辛格顿船长和摩尔弗兰德斯中的殖民主义

… relation of supposedly authentic adventures like Captain Singleton. But, as Professor Rogers … But Defoe is much more interested in the prospects of colonization, and he emphasizes the …

… time of writing Captain Singleton, Defoe's chief extra-novelistic interest in Africa had to do with trade, by the late 172os his attention had moved on to thoughts about its colonization.10 …

… ’s repeated characterization of the natives as “savage,” “barbarous,” and “naked” signifies the colonial code of exploitation, but we can read a subtle irony in this characterization by a …

Captain Singleton, roman de Daniel Defoe, a jusqu’ici peu interesse la critique, peut-etre parce le recit, qui soutient la piraterie en utilisant des arguments peu convaincants, peut paraitre sans grand interet, et parce qu’il passe sous silence les terribles actes de violence pour lesquels les pirates etaient connus et detestes. Ce texte est problematique. Le present article met en lumiere le contexte historique dans lequel le roman parut en soulignant l’attitude ambigue de l’Etat britannique a l’egard de la piraterie a l’epoque. L’Etat la tolerait quand elle servait les interets mercantiles de la Grande-Bretagne, mais la condamnait lorsqu’elle menacait le commerce colonial. Une autre ambiguite vient de la fascination qu’eprouvait personnellement Defoe pour l’accumulation de richesses par des moyens immoraux ou illegaux. Cet article montre en quoi ces deux contradictions sont au centre de l’ideologie mercantile qui sous-tend l’essor du capitalisme : le discours autour du commerce honnete et harmonieux masquait la violence epouvantable entourant l’accumulation de capital, violence tantot officielle et soutenue par l’Etat, tantot exercee par des individus quand l’occasion se presentait. L’article montre egalement comment Captain Singleton contribue a l’appropriation par l’imaginaire de l’Afrique, de l’ocean Indien et de l’ocean Pacifique, ouvrant la voie a la domination hegemonique de ces territoires par l’Empire britannique ainsi qu’a leur entree dans la litterature britannique au cours des deux siecles qui suivirent.

… colonial–maritime undertakings, where distinctions between trade and fraud often become alarmingly tenuous. Defoe … observes, Defoe ‘argues endlessly for colonial expansion in the …

In Captain Singleton (1720), Daniel Defoe rehearses the ethical and discursive justifications of predatory capitalism. Through an examination of Defoe's economic writings, I illustrate how the author confronts readers with the moral ambiguity of legal trade by comparing the “litteral” pirate Singleton with the “allegorical” pirates of London's central economic institutions. Through this comparison, Defoe places legal trade on an uncertain continuum with piracy. By extension, he explores the problematic necessity of reconciling the hero-outlaw Singleton's piracy to conceptions of national identity predicated on economic expansionism. Defoe suggests this reconciliation is best achieved by understanding trade in terms of “infinite advantage.” This article contextualizes “infinite advantage” as an imaginative projection onto the world of the conditions necessary to sustain infinite trade, and argues that Singleton appropriates this ideology to palliate fears of Hobbesian scarcity. Thus, the novel examines the conditions of scarcity that precipitate predatory trade practices alongside the fantasy of economic infinitude that would make these practices obsolete.

Abstract This chapter attends to the fluid and contradictory constructions of racial and national identity in Daniel Defoe’s writings. Defoe’s sense of Englishness is bound up with broader ideas about Britishness and Europeanness, and in his writings traits associated with these groups are often compared to ‘Other’ groups of ‘foreign’ or ‘savage’ or ‘barbarous’ origins. However, none of Defoe’s opinions about racial or national character appear fixed and often come into conflict within the same work. Works across several genres, including his poem The True-Born Englishman (1700/1) and novel Captain Singleton (1720), demonstrate the conflation of nation and race, the contradictions inherent in descriptions of specific peoples, and the burgeoning justifications for colonialism and imperialism that would form the backbone of English and British identity in the later part of the eighteenth century.

Daniel Defoe's later works — fictional and journalistic — make a case for English imperial control over the Americas in the early 18th century. Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, and the lesser known but more polemically explicit Atlas Marìtìmus & Commercialis, show much of the world as promising for English commerce but anxiously fix on the Americas as necessary to the economic health of the nation. These works were aimed at various audiences; the novels sought to influence merchants, while the Atlas, a massive and expensive book, was geared towards the ruling class. Defoe is anxious to make it clear that Providence seems to have decreed that "all North-America would be English." Much of Defoe's body of work can be seen as a heterogeneous speech act that sought to do what Edward Said's Orientalism claims the French and British in the next century would do concerning the East: represent the Other in terms that rendered it familiar yet inferior, and as such colonizable and possessable. Print culture leads directly to imperial and economic expansion.

Drawing on legal and economic history and transatlantic debates about the behavior of transported convicts, this essay reads Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders as a key to the eighteenth-century colonial turn in criminal sentencing. This shift, wherein vestigial ecclesiastical privileges and reports of spiritual conversion legitimated the commutation of death sentences to servitude abroad, renders the narrative's concern with penitence newly legible. Not merely in Moll's spiritual condition, the text's religious language and narrative structures consolidate the terms of a penal system whose Atlantic reach was enabled by legal fictions and demonstrations of belief.

Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders and Colonel Jack, both published in 1722, have often been read as propaganda for emigration, transportation of criminals, and involuntary servitude. Both title characters find financial security and social status after being transported as indentured servants, and they eventually return to England. Each protagonist, however, makes an additional transatlantic journey out of choice rather than necessity, which paradoxically leads to greater risk and a more coercive atmosphere. Defoe complicates matters further by reversing the order of these journeys in the two novels, thus qualifying and in some respects subverting a purely optimistic view of colonial prospects. And while both Moll and Jack clearly distinguish themselves from African slaves, each is subject to more subtle forms of subjugation because of the connectedness of a transatlantic world that proves surprisingly small.

… The formal education ofyoung Moll provides an opportunity to note such discrepancies. Read carefully the passage in Moll Flanders beginning about the middle of page 8 with "The first …

… The economic underpinnings of both Virginia and, by extension therefore, Behn’s Surinam, are made clearer when Moll and James spend a whole week comparing colonial prospects …

… than imperial entanglements abroad. Kathleen Wilson's definition of imperialism - "the ideologies, … Moreover, in the imperialist dialectic of self and other, Defoe does not always give …

This essay1 uses a reading of a powerful trope in the representation of women as a kind of workshop on the discursive relation between gender and empire in early eighteenth-century literary culture. Despite my title, I will focus mainly on Amazons — in eighteenth-century literature variously and in Defoe's Roxana (1724) at some length. Recently, the image of the Amazon has attracted the attention of feminist theorists and cultural historians, as well as classicists, anthropologists, and literary critics; and Amazons have been seen variously as emblems of female autonomy, figures of myth, examples of misogyny, or thematizations of romantic heroism.2 In literature, outside the classical, the focus has been on the drama and epic of the Renaissance;3 the Amazon has not seemed an active figure in the literary culture of the eighteenth century. I want to try to argue here that the Amazon is — though covertly or indirectly — a significant image in the discourse of the representation of difference in this period; that this figure is most readily perceived and most usefully understood specifically in terms of contemporary representations of exchange, accumulation, and commodification; and finally that the Amazon is for this period an important form of mediation in the representation of imperialist ideology. In focusing on Defoe, I have chosen to view this trope through the eyes of one of the most prolific and eloquent apologists for mercantile expansion in early eighteenth-century literary culture. That is to say, I stand in the place of the imperialist, and I view the "other" from the perspective of the dominant ideology. This perspective inevitably places gender before race, because gender represents a category of difference constituted primarily within the geographical purview of the dominant culture, while race in this period remains mainly extrinsic, geographically foreign, a category of difference defined as an external object. For that reason, the argument here will come to the African through the figure of the Amazon, and it will use Defoe's image of the African in Captain Singleton (1720) as a final test case for the connection of the representation of difference with the ideology of empire.

… slavery is an accepted fact in the novel,” that there is no condemnation of slavery in this book or in any of Defoe… fiction, but as in the case of Robinson Crusoe, Defoe was able to build on …

This essay examines the role of slavery in Defoe’s writings, both fiction and non-fiction, as well as the role of slavery in Defoe’s life as a businessman.

… From this point onward Captain Singleton differs significantly from other Defoe novels because its hero becomes involved in a stable emotional and economic relationship that lasts for …

… African coast, he begins to understand simple economic abstractions: he learns more about … , when he sells them to South American plantations. By being forced to decide on matters of …

… the representation of penal transportation in Moll Flanders and … the historical penal apparatus and turns transportation into … the representation of transportation in Moll Flanders and in …

… Transportation was hardly an easy option, but as Moll admits, "we shall all choose any thing … Moll Flanders follows its heroine's criminal career but also her experience within the penal …

… the breakdown of colonial discourses by the putative object of colonial command, anticipating some of the most influential critiques in contemporary postcolonial theory, including …

These creative acts compose, within a historical period, a specific community: a community visible in the structure of feeling and demonstrable, above all, in fundamental choices of form.I had become convinced … that the most penetrating analysis would always be of forms, specifically literary forms, where changes of viewpoint, changes of known and knowable relationships, changes of possible and actual resolutions, could be directly demonstrated, as forms of literary organization, and then, just because they involved more than individual solutions, could be reasonably related to a real social history. [Raymond Williams]In the waning years of the seventeenth century Sir William Petty, F.R.S., a talented statistician, champion of trade and commerce, and “projector” of schemes for national betterment, drew up a plan to cope with what he, at least, saw as a major problem. Petty had observed that there were large numbers of English youth from respectable families who had not the leisure, money, nor opportunity to travel to foreign countries. He was concerned that these worthy young men would miss the chance to develop the expansive faculty of mind and commercial acumen that foreign travel provided and national progress demanded. The crux of his scheme was that these youths would repair to London, where they would encounter businessmen around the Royal Exchange “who have fresh concerne & correspondance with all parts of the knowne world & with all the Commodityes growing or made within the same.”

… discourses of knowledge about the East that also began to proliferate well before the end of the eighteenth century. … working in the fields of eighteenth-century and postcolonial studies, …

… and practical substance to the new Company's plans, though … to spring up between the new colony and its Spanish and … with England's colonies in New England and the Caribbean. …