山药与穿山龙的安全性评价

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The edible films composed ofcarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), glycerol, mucilage from Chinese yam (DOM)and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), were prepared by a casting method. To evaluate the applicability for food packaging, prepared films were characterised morphological, physical, rheological, mechanical and barrier properties, performed FT-IR, thermal analysis, and finally investigated the antibacterial activity and acute oral toxicity of films. The surface of films presented irregular arrangement with nanoparticles combined in the networks, suggesting the best "CMC to DOM weight ratio" of approximately 1:1 could provide a smooth surface. The films with 2.0 g ZnO-NPs presented antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. With the increase of DOM, the antibacterial rate dropped at 400 and 450 μL/mL. The film-forming solutions with higher ZnO-NPs content display shear-thinning properties and liquid-like behaviour. The edible films have a great potential to be used in application in food packaging.

A novel hydrogel (DOP/PEI-PBA) based on the “three-component” reaction of 2-formylphenylboric acid (2-FPBA), the primary amine group of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and the cis-o-dihydroxy groups of Dioscorea opposita Thunb polysaccharide (DOP) was designed in this work. The hydrogel can be easily prepared by simply mixing the three reactants at room temperature. The hydrogel had dual responsiveness to glucose and pH, and can realize the controllable release of insulin. Moreover, the hydrogel combining insulin and DOP can inhibit the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and promote glucose consumption as well as the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), in high-glucose-induced injury in HL-7702 cells, which reflects the synergistic effect of insulin and DOP to protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress at the same time. Further in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that the hydrogel had good biocompatibility and no obvious toxicity to cells. These indicate that the prepared hydrogel (DOP/PEI-PBA) can be expected to be applied in the clinical treatment of insulin deficiency in diabetes.

The biodegradable films, composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), glycerol, mucilage from Dioscorea opposita (DOM) and Ag nanoparticles, were prepared by a casting method and characterised including colour measurement, solubility, mechanical and water barrier properties etc. to fit the requirements for food packaging. The films were also analysed by fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and rheometer etc., meanwhile, the antimicrobial activities and acute toxicity of the films were investigated. The addition of Ag nanoparticles and DOM decreased the tensile strength, water solubility and transparency value, while increased the elongation at break. The functional groups and thermal analysis of films presented no significant differences, and the film-forming solutions showed similar shear-thinning properties. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that the films achieved significant antibaterial effects against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. The biodegradable films presented a compact and uniform structure with antibacterial properties and without toxicological responses, which has excellent potential to be applied in food packaging.

Abstract With the goals of reducing negative environmental impacts and improving the novel food packaging industry, edible films composed of Chinese yam mucilage (DOM) and starch were prepared via a casting method. The films were characterized by analysing the physical, morphological, mechanical and barrier properties, performing a thermal analysis, and finally performing an acute toxicity analysis in rats that ingested the film-forming solutions. Four film samples (F1, F2, F3 and F4) were prepared to evaluate the effects of ultrasound and the addition of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on DOM. DOM films presented a compact and uniform structure without toxicological responses, and the optimal DOM film-forming solution contained 20.0% mucilage, 10.0% starch, 1.0% glycerol, and 2.0% CMC after a 1 h ultrasound treatment. The solubility, swelling degree and water vapour permeability (WVP) of DOM film were 41.11%, 95.03% and 55.30 g mm/m2·d·kPa, respectively. The functional groups analysed by FT-IR and thermal degradation were not affected by the different formulations. Therefore, the non-toxic and bio-degradable films prepared using DOM have the great potential to be used in applications in food packaging.

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This study investigates the effects Dioscorea opposita polysaccharides (DOP) on insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and intestine microbiota in high-fat-diet and streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes (T2DM) rats. Low dose (DOP-L, 200 mg/kg BW), high dose (DOP-H, 400 mg/kg BW) and D. opposita powder (DO, 400 mg/kg BW) were oral-administrated to T2DM rats. After 6 weeks of treatment, supplementation of DOP-H and DO improved body weight and glucose/lipid metabolism-related indicators, including glucagon-like peptide 1, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. DOP-H and DO suppressed liver oxidative stress through increasing the level of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and reducing malondialdehyde. DOP attenuated the pathological change in liver, such as hepatic steatosis, and thus improved the liver function. Furthermore, the anti-diabetic effects of DOP was correlated with alterations of the gut microbiota, including an increase in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, which promoted a healthier gut environment. Further analysis of short-chain fatty acids and metabolites provided evidences of DOP's regulatory effects on cecal contents in T2DM rats. Therefore, DOP-H present decent effects on T2DM, suggesting that DOP can ameliorate the insulin resistance and restore blood lipid level of T2DM rats with high-fat-diet by regulating intestinal microbiota.

As common complications of diabetes, long-term hyperglycemia and inflammatory infiltration often lead to prolonged unhealing of chronic diabetic wounds. The natural hydrogel-containing plant polysaccharides were recorded to have effective hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects. This study focused on the accelerating effect of diabetic wound healing of hydrogels doped with Dioscorea opposita polysaccharide (DOP)─calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microspheres, which have glucose-responsive insulin release and anti-inflammatory effects. The hydrogel defined as PL-PVA/DOP-CaCO3 was designed via the borate ester bonds between polylysine-phenylboronic acids (PL-PBA) and dihydroxyl groups of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). DOP modified on the surface of CaCO3 microspheres can simultaneously act with PBA to dope into the PL-PVA hydrogel and maintain glucose sensitivity. The mechanical and swelling properties of the hybrid hydrogels were reinforced by the incorporated microspheres. Meanwhile, the hyperglycemia was also regulated by the released insulin and DOP. The in vitro results indicated that the PL-PVA/DOP-CaCO3 hydrogel had good biocompatibility and inflammatory activity and could promote fibroblast proliferation and migration. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the INS@PL-PVA/DOP-CaCO3 hydrogel can significantly promote wound healing in diabetic rats by glucose-responsive regulation of hyperglycemia, inhibiting inflammation, improving angiogenesis, and accelerating the secretion of endothelial cells and proliferation of fibroblasts on wound tissues. The results bring new insights into the field of glucose-responsive hydrogels, showing their potential as drug delivery systems of macromolecular therapeutics to treat diabetic skin wounds.

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BackgroundDrug transporters play important roles in the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs and thereby, modulate drug efficacy and toxicity. With a growing use of poly pharmacy, concurrent administration of herbal extracts that modulate transporter activities with drugs can cause serious adverse reactions. Therefore, prediction and evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential is important in the clinic and in the drug development process. DA-9801, comprising a mixed extract of Dioscoreae rhizoma and Dioscorea nipponica Makino, is a new standardized extract currently being evaluated for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in a phase II clinical study.MethodThe inhibitory effects of DA-9801 on the transport functions of organic cation transporter (OCT)1, OCT2, organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) were investigated in HEK293 or LLC-PK1 cells. The effects of DA-9801 on the pharmacokinetics of relevant substrate drugs of these transporters were also examined in vivo in rats.ResultsDA-9801 inhibited the in vitro transport activities of OCT1, OCT2, OAT3, and OATP1B1, with IC50 values of 106, 174, 48.1, and 273 μg/mL, respectively, while the other transporters were not inhibited by 300 μg/mL DA-9801. To investigate whether this inhibitory effect of DA-9801 on OCT1, OCT2, and OAT3 could change the pharmacokinetics of their substrates in vivo, we measured the pharmacokinetics of cimetidine, a substrate for OCT1, OCT2, and OAT3, and of furosemide, a substrate for OAT1 and OAT3, by co-administration of DA-9801 at a single oral dose of 1,000 mg/kg. Pre-dose of DA-9801 5 min or 2 h prior to cimetidine administration decreased the Cmax of cimetidine in rats. However, DA-9801 did not affect the elimination parameters such as half-life, clearance, or amount excreted in the urine, suggesting that it did not inhibit elimination process of cimetidine, which is governed by OCT1, OCT2, and OAT3. Moreover, DA-9801 did not affect the pharmacokinetic characteristics of furosemide, as evidenced by its unchanged pharmacokinetic parameters.ConclusionInhibitory effects of DA-9801 on OCT1, OCT2, and OAT3 observed in vitro may not necessarily translate into in vivo herb-drug interactions in rats even at its maximum effective dose.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by high prevalence, severity, and a significant impact on quality of life. Conventional treatments, such as corticosteroids and biologics, often lead to adverse reactions. Traditional Chinese medicine, with its multi-component and multi-target characteristics, demonstrates potential as an alternative therapy for ADs. In traditional Chinese medicine, Dioscorea nipponica Makino (DnM) is often used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and type 1 diabetes, among other autoimmune conditions. Therefore, we delve into the association of this herb with ADs. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigate the therapeutic potential and multi-target mechanisms of DnM (a traditional Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties) in the treatment of ADs, elucidating its regulatory effects on immune cells and key signaling pathways. This work aims to provide a comprehensive phytopharmacological perspective for advancing ADs therapy and research. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search was conducted across seven databases to analyze, compare, and review relevant studies. A comprehensive literature review was performed on the chemical components, quality control, clinical observations, pharmacological mechanisms, and toxicology of DnM, and DnM was compared to popular drug treatment strategies. RESULTS DnM and its bioactive constituents (notably dioscin, Diosgenin and Total Saponins of Rhizoma Dioscorea Nipponica (TSDN)) modulate T lymphocyte proliferation, regulate the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and bidirectionally regulate apoptosis through Fas/FasL and Bcl-2/Bax pathways (depending on disease-specific microenvironments in ADs). DnM demonstrates significant therapeutic efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, alleviating symptoms, delaying disease progression, and exhibiting a favorable safety profile. CONCLUSION DnM exerts multi-target effects by modulating key inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in ADs. The NF-κB, STAT3, and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways may serve as key targets for DnM in modulating inflammatory states in ADs, while Fas/FasL and Bax/Bcl-2 are potential mediators of its apoptosis-regulating effects. Clinical evidence supports its efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), highlighting its multi-faceted therapeutic potential. This review systematically summarizes DnM's clinical outcomes, mechanisms, and toxicological profile, however, large-scale randomized controlled trials are required to validate its therapeutic potential across diverse ADs. Collectively, this work underscores DnM's promise as a candidate for AD therapeutics.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Dioscorea nipponica Makino is a traditional medicinal plant widely used in East Asia for the treatment of rheumatic disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular conditions. Its rhizome has long been applied in clinical practice for relieving pain, promoting blood circulation, and reducing swelling. Aim of the study: This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and underlying mechanisms of D. nipponica and to identify current research gaps and future perspectives. Materials and methods: The literature was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, CNKI and Wanfang Data from database inception to December 2025. The combined retrieval keywords were set as: (Dioscorea nipponica Makino OR Chuanshanlong) AND (chemical constituents OR steroidal saponins OR flavonoids OR phenols) AND (biological activity OR anti-inflammatory OR cardioprotective OR hepatotoxicity OR clinical application). Both English and Chinese publications were retrieved, and studies written in other languages were excluded. Results: Phytochemical studies have identified diverse secondary metabolites, particularly steroidal saponins, along with diarylheptanoids and phenanthrenes. These compounds exhibit multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, and cardioprotective effects. Mechanistic studies indicate that these activities are mediated through the modulation of key signaling pathways such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, AMPK, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, current research remains fragmented, with limited integration of chemical composition, molecular targets, and therapeutic outcomes. Conclusions: D. nipponica represents a promising source of bioactive natural products, with steroidal saponins as the major contributors to its pharmacological effects. Future studies should focus on multi-component interactions, pharmacokinetics, quality control, and clinical validation to support its rational development and sustainable utilization.

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A Dioscorea opposita Thunb polysaccharide (DOP)-modified ZIF8 material was developed in this study, which can be used as a "smart" glucose-responsive carrier to control the slow release of drugs. The 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) functionalized carboxylated long-chain polymer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments, which were first modified on the surface of ZIF8 nanoparticles with a hydrogen bond and then chemically cross-linked with DOP through a borate ester bond, leading to the drugs loaded on ZIF8 being "closed" in PBS but being "open" via taking off the DOP coating in high concentrations of glucose; thus, leakage can be prevented in the drug loaded and a glucose-triggered release can effectively result. Moreover, the materials showed good biocompatibility and the released trans-N-p-coumaroyltyramine (NCT) could work synergistically with the DOP to improve insulin resistance and promote glucose consumption in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells.

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