二战东南亚战场战败日军遣返研究

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The Battle of Saipan in the Mariana Islands, fought between June 15 and July 9, 1944, was among the most bitterly contested of the Asia-Pacific War. With Japanese forces dug into caves and determined to fight to the death, casualties mounted. According to the US Military History, some 24,000 Japanese soldiers were killed and 5,000 committed suicide while 2,949 Americans died and 10,364 were wounded. According to historian John Toland, 22,000 Japanese civilians, as well as an unspecified number of islanders also died, some by compulsory suicides.

This paper focuses on the representation of “Paradise” by Mizuki Shigeru, and analyzes his essays and manga which he wrote about his friendship with the Tolai people. In the Asian-Pacific War, Mizuki was dispatched as a soldier in Rabaul, Papua New Guinea. There, he struck up a friendship with Topetoro and his family who were island inhabitants called the Tolai people. After the war ended Mizuki returned to Japan then revisited Rabaul in 1971 where their friendship resumed. Mizuki wrote about the Tolai peoples’ life as a “Paradise” many times in his essays and manga after meeting them again. First, this paper examines Mizuki’s work where he wrote about Topetoro’s life as a “Paradise”, the primary target of which was readers who hadn’t experienced the Asian-pacific war. Next, this paper analyzes the changing narrative episodes about Topetoro in Mizuki’s essays, and argues that this change was affected by Topetoro’s death. Finally, this paper examines Mizuki’s fictional representation of “Paradise” in the Manga Yumesaki Annai Neko after Topetoro’s death. There were many Japanese people who revisited war zones after the 1970s, but Mizuki’s purpose of meeting local inhabitants again was not common. This paper argues that significance of Mizuki’s special experiences documented in his essays and Manga.

August 15 remains an important day in Korean and Japanese cultures for the two peoples, the former commemorating their liberation from colonial rule and the latter lamenting the end of the tragedy that had befallen their nation. On this day in 1945, the emperor declared his country's intention to accept the Allied forces' surrender terms. This date, however, is a myth of sorts as the Koreans were soon after forced into division and further subjugation at the hands of the United States and the Soviet Union, who divided postwar occupation responsibilities. For the Japanese, the emperor's unprecedented broadcast may have ended the bombing of Japanese cities, but it did not bring about a general return of Japanese soldiers from Pacific War battlefields. These days, however, the day is marked for concluding two tragic periods of their histories, but with very different sentiments. In this article the author traces his observations on how the Japanese and Koreans observe August 15 in contemporary times.

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During and after World War II, around 2.4 million Japanese died overseas. The bodies of nearly half of them are still missing as they remain in the field where they fell and have never been repatriated. The tasks of recovering and repatriating the remains of Japanese war dead started in 1953 by the former Ministry of Health and Welfare, and are now carried out by the Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). In 2016, the "Act on Promoting the Recovery of the Remains of Japanese War Dead (Act No. 12 of 2016)" was enacted. The Act designates Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 (from April 2016 to March 2017) to FY 2024 as the period of intensive implementation and stipulates that the state shall establish a process to promote the identification of the war dead. In line with this Act, physical anthropologists were employed as full-time experts by the MHLW to conduct scientific analysis on the remains in the field, and since then, they have accompanied all overseas delegations for repatriation. The authors of this paper have been sent to the sites in the partner countries overseas such as the former Soviet Union, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, and nationally to Ioto (Iwo Jima) to analyze the minimum number of individuals (MNI), ancestry, age at death, and sex of the remains. Along with the morphological investigations, DNA analyses of mitochondrial polymorphism and Y-chromosomal/autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) have been applied for estimation of the ancestry and identification of the individual. By narrowing down the possible candidates based on the historical records such as name list of the missing, if individual identification of the remains is achieved, the remains are returned to the bereaved families, and if not, they are placed in the Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery in Tokyo to rest in peace. Also, the implementation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses with next generation sequencing (NGS) for ancestry is under discussion. This paper provides an overview of the process of recovery and identification of the missing bodies from World War II in Japan.

The Australian Army estimates there are 25,000 unrecovered casualties from its past conflicts including the world wars. Three of those are the topic of this article. They were combat commanders killed in the early days of fighting at Kokoda in World War II, leading the men in operations against the Japanese. Templeton was captured and killed after interrogation. Crawford was ambushed and murdered by hostile Papuans. Dean was killed in battle and buried in the field. Closely reviewing the evidence of how the men’s lives ended aims to provide resolution for their families, and thus to secure for them and the men who died appropriate recognition and commemoration by the Australian Defence Force. Illustrating how archival resources may be better utilised to establish identification, the following argues that an unidentified grave at Bomana War Cemetery contains the remains of Crawford.

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Abstract This article examines the activities of the Japanese Buddhist priest Ueda Tenzui (1899–1974) in wartime Thailand and Burma. Ueda initially went to Southeast Asia to pursue his studies of Buddhist precepts. During the war, he joined a pacification team of the Japanese military in occupied Burma and, as part of this role, became the headteacher of a Japanese language school. He was later ordained and served for some time as a monk in the Burmese Theravada tradition. Since the 1970s, research on Japanese Buddhist involvement in Japan’s wars has focused on criticizing those who cooperated with the war effort and praising those who resisted. In this regard, Ueda is unquestionably a ‘collaborator’. Yet, his case demonstrates the importance of the concept of the ‘grey zone’ between the two extremes of collaboration and resistance. While we have to acknowledge that Ueda acted in support of the war effort at the request of the military, he was also a scholar and a practitioner who deepened his understanding of Theravada Buddhism through personal experience. Ueda criticized the war after Japan’s defeat and also came to actively appreciate Burmese Buddhism’s strict adherence to the precepts. At the same time, he never showed a critical attitude towards Japanese Buddhism. Ueda’s thinking is characterized by his ability to find commonalities between Burmese and Japanese Buddhism without ranking them according to some hierarchy of superiority and inferiority, while also recognizing the differences that exist between these two branches of Buddhism.

Iwabuchi Nobuteru has visited New Guinea more than 200 times over the past 40 years –not to relax on a tropical beach but to look for human remains.The divided East Indies island – the west half Irian, Indonesia, and the east half Papua New Guinea – saw heavy fighting between Japanese and Allied forces during World War II. Thousands of soldiers died there, and Iwabuchi's father, Keiji, was one of them.

In 1969, a group of Japanese veterans returned to New Guinea to find the remains of their comrades and conduct funeral rites, one of many such postwar missions to former battlefields. The group documented its search in photographs and published a book of these photographs in 1970. This article shows how the visual cues of the photographs functioned to blur the temporal distance from war and encouraged an emotional response in the viewers by contrasting the recognizable, shattered remains of the dead with the peaceful and ostensibly timeless environment in which they were now found. The photographs also reveal unequal power relations between Japanese veteran visitors and their New Guinean hosts, and the enduring nature of the veterans' colonial viewpoints. This article argues that the aim of the veterans in presenting these photographs to the greater public was to contribute an emotionally engaging argument against forgetting the sacrifice of veterans in the war, underlining the powerful mechanisms that allowed conservative alliances of veterans, bereaved families and politicians to bypass debates about war guilt by appealing instead to emotions connected to grief and mourning.

DNA yield varies by anatomical region, and the selection of bone types that yield maximum recovery of DNA is important to maximize the success of human identification of skeletal remains. The goal of our study was to explore inter- and intra-individual variation in DNA content by measuring nuclear DNA quantity and quality and autosomal STR typing success to determine the most promising skeletal elements for bone sampling. To exclude the influence of taphonomic issues as much as possible, three complete male skeletons from a single Second World War mass grave were examined and all representative skeletal element types of the human body were analyzed. Forty-eight different types of bones from the head, torso, arm, leg, hand, and foot were sampled from each skeleton, 144 bones altogether. The samples were cleaned, and half a gram of bone powder was decalcified using a full demineralization extraction method. The DNA was purified in a Biorobot EZ1 (Qiagen). DNA content and rates of DNA degradation were determined with the PowerQuant (Promega), and the Investigator ESSplex SE QS (Qiagen) was used for STR typing. The highest-yielding bones mostly produced the most complete STR profiles. Among the skeletal elements containing on average the most DNA and producing the most complete profiles in all three skeletons examined were metacarpals, metatarsals, and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Metatarsals and metacarpals can easily be sampled without using a saw, thus reducing potential DNA contamination. Skeletons from the Second World War can be used as a model for poorly preserved skeletal remains, and the results of the investigation can be applied for genetic identification of highly degraded skeletal remains in routine forensic casework. Although the research was limited to only three skeletons found in a unique mass grave, the data obtained could contribute to sampling strategies for identifying old skeletal remains. More Second World War skeletons will be analyzed in the future to investigate inter-bone variation in the preservation of DNA.

Abstract The recovery of soldiers’ remains has been a major concern of the US military since the mid-nineteenth century. However, military defeats during the Cold War left the remains of US soldiers unattended for decades, which diminished the odds of their identification and created ambiguities about their fates. After the Vietnam War, some statespersons and soldiers’ families alleged that many missing soldiers had not been killed, but rather detained by the enemy and abandoned by US authorities. The US military strove to recover and identify as many missing soldiers as possible to debunk these allegations. Existing forensic methods failed to provide definitive conclusions, straining the relationship between the military and the American public. Consequently, the military turned to DNA profiling to identify missing personnel. Technical limitations and US society’s lingering distrust of authorities turned DNA profiling into a new battleground between the US military and prisoners of war/missing in action (POW/MIA) families. Despite the promise DNA technology seemed to offer for remains’ identification, this article argues that its success was reliant on POW/MIA families’ attitudes towards the military and politics, who demanded much more than identified remains as a means of achieving closure.

During the First World War, German, French, and British soldiers were provided with identity discs or bracelets containing personal information to ensure that they could be identified, were they to die in battle. Each combatant nation developed their system in response to the difficulties encountered in relation to the identification and burial of dead on the battlefield, in accordance with the requirements of the 1906 Geneva Convention. As a result, it is possible to encounter a variety of designs issued during the war, including historical patterns which had been re-issued. Though it is not unusual to discover the presence of skeletal remains from the First World War during archaeological works in France and Belgium, it is a rare occasion to also recover an identity disc. This paper will describe how soldiers located during archaeological works are identified, making recommendations for the improved recording of skeletal remains recovered during the excavation process to assist the investigative procedures. These recommendations may also be applied to the discovery of more recent military remains, e.g. soldiers who died during the Second World War, where evidence of war crimes may be present.

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is responsible for the recovery and identification of its historic casualties. With over 30,000 still unrecovered from past conflicts including World War One (WW1) and World War Two (WWII), the Australian Army and Royal Australian Air Force have teams that research, recover, identify and oversee the burial (or reburial) of the remains of soldiers and airmen who continue to be found each year. The Royal Australian Navy is also responsible for its unrecovered casualties. Collectively the priorities of the various services within the ADF are the respectful recovery and treatment of the dead, thorough forensic identification efforts, resolution for families and honouring the ADF's proud history of service and sacrifice. What is unique about the approach of the ADF is that the respective services retain responsibility for their historic losses, while a joint approach is taken on policies and in the utilisation of the pool of forensic specialists. Section One describes the process undertaken by the Australian Army in the recovery, identification and burial or repatriation of soldiers through its specialised unit Unrecovered War Casualties - Army (UWC-A). Section Two describes the role of the Royal Australian Air Force in the recovery of aircraft and service personnel through their specialised unit Historic Unrecovered War Casualties - Air Force (HUWC-AF). An overview of the operations of each service and case studies is presented for each section.

Corporal (Cpl.) Bert Jones (1917-1990) and his unit, 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery, surrendered to the 16th Army of the Imperial Japanese Army on March 12, 1942 after intense fighting in Java (now Indonesia). Following the surrender, Cpl. Jones was shipped to Thailand, a perilous journey with the added risk that the ship he was traveling on could be torpedoed by an American submarine [1]. Although he survived the voyage, the odds of surviving long-term as a prisoner of war (POW) were slim. Cpl. Jones was eventually sent to the 80 Kilo Camp in Apalaine, Burma. There, he survived on a daily ration of rice, cucumber, and radish with meat flavoring. His job, along with the more than 60,000 POWs and 70,000 conscripted laborers, involved clearing the jungle and leveling the ground for the Siam-Burma railroad, an effort later portrayed in the book and film, The Bridge Over the River Kwai. One Japanese soldier riding on the railroad, Watanabe Hideo, recalled: “We passed large numbers of prisoners of war in the jungle along the tracks. ... They were all naked except for a fiftycentimeter wide loincloth. These were made from coarse jute bags for rice and wheat. The peachy skin of the Caucasians was soiled by streams of blood. They moved and writhed, chased by Japanese officerswieldingwhips” [2]. Almost all of the POWs suffered from health issues including malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, beriberi, and pellagra. If a POW sustained a scratch by a piece of bamboo or a scrape on a stone, he could develop a tropical ulcer, which, combined with nutritional disorders, continued labor, and minimal rest, penetrated into the muscle and tendon resulting in gangrene, and potentially, amputation. Australian surgeon Albert Coates described the dilemma over whether to perform amputations on POWsworking on the Siam-Burma railroad: “Joints, such as the ankle and mid-tarsal joints, became eroded, pain was excruciating, there was no morphine, and the patient yearned to be relieved of his dead or dying member. For the first six weeks, attempts were made by all available methods to save the limbs. Amputation had to be done, and I am sorry I did not undertake it sooner” [3]. While in Burma, Cpl. Jones’ left leg developed a tropical ulcer that indeed progressed to gangrene [4, 5]. Although it’s uncertain which surgeon performed the operation, Cpl. Jones’ leg was amputated below the knee sometime in late 1942 [4]. While most patients in the camps survived amputations, many subsequently succumbed to pellagra, systemic infection, or dysentery [3]. Following his operation, Cpl. Jones was transferred to the A note from the Editor-in-Chief: We are pleased to present the next installment of ArtiFacts. In each column, the Collections Manager of the Historical Collections Division of the National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM) will present a photograph of a visually or historically interesting artifact from the museum’s collection and provide the story behind the picture. The NMHM, whose collection was recognized as a National Historic Landmark, was originally developed from the Army Medical Museum established during the Civil War to collect “specimens of morbid anatomy together with projectiles and foreign bodies removed.” Its mission today is to inspire interest in, and promote the understanding of, medicine to the public. The author certifies that neither he, nor any members of their immediate families, have any commercial associations (such as consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. The opinions or assertions herein are those of the author and do not represent the views of the Defense Health Agency or of the Department of Defense. Alan J. Hawk BA (✉), National Museum of Health and Medicine, Defense Health Agency, 2460 Linden Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA, Email: alan.j.hawk.civ@mail.mil

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The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War: In Cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation PETER POST, WILLIAM H. FREDERICK, IRIS HEIDEBRINK, and SHIGERU SATO, eds. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2010, xxix+684 p.The twentieth century has been characterized as the century of wars. It experienced two world wars, many regional wars in the context of the Cold War, and various kinds of internal wars. These wars produced many casualties, both military and civilian. In return, the many nation-states that the two great wars brought into being have made it a habit to commemorate those who sacrificed their lives for their countries. By the end of the century, "remembering war" has become a common exercise for national governments and a civic duty for citizens. In this context, intensive efforts at recollection, collective reflection and redress in relation to these wars have materialized in academia as well as public sectors. In addition, international and intergovernmental cooperation has produced new memories, understandings, and interpretations of the wars. As such, the "memory boom" has taken place in many parts of the globe (Winter 2006, 1).Two reasons deserve to be mentioned regarding this trend from a global perspective. First, as those who experienced war age, they are eager to archive their memories for future generations. In the Netherlands, many memorials and statues bearing the names of those who fell in a war have been established by local communities. Second, many developing countries that were also former European or American colonies have been democratized in the process of "the Third Wave" (Huntington 1991). For these countries, democratization has been a process of confronting colonial and authoritarian legacies through historical fact-finding efforts that are concerned with addressing human rights violations that occurred under authoritarian regimes (De Brito et al. 2001). Thus, the politics of memory sheds light on those who suffered as well as the oppressed. This process has made possible, for instance, international cooperation between a former colony (Indonesia) and its erstwhile suzerain power (The Netherlands) to present the truth about what happened during the war period.Under these changing international and domestic socio-political circumstances, over the years, tremendous international collaborative efforts have borne fruit in the form of the Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War. It is a timely publication and provides a broad understanding of the topic. It has 56 contributors from various parts of the globe with 684 and xxix pages, plus 24 pages of pictures at the end of the volume. It has eight major chapters-chapter one general introduction; chapter two historical overview; five middle chapters on matters directly related to the Japanese occupation (chapters three to seven), namely, administration and policies, coercion and control, economy, society and social change, and culture; and chapter eight on postwar burdens and memory. The 156-page long "Lexicon of People, Events and Institutions" addendum to the book is especially useful for readers and scholars in need of quick reference. To describe this Encyclopedia as "a strong encyclopedia" that "can help you to get an early, broad understanding of a topic" (Storey 2008, 5) is indeed accurate.In his introduction Peter Post, one of the editors of the Encyclopedia, explains the purpose of the tome. It "aims to go beyond the myths and misconceptions and treats the varied aspects of the Japanese occupation period in a comparative way," "gives factual details of how different groups of people initially reacted towards Japanese military rule and how these groups experienced the changes in their living circumstances," and "pays attention to the legacies of the war in the three main countries concerned, e.g. Japan, Indonesia, and The Netherlands" (p. 2). According to Post, four major advancements in the historiography of the Japanese period in Indonesia over the last two decades have made this Encyclopedia project possible. …