaluation of highway transportation hub is a multi-attribute decision making (MADM). This paper intends to propose a MADM methodology based on cross-entropy (CE) method under interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs) for planning scheme evaluation of highway transportation hub. First of all, this paper extends the cross entropy method under the IVIFSs to propose the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number CE(IVIFN-CE) method, it enlarges the application range of the CE method. Secondly, a new MADM model for planning scheme evaluation of highway transportation hub based on IVIFN-CE algorithm is proposed.

It has become standard practice for governments and transportation engineers around the world to infuse sustainability principles into their plans as higher-level goals and priorities, with indicators to reflect the same. The transformation towards sustainable mobility should involve the three interconnected pillars of sustainable development: environment, social equity, and economy. These pillars, known in the business field as the ‘triple-bottom-line’, require specific indicators that can be used to measure the attainment of each pillar. There is evidence that the social equity impacts of construction projects, such as transport projects, and their distributional effects across various segments of society have traditionally been viewed as secondary or subsidiary concerns relative to their economic and environmental impacts. Recognizing the relative relegation in both academic and policy circles of social impacts and the ‘weak’ tools to identify such impacts, this research aims to employ a hybrid decision method based on the analytic network process and Delphi method to identify the major adverse impacts of highway automobiles on health and social equity in the UAE. In doing so, governments will be better positioned to mitigate adverse impacts through engineering, urban planning, technological, and other appropriate initiatives. Throughout the Delphi process, 15 health and social equity indicators have been validated by experts in the field of sustainability and transportation through an iterative process. Then, experts in the same field were chosen to develop and validate the ANP model based on the validated indicators through pairwise comparison questionnaires. The results and findings revealed that the experts’ judgment preferences are consistent (inconsistency value less than 0.1), wherein the highest priority is the ‘Safety’ indicator, and the lowest priority is the ‘Public participation in transport decision’ indicator.

With the rapid global urbanization, the unlimited increasing transportation infrastructure has met the needs of urban expansion, but it has caused a series of ecological problems lacking consideration of ecological conservation. The land suitability assessment for supporting transport planning based on carrying capacity and demand for construction is an effective way to promote urban socioeconomic development and ecological conservation. Therefore, we constructed a logical framework of resources and environment supporting, traffic construction demand driving, and ecological protection red line and basic farmland constraining, and applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), GIS, three-dimensional magic cube method, and gravity model to evaluate the suitability of expressway development in Sichuan Province, China. The results showed that the spatial difference in the carrying capacity of resources and environment and the demand for expressway construction was relatively high in Sichuan, and those in eastern cities were even higher. The land suitability for supporting transport planning was relatively high, and the suitable areas with a grade from 8 to 10, accounted for 20.77% of the total study area, which could almost meet the demand for transportation infrastructure construction. The land suitability performed a circle structure with Chengdu as the core and gradually decreasing to the periphery. Overall, this study adds new insights to transport planning reform in other similar regions around the world and can provide important references for regional development planning and environmental protection.

The Rucăr–Bran Corridor, a critical transit route in the Carpathian Arc, has been the subject of interdisciplinary research in the fields of geology and physical and human geography. This paper aims to design a safe, efficient, and sustainable high-speed expressway that will improve regional connectivity while respecting the natural, social, and economic constraints of the area. Based on bibliographic sources and using Geographic Information Systems, this study integrates geomorphological, lithological, protected area, and infrastructure data to identify the most suitable route. The methodology includes data collection, multi-criteria analysis, and environmental impact assessment. The land suitability map resulting from the multi-criteria analysis using the specialized QGIS software led to the routing of a 41.7 km expressway connecting the two extreme localities of the area: Rucăr and Bran. This study demonstrates the value of integrated geomorphological analysis in infrastructure planning, offering a model for the development of economically viable express roads in challenging geomorphological terrain. The proposed route enhances regional socio-economic integration by improving access to isolated areas, promoting tourism, and reducing travel times, aligning with national and European transport strategies.

The article focuses on the issue of routing lineside constructions in Slovakia. The chosen section of the planned lineside construction is the future section of the R3 expressway starting at the D1/R3 highway intersection in Hubová up to Oravský Podzámok. The selected road section was investigated based on the built-up model of the territory's susceptibility to landslides. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine the susceptibility of the territory to landslides, the success of which was determined based on ROC curves. Four variants were compared, of which two surface and two tunnel variants with the Dolný Kubín tunnel. By comparing the routes of the individual variants that pass through the landslide area, the order of suitability of the highway variants was determined in terms of slope stability. Determining the conflict of interests of line constructions with sites of susceptibility to landslides is very important in the environmental impact assessment process. Prediction of probable negative impacts of construction is one of the basic missions of this process. Missing data, whose acquisition extends the processing time for the project and the funding of associated expenditures, is a common drawback when building prediction models in the field of road construction.

A swift rise in population across developing nations has led to unplanned and haphazard built-up expansion, resulting in the significant urban sprawl and degradation of natural ecosystems. Sustainable urban development necessitates the identification of ecologically balanced and spatially suitable areas for future growth. This study conducts a land use suitability assessment for the Bhubaneswar planning region, considering 13 criteria by integrating geographic information system tools with multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, namely the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and best–worst method (BWM). A range of biophysical and socio-economic factors were systematically analysed to create a comprehensive spatial suitability map. The analysis categorized land into five suitability classes: very high, high, moderate, low and very low. The results indicate that of the 13 criteria that influence urban growth, the ones that have the greatest effects on urban expansion are as follows: distance to roads, land use/land cover, distance to built-up areas, slope and population density. Model validation using the receiver operating characteristics curve yielded area under the curve values of 0.89 for AHP and 0.86 for BWM, indicating high predictive performance and model reliability. The findings underscore the importance of strategic planning, particularly in the western and eastern peripheries of the Bhubaneswar planning region, which are dominated by forest cover and agricultural land, respectively. This study demonstrates the efficacy of integrating geoinformatics with MCDM approaches for land suitability analysis and provides a robust, data-driven structure to assist urban planners and policymakers in fostering sustainable urban expansion.

Accurate geospatial data is fundernental to reliable decision making for sustainable physical development on earth surface. Open-source Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are imperative to many earths’ surface process analysis therefore it is necessary to subject them to accuracy assessment to evaluate their suitability for different geographical applications. In this study, the elevation quality of DEMs acquired by Surface Radar Topographic Mission of 30m resolution (SRTM-30) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer-Global Digital Elevation Model version2 (ASTER GDEM2) has been evaluated using ground control point captured with digital level and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). Two main approaches used to compare the elevation products are determination of the accuracy of the elevation values of the products using 96 ground elevation point (absolute accuracy) and determination of the accuracy of terrain derivatives of the products (relative accuracy). Statistics used to assess absolute accuracy are mean error, root mean square error, correlation coefficient, difference in maximum height, and difference in minimum height. The relative accuracies were assessed by considering similarities between terrain derivatives generated from the DEMS and their equivalence from ground reference.  Results showed that ASTER-GDEM2 has a lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE = 3. 10m) than SRTM-30m (RMSE = 3.69 m). Further investigation in terms of relative accuracy also revealed that ASTER GDEM2 performed better than SRTM-30 for the study area. Both datasets featured a much better absolute vertical accuracies than the absolute vertical accuracies of 17m (ASTER GDEM2) and 16m (SRTM-30) published in the specification. Although the results of this study may be site-specific, it is an important information that users of the DEMs within Aba north should be aware of, and must be considered into decisions regarding practical applications of these Spatial products. It is also important that the results be considered for the improvement of the next open source GDEM version.

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The rapid construction of expressways in China has brought significant economic and social benefits, but it has also imposed substantial ecological pressures, particularly in sensitive regions. Landscape ecological risk assessment, as an important means to predict and measure the adverse effects of human activities on the ecological environment, is being paid more and more attention. However, most studies focus on the static landscape mosaic pattern and lack dynamic analysis. Moreover, they mainly focus on the ecological effect of the road operation stage, ignoring the monitoring and analysis of the whole construction process. Based on this, the current study examines the landscape ecological risk and land use changes along the Linghua Expressway in Gansu Province using high-resolution GF-1 remote sensing imagery. A landscape ecological risk assessment (LERA) model was employed to quantify the land use changes and assess the ecological risks before and after the expressway construction between 2018 and 2022. The results revealed a decrease in cropland and forest land, accompanied by an increase in the grassland and road areas. The landscape ecological risk index decreased from 0.318 in 2018 to 0.174 in 2022, indicating an improvement in ecological resilience. However, high-risk zones remain near the expressway, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and proactive ecological management strategies. These findings contribute to sustainable infrastructure planning, particularly in ecologically sensitive regions.

To quantitatively assess the carbon emission characteristics of expressway construction and to identify its key influencing factors, this study establishes a comprehensive carbon emission accounting framework that covers the material production, transportation, and construction stages based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Typical expressway projects are selected as case studies to perform stage-based emission quantification and multivariable response analysis. The results indicate that the total carbon emissions per kilometer during the construction phase are approximately 1.80 × 103 kg CO2-eq/km, with material production being the dominant contributor, accounting for about 60–70%, followed by transportation and construction activities. The analysis of structural layers shows that variations in the thickness of the asphalt surface and cement-stabilized base layers, which are the main sources of emissions, are strongly and positively correlated with total emissions, making them the principal control factors. Transportation distance and equipment efficiency are identified as moderately sensitive parameters, each contributing approximately 3–5% to emission variation. Further multivariable response analysis demonstrates nonlinear coupling effects between structural parameters and transportation factors. The combined increase in layer thickness and transport distance significantly amplifies total emissions, while the marginal impact of long-distance transport gradually decreases. Based on these findings, this study proposes a low-carbon construction strategy that focuses on structural optimization, local material sourcing, energy-efficient construction practices, and the use of clean energy. The outcomes of this research provide a theoretical foundation and quantitative reference for carbon emission prediction, structural design optimization, and green construction decision making during the expressway construction phase.

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Highway alignment design is a nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem. Due to the uncertainty and complexity of the constraints, it is challenging to develop a suitable model for 3D road alignment design. To comprehensively consider the constraints and realize the intelligent design, this study puts forward a novel highway alignment model to optimize the horizontal and vertical alignment design, in which the length utility cost and structure construction cost are projected into the optimization space. Finally, the numerical solution is carried out by MOPSO on MATLAB platform. The results show that this method can effectively solve the problem of highway alignment design under the condition of realizing the highway design specifications, shortening the design cycle, and improving the design quality, which verifies the feasibility of the optimization algorithm for the horizontal and vertical alignment optimization design of highway.

Landslides recurrently cause severe damage and, in some cases, the full disruption of many highways in mountainous areas, which can last from a few days to even months. Thus, there is a high demand for monitoring tools and precipitation data to support highway alignment selections before construction. In this study, we proposed a new system highway alignment selection method based on coherent scatter InSAR (CSI) and ~1 km high-spatial-resolution precipitation (HSRP) analysis. Prior to the CSI, we calculated and analyzed the feasibility of Sentinel-1A ascending and descending data. To illustrate the performance of the CSI, CSI and SBAS–InSAR were both utilized to monitor 80 slow-moving landslides, which were identified by optical remote-sensing interpretation and field investigation, along the Barkam–Kangting Highway Corridor (BKHC) in southwestern China, relying on 56 Sentinel-1A descending images from September 2019 to September 2021. The results reveal that CSI has clearer deformation signals and more measurement points (MPs) than SBAS-InSAR. And the maximum cumulative displacements and rates of the landslides reach −75 mm and −64 mm/year within the monitoring period (CSI results), respectively. Furthermore, the rates of the landslides near the Jinchuan River are higher than those of the landslides far from the river. Subsequently, to optimize the highway alignment selection, we analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of feature points on a typical landslide by combining the −1 km HSRP, which was calculated from the 30′ Climatic Research Unit (CRU) time-series datasets, with the climatology datasets of WorldClim using delta spatial downscaling. The analysis shows that the sliding rates of landslides augment from the back edge to the tongue because of fluvial erosion and that accelerated sliding is highly related to the intense precipitation between April and September each year (ASP). Consequently, three solution types were established in our method by setting thresholds for the deformation rates and ASPs of every landslide. Afterward, the risk-optimal alignment selection of the BKHC was finalized according to the solution types and consideration of the construction’s possible impacts. Ultimately, the major problems and challenges for our method were discussed, and conclusions were given.

: Highway planning is often complex and time consuming because of the multifaceted nature of highway design. Transportation design and analysis has been conducted mostly in 2D and reported as time consuming, and error-prone manual drafting updates. When planning for a new highway alignment, the general practice is to identify multiple alignment options and determine the best option based on multiple factors. This research intends to build a 3D object based intelligent design model of the roadway in which elements of the design are related to each other dynamically. In order to test the feasibility of the proposed approach, a prototype object based 3D model was developed and tested on a highway project in Vadakkencherry.

To improve the overall safety and comfort level of highway alignment geometric design scheme, driving simulation experiment is designed and implemented. Firstly, a subjective quantitative evaluation analysis is performed on the amenity, consistency, and comfort of the alignment design. The aggregation area and distribution state of driving speed are analyzed. The consistency of the operating speed consistency of each alignment unit is analyzed on the basis of the unit division of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) alignment. Considering the sensitivity of x-lateral acceleration (Ax) outliers in the driving process, the variation degree of Ax data for each alignment unit is analyzed based on the robust coefficient of variation (RCV), and the units with poor comfort of alignment geometric design are identified. The key range and sequence of optimization adjustment of alignment geometric design elements of alignment are presented by the comprehensive analysis of the combined unit of horizontal and vertical (HV) curves. The results showed that the subjects had higher scores on the amenity and consistency of the alignment design, but the driving comfort was relatively poor affected by the terrain; H2 speed fluctuation is more complex than H1, H1, V2, V3, and V4 units have poor speed coordination sections. Compared with coefficient of variation (CV), RCV is better at characterizing dispersion and stability of Ax data. Adjusting the design index within the alignment unit H2, V3, V4, V5 is the key to improving the overall driving comfort of the route. The RCV of the HV unit is smaller than that of the independent alignment unit. When optimizing the comfort of the design scheme, it is necessary to focus on adjusting the radius and slope of the HV1 unit, considering the combination design of the HV2 and HV3 units, and avoiding the unfavorable combination form containing multiple vertical curves in H2.

Highway Alignment Planning is an important albeit most overlooked aspect of highway development in developing countries. More often than not, highway alignments are influenced by various issues which further complicate the planning process. In this study, an expert questionnaire survey is conducted to identify the weightage of multiple criteria themes that are deemed to affect highway alignment selection. For this study, various criteria such as Elevation (Altitude), Slope, Aspect, Soil type, Rock type, Land Use, Drainage Orders, Existing Roads, Agricultural area, Built-up area, water bodies in the locality, noise and air pollution, are considered which govern the highway alignments selection of the highway. These criteria are grouped into three respective themes i.e. Engineering, Economical, and Environment. A fourth theme is formed by combining the previous three themes. An AHP based on an Expert survey is conducted to assign weightage to each criterion in each theme and then to each theme in a combined theme. This study also involves determining the weightage of criteria that are used to evaluate multiple alignments generated by individual themes for multi-criteria analysis (MCA). The evaluation criteria identified are the length of the alignment, average slope, affected area of water bodies, affected Area of Agricultural Land, affected area of built-up area (i.e., Settlement Area), and affected area of the protected area. The study involved multiple experts from both academic and professional fields.

This research investigates how automated software can effectively evaluate highway alignments by incorporating sustainability. Trimble Quantm alignment planning software was selected for this study because it can quickly generate multiple alignments with associated cost and environmental data. A case study located within UTM Zone 47Q in Myanmar was used to illustrate the capability and efficiency of the software in comprehensive sustainable highway corridor selection. The findings showed that Quantm is an efficient supporting tool for highway alignment decision-making. However, some additional functionalities to support the sustainable planning framework are needed. The study suggests additional features and how to extend the Quantm planning software to enable sustainable highway alignment planning and analysis.

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: Vehicle running speed is the core evaluation index in highway alignment design, which is directly related to road safety and comfort. This study explores a variety of factors affecting vehicle speed, including driver behavior, vehicle type, and route characteristics, and introduces in detail the criteria and methods for evaluating vehicle speed coordination. Through the analysis of practical engineering cases, this paper not only expounds the importance of highway route alignment optimization design, but also provides specific design suggestions and optimization measures, which provides practical reference for similar projects. This study emphasizes that by comprehensively considering the coordination of vehicle running speed, the safety and driving comfort of highway design can be effectively improved.

The vertical alignment optimization is about developing a minimum cost curvilinear vertical profile of constrained grade sections and appropriate non‐overlapping vertical curves passing through fixed control points with elevation constraints. Variations in ground profile and discreteness in unit cutting and filling costs make it a non‐convex, noisy, constrained optimization problem with many local minima. Further, the gradient related constraints and vertical curvature are non‐linear. This paper presents an innovative exploring and exploiting ant colony optimization (E&E‐ACO) algorithm with an appropriate point sampling, vertical curve fitting strategies, and an intuitive feasible region identification approach for solving the vertical alignment optimization problem. The E&E‐ACO algorithm extensively explores the feasible search space to generate a set of potential solutions and effectively exploit the space around the potential solutions for developing the optimized vertical alignment. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated using two case studies. In one case study, the optimized solution by the proposed method had a marginally better objective function value and about three times lesser computational time than the solution by the mesh adaptive direct search method. The optimized alignment satisfied the elevation constraints of fixed control points and imitated the manually designed real‐world vertical alignment. The linearly varying exploration and exploitation parameters had better convergence rate than the other tested variations. Further, the proposed method at the end of 1000 iterations yielded about six times better result than the traditional ACO algorithm.

Horizontal alignment is included in the aspect of the geometric design of the road. Jalan Babat – Tapen in Jombang, East Java, is planned to have three horizontal alignments. This design aims to connect Jalan Babat and Jalan Tapen to shorten the travel time for the surrounding community's needs. This research uses the Bina Marga method, which refers to the Highway Design Standard of Indonesia 2021. First, road traffic data is obtained from the google earth application. The global mapper is then processed in AutoCAD to determine the coordinates of the road trace and the location of horizontal alignment. Then the data obtained is processed by referring to the Bina Marga method to design horizontal alignment. Jalan Tapen – Babat is a Secondary SJJ (Urban Road), Secondary Collector, and medium road, and the minor type of road 2/2 is not separate (TT). It has a flat terrain in design with a planned speed of 40 km / h. Three horizontal alignments with Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS) type, the first horizontal alignment is at STA 0+700 – 0+864, the second horizontal alignment is at STA 1+383 – 1+558, and the third horizontal alignment is at STA 2+132 – 2+304.

The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is expected to transform the current transportation system into a safe and reliable one. The existing infrastructures, operational criteria, and design method were developed to meet the requirements of human drivers. However, previous studies have shown that in the traditional horizontal and vertical combined design methods, where the two-dimensional alignment elements change, there are varying changes in curvature and torsion, which cause the continuous degradation of the spatial curve and torsion. This continuous degradation will inevitably cause changes in the trajectory of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), thereby affecting driving safety. Therefore, studying the characteristics of autonomous vehicles trajectory deviation has theoretical significance for optimizing highway alignment safety design. Driving simulation tests were performed by using PreScan and Simulink to calibrate the lateral deviation. A machine learning approach called the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithm was implemented to build a model and express the relationship between space alignment parameters and lane deviation. The results showed that the AV’s driving trajectory is significantly affected by the space alignment factors when the vehicle is driving in the inner lane, the downhill section, and the left-turn section. These findings will provide a novel perspective for road safety research based on autonomous vehicle driving trajectories.

in this study, an integrated GIS-GA model was developed to locate and configure a corridor based optimum horizontal highway alignment using the notion of station point. The new approach utilizes GIS to effectively constraint the search area to a corridor instead of the whole through the generation of a path so called “Least Cost Path (LCP)”. Then the GA model, in an integrated process with the GIS model, searches the corridor for the alignment solution. The GA search is based on manipulating the defined station points along the generated LCP within the corridor space only where data and information are exchanged in real time between the two models. The search with GIS-GA model showed significant improvements in terms of solution quality and processing time compared with the previously developed GA model by AL-Hadad (2011). Further studies are recommended to include vertical highway alignment for three dimensional solutions. The results show that the proposed model can effectively optimize highway alignments in an area combining complex terrain and containing various land-use patterns, and provide detailed information of optimized alignments as a model output. The results of this study clearly showed the applicability and the potential of using GIS as an assistant tool in preliminary route location configuration.

A horizontal alignment can be represented by three key factors: number of horizontal points of intersection (HPIs), their locations, and corresponding horizontal curve radii. Deciding all the three factors simultaneously requires extensive effort, which is not practically feasible in the manual alignment development process. Most available computer‐aided methods prioritize some or all the three factors in the automated alignment development processes. However, approximation in HPI location or pre‐selection of HPI number and curve radius are the few limitations of these methods. This study presents a modified motion‐planning based algorithm for developing new horizontal alignments with optimized costs and impacts. It simultaneously uses a low‐discrepancy sampling technique to develop increasingly dense potential HPIs, rapidly exploring random trees to find a suitable number of intermediate HPIs at appropriate locations and sequential quadratic algorithm to select optimally fitted curve radii. The proposed algorithm is integrated with the GIS database for realistic location‐dependent cost and environmental impact assessment. Two real‐world study areas were selected to compare the results with the one reported in the literature and to evaluate backtracking capability. Results indicated the proficiency of the proposed algorithm in developing new alignments. The sensitivity analyses revealed the effect of design speed and right‐of‐way width on the alignment generation. The proposed algorithm can automate the new horizontal highway alignment development process and support highway engineers in planning and development.

Highway infrastructure plays an important role in assuring the proper function of the nation’s transportation. Highway alignment is an essential part of the highway planning and design phase, which has significant effects on the surroundings. Identifying optimal highway routes while using traditional methods requires significant time, cost, and effort, since it requires a comprehensive assessment of multiple factors, such as cost and environmental impacts. This study proposes an approach for managing highway alignment in the context of a larger landscape that integrates building information modelling (BIM) and geographic information system (GIS) capabilities. To support this integration, semantic web technologies are used to integrate data on a semantic level. Moreover, the approach also uses genetic algorithms (GAs) for optimizing highway alignments. A fully automated model is developed that enables data interoperability between BIM and GIS systems and also allows for data exchange between the integration model and the optimization algorithm. The model enables the full exploitation of features of the project and its surroundings for highway alignment planning. The proposed model is also applied to a real highway project to validate its effectiveness. The visualization model of the highway project and its surroundings provides a realistic three-dimensional image that produces a comprehensive virtual environment, where the project could be effectively planned and designed. That can help to reduce design errors and miscommunication, which, in turn, reduces project risks. Moreover, geological and geographical analyses help to identify geohazards and environmentally sensitive regions. The proposed model facilitates highway alignment planning by providing a cross-disciplinary approach to close the gap between the infrastructural and geotechnical planning processes.

To improve the accuracy of road safety evaluation, this article presents a method to calculate the average crash probability for highway sections based on fault tree and energy method. First, the average crash probability of sections was formulated based on fault tree theory, taking lateral instability, rollover, and rear-end crash into account. Second, an instability factor, which described the extent of steering instability and tire sideslip, was proposed based on energy method. Thereafter, the relationships between the instability factor and probability of lateral instability crash, the load transfer ratio and probability of rollover crash, the available sight distance and probability of rear-end crash were investigated. Then, the driver–vehicle–road multi-body dynamics model was developed based on the three-dimensional alignments of Ning-Luo Expressway using CarSim, the dynamics indexes such as lateral velocity, wheel vertical load were obtained, and the average crash probability of each section was calculated. Finally, the correlation between average crash probability and the average number of accidents was analyzed to validate the accuracy of the proposed method. Results reveal that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of evaluation results, compared with existing methods, thus providing theoretical basis for black spot identification of both design phase and in-service highways.

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Manganese slag is a kind of industrial waste produced by electrolytic production of manganese metal. The traditional method of stacking manganese slag not only causes waste of resources, but also produces environmental pollution. Finding harmless, effective, and economical disposal technology of manganese slag has gradually become a research hotspot and difficulty in the field of electrolytic manganese industry and environmental protection. To verify the feasibility of using manganese slag as roadbed material, the basic physical and chemical properties of manganese slag were analyzed based on X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrum, SEM scanning electron microscope, and particle analysis, the basic engineering characteristics of raw materials of manganese slag and solidified manganese slag mixed with quicklime were analyzed through a compaction test and a CBR test. Finally, based on the Monte Carlo method, the stability of a highway slope in the Guizhou Province of China is simulated by the finite element method, considering the spatial variability of manganese slag material strength parameters. The results show that the solidified manganese slag material can be used as highway subgrade material. This study has important reference significance for manganese slag highway construction projects.

Building information modeling (BIM) is a process that has shown great potential in the building industry, but it has not reached the same level of maturity for transportation infrastructure. There is a standardization need for information exchange and management processes in the infrastructure that integrates BIM and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Currently, the Industry Foundation Classes standard has harmonized different infrastructures under the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 4.3 release. Furthermore, the usage of remote sensing technologies such as laser scanning for infrastructure monitoring is becoming more common. This paper presents a semi-automated framework that takes as input a raw point cloud from a mobile mapping system, and outputs an IFC-compliant file that models the alignment and the centreline of each road lane in a highway road. The point cloud processing methodology is validated for two of its key steps, namely road marking processing and alignment and road line extraction, and a UML diagram is designed for the definition of the alignment entity from the point cloud data.

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This study investigated the importance levels of criteria effective in forest road network planning using Geopraphic Information System (GIS)- based Multi- Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method. It is crucial to determine the criteria to be considered in forest road construction and planning for a standardized application nationwide. The research was conducted within the boundaries of the Yaylacık Forest Management Directorate (YFMD) under the Tokat Forest Management. Firstly, the existing road network was identified in the research. After the identification of the existing road network, a GIS database was created. In this study, criteria to be used, in Forest Road Network Planning (terrain slope, aspect, road density, distance to road, land use, distance to main stream) were determined. Each criterion was classified and scored internally. Information from road and road network planning studies and previous works were utilized in determining the criteria to be used in Forest Road Network Planning. Five different degrees and suitability values are defined for the determined criteria. In this context, it was created to reach 5 fundamental road network planning functions to determine their positional statuses as Absence (Ab), Very Suitable Areas for road planning (VS), Suitable Areas for road planning (S), Less Suitable Areas for road planning (LS), and Very Less Suitable Areas for road planning (VLS). As a result, Terrain Slope and Road Density were determined as the most effective criteria in Road Network Planning, while Distance to Main Stream was identified as the least effective criterion. As a result of the study, a flow chart was created to determine the criteria and impact values that are effective in forest road network planning in order to ensure integrity and convenience in application throughout the country.

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This study aims to evaluate the urban planning system of land use and road system in Luohu, Shenzhen. Based on remote sensing images, 30 m DEM data, population data, and various urban planning standards, the land use types in the Luohu built-up area are determined through comprehensive analysis and evaluation: a road system that covers the slope, area, area ratio, and intersection spacing of road longitudinal sections, as well as a bus system that covers the density of the bus network, non-linear coefficient, network length, average station spacing, repetition coefficient, and station coverage. The study results show that the overall urban planning of Shenzhen Luohu is incomplete, and the land use, road system, and bus routes in the built-up area are not reasonable enough. Finally, suggestions are proposed to address the shortcomings, such as revitalizing existing land resources and promoting the efficient and intensive use of industrial land.

The sustainable management of forest resources can only be achieved through a well-organized road network designed with the optimal spatial planning and the minimum environmental impacts. This paper describes the spatial layout mapping for the optimal forest road network and the environmental impacts evaluation that are caused to the natural environment based on the multicriteria evaluation (MCE) technique at the Mediterranean island of Thassos in Greece. Data analysis and its presentation are achieved through a spatial decision support system using the MCE method with the contribution of geographic information systems (GIS). With the use of the MCE technique, we evaluated the human impact intensity to the forest ecosystem as well as the ecosystem’s absorption from the impacts that are caused from the forest roads’ construction. For the human impact intensity evaluation, the criteria that were used are as follows: the forest’s protection percentage, the forest road density, the applied skidding means (with either the use of tractors or the cable logging systems in timber skidding), the timber skidding direction, the visitors’ number and truck load, the distance between forest roads and streams, the distance between forest roads and the forest boundaries, and the probability that the forest roads are located on sights with unstable soils. In addition, for the ecosystem’s absorption evaluation, we used forestry, topographical, and social criteria. The recommended MCE technique which is described in this study provides a powerful, useful, and easy-to-use implement in order to combine the sustainable utilization of natural resources and the environmental protection in Mediterranean ecosystems.

Abstract The transportation network is the most important component of an urban infrastructure. The efficiency of a region’s transportation system can be understood by the effectiveness of its transport network arrangement. The current study employs Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to assess the structure of a transport network in various clusters of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Area (HMA). The study focuses on a thorough assessment of the transport (or) road network structure in terms of various criteria such as connectivity, accessibility, maturity, and development. The study also categorizes each Transport Network Structural Evaluation Criteria (TNSEC) level as “very low, low, medium, high, or very high”. The goal of this research is to create a Road Network Structural Performance Index (RNSPI), which is usually used to measure the efficiency of a study area’s transportation network structure. The study’s findings serve as a foundation for city transportation planners to put efforts in the planning to enhance network facilities in the study region. The study also investigates the utility of Arc GIS software in assessing the structure of an urban transport network.

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According to the development of landscape digitization and the actual market demand, a digital landscape system based on intelligent sensor network is designed and implemented. The system consists of two parts: sensor node and display terminal, forming a star intelligent sensor network. Sensor node measurement is sent to display control terminal through intelligent sensor network. The display control terminal serves as the aggregation node. Based on geometry transformation, free form, and bionics, the method of constructing complex surface and the method strategy of optimizing complex surface are put forward from geometry and bionics theory. Then, the material types and construction methods of landscape composite surface are discussed and studied. According to the process and project of site cognition and landscape planning and design, six special models are established: ecological sensitivity evaluation model, construction suitability evaluation model, project site selection model, road line selection model, quasinatural waterscape construction model, and vertical design model. According to the characteristics of each landscape planning and design project, the logic generation and parameter composition of the model are discussed, and the application of the model is empirically studied and discussed based on actual cases.

Subtropical mountains area Landsat8 satellite Tm images were used as information sources, RS technology was used to extract vegetation coverage, soil erosion and land use type for the evaluation of ecological background condition, and the GIS software was utilized to extract indices of terrain slope and water environment. Based on the indicators above, with GIS analysis techniques, comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the ecological background the subtropical mountains area were conducted, subtropical mountains ecological background conditions could be classified as excellent, good, fair, poor and very poor level. Based on the overall distribution and evaluation route corridors with relatively some feasible routes, and possible route options were compared to ultimately determine the best route with environmental coordination. The results show that the method overcomes the limitations of traditional line selection method which is too dependent on designers experience and subjective judgement.

Highways play an important role in China's economic development, especially in mountainous regions. In reality, design of mountainous highways can be a challenging task due to complex geological and topographic conditions. From the safety perspective, it is also important that road geometric design defects and potential accident blind spots can be reasonably identified from the design. To this end, this study formulated an innovative Geographic Information System (GIS)-based geometric design quality assessment model for mountain highways. First, a fault tree analysis (FTA) was conducted to identify a series of highway design risk factors. Second, a decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique was employed to derive the factors' weight and sensitivity. Third, road driving suitability, traffic safety sensitivity, design risk factors, and effective distance were taken into account to formulate a design quality assessment model. Forth, two case studies based on a mountainous highway located in southwest China were conducted to validate this model. The case studies established that improving geometric design quality can significantly improve the road traffic safety of mountainous highways. It is also revealed that the existence of steep slopes, tunnels, and rapid horizontal and vertical alignment change can considerably compromise the geometric design quality (GDQ), therefore, configuring these parameters is worth of further investigation. Last but not least, this study provides essential knowledge to the regime of accident prevention, high-risk road section location and mapping, traffic safety management, and design of smart transport systems.

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Highway under-bridge areas represent a valuable land resource while simultaneously constituting a sensitive ecological zone. Achieving a balance between its redevelopment and ecological preservation constitutes a critical challenge within the field of ecological engineering. Although prior research has addressed urban elevated underbridge space, investigations specifically focusing on highway underpasses remain limited. The absence of standardized criteria for assessing the suitability of these spaces has resulted in uncoordinated and fragmented utilization. In response, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework that integrates multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodologies with optimized backpropagation neural networks, specifically genetic-algorithm-optimized BP (GA-BP) and particle-swarm-optimization-optimized BP (PSO-BP). The model incorporates indicators spanning physical characteristics, environmental factors, safety considerations, and accessibility metrics, and is applied to an empirical dataset comprising 134 highway bridge underpasses in Fuzhou City. The results indicate that (1) both the GA-BP and PSO-BP models enhance convergence speed and classification accuracy, with the GA-BP model demonstrating superior stability and suitability for classifying underpass suitability; (2) the principal determinants of suitability include traffic accessibility, safety parameters, and spatial relationships with adjacent water bodies and agricultural lands; and (3) underpasses characterized as hub-type, single-sided road-adjacent, and cross-connection configurations exhibit greater potential for redevelopment. This investigation represents the first integration of MCDM and optimized neural network techniques in this context, offering a robust tool to support the scientific planning and ecological conservation of underbridge space environments.

Highway as road network connectivity plays an important component in regional development that can overcome inter-regional development gaps. Spatial planning and cost priorities of the highway projects must be considered when examining the optimal highway routes, especially in areas that have varied slope characteristics like in Sukabumi-Cianjur area. Therefore, analysis and modeling are needed to show the choice of effective and efficient highway routes amid environmental condition in the region. Least Cost Path Analysis (LCPA) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can be used to determine the optimal route of a road network. This modeling uses various criteria such as topography, geology, land use, and multi-hazard areas with three MDCA and LCPA simulation models. Based on the suitability of highway development with spatial planning in 2030 using scoring assessment, the optimal highway route from Sukabumi-Cianjur is LCPA-MDCA 1 with total score 69.06 and 49% length of the route that is suitable. Meanwhile LCPA-MDCA 3 shows total score 65.6 with 48,8% length that is suitable, and the least optimal route is LCPA-MDCA 2 with total score 65.48 and 44,6% length of the route that is suitable.

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The use of spatial data, satellite imagery, and advanced analytical techniques as well as Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is very helpful to assess the best route alignment for infrastructure projects. In this research, multiple criteria that influence the route alignment decision, such as terrain, land use, environmental implications, socioeconomic issues, and transportation connectivity are evaluated using different MCDA methodologies. Various spatial datasets have been prepared for the construction of the best route alignment model. In this research, the authors have considered seven different factors that affect the optimal route cost, after that relative importance of each factor was determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Then, integration of different thematic layer was done by weighted linear combination tool in the ArcGIS software. The authors have identified four possible routes and the optimal route among various possible routes is the one with lowest cost criteria value. This research will helpful in various ways such as transportation, disaster management, evacuation planning, infrastructure planning, agriculture, military, mining, and resource extraction.

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Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) typically involves pairwise comparisons to establish the relative importance of criteria and alternatives. This study can verify these comparisons through consistency checks to ensure that respondents provide reliable and consistent judgments. The proposed model is implemented to evaluate the optimum route alignment between two locations, for the outer area of Allahabad City, India. The optimal route obtained is the path with minimum cost in the alignment decision and it meets all the factors related to environmental, technical, social, and economic criteria. Four alternative route alignments arise. Based on multi-criteria evaluation, four alignments are compared and one of the optimal route alignments is selected. A multi-criteria evaluation is performed to compare the four routes’ alignment using AHP and surface cost analysis. The technical route alignment with the highest priority index of 0.297956 with a minimum cost of 4,619 units is finally considered as optimum route alignment.

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Muaskar AL- Rashid interchange is one of the most important interchanges in Baghdad, where traffic congestion is high during the hours (7:00 - 9:00 am and 1:00 - 3:00 pm). The study aims to ensure maximum traffic safety and capacity on modern highways. Improving the level of service (LOS). Assessing the impact of pedestrians on traffic and their safety during crossing. A set of procedures was used to evaluate the interchange using the VISSIM analysis program and the HCS program to improve the cycle time of traffic signals. Geometric measurements of the intersection were collected using the Geographic Information Systems program (GIS). The results showed LOS  F, and the total number of pedestrians is 1,413. It has been improved through several proposals including geometric redesign of the interchange and implementation of Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies, and alteration of the movement of vehicles. The solutions were applied to current traffic volumes and the future after five years. Simulation results show that the reversible route design proposal is more economical and the most appropriate solution. The average travel time is reduced by 81% and the average stop delay is reduced by 80%.

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Due to the substantial and continuous growth of transportation demand in China, the existing highway capacity has become insufficient to meet the increasing traffic volume. The implementation of highway reconstruction and expansion projects has gradually become a key measure to improve the service level of the road network and alleviate traffic congestion. Meanwhile, route design is a core aspect of highway reconstruction and expansion projects, and its scientific nature and quality can directly affect the safety, economy, and future operational efficiency of the highway. Therefore, this article provides a detailed analysis of the principles and requirements of route design for highway reconstruction and expansion projects. Additionally, it delves into the design process and key technologies applied in route design for these projects.

Macroscopic flow modelling has been fundamentally used to characterize and predict the traffic flow parameters of a continuous road utilizing the analogy for one-dimensional fluid flow. In the Philippines, Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard is a major arterial road that links Manila City to various important cities in the Metropolis. Due to its noticeable deteriorating performance in addressing the increasing traffic flow demand, this work investigated the corridor capacity and characterized the key traffic elements along the major mid blocks using Greenshields model. It is assumed that road users behave uniformly and continuously distributed over the highway to choose a path to minimize their total travel time based on instantaneous traffic information. Investigation shows volume demands exceeding the design traffic capacities equivalent to 0.7429, 1.7959, 0.7226, and 1.4726 VCR ratios.

Ideal configuration or layout of highways should resemble the actual demands for the roads represented by Origin-Destination (OD) information. It would be beneficial if existing highways can be evaluated for their configurational fitness against the current demands, and newly planned highways can carefully be designed in terms of their layouts and topologies that would reflect the demands. Analysis techniques used for complex networks in the matured field of network theory can be applied for the highway layout health monitoring against the current OD information. This paper proposes a methodology of measuring the fitness of existing highways by comparing their structural configuration against conceptual OD networks using well-established techniques in network theory for complex networks. In the first phase, this paper conducts an empirical analysis and finds that both structural highway network and OD network follow the “power law” distribution as they are weighted by capacity and traffic volume respectively. It is also found that the power law coefficient of the OD network dynamically changes throughout the day and week. In the second phase, a noble methodology of weighting and measuring the health, of structural highway networks against OD networks by means of comparing their power law coefficients is proposed. It is found that the proposed method is effective at detecting deviations from ideal structural configurations associated with actual demands.

Urban population growth and expanding economic activity have intensified the demand on transportation networks, resulting in higher traffic volumes, increased spillbacks, and a declining level of service (LOS). Signalized intersections, as critical components, play a vital role in managing urban congestion. This study examines a heavily congested intersection in Miami, Florida, using Highway Capacity Software (HCS7) to assess operational performance and test improvement strategies. The baseline analysis revealed excessive delays, severe queue spillbacks, and LOS F during the PM peak period. Two data-driven scenarios were evaluated: (1) signal timing optimization, and (2) a combined approach involving both optimized timing and a proposed grade-separated pedestrian bridge. Scenario 2 achieved the most significant performance gains by reducing average delays by approximately 53% and improving the intersection’s LOS from F to E. Beyond operational benefits, the pedestrian bridge is supported by crash reduction evidence (CMF), complies with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards, and promotes long-term urban sustainability. The study’s methodology offers transferable insights for similar urban intersections facing high demand and multimodal conflict.

: Highway transportation is an important part of our country traffic transportation system, taking on most of the capacity demand in passenger transport markets. But with the rapid development of domestic rail transportation technology, people's travel mode has gradually changed from highway transportation to rail transportation. This makes the highway passenger transport management department must consider the impact of the change of people's travel mode on the highway passenger transport market demand when making production plans. The market share of highway passenger transport is an important index to measure the development level of highway passenger transport, which can directly reflect the supply-demand relationship between highway passenger transport and passenger transport market. Therefore, this paper selects the market share of highway passenger transport as the prediction evaluation index, and predicts and analyzes the market share data of highway passenger transport in Henan Province from 2010 to 2021 based on the exponential smoothing method. It mainly calculates the single exponential smoothing results under several different smoothing coefficients by using the smoothing analysis tool in EXCEL, and determines the optimal smoothing coefficient by taking the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) as the criterion. Then, it solves the lag defect of the single exponential smoothing prediction results by using the quadratic exponential smoothing. Finally, the trend prediction model of highway passenger transport market share in Henan Province is obtained. The prediction results of this model can guide the rational allocation of highway transportation resources and the formulation of passenger transport production plan in Henan Province.

Traffic characteristics such as signalized intersections and high vehicle density combined with low vehicle speeds account for 12-55% increase in commute time. Increasing the number of lanes in the highway infrastructure can help increase the highway capacity and consequently reduce the associated commute delay. However, due to human-related features such as driver behavior and vehicle interaction as well as induced demand, it is recommended to limit the number of highway lanes to four. Recently, in view of the rising discussion regarding the deployment of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), it is important to study the effect of the number of highway lanes on traffic characteristics with respect to AVs. This will provide insights into the full potential of AVs in terms of reducing commute time as well as provide crucial insights into the design of future road networks. Therefore, in this study, RL-based AV frameworks are developed to investigate the effect of the number of highway lanes on traffic characteristics. Specifically, we study the effect of the number of lanes on traffic characteristics in terms of travel speed, collision, and driving on the right-most lane. Results with two well-known RL-based AV frameworks simulated on highways with lanes ranging from 2 to 8 and increasing vehicle count respectively show improved traffic characteristics as the number of lanes increases. However, improvement depends on the RL algorithm employed.

: This study was conducted to identify an optimal driving behaviour of connected and automated vehicles (CAV) that can reduce traffic congestion and GHG emissions under different traffic demand levels. The study employed traffic simulations at the meso scale for the City of Ottawa, Canada, to assess traffic performance and used correlation models to estimate GHG emissions. Aggressive CAVs showed the greatest potential to enhance traffic performance and reduce GHG emissions under all traffic demand levels. The results show that Aggressive CAVs can increase highway capacity and lower vehicle travel time in comparison to Driver Operated Vehicles (DOVs) or CAVs with a less aggressive driving style. The findings of the study indicate that CAVs with aggressive driving behavior can play a crucial role in enhancing traffic performance and in helping to mitigate the adverse impact of transportation on the environment. The results of this study aim to encourage regulatory bodies to adopt effective CAV-related policies that can enhance traffic performance and reduce GHG emissions.

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In urban road networks, intersections are the main bottlenecks. Selecting an appropriate intersection control type can significantly improve the performance of an isolated intersection. Therefore, this paper offers recommendations for selecting the most efficient control type among two-way stop control, signalized intersection (SIG), roundabout (RB), and signalized roundabout (SIGRB) based on capacity and delay. The procedure to calculate delay and capacity is taken from the Highway Capacity Manual 6th edition (2016), or developed separately if needed. Two flow patterns are assumed: fixed and time-varying demand. For fixed demand, the results show that SIGRB outperforms other control types both in capacity and delay at higher demand levels. It was also observed that increase in left-turn ratio increases the delay and decreases the capacity of all control types while its impact on SIGRB was the least. Considering time-varying demand, traffic volume fluctuates over the 5-h period of the analysis. It was found that using both RB and SIGRB together creates significantly less delay compared with the other options. Additionally, using RB provides less variability in delay when there is fluctuation in demand. The major finding of this research is that RB and SIGRB have potential benefits for delay in conditions of (i) high traffic volume, (ii) high left-turn ratio, and (iii) demand fluctuation. Furthermore, it is suggested that SIG should be used if the left-turn ratio is relatively low. The results of this study could help decision-makers to choose the best control type for an isolated intersection under various traffic conditions.

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Nepal is a country known for its diverse and challenging topography, and it relies heavily on a robust road infrastructure network to connect its remote regions and urban centers. This study addresses the critical need for enhanced road safety and infrastructure resilience on the Siddhababa road section of the Siddhartha Highway, Nepal, notorious for its high accident rates and susceptibility to landslides. Given the road's strategic importance in connecting remote regions and its challenging topographical conditions, our research aimed to identify the most suitable pavement type to mitigate these issues. Through a detailed examination incorporating eight different soil tests, alongside evaluations of traffic loads, weather conditions, and existing pavement performance, we adopted a comparative analysis methodology to assess the viability of flexible versus rigid pavements within this unique context. Results revealed that the soil composition and environmental conditions of the Siddhababa section significantly influence pavement performance, with specific gravity, moisture content, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests indicating a nuanced suitability for both pavement types under varying circumstances. Our analysis concluded that, despite the economic and staged reinforcement benefits of flexible pavements, the durability, safety, and maintenance considerations favor the adoption of rigid pavement for the Siddhababa road section. However, acknowledging the economic constraints, a hybrid approach is recommended, emphasizing rigid pavements for the most vulnerable sections and flexible pavements elsewhere. This study contributes to the pavement engineering field by providing a model for pavement type selection in mountainous regions, aiming to enhance road safety and durability amidst challenging environmental conditions.

Abstract: Geometric design of highway deals with designing of physical visible features of highway those comprise of horizontal alignment, vertical profile, circular and transition curves, superelevation, Summit and valley curves, cross sectional elements, sight distances and other features. From the safety point of view, road geometric features should be well designed as per the IRC recommendation. In this research work, the horizontal alignment and vertical profile have designed of Balampur Ghat section in the Bhopal-Vidisha Road which is in the Madhya Pradesh State of India. The objective of this research work is “Improvements in the Horizontal alignment and Vertical profile of Balampur Ghat Section in Bhopal-Vidisha State Highway Road (SH-18) using MX Road Software”. The design of horizontal alignment and vertical profile have been done for Balampur ghat section approx. 2.0 km in length of State highway no. 18 (SH-18) of Madhya Pradesh. SH-18 is connected to Vidisha from Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh and having heavy commercial traffic. Balampur ghat section is hilly terrain and have two improper horizontal curves along with 6.5% of vertical gradient and because of this reason that section is not safe for deriving therefore it has become an accident-prone area and the accident-prone area have the human and economical losses so it should be improved and re design of the horizontal and vertical alignment for safe design speed. The proposed methodology is on the basis of inventory survey (preliminary survey), topographic survey and MX Road software. In inventory survey take the data of existing road and find the suitable route of alternative alignment if re-alignment is required in the road. Then the topographic survey done on the existing road and alternative alignment. Import the topographic data of the road in MX Road software for generate existing surface of the road for design of horizontal alignment and vertical profile. As per IRC recommendations, there are two alternative alignments designed of the existing ghat section. As per the outputs of this research work, the length of both improved alignments is short as compare to existing road. There are no improper curves at improved alignment and maximum gradient is 4.2% which is less than the existing gradient (6.5%). The minimum design speed is 40-50 kmph which was 20 kmph in existing road. The both two improved alignments are safer as compare to existing alignment and the design speed of the vehicle has been increased. The improved alignment 2 is straighter than the improved alignment The improved alignment has also reduced the human and economic losses.

Road geometric design is a way of planning a road geometrically or involves calculating angles through the process. Regarding the geometric design of roads, it is important to assess the conformity of the design criteria with the applicable guidelines, namely the Road Geometric Design Guidelines. In this paper, an eval_uation of the geometric design of existing roads, namely Jalan Raya Tarikolot, Majalengka, and adjustments to the Road Geometric Design Guidelines is carried out. The research method used is an eval_uation research method for the research object, namely Jalan Raya Tarikolot, Majalengka. The results obtained show that Jalan Raya Tarikolot, Majalengka is a road with a flat terrain type. Alignment P2 is the FC alignment type, while the other seven alignments are S-C-S alignment types. Through the eval_uation carried out, the results showed that the horizontal adjustment of the Tarikolot Highway, Majalengka met the criteria, so it did not require design improvements.

Abstract: Geometric highway design involves the creation of visible elements like horizontal alignment, vertical profile, crosssectional features, sight distances, curves, and superelevation, all vital components in maintaining road safety. Concentrating on the stretch of road from Bhopal to Salkanpur, specifically the area around Salkanpur Ghat in Madhya Pradesh, India, this research aims to enhance the horizontal and vertical geometry using Civil 3D Software. Spanning approximately 1.860 km in hilly terrain, this section poses significant risks with sharp curves and steep vertical gradients ranging from 6.5% to 7%. These conditions contribute to its status as an accident-prone area, resulting in both physical and economic losses. The outputs demonstrate that both improved alignments have shorter lengths compared to the existing road, with smoother curves and reduced maximum gradients (5.3% compared to 7%). Moreover, the minimum design speed has significantly increased from 20 kmph to 65-80 kmph, indicating enhanced safety and efficiency for vehicular traffic."

Road infrastructure is crucial for development, enhancing access to transportation and fostering regional and national growth. Indonesia's mountainous terrain, shaped by tectonic plate activity, creates road construction and maintenance challenges. An example is the Majalengka-Sumedang Road in West Java, which has uneven surfaces that frequently cause traffic accidents. Effective road design must consider cross-sectional features, visibility, vehicle stability, driver comfort, traffic dynamics, and financial aspects. Professionals use AutoCAD® Civil 3D, a BIM software, for precise highway planning, essential for safe, economical, and efficient roads. Data collection is a key initial step in addressing these challenges. For instance, the Majalengka-Sumedang Road, especially around kilometer five, is being evaluated following the 2021 Road Geometric Design Guidelines. These guidelines dictate specific design criteria, including calculations for horizontal alignment factors like Straight Section Length, Bend Radius, Bend Length, and Transition Curve Length. The road section from STA 0+000.00 to STA 0+713, with a 10-25% slope, requires thorough excavation and stockpiling to meet design specifications. Evaluations show this road is a hill type, particularly at mile 5, with five horizontal alignments assessed at a 60 km/h design speed, ensuring compliance with design standards.

Despite the recognized importance of spiral curve implementation in highway design, several design manuals permit spiral omission depending on the geometric layout and the performance characteristics of road users. A critical safety issue associated with these methodologies arises from the potential exceedance of the maximum allowable side friction coefficient and the design utilization factor on a circular arc, particularly under wet pavement conditions. The present study aims to address a gap in geometric design manuals and the international literature by optimizing the superelevation design of the runoff section in the tangent-to-curve transition for circular arcs in mountainous terrain with a maximum design superelevation rate of up to 5%. The proposed methodology is supported by an analysis based on fundamental vehicle dynamics equilibrium equations, aiming to resolve concerns among practitioners regarding the elimination of superelevation rate transitions within the circular arc itself, with particular focus on the evaluation of the utilization factor and the applicability in icy conditions. The comparative evaluation of the demanded utilization factors resulting from this method and those defined by existing guidelines, along with the safety levels it maintains under icy conditions (i.e., compound slope up to 10%), encourages its immediate implementation in circular arcs with a design superelevation rate up to 5%, as well as further investigation into the potential application of this method in circular arcs with a design superelevation rate greater than 5% in mountainous and rolling terrains.

Road transport networks are vital catalysts for socioeconomic development and connectivity; their rapid expansion is inextricably linked to the critical global challenge of Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs). RTAs constitute a persistent public safety challenge in Nepal, with the Prithvi Highway recognized as one of the country’s most hazardous transport corridors due to its complex terrain, geometric deficiencies, and escalating traffic demand. This study employs a GIS-based spatiotemporal analytical framework to examine crash distribution along the highway from 2019 to 2025 AD. Secondary crash records were systematically cleaned, geocoded, and evaluated using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to detect spatial clustering, while Global Moran’s I statistics were applied to assess spatial autocorrelation across crash attributes. The temporal assessment revealed substantial annual variability, including a distinct peak in 2021 AD, alongside a consistent predominance of daytime crashes across all districts, reflecting higher exposure during active traffic periods. Spatial analysis identified persistent and high-intensity hotspots in the Kathmandu–Thankot, Khairghari–Malekhu, Kurintar–Mugling, and Aabukhaireni–Damauli sections, confirming strong clustering of crash events. Moran’s, I result indicated statistically significant spatial dependence for total crashes, injuries, and age-group involvement, whereas fatalities exhibited a random spatial pattern, suggesting the influence of situational rather than locational determinants. Contributing factors were closely associated with geometric constraints, including narrow carriageways, sharp curves, inadequate super-elevation, and restricted sight distances, compounded by environmental stressors such as monsoon-induced landslides, surface runoff, and winter fog. The findings underscore the necessity of targeted, corridor-specific interventions involving geometric upgrades, slope stabilization, enhanced drainage, seasonal risk mitigation, and data-driven enforcement. This study provides a robust scientific basis for developing precise and sustainable road safety strategies along one of Nepal’s most critical national highways.

Horizontal curves on downgrades, commonly found in mountainous terrain, have higher crash rates and severity than tangents or pure curves. The lateral stability of tractor-semitrailers on such curves is a significant concern due to their heavy load, high center of gravity, and long-distance use. The combined impact of highway alignments and truck configurations has not been comprehensively studied due to data limitations. To address the high cost of experimental tests, a high-fidelity vehicle dynamics simulation model is used to investigate the rollover and sideslip propensity of tractor-semitrailers navigating curves on downgrades with varying geometric designs and truck characteristics. Lateral Transfer Ratio and side friction demand are used as criteria for rollover and sideslip stability, respectively. The multi-step Taguchi method is applied to identify the most influential factors on lateral stability. Results show that the tractor static toe angles (axle 1) have the most significant impact on sideslip stability, followed by tractor static toe angles (axle 2 & 3) and tractor yaw stiffness. The trailer height of load significantly affects rollover stability, followed by tractor axle 2 longitudinal distance and trailer static toe angle. Longitudinal slope has the greatest impact on rollover and sideslip stability, while the radius of the horizontal curve has the least effect. Focusing on these influential factors, rather than numerous tractor-semitrailer parameters, could aid in optimizing vehicle and highway design, as well as traffic control and management.

The design of interchanges is one of the key factors for highway alignment design. The current research on the alignment design of interchange focuses on algorithmic optimization of parameters based on existing scheme design. The use of computers to achieve semi-automated alignment design work still consumes a lot of labor and resources in the early stage of the design of the preliminary scheme. Therefore, this study proposes an automated procedure for designing horizontal alignment of highway interchanges. A database with an inquiry function of interchange alignment parameters was established using existing cases. A model for calculating the parameters of horizontal alignments and an automation model were constructed. The optimization results of this model were solved using the genetic algorithm and the alignment was plotted in AutoCAD. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach was demonstrated in a real-world case study that designed an interchange in Yuanshanzi Village, Gansu, China. The comprehensive evaluation of horizontal alignment costs and vertical alignment optimization showed improvements, with the fitness function value of the automated scheme improving by 22% over the manual design. This study developed a database and innovatively combined the database with an alignment optimization model. To address challenges in the design process, the starting point trial algorithm and the third endpoint constraint calculation method were proposed, thereby achieving a fully automated design workflow that includes preliminary scheme generation. This approach significantly reduces manual work during the preliminary design phase and provides a novel theoretical and technical framework for automated interchange alignment design.

Passenger Car Units (PCU) serve as a crucial metric in assessing the impact of different vehicle types on traffic flow, particularly in heterogeneous, non-lane-based traffic conditions prevalent on Nepal’s two-lane undivided highways. Factors such as lane width, horizontal alignment, gradient, lateral clearance, and shoulder conditions significantly influence PCU values and roadway capacity. However, the specific effect of horizontal curve radius on PCU estimation and capacity loss remains largely unexplored in Nepalese road conditions. This study investigates the influence of horizontal curve radius on PCU values and roadway capacity along the Balkhu-Chovar-Dakshinkali highway using videographic traffic surveys. Speed-flow-density relationships were established using Greenshield’s model, and the dynamic PCU method was applied to estimate PCU values based on speed variations and projected vehicle areas. The findings indicate that PCU values increase with curve radius, with heavy vehicles, such as buses and trucks, exhibiting more significant changes than light vehicles. Specifically, PCU values for buses ranged from 5.2986 to 5.4333, and for trucks from 3.3743 to 3.4450, as the curve radius expanded from 32m to 151m. Additionally, capacity loss was found to decrease as the curve radius increased, with a 25.27% reduction at a 32m radius and 7.92% at a 151m radius. The maximum roadway capacity at the Chovar straight section was found to be 1451 PCU/hr per lane, which is lower than the 1600 PCU/hr per lane suggested by the Indian Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) for hilly terrain. These results emphasize the significant impact of horizontal curvature on heavy vehicles and highlight the necessity for curve-specific PCU estimation and geometric design improvements to minimize capacity loss and optimize roadway performance on hilly terrain highways.

This study, titled "The Geometric Alignment of Western Bypass, FCT, Abuja", focuses on the geometric improvement of the Western Bypass, a critical road in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja, Nigeria. The study involves tasks such as creating road alignment, plotting alignment profiles using coordinates (easting and northing), analyzing cross-sections and elevations, and conducting various analyses to select the optimal alignment while adhering to design standards. Geometric Alignment in highway engineering enhances road safety, traffic efficiency, and overall performance. However, manual geometric design is often inconvenient, time-consuming, and prone to costly errors. The Western By-Pass, a bituminous road, has experienced significant deterioration due to constraints such as traffic growth, inadequate geometric features, and environmental conditions. This has led to discomfort, safety concerns, and increased accidents. The primary goal of this research is to propose an improved geometric alignment that optimizes safety, efficiency, and comfort while minimizing environmental impact. The study evaluates existing road conditions, assesses traffic volume and speed variations, and proposes geometric improvements such as shoulder widths, lane widths, and horizontal and vertical alignment. The research methodology includes the use of computer-aided design (CAD) software such as AutoCAD Civil 3D, Blender, and Revit to ensure precision and efficiency in the design process. The findings of this study are crucial for improving the socio-economic development of the FCT by enhancing road safety and traffic flow. The specific objectives of the research include determining the existing highway capacity, speed variations, and traffic volume, and proposing a geometric alignment that adheres to national design standards. The existing road spans 5.8km and has a design speed of 68km/h. The study evaluated the roads the roads' horizontal and vertical alignments, cross sections, and other geometric features to ensure smooth directional changes and improved traffic flow. The analysis included calculating cumulative cut volume, filled volume, and net volume to assess the road's current condition and propose necessary improvements. The findings aim to optimize the roads' performance, minimize environmental impact, and ensure more efficient transportation for users.

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With a length of approximately 2,818 kilometers, the Trans Sumatra Highway connects cities from Lampung to Aceh. Meticulous planning and adherence to the geometric and technical requirements of the route are required to provide good road service. The purpose of this paper is to specifically redesign the current route on the Terbanggi Besar-Pematang Panggang section of the highway. The information used in this report as a guide for re-planning came from the results of field surveys. The geometric design of this highway was carried out using the manual calculation method based on the Road Design Standards of Indonesia 2021 and visualized using AutoCAD® 2D. Based on available data, a design speed (VD) of 120 kph is determined according to the maximum value on flat terrain on the highway. As a result of data processing on a particular road section, a horizontal alignment with a full circle curve type with a radius of 1500 m was created. Meanwhile, a sag vertical curve type is obtained in the vertical alignment with a length value at one point of the curve (L) of 75.6 m

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This paper reports for the possibility of developing a genetic algorithm (GA) based technique model to optimize highway alignment. It suggests a novel technique to optimize a highway alignment in a three dimensional space. The technique considers station points to simultaneously configure both horizontal and vertical alignment rather than considering the existing conventional principles of design which deals with both alignments in two different stages and uses horizontal intersection points (HIP), vertical intersection points (VIP), tangents (T), curve radii (R), deflection angles (∆), grade values (± g %), and horizontal and vertical curve fittings to depict the horizontal and vertical alignments. The proposed method is expected to produce a global optimal or near optimal solution and also to reduce the number of highway alignment design elements required and consequently reduce the constraints imposed on alignment planning and design. The results obtained have good merits and encourage further investigations for better solutions.

In view of the comparison between through mountain highway and winding mountain highway in mountain highway route selection, the terrain and land use data of the study area are obtained by using GIS spatial data processing function. Considering the influence of economic, technical, environmental and safety factors in route selection, the three-dimensional alignment optimization model of mountain crossing highway is constructed to establish cost models for roads and tunnels respectively, the scheme optimization of mountain crossing highway route selection is realized by using quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm. The two route schemes of through mountain highway and winding mountain highway are optimized by case test, and the two route schemes are analyzed and compared. The results show that under certain conditions, the route scheme of through mountain highway is more economical and reasonable than that of winding mountain highway; The three-dimensional alignment optimization model overcomes the local optimization problem existing in the traditional horizontal and vertical section road alignment design, considers the application of tunnel in the route design, and improves the reliability and adaptability of road alignment design; The algorithm can quickly converge to obtain the optimal solution, and can realize the scheme optimization of road route and tunnel. It can provide a certain theoretical reference for road designers in the comparison of schemes of through mountain highway and winding mountain highway.

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