国外模因理论研究发展历程

We investigated cultural evolution in populations of common chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) in the Atlantic islands (Azores, Madeira, Canaries) and neighboring continental regions (Morocco, Iberia) by employing a population memetics approach. To quantify variability within populations, we used the concept of a song meme, defined as a single syllable or a series of linked syllables capable of being transmitted. The frequency distribution of memes within populations generally fit a neutral model in which there is an equilibrium between mutation, migration, and drift, which suggests that memes are functionally equivalent. The diversity of memes of single syllables is significantly greater in the Azores compared to all other regions, consistent with higher population densities of chaffinches there. On the other hand, memes of two to five syllables have greater diversity in Atlantic island and Moroccan populations compared to their Iberian counterparts. This higher diversity emanates from a looser syntax and increased recombination in songs, presumably because of relaxed selection for distinctive songs in these peripheral and depauperate avifaunas. We urge comparative population memetic studies of other species of songbirds and predict that they will lead to a formulation of a general theory for the cultural evolution of bird song analogous to population genetics theory for biological traits.

We investigated cultural evolution in populations of common chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) in the Atlantic islands (Azores, Madeira, and Canaries) and neighboring continental regions (Morocco and Iberia) by employing a population-memetic approach. To quantify differentiation, we used the concept of a song meme, defined as a single syllable or a series of linked syllables capable of being transmitted. The levels of cultural differentiation are higher among the Canaries populations than among the Azorean ones, even though the islands are on average closer to each other geographically. This is likely the result of reduced levels of migration, lower population sizes, and bottlenecks (possibly during the colonization of these populations) in the Canaries; all these factors produce a smaller effective population size and therefore accentuate the effects of differentiation by random drift. Significant levels of among-population differentiation in the Azores, in spite of substantial levels of migration, attest to the differentiating effects of high mutation rates of memes, which allow the accumulation of new mutants in different populations before migration can disperse them throughout the entire region.

Humans are extraordinary creatures, with the unique ability among animals to imitate and so copy from one another ideas, habits, skills, behaviours, inventions, songs, and stories. These are all memes, a term first coined by Richard Dawkins in 1976 in his book The Selfish Gene. Memes, like genes, are replicators, and this enthralling book is an investigation of whether this link between genes and memes can lead to important discoveries about the nature of the inner self. Confronting the deepest questions about our inner selves, with all our emotions, memories, beliefs, and decisions, Susan Blackmore makes a compelling case for the theory that the inner self is merely an illusion created by the memes for the sake of replication.

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PREFACE 1. Sense and nonsense 2. A history of evolution and human behaviours 3. Human sociobiology 4. Human behavioural ecology 5. Evolutionary psychology 6. Memetics 7. Gene-culture co-evolution 8. Comparing and integrating approaches FURTHER READING REFERENCES INDEX

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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Origins of the Meme Meme Do Memes Exist? Trouble with Analogies and Units What is a Meme? A New Replicator or Culture on a Leash? Do Memes have Memotypes? Old Genes, New Memes Religions, Cults, and Viral Information Human Evolution Consciousness, Creativity, and the Nature of Self Conclusion Postscript: Counterpoint References

The academic disciplines of theatre history and performance studies have yet to confront or make use of the growing trend toward Darwinian thinking in the social sciences, particularly psychology and anthropology. This essay focuses on exploring the application of memetics—a branch of cultural evolution theory—to theatre and performance history by using the phenomenon of wild animal shows, specifically big cat exhibitions, as a case study. A meme is the cultural equivalent of the "selfish" gene: a unit of imitation, representation, or information that forms the basis of a cultural inheritance system. A Darwinian historiography reframes causal factors as "selection pressures" and the culture of any particular time and place as a changing physical and social environment to which spectatorship, performance practices, and representational contents adapt over time. Memetics takes seriously the possibility that cultural traits such as performance traditions and genres evolve according to criteria that only make sense when viewed as if the adaptations benefited the memes' own replication, frequency, and survival over time. Where evolutionary psychology and other cognitive approaches emphasize the innate cognitive biases of our social minds, memetics would trace the inherited cultural lineage of specific attitudes, beliefs, and practices, all of which are realized in the social sphere as information that has been replicated and transmitted.

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In Evolution in four dimensions: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic variation in the history of life, Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb make a concerted effort to expand on evolutionary theory. The book is one of the best written that I have read in years: clear, succinct, thoroughly signposted, and with ample summaries and reviews of difficult areas. The illustrations by Anna Zeligowski are excellent. The care in writing and the attractive format should not, however, mask the fact that the authors are attempting something revolutionary — a complete rethinking of evolutionary theory. Lamarckism is alive and well — or is it? Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) is remembered for only a small part of his writings on evolution, what we now call the inheritance of acquired characters. Lamarck believed that giraffes strove to reach higher leaves, resulting in elongated necks over time. Modern Darwinian evolutionary theory does not allow for such transmission of acquired characters. Increasing numbers of observations and intuitions, however, seem to point to something Lamarckian in evolution. Jablonka and Lamb begin by discussing genetic assimilation, proposed in 1942 by British geneticist and embryologist C.H. Waddington. Waddington treated the pupae of fruit flies with heat shock, causing many of the flies to have abnormal wings lacking cross veins. Waddington bred these flies, repeating the treatments for generations, and eventually found that flies without cross veins emerged from pupae that had not been heat treated. He then argued that an acquired character had been assimilated into the genetic code of the flies, thereby breaking the neo-Darwinian rule that there can be no information transmission from phenotype to genotype. Strict Darwinians argued that Waddington had selected flies with genes for loss of cross veins; the heat shocking was irrelevant. Genetic assimilation was Lamarckism under a new name. Studies of behavior also brought challenges. Another study done in Britain in the 1940s suggested Lamarckism. Great tits and blue tits “learned” to pick open the foil tops of milk bottles and drink the cream on top. The habit spread throughout the country and passed from generation to generation, so it was, in a loose sense, inherited. Some analysts have since characterized such behavioral transmission as a kind of evolution, where the behavioral trait is termed a meme. In memetics, transmission of such behavior is Lamarckian: it was acquired by one or more birds during their lifetimes, and the meme was then passed down. As Jablonka and Lamb point out, the concepts of memes and memetics are nonsense, bearing no relation to genes and genetics. Genes are real entities, copied and transmitted through generations. The meme for bottle opening by tits is a chance observation; its bounds are determined by the observer. There is no concrete entity, nothing to be copied and transmitted. Milk bottles with foil tops are rare in Britain now, but some birds still filch the cream. Has the meme survived, or have birds reinvented the behavior from time to time? These are interesting questions, but wrapping the behavior up as a meme is neither here nor there. Jablonka and Lamb, however, hang onto Waddington’s concept of genetic assimilation and extend it to develop ideas of “behavioral assimilation” and “symbolic assimilation.” The four dimensions in the title of the book refer to evolution as quadripartite: genetic, epigenetic (developmental), behavioral, and symbolic (linguistic). Jablonka and Lamb argue that developmental, behavioral, and linguistic attributes impinge on evolution through assimilation. Their take on the cream-drinking tits is that learned behavior can become innate if it is selectively important. If survival through the winter depends on cream drinking, tits that learn fast would survive best. It would then be the propensity to learn fast that is selected for. Over time, the authors suggest, what is learned is learned faster and faster through the generations until it becomes encoded in the genotype. But how? No one has yet shown that assimilation happens — how can it be distinguished from selection for learning fast or having no cross veins? This is where the authors’ thesis seems to fall down. Their case studies can be explained by simple natural selection. Behavior is part of the phenotype, as are developmental pathways and some fundamental aspects of the human ability to learn language. So the “four dimensions” become one again. Other authors have tried to expand on evolution before, yet their efforts have rarely met with enthusiasm for long. The late Steve Gould sought to expand on evolution by adding new hierarchical levels, especially in the realm of macroevolution. I believed him for a while because I, like Gould, am a paleontologist, and it was encouraging to believe that the long time scales offered uniquely by the fossil record allowed us to detect new kinds of evolutionary phenomena. But the critics were right; in theory, species selection could happen, but an example has yet to be convincingly demonstrated. Likewise, I have to conclude that though the experiments are fascinating and the case studies intriguing, none of them indicates that natural selection has to admit epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic inheritance as separate, let alone quasi-equal, processes. I loved the book, admire the authors intensely, and wish I could agree with their thesis.

L'évolution de la culture est-elle analogue à l'évolution biologique ? Une revue critique de la mémétique. Les défenseurs de la mémétique proposent de bâtir une théorie de la culture à partir d’une analogie avec l’évolution biologique. Cette théorie néo-darwinienne de la culture doit être soigneusement distinguée de la psychologie évolutionniste et de l’anthropologie cognitive, car elle n’est pas réductionniste. Plus largement, elle doit être distinguée de toutes les théories de la culture appuyées sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’esprit individuel est actif et non passif lorsqu’il adopte un trait culturel. Elle se rapproche par certains aspects de paradigmes traditionnels des sciences sociales, mais constitue un modèle bien spécifique. En dépit de l’intérêt des arguments qu’elle propose et de certaines recherches qu’elle a suscitées, elle s’appuie sur des propositions et des concepts – en particulier le concept de mème – qui soulèvent des difficultés. La nature des mèmes est incertaine et problématique. À supposer qu’ils existent, leur empire ne peut couvrir qu’une partie des phénomènes culturels. Enfin, la recherche des preuves de leur existence rencontre de sérieux obstacles.

This chapter expands on the author's most recent books, <italic>Why Fairy Tales Stick</italic> and <italic>Relentless Progress</italic> , and includes new research by scholars interested in interdisciplinary approaches to cultural evolution. It clarifies why and how tales were created and told, and formed the basis of culture. It suggests that oral tales were imitated and replicated as memes in antiquity to form the fiber of culture and tradition. Taxonomies in the nineteenth century were established in response to recognizable features of tales as well as to organize and order types of stories. “Modern” genres originated during the Enlightenment and are basically social institutions that have defined cultural artifacts and patterns, divided them rationally into disciplines, and established rules and regulations for their study. In many ways, the fairy tale defies such definition and categorization.

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Robert Aunger wrote the The Electric Meme: A New Theory of How We Think as a first draft of a neural accounts of memes, units of cultural evolution comparable to the biological gene. It is best viewed as two books. One book is comprised of the first six chapters, which are preparatory in nature, reviewing the current state of memetics, alternative analyses of human cultural evolution, types of replicator (DNA, prions, computer viruses), and the physical nature of information. This book is competent, interesting, and thought provoking. The second book sets forth Aunger’s new theory of neuromemetics and is a failure. Aunger’s ideas are vague, incoherent, and contradictory. Because the long seventh chapter contains Aunger’s central statement, I concentrate on it in this essay-review.

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Viewing human being, as a part of evolution process is still a controversial issue for some people, in fact the evolution runs. As a sociocultural entity, human being has distinctive characters in its evolution process. A Theory inherited from Darwin may have only been able to answer how a simple unit such genes evolve to such complex animal like human. Yet, how among those complex animals interact, communicate, and replicate idea in so forth formed a such self-organized sociocultural complexity, may only be, at the moment, answered by what Dawkins says as memetic evolution with meme as the replicator which, in near future, hoped to be a very potential tool for analyzing social phenomena.

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Culture is a unique and fascinating aspect of the human species. How did it emerge and how does it develop? Richard Dawkins suggested culture evolves and that memes are cultural replicators, subject to variation and selection in the same way as genes are in the biological world. Thus human culture is the product of a mindless evolutionary algorithm. Does this imply, as some have argued, that we are mere meme machines and that the conscious self is an illusion? This highly readable and accessible book extends Dawkins's theory, presenting for the first time a fully developed concept of cultural DNA. Distin argues that culture's development can be seen as the result of memetic evolution and as the product of human creativity. Memetic evolution is perfectly compatible with the view of humans as conscious and intelligent. This book should find a wide readership amongst philosophers, psychologists, sociologists and non-academic readers

Abstract The author presents his strictly functional theory ("Skopos Theory") of translation. Acting is primarily conditioned by a "purpose" and the nature of the intended addressees. The source text wording is of secondary importance. The functional skopos model allows the translator freedom to act as an expert and gives him responsibility for his approach. Modern research in reception aesthetics, neurobiology, philosophy and other disciplines confirms the contingency and relativity of all human behaviour. The author briefly discusses several new brain theories and Dawkins' "meme" concept and some of their implications for translating.

Notes on Contributors General Introduction References and Further Reading Part I: Is It Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics? Introduction References and Further Reading 1. It Is Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics: Evelyn Fox Keller (MIT) 2. It Is Not Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics: John Dupre (University of Exeter) Part II: Have Traits Evolved to Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage? Introduction References and Further Reading 3. Traits Have Evolved to Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage: Mark Perlman (Western Oregon University) 4. Traits Have Not Evolved to Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage: Robert Cummins (University of Illinois-Urbana-Champagin) and Martin Roth (Drake University) Part III: Are Species Real? Introduction References and Further Reading 5. Species Are Real Biological Entities: Michael F. Claridge (Cardiff University) 6. Species Are Not Uniquely Real Biological Entities: Brent D. Mishler (University of California-Berkeley) Part IV: Does Selection Operate Primarily on Genes? Introduction References and Further Reading 7. Selection Does Operate Primarily on Genes: In Defense of the Gene as the Unit of Selection: Carmen Sapienza (Temple University) 8. Selection Does Not Operate Primarily on Genes: Richard M. Burian (University of Pittsburgh) Part V: Are Microevolution and Macroevolution Governed by the Same Processes? Introduction References and Further Reading 9. Microevolution and Macroevolution Are Governed by the Same Processes: Michael R. Dietrich (Dartmouth College) 10. Microevolution and Macroevolution Are Not Governed by the Same Processes: Douglas H. Erwin (Smithsonian Institution and Santa Fe Institute) Part VI: Does Evolutionary Developmental Biology Offer a Significant Challenge to the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm? Introduction References and Further Reading 11. Evolutionary Developmental Biology Does Offer a Significant Challenge to the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm: Manfred D. Laubichler (Arizona State University) 12. Evolutionary Developmental Biology Does Not Offer a Significant Challenge to the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm: Alessandro Minelli (University of Padova) Part VII: Were the Basic Components of the Human Mind Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch? Introduction References and Further Reading 13. The Basic Components of the Human Mind Were Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch: Valerie G. Starratt (Nova Southeastern University) and Todd K. Shackelford (Florida Atlantic University) 14. The Basic Components of the Human Mind Were Not Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch: Stephen M. Downes (University of Utah) Part VIII: Does Memetics Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution? Introduction References and Further Reading 15. Memetics Does Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution: Susan Blackmore (University of the West of England) 16. Memetics Does Not Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution: A Developmental Perspective: William C. Wimsatt (University of Chicago) Part IX: Can the Biological Sciences Act as a Ground for Ethics? Introduction References and Further Reading 17. The Biological Sciences Can Act as a Ground for Ethics: Michael Ruse (Florida State University) 18. What the Biological Sciences Can and Cannot Contribute to Ethics: Francisco J. Ayala (University of California-Irvine) Part X: Is There a Place for Intelligent Design in the Philosophy of Biology? Introduction References and Further Reading 19. There Is a Place for Intelligent Design in the Philosophy of Biology: Intelligent Design in (Philosophy of) Biology: Some Legitimate Roles: Del Ratzsch (University of Massachusetts-Amherst) 20. There Is No Place for Intelligent Design in the Philosophy of Biology: Intelligent Design Is Not Science: Francisco J. Ayala (University of California-Irvine) Index

List of Illustrations ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1: The Cultural Evolution of Storytelling and Fairy Tales: Human Communication and Memetics 1 Chapter 2: The Meaning of Fairy Tale within the Evolution of Culture 21 Chapter 3: Remaking Bluebeard, or Good-bye to Perrault 41 Chapter 4: Witch as Fairy/Fairy as Witch: Unfathomable Baba Yagas 55 Chapter 5: The Tales of Innocent Persecuted Heroines and Their Neglected Female Storytellers and Collectors 80 Chapter 6: Giuseppe Pitre and the Great Collectors of Folk Tales in the Nineteenth Century 109 Chapter 7: Fairy-Tale Collisions, or the Explosion of a Genre 135 Appendix A: Sensationalist Scholarship: A New History of Fairy Tales 157 Appendix B: Reductionist Scholarship: A New Definition of the Fairy Tale 175 Notes 191 Bibliography 209 Index 227

Encountering Dawkins: A Personal Account.1. The Selfish Gene: A Darwinian View of the World.Introducing Dawkins.The new approach: Charles Darwin.The mechanics of inheritance: Mendel and genetics.The discovery of the gene.The role of DNA in genetics.Dawkins' approach: the selfish gene.River out of Eden: Exploring a Darwinian world.2. The Blind Watchmaker: Evolution and the Elimination of God?.Natural science leads to neither atheism nor Christianity.God as an explanatory hypothesis.The case of William Paley.The religious views of Charles Darwin.The Christian reaction to Darwin.3. Proof and Faith: The Place of Evidence in and Religion.Faith as blind trust?.Is atheism itself a faith?.Christian faith as irrational?.The problem of radical theory change in science.The rhetorical amplification of the case for atheism.4. Cultural Darwinism? The Curious Science of Memetics.The origins of the meme.Is cultural development Darwinian?.Do memes actually exist?.The flawed analogy between meme and gene.The redundancy of the meme.God as a virus?.5. and Religion: Dialogue or Intellectual Appeasement?.The warfare of science and religion.The poky little medieval universe of religion.The concept of awe.The mind of God.Mystery, insanity and nonsense.Conclusion.Acknowledgements.Notes.Works Consulted.Index

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Richard Dawkins coined the term universal Darwinism (1983). It suggests that the core Darwinian principles of variation, replication, and selection may apply not only to biological phenomena but also to other open and evolving systems, including human cultural or social evolution. Dawkins argued that if life existed elsewhere in the universe, it would follow the Darwinian rules of variation, inheritance, and selection. He had earlier proposed the meme as the unit of cultural replication and selection (1976).1 This idea that Darwinism may have a broad applicability to other open and evolving systems has been developed in different ways by several contemporary authors, including Richard Lewontin (1970), Henry Plotkin (1994), Daniel Dennett (1995), and David Hull (1988, Hull et al. 2001). However, the idea that Darwinian principles apply to aspects of human and social evolution is much older and dates back to the time of Charles Darwin. Darwin himself speculated that his evolutionary principles of variation, inheritance, and selection might apply to the evolution of human language, as well as to moral principles and social groups (1859, 1871). A sequence of other authors-followed suit but did not resolve the .conceptual problems in defining what exactly we mean by social evolution, as something more than the evolution of a mere collection of human beings. Accordingly, we have to ask what units of social replication or selection are proposed in these accounts. And in what sense might they amount to more than merely an aggregation of individuals? These questions point to matters of social theory that are relatively neglected even in modern versions of universal Darwinism. One of the conclusions of

We present the formal definition of meme in the sense of the equivalence between memetics and the theory of cultural evolution. From the formal definition we find that\nculture can be seen analytically and persuade that memetic gives important role in the exploration of sociological theory, especially in the cultural studies. We show that we are not allowed to assume meme as smallest information unit in cultural evolution in general, but it is the smallest information we use on explaining cultural evolution. We construct a computational model and do simulation in advance presenting the selfish meme powerlaw\ndistributed. The simulation result shows that the contagion of meme as well as cultural evolution is a complex adaptive system. Memetics is the system and art of\nimporting genetics to social sciences.

Abstract Memes are small units of culture, analogous to genes, which flow from person to person by copying or imitation. More than any previous medium, the Internet has the technical capabilities for global meme diffusion. Yet, to spread globally, memes need to negotiate their way through cultural and linguistic borders. This article introduces a new broad method, Web memetics , comprising extensive Web searches and combined quantitative and qualitative analyses, to identify and assess: (a) the different versions of a meme, (b) its evolution online, and (c) its Web presence and translation into common Internet languages. This method is demonstrated through one extensively circulated joke about men, women, and computers. The results show that the joke has mutated into several different versions and is widely translated, and that translations incorporate small, local adaptations while retaining the English versions' fundamental components. In conclusion, Web memetics has demonstrated its ability to identify and track the evolution and spread of memes online, with interesting results, albeit for only one case study.

Introduces the business community to the new science of memes. The roots of the meme concept from Richard Dawkins’ original work in the area of biology to the social (business) world are outlined, and the value of its study (memetics) proposed. One claim from memetics is that it can help provide an understanding of the human mind. This claim is explored within the context of advertising and management theory. The conclusion from this project to operationalise the meme concept for a business audience is, however, mixed. Whilst memetics has an intuitive appeal to it, much more is still needed before mankind’s mind may be understood, “filled” and manipulated at the discretion of advertisers and management thinkers using a memetic understanding.

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The most generally accepted definition of the meme, as a `unit of information residing in a brain' (Dawkins 1982), implies a meme-host duality which is the basis of many current developments in memetics, in particular the notion that the passage of such memes (or homoderivative mnemons, following Lynch 1998) from mind to mind constitutes a process that may be considered as `thought contagion'. A critique of religious belief and other non-rational systems of thought, as `mind viruses' (Dawkins 1993), has been built upon such a meme-host duality. This paper provides two objections to the `thought contagion'/`mind virus' theory: a) that the concept of a transmitted belief, as opposed to transmitted information, is highly problematic, and b) that in any case the concept of a meme-host duality is equally suspect. It is suggested that the least philosophically problematic constitution for a science of memetics would be to adopt a behaviourist stance towards memes, to restrict the use of the term to those replicating cultural phenomena which can be directly observed or measured (Benzon 1996). This would release us from the difficulties of the indefinable meme-host relationship, and also have the merit of making memetics more directly comparable to animal behavioural ecology, to the existing branch of social psychology known as social contagion theory, and to the sociological field of empirical diffusion studies.

Marrying the biological and social sciences: culture, social constructions and natural science possible frameworks evolution and the theory of evolution alternative theories to NeoDarwinism how good a theory is evolutionary theory? suggested readings. The evolution of intelligence: why intelligence ever evolved at all the limits of reductionism intelligence unlimited? Fodor poses a problem human intelligence as adaptation or exaptation suggested readings. The emergence of culture: broadening the picture the trouble with a solution to the levels problem suggested readings. Naturalizing culture the process way: the puzzle of war universal Darwinism modelling co-evolution the new science of memetics suggested readings. Causal mechanisms: a general framework for understanding psychological mechanism what those mechanisms may be concepts, schemata and other higher-order knowledge structures imitation language theory of mind social force a single magical mechanism? suggested readings. Individuals, groups and culture: the behavioural ecology of group living the units and levels of selection vehicles, interactors and the revival of group selection niche construction suggested readings. The strangeness of culture: the construction of social reality a sociological turn social representations cultural psychology a tentative conclusion suggested readings.

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Abstract This chapter tries to show what some of the failures in co-operation between natural and social scientists are, in order to illustrate why memes, as they are presented, will not do. However, it aims to further the kind of dialogue initiated, or reinitiated by Dawkins, so that this type of general enterprise, will, at a future date, be more successful. It is shown that emphasizing the many dramatic implications of the fact that the evolution of the human brain has meant that information can replicate, persist and transform by means other than DNA, is very valuable. It also discusses at length the criticisms which American and British anthropologists have, in the past, directed against the theories of the memeticists' predecessors: the diffusionists. It also attempts to clear the decks for the very enterprise which Dawkins and Dennett propose.

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Memetics is a new science that has attracted in creasing attentions in the recent decades. Beyond the formalism of simple hybrids, adaptive hybrids and memetic algorithms, the notion of memetic automaton as an adaptive entity that is self-contained and uses memes as building blocks of information is recently conceptualized in the context of computational intelligence as potential tools for effective problem-solving. Taking this cue, this paper embarks a study on Memetic Multi agent system (MeM) towards human-like social agents with memetic automaton. Particularly, we introduce a potentially rich meme-inspired design and operational model, with Darwin's theory of natural selections and Dawkins' notion of a meme as the principal driving forces behind interactions among agents, whereby memes formed the fundamental building blocks of the agents' mind universe. Experimental studies on a Mine Navigation Task indicates the modeling of memetic agents that resemble the natural way of human interaction can lead to greater level of adaptivity and effective problem-solving.

This paper presents an exploratory memetic perspective on the diffusion pattern of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. More precisely, the paper contributes to research on social learning, cultural evolution, and social contagion by shedding light on endogenous (meme-related) as well as exogenous (structural) properties that may have influenced the Ice Bucket Challenge's diffusion. In a first pillar, we present a descriptive memetic analysis of the diffusion pattern, including an evaluation of the Ice Bucket Challenge according to memetic criteria for successful replication. In the second pillar, we present an agent-based simulation model designed to illuminate the influence of particular social network characteristics on the Ice Bucket Challenge's diffusion. By combining these two pillars, we contribute to the advancement of memetic theory, narrowing the gap between a solely meme-centered perspective and social network analysis.

A Meme-Based Approach to Oral Traditional Theory Michael D. C. Drout Wheaton College The most complex, beautiful, and longstanding tradition in the world is the great and continuous four-billion-year-old web of life, what Richard Dawkins calls "the river out of Eden" (1995). Thirty years ago he showed that the existence and interplay of replicators, entities that are able to copy themselves, are sufficient to explain, in broad terms, the workings of evolutionary biology. Dawkins, whose focus was the biological gene, also noted that there is another replicator on earth besides the gene—the "meme" (1976:203-15). A meme is the simplest unit of cultural replication; it is whatever is transmitted when one person imitates, consciously or unconsciously, another (208).1 In this essay I will show how an understanding of the interactions of memes can do for culture what the identification of "selfish genes" (Dawkins 1976), "extended phenotypes" (Dawkins 1982), and "cooperative genes" (Ridley 2001) did for biology. Meme theory can explain the workings of several well-known and much discussed aspects of oral traditions: traditional referentiality, anaphora, and the use of repeated metrical patterns. All three phenomena, different as they are, can be understood as arising from the operations of the same underlying processes of repetition and pattern-recognition explained by meme-theory.2 [End Page 269] Memes and Repetition When one person imitates a behavior of another, a meme has managed to replicate itself by being copied from one human mind to another. The classic example of a meme is a tune, such as "Happy Birthday to You," sung by one person and heard and repeated by another.3 Within the context of a given culture, some memes are better at getting copied than others.4 Often the memes that are best at getting copied are those that are most effective at combining with other memes, and memes can be parasitic, commensal, or symbiotic. Replicators, competition (there is some finite limit to the number of memes, if only because we have not world enough and time; there is a limited number of human minds, and these last for finite amounts of time), and variation create a situation of "universal Darwinism" (Dawkins 1983:403). The process of natural selection will ensure that, given enough time, those memes that are better at getting copied will end up outnumbering those that are not. Memes will evolve for improved success at being copied because (by definition) those that are better at getting copied will differentially replace those that are not: all the memes in existence are dependent upon the same finite resources. The eventual result of such differential reproduction is an ecosystem of competing and cooperating memes—a culture—populated by memes that are exquisitely adapted to it.5 An analysis of the design and engineering principles of memes, in this wider context of the memetic ecosystem in which they exist, would be a first step [End Page 270] towards a cultural poetics that is wholly materialist and thus subject, at every level, to testing, falsification, and modification.6 A tradition is an unbroken train of identical, non-instinctual behaviors that have been repeated after the same recurring antecedent conditions.7 The first time a behavior is enacted cannot be a tradition, but the second time can be, and the first enactment is then retrospectively defined as the origin of the tradition.8 Repetition is the "same" action engaged in upon more than one occasion, but defining "same" is philosophically problematic: the more fine-grained the focus, the more difficult it is to define something as "same" (see Dennett 1984). Nevertheless, we seem to be able to recognize and agree upon recognizing "same" actions even when we cannot rigorously define them in philosophical terms.9 For the purposes of this argument such consensus understandings of "same" are sufficient.10 In memetic terms, a tradition is a combination of several smaller memes. The traditional behavior can be seen as one meme; let us call it...

Meme automaton is an adaptive entity that autonomously acquires an increasing level of capability and intelligence through embedded memes evolving independently or via social interactions. This paper begins a study on memetic multiagent system (MeMAS) toward human-like social agents with memetic automaton. We introduce a potentially rich meme-inspired design and operational model, with Darwin's theory of natural selection and Dawkins' notion of a meme as the principal driving forces behind interactions among agents, whereby memes form the fundamental building blocks of the agents' mind universe. To improve the efficiency and scalability of MeMAS, we propose memetic agents with structured memes in this paper. Particularly, we focus on meme selection design where the commonly used elitist strategy is further improved by assimilating the notion of like-attracts-like in the human learning. We conduct experimental study on multiple problem domains and show the performance of the proposed MeMAS on human-like social behavior.

Abstract Public‐service announcements typically seek to educate consumers regarding a given unhealthy practice, the assumption being that individuals will cease the harmful behavior once they are fully informed. Many intervention strategies have failed in curbing the targeted behaviors because these are not due to incomplete information but instead may also have a Darwinian‐based etiology. Using sunbathing as a case analysis, it is shown how Darwinian theorizing (evolutionary psychology, life‐history theory, gene‐culture co‐evolution, and memetic theory) can augment social marketers' ability to develop efficacious intervention strategies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

ACCORDING to Steven Jan, a University of Huddersfield musicologist, ‘[g]iven that memetics has assimilated a broad and deep theoretical base from its sister discipline evolutionary biology, it is inclined—on the grounds of the axiomatically rigorous and empirically endorsed authority of the latter—to make strong a priori claims about the nature of culture’ (p. 20). In this dense, thoughtful, and challenging book that often takes considerable risks, Jan advocates a neo-Darwinian, neo-organicist perspective on music. Having adopted the (anthropomorphically ‘selfish’) gene as the basic unit of natural selection (as opposed to species, group, and even the individual organism)–and thus the ‘gene's eye view’ of nature–Dawkins (1976, 1989) then coined meme, as a fragment of culture, ‘a unit of cultural transmission, or…. imitation’. Dawkins's examples included tunes, concepts, and fashions. The meme (or ‘memeplex’) of memetics was subsequently ‘replicated’ in the mostly partisan works by Dennett, Lynch, and Blackmore. Whether or not one agrees with Gould's assessment of memes as a ‘meaningless metaphor’ depends in part on whether one accepts the notion of broad applicability of the ‘maximally abstract’ logical structure of ‘universal Darwinism’ (Dawkins, Dennett, Plotkin), in which ‘cultural evolution is not (weakly) analogical to biological evolution… but is (strongly) parallel to it as an equal… member of a set of replicator systems operating on earth… (such as DNA molecules, alphabetical characters, musical sounds…), themselves subsumed by the cosmic ambit of universal Darwinism’ (p. 14).

Memetics is the name commonly given to the study of memes - a term originally coined by Richard Dawkins to describe small inherited elements of human culture. Memes are the cultural equivalent of DNA genes - and memetics is the cultural equivalent of genetics. Memes have become ubiquitous in the modern world - but there has been relatively little proper scientific study of how they arise, spread and change - apparently due to turf wars within the social sciences and misguided resistance to Darwinian explanations being applied to human behaviour. However, with the modern explosion of internet memes, I think this is bound to change. With memes penetrating into every mass media channel, and with major companies riding on their coat tails for marketing purposes, social scientists will surely not be able to keep the subject at arm's length for much longer. This will be good - because an understanding of memes is important. Memes are important for marketing and advertising. They are important for defending against marketing and advertising. They are important for understanding and managing your own mind. They are important for understanding science, politics, religion, causes, propaganda and popular culture. Memetics is important for understanding the origin and evolution of modern humans. It provides insight into the rise of farming, science, industry, technology and machines. It is important for understanding the future of technological change and human evolution. This book covers the basic concepts of memetics, giving an overview of its history, development, applications and the controversy that has been associated with it.

My thesis is that meme theory and rhetoric take unusual turns when confronting the problem of evil. Focusing on works by Richard Dawkins and Jack Zipes, I consider three levels at which this confrontation takes place. The first is the everyday selfishness and self-promotion attributed to memes as intrinsic to their mode of propagation. The second concerns memes whose content affronts present-day morality (e.g., memes that portray parents eating or sacrificing their children). The third is the coldness of the scientific worldview promoted around the meme enterprise. I argue that in attempting to account for evil and to propose remedies to it, meme theory takes on shades of the very mythological and religious traditions it seeks to discredit.

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The notion of `memes' as replicators similar to genes, but concerned with cultural units, was put forward by Dawkins (1976). Blackmore (1999) used this notion to elaborate an ambitious theory designed to account for numerous aspects of human evolution and psychology. Her theory is based on the human capacity for imitation, and although the operation of the `memes' is said to be purely mechanical, the figurative language used implies that their `actions' are purposive. This article will show that imitation had been regarded as important for human advance well before Darwinism. Moreover, at the end of the 19th century descriptions of the functioning of imitation in society had been put forward that closely parallel those given by Blackmore. Hence it is argued that what is convincing about her thesis is not new, and what is new is speculative and highly questionable.

The paper starts from a general consideration of three programs in cognitive science: the internalist, the externalist, and the social approaches to cognition. In the social domain, some new approaches propose that human sociality is to be treated as part of our biological nature. Several research programs were born out of these considerations. There are some among them that propose general theories for the distribution of representations. The paper analyses two of these, the meme theory put forward by Richard Dawkins, and the epidemiological theory proposed by Dan Sperber. It points out that while for Dawkins the essential aspect is replication, for Sperber it is transmission of representations where biological analogies become crucial. For both theories, to turn them into working models, a lot of detailed elaboration is needed from data on social science.

Using the "meme" conception (Dawkins 1976) of cultural transmission and computer simulations, an exploration is made of the relationship between agents, their beliefs about their environment, communication of those beliefs, and the global behaviours that emerge in a simple artificial society. This paper builds on previous work using the Minimeme model (Bura 1994). The model is extended to incorporate open-mindedness meta-memes (memes about memes). In the scenarios presented such meta-memes have dramatic effects, increasing the optimality of population distribution and the accuracy of existing beliefs. It is argued that artifical society experimentation offers a potentially fruitful response to the inherent problems of building new meme theory.

This article examines some methodological and epistemological challenges facing meme studies and meme research. It delves into the shifts in Anglophone meme culture post-Trump and challenges the assumption that memes are generally anonymous and antagonistic by highlighting the coexistence of collegiality and pseudonymity across diverse meme communities. Moreover, it suggests that such meme cultures can transcend from online to offline realms, requiring methodological adaptations to capture this dual dimension of creativity and sociality. The paper also addresses epistemological challenges in meme studies, starting from memetics' contentious history and critiquing the dominance of cultural evolutionary theory in contemporary meme research. It brings attention to the academic tendency to follow a "Dawkins to Shifman pipeline" citation trope in meme research and advocates for a more critical approach informed by platform studies. It argues that the future of meme studies lies at the intersection of platform ideology and content economies, urging scholars to engage with historical and political transformations in digital culture for a comprehensive understanding of memes and their societal impact.

In the present article, we examine the mechanisms of proverbialisation – the birth and propagation of proverbs – and the criteria that boost their chances of propagation and survival. Before tackling the main issues, we introduce the controversial notion of “proverbiality” and the terminological relativity it entails by establishing a scale of consensus for definition criteria in specialised literature. We then present memetics, or memology. This field, which studies the replication of cultural units, offers useful tools through the notions of “meme fitness” and “selection criteria”, which may be adapted and transferred to paremiology in order to describe the qualities that help proverbs catch on and survive. In Section 3, a model for proverbialisation is introduced and the memetic framework is applied to describe the impact of the selection criteria on the specific stages of the process, through concrete examples of sayings that successfully caught on. In the final part, the selection criteria previously identified are applied to a list of candidates in order to appraise their chances of replication. The candidates under study are part of a recent attempt by PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) to rewrite famous proverbs and idioms with the aim to make them “animal friendly”. Their proposals include There is more than one way to peel a potato instead of There is more than one way to skin a cat, or Don’t put the caboose before the engine instead of Don’t put the cart before the horse. The analysis reveals that despite a degree of creativity, several selection criteria remain obstacles to the propagation of these proverb candidates.

Although the theory of memetics appeared highly promising at the beginning, it is no longer considered a scientific theory among contemporary evolutionary scholars. This study aims to compare the genealogy of memetics with the historically more successful gene-culture coevolution theory. This comparison is made in order to determine the constraints that emerged during the internal development of the memetics theory that could bias memeticists to work on the ontology of meme units as opposed to hypotheses testing, which was adopted by the gene-culture scholars. I trace this problem back to the diachronic development of memetics to its origin in the gene-centered anti-group-selectionist argument of George C. Williams and Richard Dawkins. The strict adoption of this argument predisposed memeticists with the a priori idea that there is no evolution without discrete units of selection, which in turn, made them dependent on the principal separation of biological and memetic fitness. This separation thus prevented memeticists from accepting an adaptationist view of culture which, on the contrary, allowed gene-culture theorists to attract more scientists to test the hypotheses, creating the historical success of the gene-culture coevolution theory.

"Collaborating . . . with Those I Hated": A Career in Plagiarism Kathy Acker's practice of so-called plagiarism, producing novels that bear titles like Don Quixote and Great Expectations, places her work within the avant-garde tradition of William Burroughs's "cut-up method." At the same time, the promiscuous citation of inherited text perhaps reflects more widespread features of contemporary cultural production. Acker's texts constitute a channel of intertextual transmission and reproduction of information, and a source of "noise," akin to those postulated by such information theorists as Claude Shannon and Norbert Wiener and realized in discursive forms such as electronic networks. In analyzing Acker's Empire of the Senseless here, I argue that her texts' strategy of repetition with difference can be usefully modeled with an unlikely tool from biology, the theory of "memetic" cultural evolution initiated by Richard Dawkins. The operations enacted upon inherited text in Acker's fiction, however, point to something rather different from the steady, adaptive process of cultural progress outlined by Dawkins: instead, Acker uses randomness to create openings to otherness and novelty. Dawkins's 1976 classic of sociobiology, The Selfish Gene, is often assailed for its reductionism, and these charges are not without merit. Dawkins characterizes humans and other organisms as "lumbering robots" designed by, and existing for, the genes that specify them. In one controversial chapter, though, Dawkins surprisingly [End Page 450] declares much in human society irreducibly cultural while retaining the fundamental axiom of his Darwinian metanarrative, that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities" (192). In the case of human cultural life, Dawkins proposes a new replicator, analogous to the gene, called the meme (an abbreviation for "mimeme," or unit of imitation): Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches. Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperms or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation. . . . When you plant a fertile meme in my mind you literally parasitize my brain, turning it into a vehicle for the meme's propagation in just the way that a virus may parasitize the genetic mechanism of a host cell. (192) Enthusiasts of this theory reflexively apply it to the concept of the meme itself (the "meme meme" or "metameme"), which has replicated and mutated through the work of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, the psychologist Susan Blackmore, and the Journal of Memetics. The theory of memetics is both promising and disquieting. The hypothesis of cultural "replicators" provides an account of culture that is continuous with natural history without attributing all cultural phenomena to genetic determinism, as sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have tended to do. Memetic discourse is consistent with cultural constructivist epistemology and theories of ideology, sharing their emphasis on the construction of human subjects by cultural forces rather than treating subjectivity as an unproblematic origin. Nevertheless, memetic explanations have often risked recapitulating the failures of the original social Darwinists. It is easy to explain any instance of cultural imperialism as a case in which a dominant culture's "fitter" memes have triumphed at the expense of rivals whose extinction demonstrates their inferiority. Moreover, the entire memetic narrative has typically been cast in the most problematic terms of Whig history, treating cultural history, like its biological counterpart, as inevitably and perpetually progressive. It is important to note, however, that [End Page 451] nothing in memetic theory demands that it be placed within such a narrative. Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Lewontin, and other critics within biology have charged that the "adaptationist program" associated with Dawkins distorts evolutionary change by inscribing the contingent and even the random in an overarching narrative of progress, within which every event is characterized as part of a purposive or teleological trend. Gould and...

It has been claimed, notably by Dawkins and Dennett, that there are units of cultural evolution, called ‘memes’, whose survival is explicable in terms of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. They also play an important part in Dennett's theory of consciousness. Memes are distinct memorable units, not atoms, which have vehicles, and whose success depends on the ability of those vehicles to multiply. We argue that even if the theory of memes is structurally isomorphic with the theory of natural selection, it has a very different ontology calling for novel accounts of variation, replication and fitness. We question whether such accounts are plausible, and conclude that memes and their tokenings cannot assume the causal roles they would have to to obey the ‘laws’ of the theory of evolution by natural selection.

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Scientific thought is characterized in general as methodical and rational. I would like to present here an opposing view, which treats science as a non-systematic activity, where serendipity, tinkering and imitation, rather than so-called rational thought, characterizes it. All these kinds of acts, which are considered to be a-rational, are related to an evolutionary view of science. Here I deal with a version of evolutionary epistemology as applied to science, integrated with the concept of ‘meme’. Richard Dawkins, who coined the term, treats memes as units of information that propagate in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain. Memetics is the counterpart of genetics in the cultural arena. In its application to science, it deals with the manner in which memes/ideas spread in scientific communities. Memes (ideas) replicate through imitation. Examples of this phenomenon in science are illustrated by some historical cases. In particular, I deal with the evolution of theories of ‘internal symmetries’ in particle physics.

Ideas, concepts, theories and methods spread within and across disciplines, communities, countries and traditions. Richard Dawkins (1976: 214) has suggested that memes (units of cultural transmission) are in competition for survival, and that in some situations of stability it is difficult for a new meme to invade. My interest is in concepts, theories and methods in academia, and the fact that these memes have more or less difficulty in spreading. They encounter more or less resistance in jumping boundaries, whether those boundaries are disciplinary or boundaries constituted by national research traditions. The aim of my paper is to discuss the spread of ideas, and situations of resistance and non-resistance to the spread of ideas, taking as examples three cases of boundary-crossing research projects in Translation Research. I shall suggest through those examples how resistance may be overcome.

In Memetics and Folkloristics: Theory (Oring 2014), the claims of were outlined and questions concerning their logic and utility were raised. discussion was rather abstract since memeticists were less concerned with applying than showing how memetic theory might be true. Beyond the occasional example, there were no attempts apply the explanation of corpuses of cultural materials. This essay focuses on the introduction of memetic theory into folkloristic discourse and its application in understanding folklore and folklore-related materials. examines four applications of memetic theory in some detail.The first discussion of in the folklore literature occurs in Kenneth D. Pimple's The Meme-ing of Folklore, published in Journal of Folklore Research in 1996.' Pimple briefly introduces Richard Dawkins' concept of the meme and the concept of gene and meme selfishness. Pimple holds that are in the business of promoting human survival. Memes tell us how to be able court potential mates and raise offspring (Pimple 1996:237). This idea is contrary Dawkins' own formulation (2006:193-194,198199) and the views of most memeticists except for the earliest stages of meme/brain development (Blackmore 1999:67-81). is a view that is closer sociobiology than (Wilson 2000).In any event, what is curious about Pimple's essay is his rationale for introducing into the folkloristic conversation. He does not use explain folklore. He discusses them help in thinking about the definition of folklore. Pimple claims that there is a continuum between the natural and the artificial. In biology, genes fall close the natural end of this continuum. With respect culture, folk are those which likewise cluster at the natural end of the continuum. Folk-face-to-face- communication is less mediated than other forms. more complex the infrastructure, the less natural and more artificial the practice and product will be. It takes only one voice make a folk singer, but it takes dozens of technicians for a singer perform on television (Pimple 1996:238). definition of what is folk thus depends upon a distinction between natural and artificial. Whatever the merits of this distinction might be, it does not seem be one dependent on a notion of memes. Pimple prefers the term memes ideas because of its tie evolutionary theory. However, other than state that evolution is not unilinear and that it is not coincident with progress, Pimple makes no use of evolutionary theory at all (1996: 239 n5). He does not attempt show that some are adaptive while others are not, or even suggest that natural modes of communication might be more or less adaptive than artificial ones. Consequently, the entrance of into folklore discourse was rather slant; the term was introduced while the theory was left behind. Memes were not used for either analysis, explanation, or prediction.Since Pimple's The Meme-ing of Folklore, several folklorists have mentioned (Sherman 2004:292; Noyes 2009:238). Another has noted that folklore is a subset of the set of (Foote 2007). A few more have cited Dawkins' definition, and noted its analogy with a gene but have not actually employed the concept for analysis or explanation (McNeil 2009; Blank 2012:8). Others have made use of the concept but only slightly. Thus, a legend may be a meme struggling survive in a competitive environment (Fine and O'Neill 2010:159), or currency chains- messages written on paper money and passed on-prove be such an irrational and wasteful use of time that they stand in opposition practitioners of profit memetics (Olbrys 2005:306). Charles Dufftn, in thinking about the role of the audience in the dynamics of ballad production, mentions Cecil Sharp's comments about the community role in the process of selection of a singer's innovations, and the accusation of Darwinism made against Milman Parry's understanding of epic formulas. …

This article puts forward a theoretical explanation for why norms of international behavior change over time. It argues that the mainstream neorealist and neoliberal arguments on the static nature of state interests are implausible, as the recent empirical work of the growing constructivist school has convincingly shown. But the constructivists have not yet provided a theoretical basis for understanding why one norm rather than another becomes institutionalized, nor has learning theory yet provided an adequate explanation. An evolutionary approach that draws its hypotheses from an analogy to population genetics offers a promising alternative. This article briefly outlines the constructivist critique of neorealism and neoliberalism. It develops the evolutionary analogy, illustrating the model with a case study on the emergence of a norm of transparency in international security and briefly discussing how the model might apply in several other issue areas.

Music provides a challenging system for the analysis of cultural evolution. The dialectical approach to music seeks to identify the internal stylistic tensions and contradictions (in terms of thesis and antithesis) which give rise to new musical forms (synthesis). The Darwinian alternative to dialectics, which in its most reductionist form is becoming known as memetics, seeks to interpret the evolution of music by examining the adaptiveness of its various component parts in the selective environment of culture. This essay compares the memetic and dialectical approaches with special reference to the development of jazz in the era of recorded sound, in the light of Benzon's classification of musical styles into evolutionary Ranks This essay concludes that the basic postulate of memetics is falsifiable and therefore that memetics qualifies as scientific in the Popperian sense, rather than being simply a pseudo-scientific meta-narrative for cultural evolution. Some suggestions for empirical analysis are provided. In contrast, the dialectical perspective is not scientific in the Popperian sense, but does provide a good explanatory framework for the history of jazz in the years 1900-1970, and shows how transitions between "ranks" (from Benzon) may be generated. However, dialectics is considerably less successful in the construction of a model to explain the period since 1970.

Abstract In the final chapter of The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins explored the analogy between genetic and cultural evolution. Cultural traits, he suggested, evolve by a process of natural selection in which there is preferential proliferation of traits with properties that promote their own transmission. ‘We need a name for the new replicator,’ he wrote, ‘a noun which conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation. “Mimeme” comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like “gene”. I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.’ Dawkins concluded his discussion, ‘However speculative my development of the theory of memes may be, there is one serious point which I would like to emphasize once again.

Richard Dawkins’ concept of the meme was first formulated in his book The Selfish Gene (Oxford, 1976). In The Memetics of Music: A Neo-Darwinian View of Musical Structure and Culture (Ashgate, 2007), the first substantial text applying the concept of memetics to music, Steven Jan proposes a theory of music and an associated analytical method centred on the meme. For Jan, memes are a multitude of musical ‘units’ or ‘replicators’ that are transmitted by imitation both within, and across genres of music. Jan’s study focuses primarily on the application of memetics to the analysis of classical music. This paper will assess the contribution of memetic analysis to electro-acoustic music.

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Abstract In focusing on the interaction between various mediations of the fairy tale, Zipes refutes dichotomies of print vs oral controversies that scholars – especially Willem de Blécourt in Tales of Magic, Tales of Print (2011) and Ruth Bottigheimer in Fairy Tales: A New History (2009) – have been promoting to paint a misinformed history of fairy tales as having literary (rather than oral) origins. Zipes changes the terms of the debate by arguing that researchers should turn their attention to recent sophisticated and innovative theories of storytelling, cultural evolution, human communication and memetics to see how fairy tales enable us to understand why we are disposed towards them and how they ‘breathe’ life into our daily undertakings.

Preface 1.THE RELEVANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIORAL EVOLUTION Theories and Hypotheses about Behavioral Evolution: Are They Relevant? Evolution Is Frequently Misunderstood We Need to Understand Who We Are Practical Issues such as Medicine and Public Health Can Benefit from an Understanding of Behavioral Evolution Misunderstanding Human Behavioral Evolution Can Result in Potentially Dangerous Ideas A Simple Example of Behavioral Evolution Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift Selection Development Give This Example? 2. WHY WE BEHAVE LIKE HUMANS: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND BASAL ASSUMPTIONS Charles Darwin and the Descent of Man Alfred Russel Wallace and the Evolution of the Mind Between Darwin and Sociobiology Spencer, Baldwin, and Morgan: Biology, Psychology, and the BehaviouralF Evolution of the Human Mind The Modern Synthesis Washburns' New Physical Anthropology, and the Emergence of an Evolutionary Anthropology of Behavior Tinbergen's Four Questions and Their Impact on the Understanding of Behavior The Revolution of Sociobiology, Kin Selection, and Selfish Genes: The New Synthesis Hamilton and Kin Selection Robert Trivers and Reciprocal Altruism E.O. Wilson, Evolutionary Sociobiology and the Autocatalysis Model Dawkins and the Selfish Gene Suggested Readings 3. MODERN PERSPECTIVES FOR UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIORAL EVOLUTION: A REVIEW OF BASIC ASSUMPTIONS, STRUCTURES, AND PRACTICE Human Behavioral Ecology Basic Overview of HBE Evolutionary Psychology The Adapted Mind Goals and Methods Contrast with SSSM Specific Approach Gene-Culture Coevolution (or Dual Inheritance Theory) Memetics Summing Up Suggested Readings 4. BASIC BONES AND STONES: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE RECORD OF HUMAN EVOLUTION (AS OF 2008)? Comparative Primatology Establishes a Baseline for Human Behavior Very Brief Summary of Human Fossil Record (~5mya-present) The Early Australopithecines The Pleistocene Hominins The Genus Homo Very Brief Summary of the Cultural Record and Behavioral Inferences (~2.6mya-present) Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene Forms Pleistocene Hominins-Early Pleistocene Hominins-Late Suggested Readings 5. A SURVEY OF HYPOTHESES AND PROPOSALS OF WHY WE BEHAVE LIKE HUMANS Select These Proposals? Summaries of Specific Hypotheses/Proposals Suggested Readings 6. DISCUSSING THE PROPOSALS The Comparison Tables A Brief Discussion on Shared Components and Differences in the Six Basic Categories Cooperation Conflict Food Environmental and Ecological Pressures Sex and Reproduction Specific Behavioral Factors Of Trends and Patterns Suggested Readings 7. TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY EVOLUTIONARY THEORY/BIOLOGY AND THINKING ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Adding to Our Toolkit-Using Four Dimensions of Evolution Revisiting Tinbergen's Ontogenetic Why Four Other Approaches in Evolutionary Biology/Theory Phenotypic Plasticity and Ecological Impact/Context: Moving Beyond Norms of Reaction Developmental Systems Theory Niche Construction Biocultural Approaches to Studying Modern Humans Can Adding These Perspectives to Existing Practice (as Outlined in Chapters 2 and 3) Impact the Way We Formulate and Test Hypotheses/Conceptualizations of Human Behavioral Evolution? What Practices and Perspectives Should Be Removed or De-emphasized? What Practices and/or Perspectives Cross All of These Categories? What Perspectives Should Be Expanded? Suggested Readings 8. A SYNTHESIS AND PROSPECTUS FOR EXAMINING HUMAN BEHAVIORAL EVOLUTION A Set of Modest Proposals Emerging from Chapters 1 to 7: Seeking the Broad and the Minute Foci Looking at the Areas of Overlap and Interest from Chapter 6 Cooperation Commonalities Cooperation Factors that Deserve Further Examination Conflict Commonalities Conflict Factors that Deserve Further Examination Diet/Food Commonalities Diet/Food Factors that Deserve Further Examination Ecology/Environment Commonalities Ecology/Environment Factors that Deserve Further Examination Sex/Reproduction Commonalities Sex/Reproduction Factors that Deserve Further Examination Specific Behavior Commonalities Specific Behavior Factors that Deserve Further Examination A Modest Proposal for a General Framework of Our Evolutionary History Between Approximately 2 Million Years and 500,000 Years Ago 500,000-45,000 YEARS AGO (GIVE OR TAKE 10,000 YEARS) 45,000 Years Ago Through Today 9. PROBLEM OF BEING A MODERN HUMAN AND LOOKING AT OUR EVOLUTION Benefits and Flaws in this Prospectus Merging Approaches and Perspectives How Do We Test This and Are Testable Hypotheses Important? The Difficulties We Encounter When Reconstructing Our Evolutionary Path and Its Underlying Causes/Patterns Basic Educational and Paradigmatic Biases and the Problems These Bring Human Niche Construction Matters Everyday Life, Gender, and Cultural Anthropology Matter EPILOGUE: ANTHROPOLOGY, SCIENCE, AND PEOPLE Some Notes on the Value of Integrative Anthropological Approaches Getting Past Conflicts between Researchers Studying Human Behavioral Evolution The Importance of Understanding the Relationships between Religion, Science, Politics, and Explanations for the Evolution of Humanity Appendix: Related Titles for Further Reference Glossary Bibliography Index

Preface. Taking the Enlightenment Seriously. Renewing the Quest for Reliable Knowledge. On Developing a Theology. Introducing the Essays. 1. Alister McGrath's Theology. A review Article by Dr Benjamin Myers, University of Queensland. 2. Is a Scientific Intellectual Nonsense? Engaging with Richard Dawkins. The Scope of the Natural Sciences. and the Impossibility of Theology. Faith and Evidence in Science and Theology. Theology as a Virus of the Mind?. Does Theology Impoverish Our View of the Universe?. 3. A University Sermon: On Natural Theology. 4. Towards the Restatement and Renewal of a Natural Theology: A Dialogue with the Classic English Tradition. Natural Theology: an Autobiographical Reflection. Natural Theology as Discernment. The Golden Age of English Natural Theology. The Boyle Lectures and the Problem of Heterodoxy. William Paley and the Divine Watchmaker. The Challenge of for Natural Theology. Incarnation, Trinity, and Natural Theology. Responding to Karl Barth: Natural Theology as a Specifically Christian Undertaking. Tradition, Interpretation and the Discovery of God : Natural Theology and Meno's Paradox. Cognitive and perceptual approaches to Natural Theology. 5. Stratification: Levels of Reality and the Limits of Reductionism. Stratification in Nicolai Hartmann. Stratification in Roy Bhaskar. Stratification, Emergence, and the Failure of Reductionism. Mathesis Universalis: Heinrich Scholz and the Flawed Quest for Methodological Uniformity. 6. The Evolution of Doctrine? A Critical Examination of the Theological Validity of Biological Models of Doctrinal Development. Nature as a Source of Theological Models. The Notion of Doctrinal Development. Universal Darwinism and the Development of Culture. Are Human Ideas and Values Outside the Darwinian Paradigm?. Darwinianism, Lamarckianism, or What? The Indeterminate Mechanism of Cultural Evolution. Cultural Evolution: an Historical Case Study. Directing Evolution: Antonio Gramsci and the Manipulation of Cultural Development. The Memetic Approach to Intellectual Evolution. Doctrinal Development: are there Islands of Theological Stability?. Contingency, History and Adaptation in the Evolutionary Process. Contingency, History and Adaptation in the Development of Doctrine. Chalcedon, Metaphysics, and Spandrels: Evolutionary Perspectives on the Chalcedonian Definition of Faith. 7. Assimilation in the Development of Doctrine: The Theological Significance of Jean Piaget. Piaget on Reflective Abstraction. Assimilation to Jewish Religious Norms: Ebionitism. Assimilation to Roman Cultural Norms: Pelagianism. Assimilation to Anglo-Saxon Cultural Norms: Christ as Hero. The Achievement of Equilibration: Factors Encouraging Theological Accommodation. 8. A Working Paper: The Ordering of the World in a Theology. 9. A working Paper: Iterative Procedures and Closure in Systematic Theology. 10. The Church as the Starting Point for a Dogmatics. Starting from the Visible Reality of the Church. Can Theology be Empirical? John Locke versus John Dewey. The church as an Empirical Social Reality. Stanley Hauerwas on Seeing the Church. Transignification and Transvaluation: the Church and New Ways of Sseeing Things. Conclusion. Bibliography. Index

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Introduction How widely applicable are evolutionary theories? What can they tell us about design practices? The concept of evolution often is used in design research, yet Langrish1 argues that many of our evolutionary ideas are confused or pre-Darwinian, and that they should be replaced by a non-progressive Darwinism. The theories we use inform our analysis, and hence a clearer theoretical understanding of evolution has the potential to improve our interpretation of empirical data on design practices. In this paper, I argue that the Darwinian concepts of variation and selection provide a useful theoretical lens for understanding longer-term changes across design families, but that they can be misleading when applied to design practices within particular projects. To support these arguments, I consider the treatment of evolution in literature about technological change, as well as the contemporary debates and controversies in human and cultural evolution. Analysis and comparison suggests that there is a broad spectrum of neo-Darwinian evolutionary thinking. This includes, but is not limited to, the notion of “memes,” currently discussed by design theorists. I highlight the questions and challenges that this rich heritage of evolutionary theorizing poses to researchers of design, who are engaged in analyzing activities and the outcomes of human labor. Of course, it may seem paradoxical to include a discussion of evolutionary theories in Design Issues; given the deliberate and intentional nature of design practice. Darwin’s theory of natural selection provides a mechanism for the evolution of the species, which disposes with the hand of God as the designer of individual living things. It drew him into conflict with the creationists, who believe that all living creatures are individually designed. While there is a long history of speculation that biological evolution is just one instance of a more generic phenomenon,2 a number of dissimilarities between the realms of the natural and the artificial raise potential challenges to the legitimacy of evolutionary claims. Designers clearly are involved in the realm of the artificial. Hence, we are justified in approaching the application of evolutionary theories to design as skeptics. 1 John Z. Langrish, “Darwinian Design: The Memetic Evolution of Design Ideas,” Design Issues 20:4 (2004): 4–19. 2 See, for example, John Ziman, “Evolutionary Models for Technological Change” in Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary Process, John Ziman, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 3–4.

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It is a discourse to argue that how a new communication model, the instigating model, is practiced in the natural history museum of the 21st century. The variety of communication theories are suggested in practice in natural history museum since 1968. From �the museum as a communication system and implications for museum education�to�museum exhibitions as communication media to convey ideas�, the communication models have shifted obviously. Hooper-Greenhill used the metaphor of the modernist museum, the educational model (curatorcentered); and the metaphor of post-museum, the interpretative model (visitor-centered), to describe those differences. Three models are compared in this study. Since the first two models concern only on the learning value in the museum, no matter what the perspective was used to develop the exhibition. This study argues that the understanding of learning process and meaning-making are the core values of the new communication model. This new instigating model develops the exhibition in a natural history museum from a memetic view, the perspectives of learning involve an infection process of meme. The meme&amp;apos;s host could be anyone relevant to exhibition. The instigator of signal could be anything: object, artifact or text, graphic design, specimen etc. It is the responsibility of the museum designer to create the variety of experience aspects to instigate the active selection of culture evolution and to remove the gap between hosts of memes. A special exhibit on Bat Legend is used as a trial ballon to highlight the applicability of our new communication model in the natural history museum.

Traditional art history equates the production of the memes of visual art exclusively with individual consciousness. An evolutionary art history looks also at the patterns into which art-memes flow patterns that display striking synchronicities of cultural motivation, both within the arts themselves and between the arts and sciences parallel patterns of collective memetic behaviour. We are all familiar with short-wave collective behaviour: football fans, evangelist meetings, political demonstrations, rioting crowds and panicking troops all display it. This paper is concerned with long-wave collective behaviour, as evidenced in the migration of Western elite culture from the open to the closed meme in the arts and sciences of the Renaissance period, or again in the reciprocal cultural migration from closed to open memes going on in the arts and sciences at the present time. How do we explain this swarming of the memes, such that artistic and scientific communication, despite their explicitly different forms, seem invisibly joined at the hip? Why do our memes rock'n'roll topologically between open and closed states? The paper suggests that memetic swarming the synchronization of our memes in alternating open and closed states may be an expression of the sensitivity of our consciousness to the changing dynamics of our own relationship with the planetary biosphere through ecological evolution. If so, the ultimate driver of memetic swarming may be an algorithm as commonplace and as universal as the figureground opposition: linking our evolution with our memes by way of a simple principle of reciprocity, such that consciousness will tend to output closed memes in periods of open evolution, and, reciprocally, closed memes in periods of open evolution.

Based on translation memetics proposed by Chesterman, by analyzing and discussing the historical evolution of translation memes, the relationship between translation theory and practice and the parallelism between ontogenetic and phylogenetic development from the perspective of evolution of translation memes, this paper highlights the importance of translation theories and the necessity of translation history in translation teaching. It also demonstrates that the development of translational competence should follow the stages of expertise.

The meme of voter fraud is the idea that unworthy voters are attacking the electoral system by voting fraudulently through impersonation or other bad acts. Although scholars of election law aptly demonstrate that the meme is a myth, the meme nonetheless endures as a rationale for the continued passage of heightened voter regulations like voter identification laws. Scholarship critiquing the voter fraud meme relies on partisanship as the prime explanation for voter fraud arguments. This explanation is incomplete in light of the fact that proponents of the myth continue to believe it on an ideological level even when the lack of evidence for voter fraud is demonstrated conclusively. This suggests that the partisanship explanation fails to adequately account for why the voter fraud idea continues to replicate. This Article offers a more complete account of this phenomenon by deploying meme theory to analyze the origins, evolution, and persistence of voter fraud rhetoric. By a “meme,” this Article means an idea that spreads from person to person within a culture and replicates along with other ideas to form an ideology or worldview. This meme-based account will demonstrate that the idea of voter fraud is the latest evolutionary product of the ideology of sanctioned exclusion from the franchise. The end objective of this ideology is to exclude from the democracy citizens deemed “unworthy” of the vote by dominant society. This ideology persists throughout the history of the United States and endures separate and apart from partisan motivations. Based on this account, this Article recommends that courts adopt this memetic approach as a heuristic tool to identify and dismiss inchoate claims of election peril and to insist that concerns for the integrity of the electoral system be based on evidence.

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ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the major trends in scholarship about the organizational implications of linguistic the processes by which one can generate and disseminate online, the concept of memetic evolution, and the role play in developing culture and creativity. I am specifically interested in how previous research investigated the dynamics of meme transmission, linguistic as coordinating mechanisms in organizations, the process of transmission of between individuals, and the effectiveness of the internet as a meme carrier.Keywords: linguistic memes; language evolution; human mind1. IntroductionThe mainstay of the paper is formed by an analysis of the relationship between and the human mind, the nature of the representational content that forms the basis of and the memetic theory of language evolution. The theory that I shall seek to elaborate here puts considerable emphasis on the nature of cognitive and emotional features of successful linguistic the potential of as a new literacy practice, and the key characteristics of successful online memes. The results of the current study converge with prior research on as a powerful force in human evolution, memetics as a means of studying human society, social practices of propagating memes, and memes as inheritable units of cultural information.2. The Memetic Theory of Language EvolutionCognitive neuroscience can apply considerable weight to the investigation of memetics. Cognition reproduces/replicates biologically and reproduces behaviors that support reproduction (learning and memory are cognitive functions). The traces of the neural processes (Armstrong, 2013) involved in memetic replication and storage within the central nervous system (CNS) are measurable. The point of interaction between the meme rich environment that we live in and our body is the brain. Memes are the primary driving force for the development of human intellect, replicate within the environment of human behavior using human imitative behavior, and are extremely compliant to experimental manipulation. (McNamara, 2011) Memes may be responsible for the fast development of human society and its subsequent dominance of the ecosystem (they can be transmitted between any two individuals in the span of minutes). The number of individuals that can take over a meme from a single individual is almost unlimited. Individuals can come into contact with more different sources of novel memes. If it is reproduced, a meme reaching an agent will be transmitted in a changed form. For there is no equivalent for the traditional distinction between genotype and phenotype. Simulations of cultural evolution are usually limited to the mutation and spread of simple memes. Selection at the transmission stage happens through either elimination of certain or through differential multiplication. It is possible to make analytical models of the propagation of across space or across networks. The best adapted to the underlying cognitive and communicative processes will spread farthest. (Heylighen and Chielens, 2009)A linguistic meme is a unit of language that encapsulates a core idea and that is transmitted among individuals (linguistic are effective at communicating ideas). The attributes of linguistic differ from other forms of language in organizations. Linguistic may be created by the managers at the top of an organization (Popescu, 2014), representing a key component of organizational culture. Linguistic can label people, helping to constitute a group (Popescu Ljungholm, 2014), and can be direct in framing appropriate actions. A self-propagating linguistic meme should not exceed the available space of an individual's working memory. Abstract strategies may benefit from having a meme that is cued by appropriate situations. (Heath and Seidel, 2005) Memes provide the mechanism for the evolution of culture (the units of cultural selection are elements that share the important properties of genes). …

Many practicing biologists accept that nothing in their discipline makes sense except in the light of evolution, and that natural selection is evolution's principal sense-maker. But what natural selection actually is (a force or a statistical outcome, for example) and the levels of the biological hierarchy (genes, organisms, species, or even ecosystems) at which it operates directly are still actively disputed among philosophers and theoretical biologists. Most formulations of evolution by natural selection emphasize the differential reproduction of entities at one or the other of these levels. Some also recognize differential persistence, but in either case the focus is on lineages of material things: even species can be thought of as spatiotemporally restricted, if dispersed, physical beings. Few consider-as "units of selection" in their own right-the processes implemented by genes, cells, species, or communities. "It's the song not the singer" (ITSNTS) theory does that, also claiming that evolution by natural selection of processes is more easily understood and explained as differential persistence than as differential reproduction. ITSNTS was formulated as a response to the observation that the collective functions of microbial communities (the songs) are more stably conserved and ecologically relevant than are the taxa that implement them (the singers). It aims to serve as a useful corrective to claims that "holobionts" (microbes and their animal or plant hosts) are aggregate "units of selection," claims that often conflate meanings of that latter term. But ITSNS also seems broadly applicable, for example, to the evolution of global biogeochemical cycles and the definition of ecosystem function.

This doctoral thesis, entitled Understanding Leadership and Management Development in a Health Board of NHS Scotland, is completely written by Jireh Hooi Inn Seow for submission to meet the partial requirements of the Doctor of Philosophy.&#13;\nThis doctoral research is in the field of leadership and management development. It explores and seeks to understand healthcare leadership and management development in a region (officially called a Health Board) of NHS Scotland. It employs a qualitative methodology, anchored within a broad approach of interpretivism, and the fieldwork data collection methods of interviewing and participant observation to inform the objective of this study, which is to investigate the prominent behavioural attributes, values, attitudes, traits, ways of thinking and feelings, or actions exhibited by the research subjects who are emergent Scottish healthcare leaders and managers. This research involves two stages of data collection where the second round of interviews takes place slightly more than a year after the first round. After reviewing the literature on seven popular leadership and management development practices or programme, and after the analyses of qualitative empirical data from the fieldwork, this research provides the discovery of how the healthcare professionals are developed as well as an understanding of a mechanism underlying their leadership and management development. The application of meme theory, the main theoretical lens of this research, reveals the workings of a memetic mechanism behind leadership and management development. Thus, this main contribution of this research is the addressing of the relative shortage of research publication on leadership and management development, particularly on the mechanisms underlying leadership and management development, by showing how healthcare professionals are developed into leaders and managers via the spread, replication, transmission, and acquisition of memes; this study then offers suggestions of how leadership and management development programme could be designed in light of such a memetic leadership and management development. The main contribution of this research also includes the discovery of leadership and management development memes which are then categorised into four memeplexes labelled as the Altruism Memeplex, the Motivation Memeplex, the Motivating Memeplex, and the People-developing Memeplex. In addition, a minor contribution of this study is a novel interview data collection method in the research design that incorporates 360-degree feedback.

Like the infonnation patterns that evolve through. biological processes, mental representations or memes evolve through adaptive exploration and transfonnation of an infonnation space through variation, selection, and transmission. However since memes do not contain instructions for their replication our brains do it for them, strategically, guided by a fitness landscape that reflects both internal drives and a worldview that fonns through meme assimilation. This paper presents a tentative model for how an individual becomes a memeevolving agent via the emergence of an autocatalytic network of sparse, distributed memories, and discusses implications for complex creative thought processes and why they are unique to humans. A hypothetical scenario for the evolutionary dynamics of a given meme in a society of interacting individuals is presented.

Humans, unlike any other multicellular species in Earth's history, have emerged as a global force that is transforming the ecology of an entire planet. It is no longer possible to understand, predict, or successfully manage ecological pattern, process, or change without understanding why and how humans reshape these over the long term. Here, a general causal theory is presented to explain why human societies gained the capacity to globally alter the patterns, processes, and dynamics of ecology and how these anthropogenic alterations unfold over time and space as societies themselves change over human generational time. Building on existing theories of ecosystem engineering, niche construction, inclusive inheritance, cultural evolution, ultrasociality, and social change, this theory of anthroecological change holds that sociocultural evolution of subsistence regimes based on ecosystem engineering, social specialization, and non‐kin exchange, or “sociocultural niche construction,” is the main cause of both the long‐term upscaling of human societies and their unprecedented transformation of the biosphere. Human sociocultural niche construction can explain, where classic ecological theory cannot, the sustained transformative effects of human societies on biogeography, ecological succession, ecosystem processes, and the ecological patterns and processes of landscapes, biomes, and the biosphere. Anthroecology theory generates empirically testable hypotheses on the forms and trajectories of long‐term anthropogenic ecological change that have significant theoretical and practical implications across the subdisciplines of ecology and conservation. Though still at an early stage of development, anthroecology theory aligns with and integrates established theoretical frameworks including social–ecological systems, social metabolism, countryside biogeography, novel ecosystems, and anthromes. The “fluxes of nature” are fast becoming “cultures of nature.” To investigate, understand, and address the ultimate causes of anthropogenic ecological change, not just the consequences, human sociocultural processes must become as much a part of ecological theory and practice as biological and geophysical processes are now. Strategies for achieving this goal and for advancing ecological science and conservation in an increasingly anthropogenic biosphere are presented.

“中国关键词”项目是以多语种、多媒体方式向国际社会解读、阐释当代中国发展理念、发展道路、内外政策、思想文化核心话语的窗口和平台，是中国文化对外宣传的重要项目成果。翻译是模因跨越文化界限进行传播的生存载体，“中国关键词”的外译目的在于使“中国关键词”中的中国文化模因更好地在国外复制和传播。做好“中国关键词”的外译，有助于推广中国的优秀文化，让外国读者更加全面、准确地了解中国，提升中国的国际形象。本文从Chesterman的翻译模因论出发，从语法、语义、语用三个维度对“中国关键词”项目英译策略进行分析，以期对中国文化传播的外译工作提供启示。

A memetic meta-heuristic called the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA) has been developed for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The SFLA is a population-based cooperative search metaphor inspired by natural memetics. The algorithm contains elements of local search and global information exchange. The SFLA consists of a set of interacting virtual population of frogs partitioned into different memeplexes. The virtual frogs act as hosts or carriers of memes where a meme is a unit of cultural evolution. The algorithm performs simultaneously an independent local search in each memeplex. The local search is completed using a particle swarm optimization-like method adapted for discrete problems but emphasizing a local search. To ensure global exploration, the virtual frogs are periodically shuffled and reorganized into new memplexes in a technique similar to that used in the shuffled complex evolution algorithm. In addition, to provide the opportunity for random generation of improved information, random virtual frogs are generated and substituted in the population.The algorithm has been tested on several test functions that present difficulties common to many global optimization problems. The effectiveness and suitability of this algorithm have also been demonstrated by applying it to a groundwater model calibration problem and a water distribution system design problem. Compared with a genetic algorithm, the experimental results in terms of the likelihood of convergence to a global optimal solution and the solution speed suggest that the SFLA can be an effective tool for solving combinatorial optimization problems.

The generic denomination of ‘Memetic Algorithms’ (MAs) is used to encompass a broad class of metaheuristics (i.e. general purpose methods aimed to guide an underlying heuristic). The method is based on a population of agents and proved to be of practical success in a variety of problem domains and in particular for the approximate solution of NP Optimization problems. Unlike traditional Evolutionary Computation (EC) methods, MAs are intrinsically concerned with exploiting all available knowledge about the problem under study. The incorporation of problem domain knowledge is not an optional mechanism, but a fundamental feature that characterizes MAs. This functioning philosophy is perfectly illustrated by the term “memetic”. Coined by R. Dawkins [52], the word ‘meme’ denotes an analogous to the gene in the context of cultural evolution [154]. In Dawkins’ words:

The combination of evolutionary algorithms with local search was named "memetic algorithms" (MAs) (Moscato, 1989). These methods are inspired by models of natural systems that combine the evolutionary adaptation of a population with individual learning within the lifetimes of its members. Additionally, MAs are inspired by Richard Dawkin's concept of a meme, which represents a unit of cultural evolution that can exhibit local refinement (Dawkins, 1976). In the case of MA's, "memes" refer to the strategies (e.g., local refinement, perturbation, or constructive methods, etc.) that are employed to improve individuals. In this paper, we review some works on the application of MAs to well-known combinatorial optimization problems, and place them in a framework defined by a general syntactic model. This model provides us with a classification scheme based on a computable index D, which facilitates algorithmic comparisons and suggests areas for future research. Also, by having an abstract model for this class of metaheuristics, it is possible to explore their design space and better understand their behavior from a theoretical standpoint. We illustrate the theoretical and practical relevance of this model and taxonomy for MAs in the context of a discussion of important design issues that must be addressed to produce effective and efficient MAs.

The Muludan is a tradition conducted by the Royal family in Cirebon Sultanate on the third month of the Islamic calendar (Rabi' al-awwal) to mark the celebration of the prophet Muhammad's birthday. Thousands of people from some places participate in this tradition. This paper is aimed to elaborate the cultural evolution theory (memetics) introduced by Richard Dawkings which is used to interpret the Muludan tradition as a meme. The role of the agent will be considered as a vector, not an actor. In the meantime, the Muludan can be defined not only as a religious ritual but also as a cultural tradition that has been practiced by the local people for hundred years. The tradition has a system of inheritance such as values, beliefs, behaviors, knowledge, passed down through cultural processes within the scope of the population and the environment. The conclusion is that the meaning behind the Muludan tradition believed by people, so that it develop day by day. They believe that they would gain God blessing (barakah) and Shafa‘at to practice the Muludan ritual.

Memetic algorithms (MAs) represent one of the recent growing areas in evolutionary algorithm (EA) research. The term MAs is now widely used as a synergy of evolutionary or any population-based approach with separate individual learning or local improvement procedures for problem search. Quite often, MAs are also referred to in the literature as Baldwinian EAs, Lamarckian EAs, cultural algorithms, or genetic local searches. In the last decade, MAs have been demonstrated to converge to high-quality solutions more efficiently than their conventional counterparts on a wide range of real-world problems. Despite the success and surge in interests on MAs, many of the successful MAs reported have been crafted to suit problems in very specific domains. Given the restricted theoretical knowledge available in the field of MAs and the limited progress made on formal MA frameworks, we present a novel probabilistic memetic framework that models MAs as a process involving the decision of embracing the separate actions of evolution or individual learning and analyzing the probability of each process in locating the global optimum. Further, the framework balances evolution and individual learning by governing the learning intensity of each individual according to the theoretical upper bound derived while the search progresses. Theoretical and empirical studies on representative benchmark problems commonly used in the literature are presented to demonstrate the characteristics and efficacies of the probabilistic memetic framework. Further, comparisons to recent state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms, memetic algorithms, and hybrid evolutionary-local search demonstrate that the proposed framework yields robust and improved search performance.

Memetic algorithms (MAs) are population-based meta-heuristic search algorithms that combine the composite benefits of natural and cultural evolutions. An adaptive MA (AMA) incorporates an adaptive selection of memes (units of cultural transmission) from a meme pool to improve the cultural characteristics of the individual member of a population-based search algorithm. This paper presents a novel approach to design an AMA by utilizing the composite benefits of differential evolution (DE) for global search and Q-learning for local refinement. Four variants of DE, including the currently best self-adaptive DE algorithm, have been used here to study the relative performance of the proposed AMA with respect to runtime, cost function evaluation, and accuracy (offset in cost function from the theoretical optimum after termination of the algorithm). Computer simulations performed on a well-known set of 25 benchmark functions reveal that incorporation of Q-learning in one popular and one outstanding variants of DE makes the corresponding algorithm more efficient in both runtime and accuracy. The performance of the proposed AMA has been studied on a real-time multirobot path-planning problem. Experimental results obtained for both simulation and real frameworks indicate that the proposed algorithm-based path-planning scheme outperforms the real-coded genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and DE, particularly its currently best version with respect two standard metrics defined in the literature.

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This study proposes a theoretical framework for understanding how and why certain memes prevail as a form of political discourse online. Since memes are constantly changing as they spread, drawing inferences from a population of memes as concrete digital artifacts is a pressing challenge for researchers. This article argues that meme selection and mutation are driven by a cooperative combination of three types of communication logic: wasteful play online, social media political expression, and cultural evolution. To illustrate this concept, we map Shepard Fairey’s Obama Hope Poster as it spreads online. Employing structural rhetorical analysis, the study categorizes Internet memes on branching diagrams as they evolve. We argue that mapping these variations is a useful tool for organizing memes as an expression of the values and preferences embedded in online communities. The study adds to the growing literature around the subversive nature of memetic diffusion in popular and political culture.

In recent years, there has been an increase in research activities on Memetic Algorithm (MA). MA works with memes; a meme being defined as "the basic unit of cultural transmission, or imitation" [5]. In this respect, a Memetic Algorithm essentially refers to "an algorithm that mimics the mechanisms of cultural evolution". To date, there has been significant effort in bringing MA closer to the idea of cultural evolution. In this paper we assess MAs from the perspectives of "Universal Darwinism" and "Memetics". Subsequently, we propose a Diffusion Memetic Algorithm where the memetic material is transmitted by means of non-genetic transfer. Numerical studies are presented based on some of the commonly used synthetic problems in continuous optimization.

Ant colony optimization was originally presented under the inspiration during collective behavior study results on real ant system, and it has strong robustness and easy to combine with other methods in optimization. Although ant colony optimization for the heuristic solution of hard combinational optimization problems enjoy a rapidly growing popularity, but little research is conducted on the optimum configuration strategy for the adjustable parameters in the ant colony optimization, and the performance of ant colony optimization depends on the appropriate setting of parameters which requires both human experience and luck to some extend. Memetic algorithm is a population-based heuristic search approach which can be used to solve combinatorial optimization problem based on cultural evolution. Based on the introduction of these two meta-heuristic algorithms, a novel kind of adjustable parameters configuration strategy based on memetic algorithm is developed in this paper, and the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach are also verified through the famous traveling salesman problem (TSP). This hybrid approach is also valid for other types of combinational optimization problems

During the last decade, large-scale global optimization has been one of the active research fields. Optimization algorithms are affected by the curse of dimensionality associated with this kind of complex problems. To solve this problem, a new memetic framework for solving large-scale global optimization problems is proposed in this paper. In the proposed framework, success history-based differential evolution with linear population size reduction and semi-parameter adaptation (LSHADE-SPA) is used for global exploration, while a modified version of multiple trajectory search is used for local exploitation. The framework introduced in this paper is further enhanced by the concept of divide and conquer, where the dimensions are randomly divided into groups, and each group is solved separately. The proposed framework is evaluated using IEEE CEC2010 and the IEEE CEC2013 benchmarks designed for large-scale global optimization. The comparison results between our framework and other state-of-the-art algorithms indicate that our proposed framework is competitive in solving large-scale global optimization problems.

본 연구는 리처드 도킨스의 밈(Meme) 이론을 중심으로 하여 4세대 K-POP 팬덤의 소비문화를 고찰하였다. 최근 K-POP 팬덤은 단순히 수용하는 것이 아니라 콘텐츠의 생산과 유통에 적극적으로 참여하는 문화 주체로 변화하고 있다. 본 연구는 굿즈 소비, 생일카페, 포토카드, 챌린지, 2차 콘텐츠 제작 등과 같은 다양한 팬덤 사례를 통해 K-POP 콘텐츠가 디지털 환경 속에서 어떻게 밈의 특성을 띠며 생존하고 있는지 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 4세대 팬덤은 콘텐츠를 반복·확산시키는 복제력, 창의적으로 변형하는 변이력, 변화하는 기술·사회 환경에 적응하여 생존하는 적응력을 바탕으로 K-POP 산업의 주요 동력이 되고 있었으며 이는 곧 K-POP 콘텐츠의 밈 적 생존으로 이어지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 K-POP 팬덤 문화를 진화론적 시각에서 분석함으로써 K-POP의 지속 가능한 영향력을 도모하고자 하며 팬덤 문화 연구의 기틀을 다지는 유의미한 자료가 되기를 기대한다.

Memetic algorithms are population-based meta-heuristic search algorithms that combine the composite benefits of natural and cultural evolution. In this paper a synergism of the classical Differential Evolution algorithm and Q-learning is used to construct the memetic algorithm. Computer simulation with standard benchmark functions reveals that the proposed memetic algorithm outperforms three distinct Differential Evolution algorithms.

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Three issues regarding sensor failure at any position in the antenna array are discussed. We assume that sensor position is known. The issues include raise in sidelobe levels, displacement of nulls from their original positions, and diminishing of null depth. The required null depth is achieved by making the weight of symmetrical complement sensor passive. A hybrid method based on memetic computing algorithm is proposed. The hybrid method combines the cultural algorithm with differential evolution (CADE) which is used for the reduction of sidelobe levels and placement of nulls at their original positions. Fitness function is used to minimize the error between the desired and estimated beam patterns along with null constraints. Simulation results for various scenarios have been given to exhibit the validity and performance of the proposed algorithm.

This article analyses a delimited corpus of Internet memes showcasing former Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. The theoretical framework is based on studies of memes and Internet memes as phenomena inserted in the online dimension of transmission and cultural production, and principles of the General Theory of Systems. The methodological approach is based on the classification tools developed by Dawkins (1976) to describe memes that spread widely across the digital space (fidelity, fecundity and longevity) and the patterns developed by Knobel and Lankshear (2007) as the main characteristics that contribute to an Internet meme’s spreadability (humour, intertextuality and juxtaposition). These classification tools are applied aiming to select and analyse Internet memes that feature the Brazilian president. The goal of the article is to extract from both classification systems relevant tools for guiding understanding about how certain specific sets of memes connected to Dilma Rousseff became memorable and spreadable within the Brazilian media landscape. The result findings show that the categories and patterns applied to the analysis are not isolated and are not mutually exclusive. On the contrary, they are frequently juxtaposed, which denotes their integrated nature and coherent disposition, corroborating to clarify and identify how certain specific sets of memes spread within the media.

Since society has been encountering the advanced technology of smartphones, the internet has become the most crowded channel as well as a noisy stage for disputes on religious issues. The preceding disagreement on hadith that manifested in thick books has now transformed into pictures or, I should call, hadith memes. Using the theory of Richard Dawkins, this article maps the forms of disputes involving hadith that are represented by memes. This qualitative research places those memes as the material object, while the messages provided by the hadith as the formal object. The reason behind the use of Dawkins’ theory is that those memes do not explicitly contain messages alone, but also sharp identity politics, criticism, contestation, satire, cynicism. As a result, this research maps hadith memes that are distributed on the internet into four categories. They are formed with straightforward messages and satires, containing ideological ideas of several religious groups in order to maintain their existence as well as win the contestation for power.

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Abstract Using the example of an emerging transhumanist visuality, this article discusses visual communication as memes; cultural units that follow the logic of evolutionary transmission. Memes are thought to self-replicate, based on the principles of competition, inheritance, variation and mutation [Dawkins Citation1976]. With this model, communication would be driven by its message units rather than by the messenger; meditational means, communicative modes and the agency of the social actor would be solely determined by the selective pressures of memes. In particular, this article analyzes visual memetic communication in cyborg imagery and transhumanist art. Parallel to a transhumanist ideology, imagery of human–machine designs, enhanced embodiment and virtual disembodiment circulate through Internet and other public spaces. While a majority of these images are not directly authored by transhumanist sources, they are still encouraged by transhumanists as they aid the meme wars [Young Citation2006] of the movement. Taking these memes as a form of self-driven and highly assertive communication, this article discusses how transhumanist ideas are simulated, imitated and replicated. The analysis of three visual memes reveals the autonomous, interactive, reflexive and fictional properties of memetic communication. Notes Prime examples of a powerful and assertive language are Simon Young's book Designer Evolution: A Transhumanist Manifesto [Citation2006]. Natasha Vita-More's Transhumanist Arts Statement [Citation1982], and Ray Kurzweil's numerous publications on the subject, including The Age of Spiritual Machines [Citation1999] and The Singularity is Near [Citation2005]. It is commonly accepted that the term "meme" was coined by the biologist Richard Dawkins [Citation1976] to address the smallest cultural units acting like genes: memes are thought to replicate and respond to selective pressures in the same way that genes are believed to do. Susan Blackmore [Citation2003] calls such meme maps memeplexes (meme complexes) after the concept of gene complexes where multiple genes are inherited together because of their functional proximity. Memetics largely draws on general Darwinian evolution that I follow here as well. This is not to ignore a fine-graining of Darwinian theory, to discredit alternative evolutionary theories or to turn a blind eye to the many critics of Darwinism. However, to stay focused on the objectives of this article, i.e., to demonstrate how an unfolding transhumanist discourse utilizes the cybernetic metaphor of memes, a narrower view on Darwinian evolution appears justified. The simplifying analogy between genes and memes has been criticized by a number of scholars, for example in Benitez-Bribiesca's Memetics: A Dangerous Idea [Citation2001]. See also Lanier [Citation2000] for a more general critique of cybernetics as an inclusive epistemological methodology. The racial aspect of modern evolutionary theory has been widely discussed, for example in Bergman [Citation2009] and Gould [Citation1989]. Cyborg, a term coined in 1960, stands for "cybernetic organism," meaning a being that has both biological and artificial parts (i.e., electronic, mechanical or robotic). Some resources consider the protagonist John A. B. C. Smith in Edgar Alan Poe's 1843 novel, The Man that was Used up, as one of the earliest examples of cyborg characterizations. NBRIC refers to the applied sciences of nanotechnology, bioengineering, robotics, information sciences and cognitive sciences. Author unknown, as published on the beinart website at http://beinart.org/artists/joachim-luetke/# (accessed November 13, 2011). Additional informationNotes on contributorsGudrun Frommherz GUDRUN FROMMHERZ is a senior lecturer in Communication Studies at the Auckland University of Technology, where she teaches digital visual communication. Her research focuses on biocybernetic design and, more broadly, the philosophy of technology. She holds an MFA from the Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, CA, and earlier has taught media design and theory in the United States, Germany and India. E-mail: gudrun@aut.ac.nz

In 2017, English dubbing entered the mainstream on the initiative of the subscription video-on-demand service (SVoD) Netflix. Recent English dubs have taken advantage of the largely convention-free English dubbing industry and, in 2019, dubs outsourced by Netflix to VSI London saw the introduction of linguistic variation into the dubs of Spanish originals, such as Alta Mar (High Seas) (Campos and Neira 2019–) and, most notably, Hache (Torregrossa and Trullols 2019–). In these series, a myriad of British accents is used for characterisation as an alternative to standardisation strategies that conflate cultural identities into one, which are prevalent in many consolidated dubbing industries. In addition to the lack of industry precedents and an argued associated malleability of viewers, the diegetic quality of dubbed dialogue seems to have allowed the implausibility of linguistic variation to be accepted by viewers in an extended “suspension of linguistic disbelief” (Romero-Fresco 2009: 49). In this paper, I explore accents as “unit[s] of cultural transmission” aka “memes” (Dawkins 1976: 206), and the specific sets of connotations associated with accents i.e. dialectal memes that are evoked in the original and dubbed versions of the aforementioned series. Emerging norms in UK dubs of Spanish originals are then elucidated. Lay summary For over sixty years now, subtitling has been the default form of translation when bringing foreign films into English-speaking countries. However, Netflix has recently disrupted this practice by providing the alternative option of watching many of its non-English films and series dubbed into English, i.e. the voices of the original actors are replaced with those of voice actors who perform in English instead of, say, Spanish. In many countries where dubbing has long been the default translation practice, such as Spain, the accents used in original versions to create different character identities are dubbed into one standardised Spanish accent, which makes it difficult to distinguish between characters’ social class, among other qualities attached to accent. In the English dubs on Netflix, however, accents are being used for characterisation. In this article, I analyse the use of British accents in Netflix’ dubs of the Spanish-original series Hache and Alta Mar (High Seas), and compare character identities in the original and dubbed versions, according to the cultural connotations triggered by the different accents used in each. I apply theories from the Translation Studies discipline to help understand and support the use of accents in English dubs, as a valid alternative to standardisation strategies in dubbing. Given a significant amount of Netflix’ foreign products are in Spanish, the analysis in this article can be used in future to track changes in English dubs generally and especially English dubs of Spanish-language originals on Netflix, which might use different strategies to English dubs of Danish products, or Spanish products on other streaming platforms, for example.

This paper will draw on Richard Dawkin’s idea of the ‘meme’ to discuss how the creative arts exegesis can operate as valorisation and validation of creative arts research. According to Dawkins, the rate and fecundity of replication permits an artefact to achieve recognition and stability as a meme within a culture. The value and application of traditional forms of research is underpinned by a secondary order of production, publication, that establishes visibility of the work and articulates its empirical processes and findings as sources of social benefit and cultural enhancement. In the arts, conventional modes of valorisation such as the gallery system, reviews and criticism focus on the artistic product and hence, lack sustained engagement with the creative processes as models of research. Such engagement is necessary to articulate and validate studio practices as modes of enquiry. A crucial question to initiate this engagement is: ‘What did the studio process reveal that could not have been revealed by any other mode of enquiry?’ Re-versioning of the studio process and its significant moments through the exegesis locates the work within the broader field of practice and theory. It is also part of the replication process that establishes the creative arts as a stable research discipline, able to withstand peer and wider assessment. The exegesis is a primary means of realising creative arts research as ‘meme’.

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The design of evolutionary algorithms has typically been focused on efficiently solving a single optimization problem at a time. Despite the implicit parallelism of population-based search, no attempt has yet been made to multitask, i.e., to solve multiple optimization problems simultaneously using a single population of evolving individuals. Accordingly, this paper introduces evolutionary multitasking as a new paradigm in the field of optimization and evolutionary computation. We first formalize the concept of evolutionary multitasking and then propose an algorithm to handle such problems. The methodology is inspired by biocultural models of multifactorial inheritance, which explain the transmission of complex developmental traits to offspring through the interactions of genetic and cultural factors. Furthermore, we develop a cross-domain optimization platform that allows one to solve diverse problems concurrently. The numerical experiments reveal several potential advantages of implicit genetic transfer in a multitasking environment. Most notably, we discover that the creation and transfer of refined genetic material can often lead to accelerated convergence for a variety of complex optimization functions.

Effectively addressing climate change requires significant changes in individual and collective human behavior and decision-making. Yet, in light of the increasing politicization of (climate) science, and the attempts of vested-interest groups to undermine the scientific consensus on climate change through organized "disinformation campaigns," identifying ways to effectively engage with the public about the issue across the political spectrum has proven difficult. A growing body of research suggests that one promising way to counteract the politicization of science is to convey the high level of normative agreement ("consensus") among experts about the reality of human-caused climate change. Yet, much prior research examining public opinion dynamics in the context of climate change has done so under conditions with limited external validity. Moreover, no research to date has examined how to protect the public from the spread of influential misinformation about climate change. The current research bridges this divide by exploring how people evaluate and process consensus cues in a polarized information environment. Furthermore, evidence is provided that it is possible to pre-emptively protect ("inoculate") public attitudes about climate change against real-world misinformation.

Internet memes that are popular on the Web are a kind of commentary on various types of events and occurrences. They perform many functions, from ludic, informational, to persuasive. Their creators always try to surprise the audience with creativity. The aim of this article is to try to answer the question posed in the title: are memes texts of culture? Given the lexicographic data and proposals of researchers on defining the text of culture, memes can be considered as a text of this kind. Memes, just as the texts of culture constitute a significant, coherent and conscious product of the culture, mentality and cultural activity of man. They are an internally organized, ordered according to specific rules, a product of the whole culture. As functioning on the Web, they are a collective good that is able to spread and develop. Thus, one of the most important features is revealed, which is rooted in the memetic theory of Richard Dawkins, namely "contagiousness". Internet memes are a product that implements a certain established cultural pattern. Through their construction, the way of transmission and the power of influence are among media users a carrier of certain ideas, they also influence the imagination and emotions of recipients. They are a new text of (digital) culture.

Abstract Throughout the centuries, nature has been a source of inspiration, with much still to learn from and discover about. Among many others, Swarm Intelligence (SI), a substantial branch of Artificial Intelligence, is built on the intelligent collective behavior of social swarms in nature. One of the most popular SI paradigms, the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO), is presented in this work. Many changes have been made to PSO since its inception in the mid 1990s. Since their learning about the technique, researchers and practitioners have developed new applications, derived new versions, and published theoretical studies on the potential influence of various parameters and aspects of the algorithm. Various perspectives are surveyed in this paper on existing and ongoing research, including algorithm methods, diverse application domains, open issues, and future perspectives, based on the Systematic Review (SR) process. More specifically, this paper analyzes the existing research on methods and applications published between 2017 and 2019 in a technical taxonomy of the picked content, including hybridization, improvement, and variants of PSO, as well as real-world applications of the algorithm categorized into: health-care, environmental, industrial, commercial, smart city, and general aspects applications. Some technical characteristics, including accuracy, evaluation environments, and proposed case study are involved to investigate the effectiveness of different PSO methods and applications. Each addressed study has some valuable advantages and unavoidable drawbacks which are discussed and has accordingly yielded some hints presented for addressing the weaknesses of those studies and highlighting the open issues and future research perspectives on the algorithm.

The article designates a new stage in the evolution of Facebook* as a global communication platform that aggregates data on its users for different purpose. Studying a real case, it shows that at present, social networks are a place for transforming everyday communication into strategic one while making this process not obvious to the social network users themselves. The research methodology consists of the Web 2.0 concept by T. O’Reilly, the theory of weak ties by M. Granovetter, and the concept of memes by R. Dawkins. Based on the analysis of media publications and preceding studies, as well as on the example of a recent case in Facebook* and VKontakte networks, the author actualizes the space of social networks as a space of strategic communication, and comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to educate users about the nature and true goals of such communication and wars carried out in the space of social networks in a permanent mode.

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Taking a lead from the multi-faceted definitions and roles of the term "meme" in memetics, a plethora of potentially rich memetic computing methodologies, frameworks and operational memeinspired algorithms have been developed with considerable success in several realworld domains in the last two decades. This article showcase several successful deployments of memetic computing methodologies for solving complex problems, from science, engineering to digital arts.

Hybrid construction is proposed to decrease costs in lightweight structures using fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) composite materials. Minimum weight, minimum strain energy (stiffness), and minimum energy variability of the structural system response are the objectives of the robust design optimization approach applied to composite shell structures with stiffeners. The trade-off depends on given stress, displacement, and buckling constraints imposed on composite structures considering non-linear geometric behavior. The design variables are ply angles and ply thicknesses of shell laminates, the cross-section dimensions of stiffeners, and the variables related to the selection of materials and their distribution at the laminate level and subsequently of the laminates along the structure. A Multi-Objective Memetic Algorithm (MOMA) applies multiple learning procedures exploring the synergy of different cultural transmission rules. An enlarged virtual population with a dual age-dominance nature captures and updates the Pareto curve. The concept of memeplex controls the meme selection and their propagation along the hybrid genetic and cultural evolution path. The success of memetic learning procedures is analyzed by measuring each meme's relative and absolute success events according to different approaches, depending on the reference time used in evolutionary history. Results show that MOMA is promising in multi-objective optimization of composite hybrid structures.

Adaptation of parameters and operators represents one of the recent most important and promising areas of research in evolutionary computations; it is a form of designing self-configuring algorithms that acclimatize to suit the problem in hand. Here, our interests are on a recent breed of hybrid evolutionary algorithms typically known as adaptive memetic algorithms (MAs). One unique feature of adaptive MAs is the choice of local search methods or memes and recent studies have shown that this choice significantly affects the performances of problem searches. In this paper, we present a classification of memes adaptation in adaptive MAs on the basis of the mechanism used and the level of historical knowledge on the memes employed. Then the asymptotic convergence properties of the adaptive MAs considered are analyzed according to the classification. Subsequently, empirical studies on representatives of adaptive MAs for different type-level meme adaptations using continuous benchmark problems indicate that global-level adaptive MAs exhibit better search performances. Finally we conclude with some promising research directions in the area.

This article reviews machine learning methods for bioinformatics. It presents modelling methods, such as supervised classification, clustering and probabilistic graphical models for knowledge discovery, as well as deterministic and stochastic heuristics for optimization. Applications in genomics, proteomics, systems biology, evolution and text mining are also shown.

In recent decades, the field of multiobjective optimization has attracted considerable interest among evolutionary computation researchers. One of the main features that makes evolutionary methods particularly appealing for multiobjective problems is the implicit parallelism offered by a population, which enables simultaneous convergence toward the entire Pareto front. While a plethora of related algorithms have been proposed till date, a common attribute among them is that they focus on efficiently solving only a single optimization problem at a time. Despite the known power of implicit parallelism, seldom has an attempt been made to multitask, i.e., to solve multiple optimization problems simultaneously. It is contended that the notion of evolutionary multitasking leads to the possibility of automated transfer of information across different optimization exercises that may share underlying similarities, thereby facilitating improved convergence characteristics. In particular, the potential for automated transfer is deemed invaluable from the standpoint of engineering design exercises where manual knowledge adaptation and reuse are routine. Accordingly, in this paper, we present a realization of the evolutionary multitasking paradigm within the domain of multiobjective optimization. The efficacy of the associated evolutionary algorithm is demonstrated on some benchmark test functions as well as on a real-world manufacturing process design problem from the composites industry.

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Abstract This paper proposes a new stochastic optimizer called the Colony Predation Algorithm (CPA) based on the corporate predation of animals in nature. CPA utilizes a mathematical mapping following the strategies used by animal hunting groups, such as dispersing prey, encircling prey, supporting the most likely successful hunter, and seeking another target. Moreover, the proposed CPA introduces new features of a unique mathematical model that uses a success rate to adjust the strategy and simulate hunting animals’ selective abandonment behavior. This paper also presents a new way to deal with cross-border situations, whereby the optimal position value of a cross-border situation replaces the cross-border value to improve the algorithm’s exploitation ability. The proposed CPA was compared with state-of-the-art metaheuristics on a comprehensive set of benchmark functions for performance verification and on five classical engineering design problems to evaluate the algorithm’s efficacy in optimizing engineering problems. The results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits competitive, superior performance in different search landscapes over the other algorithms. Moreover, the source code of the CPA will be publicly available after publication.

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Previous article Next article The NP-Completeness of Edge-ColoringIan HolyerIan Holyerhttps://doi.org/10.1137/0210055PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAboutAbstractWe show that it is NP-complete to determine the chromatic index of an arbitrary graph. The problem remains NP-complete even for cubic graphs.[1] S. Fiorini and , Robin James Wilson, Edge-colourings of graphs, Pitman, London, 1977iii+154 58:27599 0421.05023 Google Scholar[2] Michael R. Garey and , David S. Johnson, Computers and intractability, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif., 1979x+338 80g:68056 0411.68039 Google Scholar[3] Rufus Isaacs, Infinite families of nontrivial trivalent graphs which are not Tait colorable, Amer. Math. Monthly, 82 (1975), 221–239 52:2940 0311.05109 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[4] R. Isaacs, Loupekine's snarks: A bifamily of non-Tait-colorable graphs, unpublished Google ScholarKeywordscomputational complexityNP-complete problemschromatic indexedge-coloring Previous article Next article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited ByDetails Regular pattern-free coloringDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 321 | 1 Nov 2022 Cross Ref Chromatic index of dense quasirandom graphsJournal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, Vol. 157 | 1 Nov 2022 Cross Ref Subcubic planar graphs of girth 7 are class IDiscrete Mathematics, Vol. 345, No. 10 | 1 Oct 2022 Cross Ref Independence number of edge‐chromatic critical graphsJournal of Graph Theory, Vol. 101, No. 2 | 20 March 2022 Cross Ref Complexity Dichotomy for List-5-Coloring with a Forbidden Induced SubgraphSepehr Hajebi, Yanjia Li, and Sophie SpirklSIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 36, No. 3 | 30 August 2022AbstractPDF (592 KB)The Overfullness of Graphs with Small Minimum Degree and Large Maximum DegreeYan Cao, Guantao Chen, Guangming 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TerhalSIAM Journal on Computing, Vol. 49, No. 6 | 17 December 2020AbstractPDF (701 KB)Parameterized Complexity of Maximum Edge Colorable SubgraphComputing and Combinatorics | 27 August 2020 Cross Ref The Complexity of the Partition Coloring ProblemTheory and Applications of Models of Computation | 9 October 2020 Cross Ref Fully Dynamic Graph Algorithms Inspired by Distributed ComputingACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics, Vol. 24 | 17 Dec 2019 Cross Ref Colouring square-free graphs without long induced pathsJournal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol. 106 | 1 Dec 2019 Cross Ref Low-cost quantum circuits for classically intractable instances of the Hamiltonian dynamics simulation problemnpj Quantum Information, Vol. 5, No. 1 | 27 May 2019 Cross Ref Tight Bounds for Online Edge Coloring2019 IEEE 60th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) | 1 Nov 2019 Cross Ref Optimization design for parallel coloring of a set of graphs in the High-Performance Computing2019 IEEE 15th International Scientific Conference on Informatics | 1 Nov 2019 Cross Ref Goldberg's conjecture is true for random multigraphsJournal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, Vol. 138 | 1 Sep 2019 Cross Ref Puzzle—More Logic Puzzle Apps Solved by Mathematical ProgrammingINFORMS Transactions on Education, Vol. 20, No. 1 | 1 Sep 2019 Cross Ref Approximately Coloring Graphs Without Long Induced PathsAlgorithmica, Vol. 81, No. 8 | 26 April 2019 Cross Ref H -colouring Pt -free graphs in subexponential timeDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 267 | 1 Aug 2019 Cross Ref The Chromatic Index of Proper Circular-arc Graphs of Odd Maximum Degree which are ChordalElectronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 346 | 1 Aug 2019 Cross Ref On Coloring a Class of Claw-free GraphsElectronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 346 | 1 Aug 2019 Cross Ref Weighted and locally bounded list-colorings in split graphs, cographs, and partial k-treesTheoretical Computer Science, Vol. 782 | 1 Aug 2019 Cross Ref On strong proper connection number of cubic graphsDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 265 | 1 Jul 2019 Cross Ref Perfect 1-factorizationsMathematica Slovaca, Vol. 69, No. 3 | 21 May 2019 Cross Ref Classifying k-edge colouring for H-free graphsInformation Processing Letters, Vol. 146 | 1 Jun 2019 Cross Ref An upper bound for the choice number of star edge coloring of graphsApplied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 348 | 1 May 2019 Cross Ref Certifying coloring algorithms for graphs without long induced pathsDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 261 | 1 May 2019 Cross Ref Independent Feedback Vertex Set for $$P_5$$ P 5 -Free GraphsAlgorithmica, Vol. 81, No. 4 | 26 June 2018 Cross Ref Detecting an induced subdivision of K4Journal of Graph Theory, Vol. 90, No. 2 | 25 June 2018 Cross Ref Graphs with small fall-spectrumDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 254 | 1 Feb 2019 Cross Ref Algorithmic problems in right-angled Artin groups: Complexity and applicationsJournal of Algebra, Vol. 519 | 1 Feb 2019 Cross Ref Densities, Matchings, and Fractional Edge-ColoringsXujin Chen, Wenan Zang, and Qiulan ZhaoSIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 29, No. 1 | 22 January 2019AbstractPDF (504 KB)The Hilton--Zhao Conjecture is True for Graphs with Maximum Degree 4Daniel W. Cranston and Landon RabernSIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 33, No. 3 | 11 July 2019AbstractPDF (351 KB)Multi-channel Assignment and Link Scheduling for Prioritized Latency-Sensitive ApplicationsAlgorithms for Sensor Systems | 5 November 2019 Cross Ref Graph Edge Coloring: A SurveyGraphs and Combinatorics, Vol. 35, No. 1 | 4 January 2019 Cross Ref List-edge-colouring planar graphs with precoloured edgesEuropean Journal of Combinatorics, Vol. 75 | 1 Jan 2019 Cross Ref Space-efficient Euler partition and bipartite edge coloringTheoretical Computer Science, Vol. 754 | 1 Jan 2019 Cross Ref Complexity of edge coloring with minimum reload/changeover costsNetworks, Vol. 38 | 7 December 2018 Cross Ref Improved Process of Running Tasks in the High Performance Computing System2018 16th International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA) | 1 Nov 2018 Cross Ref Minimum multiplicity edge coloring via orientationDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 247 | 1 Oct 2018 Cross Ref 1-Factorizations of Pseudorandom Graphs2018 IEEE 59th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) | 1 Oct 2018 Cross Ref New algorithms for maximum disjoint paths based on tree-likenessMathematical Programming, Vol. 171, No. 1-2 | 14 November 2017 Cross Ref Star chromatic index of subcubic multigraphsJournal of Graph Theory, Vol. 88, No. 4 | 8 December 2017 Cross Ref Three-Coloring and List Three-Coloring of Graphs Without Induced Paths on Seven VerticesCombinatorica, Vol. 38, No. 4 | 31 May 2017 Cross Ref On the chromatic index of join graphs and triangle-free graphs with large maximum degreeDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 245 | 1 Aug 2018 Cross Ref Node-Based Service-Balanced Scheduling for Provably Guaranteed Throughput and Evacuation Time PerformanceIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 17, No. 8 | 1 Aug 2018 Cross Ref A theory of linear typings as flows on 3-valent graphsProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science | 9 July 2018 Cross Ref Chromatic index determined by fractional chromatic indexJournal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, Vol. 131 | 1 Jul 2018 Cross Ref The Backbone Packet Radio Network coloring for Time Division Multiple Access link scheduling in Wireless Multihop NetworksNetworks, Vol. 71, No. 4 | 30 August 2017 Cross Ref Trees, Paths, Stars, Caterpillars and SpidersAlgorithmica, Vol. 80, No. 6 | 25 October 2016 Cross Ref On colouring (2P2,H)-free and (P5,H)-free graphsInformation Processing Letters, Vol. 134 | 1 Jun 2018 Cross Ref On f-colorings of nearly bipartite graphsInformation Processing Letters, Vol. 134 | 1 Jun 2018 Cross Ref On the algorithmic aspects of strong subcoloringJournal of Combinatorial Optimization, Vol. 35, No. 4 | 6 March 2018 Cross Ref Optimal Joint Routing and Scheduling in Millimeter-Wave Cellular NetworksIEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications | 1 Apr 2018 Cross Ref Underwater Acoustic Sensor Node Scheduling using an Evolutionary Memetic AlgorithmJournal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Vol. 1, No. 2018 | 28 March 2018 Cross Ref 3-Colorable Subclasses of $P_8$-Free GraphsMaria Chudnovsky and Juraj StachoSIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 32, No. 2 | 15 May 2018AbstractPDF (668 KB)On the structure of (pan, even hole)-free graphsJournal of Graph Theory, Vol. 87, No. 1 | 29 June 2017 Cross Ref On the Relation of Strong Triadic Closure and Cluster DeletionGraph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science | 2 September 2018 Cross Ref Reconstructing the History of Syntenies Through Super-ReconciliationComparative Genomics | 8 September 2018 Cross Ref ApproximationsalgorithmenKombinatorische Optimierung | 25 July 2018 Cross Ref A coloring algorithm for 4K1 -free line graphsDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 234 | 1 Jan 2018 Cross Ref Complexity and Algorithms for a Perfect from Mixed Transactions on and Vol. 15, No. 1 | 1 Jan 2018 Cross Ref Optimization | 14 March 2018 Cross Ref Conjecture Large Maximum of Graph Theory, Vol. No. 4 | 2 March 2017 Cross Ref On the Complexity of Computing of Combinatorics, Vol. No. 4 | 7 August 2017 Cross Ref a Graph Using Mobile Vol. No. 3 | 18 October 2016 Cross Ref The of of graphs with large maximum Mathematics and Computation, Vol. | 1 Nov 2017 Cross Ref graphsJournal of Combinatorial Optimization, Vol. 34, No. 3 | 5 January 2017 Cross Ref On some colorings of graphsDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Oct 2017 Cross Ref algorithms in A IEEE 16th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications | 1 Oct 2017 Cross Ref On the of the of and Combinatorics, Vol. 33, No. 5 | 12 August 2017 Cross Ref scheduling and for on Computing, Vol. 20, No. 3 | 29 November 2016 Cross Ref for paths and of Computer and System Sciences, Vol. | 1 Aug 2017 Cross Ref for the chromatic number of some Programming, Vol. No. 1-2 | 11 November 2016 Cross Ref Subcubic in Steiner triple systemsDiscrete Mathematics, Vol. No. 6 | 1 Jun 2017 Cross Ref and of graphsJournal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, Vol. | 1 May 2017 Cross Ref A on the Complexity of Coloring Graphs with Forbidden of Graph Theory, Vol. 84, No. 4 | 2 March 2016 Cross Ref An to the via graph coloringDiscrete Mathematics, Vol. No. 4 | 1 Apr 2017 Cross Ref Algorithmic complexity of and the Computer Science, Vol. | 1 Apr 2017 Cross Ref With An Algorithmic Transactions on Networking, Vol. No. 2 | 1 Apr 2017 Cross Ref Graphs with Induced of Graph Theory, Vol. 84, No. 3 | 12 February 2016 Cross Ref Algorithms for and GraphsAlgorithmica, Vol. No. 3 | 4 January 2016 Cross Ref The complexity of for simple Journal of Combinatorics, Vol. | 1 Mar 2017 Cross Ref Euler Partition and Edge and Complexity | 14 April 2017 Cross Ref Minimum and Combinatorial Optimization | 24 May 2017 Cross Ref Approximately Coloring Graphs Without Long Induced Concepts in Computer Science | 2 November 2017 Cross Ref Complexity of coloring graphs without paths and cyclesDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Jan 2017 Cross Ref of Applied Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Jan 2017 Cross Ref and of through International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications | 1 Jan 2017 Cross Ref graph a Letters, Vol. No. 8 | 26 December Cross Ref The complexity of problems on graphs of bounded and Computation, Vol. | 1 Dec 2016 Cross Ref The complexity of counting edge colorings and a for some in the Mathematical Sciences, Vol. No. 1 | 1 September 2016 Cross Ref The scheduling problem with Journal of Research, Vol. No. 3 | 1 Nov 2016 Cross Ref On the algorithmic complexity of Processing Letters, Vol. No. 11 | 1 Nov 2016 Cross Ref Chromatic and maximum Notes in Discrete Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Oct 2016 Cross Ref On a of the of for Mathematics, Vol. No. 9 | 1 Sep 2016 Cross Ref Research Letters, Vol. No. 4 | 1 Jul 2016 Cross Ref On the Complexity of Computing the of a of Graph Theory, Vol. 82, No. 1 | 8 June Cross Ref Optimal and of dense quasirandom graphsJournal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, Vol. | 1 May 2016 Cross Ref by Edge Coloring for Wireless Sensor IEEE Conference | 1 May 2016 Cross Ref The edge chromatic number of graphsDiscrete Mathematics, Vol. No. 4 | 1 Apr 2016 Cross Ref scheduling for and INFOCOM 2016 - The Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications | 1 Apr 2016 Cross Ref of graphsDiscrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Vol. No. | 26 February 2016 Cross Ref to cover a graphDiscrete Mathematics, Vol. No. 2 | 1 Feb 2016 Cross Ref of Theory | 20 October 2016 Cross Ref of -Free GraphsGraph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science | 28 September 2016 Cross Ref Algorithms and Tight for 3 of Small Diameter GraphsAlgorithmica, Vol. No. 1 | 21 October Cross Ref Improved complexity on k Pt -free Journal of Combinatorics, Vol. | 1 Jan 2016 Cross Ref complexity of Computer Science, Vol. | 1 Jan 2016 Cross Ref partition of of bipartite graph Mathematics and Vol. 26, No. 6 | 1 Jan 2016 Cross Ref Vol. 28, No. 1 | 1 Jan 2016 Cross Ref A for in Notes in Discrete Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Dec Cross Ref On the chromatic index of and join Notes in Discrete Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Dec Cross Ref Colorings with and Combinatorics, Vol. No. 6 | 10 January Cross Ref Mathematics, Vol. No. 11 | 1 Nov Cross Ref Optimal and of dense quasirandom Notes in Discrete Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Nov Cross Ref Joint in with and scheduling Vol. 91 | 1 Sep Cross Ref the and problems in of the of Sciences, Vol. No. 3 | 1 Sep Cross Ref On the maximum of by matchings in a cubic graphDiscrete Mathematics, Vol. No. 8 | 1 Aug Cross Ref Edge Colorings of the of and Combinatorics, Vol. No. 4 | 23 March Cross Ref The Chromatic Index of a Graph Maximum Degree and Combinatorics, Vol. No. 4 | 12 April Cross Ref index for networksJournal of Discrete Algorithms, Vol. | 1 Jul Cross Ref of of line graphsDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. | 1 May Cross Ref How are Research Letters, Vol. No. 3 | 1 May Cross Ref coloring and in graphsDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. | 1 Mar Cross Ref scheduling with Annual Conference on Information and Systems | 1 Mar Cross Ref The complexity of the Processing Letters, Vol. No. 2 | 1 Feb Cross Ref of Weighted Algorithms and Computation | 1 Jan Cross Ref Matching in Algorithms | 7 June Cross Ref Scheduling via and Edge and Wireless | 19 June Cross Ref a Perfect from Mixed in | 28 August Cross Ref a Graph Using Mobile and Computation | 27 November Cross Ref List Coloring in the Absence of a Linear Vol. 71, No. 1 | 6 April Cross Ref On of bipartite and Vol. No. 1 | 4 February Cross Ref The of for International Conference on with Applications in and | 1 Dec Cross Ref in Radio NetworksIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. No. 11 | 1 Nov Cross

Most evolutionary optimization algorithms assume that the evaluation of the objective and constraint functions is straightforward. In solving many real-world optimization problems, however, such objective functions may not exist. Instead, computationally expensive numerical simulations or costly physical experiments must be performed for fitness evaluations. In more extreme cases, only historical data are available for performing optimization and no new data can be generated during optimization. Solving evolutionary optimization problems driven by data collected in simulations, physical experiments, production processes, or daily life are termed data-driven evolutionary optimization. In this paper, we provide a taxonomy of different data driven evolutionary optimization problems, discuss main challenges in data-driven evolutionary optimization with respect to the nature and amount of data, and the availability of new data during optimization. Real-world application examples are given to illustrate different model management strategies for different categories of data-driven optimization problems.

Abstract Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a training algorithm for single hidden layer feedforward neural network (SLFN), which converges much faster than traditional methods and yields promising performance. In this paper, we hope to present a comprehensive review on ELM. Firstly, we will focus on the theoretical analysis including universal approximation theory and generalization. Then, the various improvements are listed, which help ELM works better in terms of stability, efficiency, and accuracy. Because of its outstanding performance, ELM has been successfully applied in many real-time learning tasks for classification, clustering, and regression. Besides, we report the applications of ELM in medical imaging: MRI, CT, and mammogram. The controversies of ELM were also discussed in this paper. We aim to report these advances and find some future perspectives.

Since the late 70s, much research activity has taken place on the class of dynamic vehicle routing problems (DVRP), with the time period after year 2000 witnessing a real explosion in related papers. Our paper sheds more light into work in this area over more than 3 decades by developing a taxonomy of DVRP papers according to 11 criteria. These are (1) type of problem, (2) logistical context, (3) transportation mode, (4) objective function, (5) fleet size, (6) time constraints, (7) vehicle capacity constraints, (8) the ability to reject customers, (9) the nature of the dynamic element, (10) the nature of the stochasticity (if any), and (11) the solution method. We comment on technological vis‐à‐vis methodological advances for this class of problems and suggest directions for further research. The latter include alternative objective functions, vehicle speed as decision variable, more explicit linkages of methodology to technological advances and analysis of worst case or average case performance of heuristics. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 67(1), 3–31 2016

Human skin pigmentation is the product of two clines produced by natural selection to adjust levels of constitutive pigmentation to levels of UV radiation (UVR). One cline was generated by high UVR near the equator and led to the evolution of dark, photoprotective, eumelanin-rich pigmentation. The other was produced by the requirement for UVB photons to sustain cutaneous photosynthesis of vitamin D(3) in low-UVB environments, and resulted in the evolution of depigmented skin. As hominins dispersed outside of the tropics, they experienced different intensities and seasonal mixtures of UVA and UVB. Extreme UVA throughout the year and two equinoctial peaks of UVB prevail within the tropics. Under these conditions, the primary selective pressure was to protect folate by maintaining dark pigmentation. Photolysis of folate and its main serum form of 5-methylhydrofolate is caused by UVR and by reactive oxygen species generated by UVA. Competition for folate between the needs for cell division, DNA repair, and melanogenesis is severe under stressful, high-UVR conditions and is exacerbated by dietary insufficiency. Outside of tropical latitudes, UVB levels are generally low and peak only once during the year. The populations exhibiting maximally depigmented skin are those inhabiting environments with the lowest annual and summer peak levels of UVB. Development of facultative pigmentation (tanning) was important to populations settling between roughly 23 degrees and 46 degrees , where levels of UVB varied strongly according to season. Depigmented and tannable skin evolved numerous times in hominin evolution via independent genetic pathways under positive selection.

Abstract In recent years, the field of combinatorial optimization has witnessed a true tsunami of “novel” metaheuristic methods, most of them based on a metaphor of some natural or man‐made process. The behavior of virtually any species of insects, the flow of water, musicians playing together – it seems that no idea is too far‐fetched to serve as inspiration to launch yet another metaheuristic. In this paper, we will argue that this line of research is threatening to lead the area of metaheuristics away from scientific rigor. We will examine the historical context that gave rise to the increasing use of metaphors as inspiration and justification for the development of new methods, discuss the reasons for the vulnerability of the metaheuristics field to this line of research, and point out its fallacies. At the same time, truly innovative research of high quality is being performed as well. We conclude the paper by discussing some of the properties of this research and by pointing out some of the most promising research avenues for the field of metaheuristics.

Gravity profoundly influences plant growth and development. Plants respond to changes in orientation by using gravitropic responses to modify their growth. Cholodny and Went hypothesized over 80 years ago that plants bend in response to a gravity stimulus by generating a lateral gradient of a growth regulator at an organ's apex, later found to be auxin. Auxin regulates root growth by targeting Aux/IAA repressor proteins for degradation. We used an Aux/IAA-based reporter, domain II (DII)-VENUS, in conjunction with a mathematical model to quantify auxin redistribution following a gravity stimulus. Our multidisciplinary approach revealed that auxin is rapidly redistributed to the lower side of the root within minutes of a 90° gravity stimulus. Unexpectedly, auxin asymmetry was rapidly lost as bending root tips reached an angle of 40° to the horizontal. We hypothesize roots use a "tipping point" mechanism that operates to reverse the asymmetric auxin flow at the midpoint of root bending. These mechanistic insights illustrate the scientific value of developing quantitative reporters such as DII-VENUS in conjunction with parameterized mathematical models to provide high-resolution kinetics of hormone redistribution.

Based on the Memetic Theory, this thesis seeks to give a Memetic analysis of the translation of public signs in Linyi.As a special form of applied texts, public signs may be considered as a kind of memes or meme group.The translation of public signs is the process of meme replication and dissemination.There are four stages in this procedure, the most important of which are the decoding of the original memes with language as its vector and the encoding of the memes into the target language vector.When the translator encodes, he tries to conform to some norm memes under-lied by some value memes in his mind, and then he would explore strategies of translating sign memes to meet the socially accepted norm memes.According to translation of memes, the "A-B-C Approach", namely "Adapting Approach", "Borrowing Approach" and "Creating Approach", is widely accepted and adopted in the translation of public signs.

No abstract

Because of accelerating technological progress, humankind may be rapidly approaching a critical phase in its career. In addition to well-known threats such as nuclear holocaust, the prospects of radically transforming technologies like nanotech systems and machine intelligence present us with unprecedented opportunities and risks. Our future, and whether we will have a future at all, may well be determined by how we deal with these challenges. In the case of radically transforming technologies, a better understanding of the transition dynamics from a human to a &amp;quot;posthuman&amp;quot; society is needed. Of particular importance is to know where the pitfalls are: the ways in which things could go terminally wrong. While we have had long exposure to various personal, local, and endurable global hazards, this paper analyzes a recently emerging category: that of existential risks. These are threats that could cause our extinction or destroy the potential of Earth-originating intelligent life. Some of these threats are relatively well known while others, including some of the gravest, have gone almost unrecognized. Existential risks have a cluster of features that make ordinary risk management ineffective. A final section of this paper discusses several ethical and policy implications. A clearer understanding of the threat picture will enable us to formulate better strategies.

The increasingly rapid creation, sharing and exchange of information nowadays put researchers and data scientists ahead of a challenging task of data analysis and extracting relevant information out of data. To be able to learn from data, the dimensionality of the data should be reduced first. Feature selection (FS) can help to reduce the amount of data, but it is a very complex and computationally demanding task, especially in the case of high-dimensional datasets. Swarm intelligence (SI) has been proved as a technique which can solve NP-hard (Non-deterministic Polynomial time) computational problems. It is gaining popularity in solving different optimization problems and has been used successfully for FS in some applications. With the lack of comprehensive surveys in this field, it was our objective to fill the gap in coverage of SI algorithms for FS. We performed a comprehensive literature review of SI algorithms and provide a detailed overview of 64 different SI algorithms for FS, organized into eight major taxonomic categories. We propose a unified SI framework and use it to explain different approaches to FS. Different methods, techniques, and their settings are explained, which have been used for various FS aspects. The datasets used most frequently for the evaluation of SI algorithms for FS are presented, as well as the most common application areas. The guidelines on how to develop SI approaches for FS are provided to support researchers and analysts in their data mining tasks and endeavors while existing issues and open questions are being discussed. In this manner, using the proposed framework and the provided explanations, one should be able to design an SI approach to be used for a specific FS problem.

The drug development process is a major challenge in the pharmaceutical industry since it takes a substantial amount of time and money to move through all the phases of developing of a new drug. One extensively used method to minimize the cost and time for the drug development process is computer-aided drug design (CADD). CADD allows better focusing on experiments, which can reduce the time and cost involved in researching new drugs. In this context, structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) is robust and useful and is one of the most promising <i>in silico</i> techniques for drug design. SBVS attempts to predict the best interaction mode between two molecules to form a stable complex, and it uses scoring functions to estimate the force of non-covalent interactions between a ligand and molecular target. Thus, scoring functions are the main reason for the success or failure of SBVS software. Many software programs are used to perform SBVS, and since they use different algorithms, it is possible to obtain different results from different software using the same input. In the last decade, a new technique of SBVS called consensus virtual screening (CVS) has been used in some studies to increase the accuracy of SBVS and to reduce the false positives obtained in these experiments. An indispensable condition to be able to utilize SBVS is the availability of a 3D structure of the target protein. Some virtual databases, such as the Protein Data Bank, have been created to store the 3D structures of molecules. However, sometimes it is not possible to experimentally obtain the 3D structure. In this situation, the homology modeling methodology allows the prediction of the 3D structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. This review presents an overview of the challenges involved in the use of CADD to perform SBVS, the areas where CADD tools support SBVS, a comparison between the most commonly used tools, and the techniques currently used in an attempt to reduce the time and cost in the drug development process. Finally, the final considerations demonstrate the importance of using SBVS in the drug development process.

Supply chain risk management (SCRM) encompasses a wide variety of strategies aiming to identify, assess, mitigate and monitor unexpected events or conditions which might have an impact, mostly adverse, on any part of a supply chain. SCRM strategies often depend on rapid and adaptive decision-making based on potentially large, multidimensional data sources. These characteristics make SCRM a suitable application area for artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of supply chain literature that addresses problems relevant to SCRM using approaches that fall within the AI spectrum. To that end, an investigation is conducted on the various definitions and classifications of supply chain risk and related notions such as uncertainty. Then, a mapping study is performed to categorise existing literature according to the AI methodology used, ranging from mathematical programming to Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics, and the specific SCRM task they address (identification, assessment or response). Finally, a comprehensive analysis of each category is provided to identify missing aspects and unexplored areas and propose directions for future research at the confluence of SCRM and AI.

No abstract

The teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm is finding a large number of applications in different fields of engineering and science since its introduction in 2011. The major applications are found in electrical engineering, mechanical design, thermal engineering, manufacturing engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, computer engineering, electronics engineering, physics, chemistry, biotechnology and economics. This paper presents a review of applications of TLBO algorithm and a tutorial for solving the unconstrained and constrained optimization problems. The tutorial is expected to be useful to the beginners.

Optimization is a buzzword, whenever researchers think of engineering problems. This paper presents a new metaheuristic named dingo optimizer (DOX) which is motivated by the behavior of dingo (Canis familiaris dingo). The overall concept is to develop this method involving the collaborative and social behavior of dingoes. The developed algorithm is based on the hunting behavior of dingoes that includes exploration, encircling, and exploitation. All the above prey hunting steps are modeled mathematically and are implemented in the simulator to test the performance of the proposed algorithm. Comparative analyses are drawn among the proposed approach and grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and particle swarm optimizer (PSO). Some of the well-known test functions are used for the comparative study of this work. The results reveal that the dingo optimizer performed significantly better than other nature-inspired algorithms.

To enhance the search performance of evolutionary algorithms, reusing knowledge captured from past optimization experiences along the search process has been proposed in the literature, and demonstrated much promise. In the literature, there are generally three types of approaches for reusing knowledge from past search experiences, namely exact storage and reuse of past solutions, the reuse of model-based information, and the reuse of structured knowledge captured from past optimized solutions. In this paper, we focus on the third type of knowledge reuse for enhancing evolutionary search. In contrast to existing works, here we focus on knowledge transfer across heterogeneous continuous optimization problems with diverse properties, such as problem dimension, number of objectives, etc., that cannot be handled by existing approaches. In particular, we propose a novel autoencoding evolutionary search paradigm with learning capability across heterogeneous problems. The essential ingredient for learning structured knowledge from search experience in our proposed paradigm is a single layer denoising autoencoder (DA), which is able to build the connections between problem domains by treating past optimized solutions as the corrupted version of the solutions for the newly encountered problem. Further, as the derived DA holds a closed-form solution, the corresponding reusing of knowledge from past search experiences will not bring much additional computational burden on the evolutionary search. To evaluate the proposed search paradigm, comprehensive empirical studies on the complex multiobjective optimization problems are presented, along with a real-world case study from the fiber-reinforced polymer composites manufacturing industry.

No abstract

Internet humour flourishes on social network sites, special humour-dedicated sites and on web pages focusing on edutainment or infotainment. Its increasing pervasiveness has to do with the positive functions that humour is nowadays believed to carry – its bonding, affiliative and generally beneficial qualities. Internet humour, like other forms of cultural communication in this medium, passes along from person to person, and may scale (quickly or gradually, depending on the comic potential and other, sometimes rather elusive characteristics) into a shared social phenomenon, giving an insight into the preferences and ideas of the people who actively create and use it. The present research is primarily carried by the question of how the carriers of Internet humour, that is, memes and virals, travel across borders, to a smaller or greater degree being modified and adapted to a particular language and culture in the process. The intertextuality emerging as a result of adapting humorous texts is a perfect example of the inner workings of contemporary globalising cultural communication. Having analysed a corpus of 100 top-rated memes and virals from humour-dedicated web sites popular among Estonian users, we discuss how humour creates intertextual references that rely partly on the cultural memory of that particular (i.e. Estonian-language) community, and partly on global (primarily English- and Russian-language) cultural influences, thus producing hybrid cultural texts. The more interpretations are accessible for the audience (cf. polysemy Shabtai-Boxman &amp; Shifman 2014), the more popular the text becomes, whereas the range of interpretations depends on the openness of the cultural item to further modification.

No abstract

Autonomous mobile robots are becoming more prominent in recent time because of their relevance and applications to the world today. Their ability to navigate in an environment without a need for physical or electro-mechanical guidance devices has made it more promising and useful. The use of autonomous mobile robots is emerging in different sectors such as companies, industries, hospital, institutions, agriculture and homes to improve services and daily activities. Due to technology advancement, the demand for mobile robot has increased due to the task they perform and services they render such as carrying heavy objects, monitoring, search and rescue missions, etc. Various studies have been carried out by researchers on the importance of mobile robot, its applications and challenges. This survey paper unravels the current literatures, the challenges mobile robot is being faced with. A comprehensive study on devices/sensors and prevalent sensor fusion techniques developed for tackling issues like localization, estimation and navigation in mobile robot are presented as well in which they are organised according to relevance, strengths and weaknesses. The study therefore gives good direction for further investigation on developing methods to deal with the discrepancies faced with autonomous mobile robot.

The role of a relatively small cadre of high-tech startup firms in driving innovation and economic growth has been well known and amply celebrated in recent history. At the same time, it is well recognized that, while the overall contribution of startups is crucial, the high-risk and high-reward strategy followed by these startups leads to significant failure rates and a low ratio of successful startups. So, it is curious to notice that literature tends to focus on successful startups and on quantitative studies looking for determinants of success while neglecting the numerous lessons that can be drawn by examining the stories of startups that failed. This paper aims to fill this gap and to contribute to the literature by providing a repeatable and scalable methodology that can be applied to databases of unstructured post-mortem documents deriving startup failure patterns. A further and related contribution is the analysis carried out with this methodology to a large database of 214 startup post-mortem reports. Descriptive statistics show how the lack of a structured Business Development strategy emerges as a key determinant of startup failure in the majority of cases.

This study employs a large-scale quantitative analysis to reveal structural patterns of internet memes, focusing on 2 forces that bind them together: the quiddities of each meme family and the generic attributes of the broader memetic sphere. Using content and network analysis of 1013 meme instances (including videos, images, and text), we explore memes' prevalent quiddity types and generic features, and the ways in which they relate to each other. Our findings show that (a) higher cohesiveness of meme families is associated with a greater uniqueness of their generic attributes; and (b) the concreteness of meme quiddities is associated with cohesiveness and uniqueness. We discuss the implications of these findings to the understanding of internet memes and participatory culture.

The human desire to acquire new capacities is as ancient as our species itself. We have always sought to expand the boundaries of our existence, be it socially, geographically, or mentally. There is a tendency in at least some individuals always to search for a way around every obstacle and limitation to human life and happiness. Ceremonial burial and preserved fragments of religious writings show that prehistoric humans were disturbed by the death of loved ones. Although the belief in a hereafter was common, this did not preclude efforts to extend one’s earthly life. In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (approx. 1700 B.C.), a king sets out on a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh learns that there exists a natural means – an herb that grows at the bottom of the sea. 1 He successfully retrieves the plant, but a snake steals it from him before he can eat it. In later times, explorers sought the Fountain of Youth, alchemists labored to concoct the Elixir of Life, and various schools of esoteric Taoism in China strove for physical immortality by way of control over or harmony with the forces of nature. The boundary between mythos and science, between magic and technology, was blurry, and almost all conceivable means to the preservation of life were attempted by somebody or other. Yet while explorers made many interesting discoveries and alchemists invented some useful things, such as new dyes and improvements in metallurgy, the goal of life extension proved elusive. The quest to transcend our natural confines has long been viewed with ambivalence, however. Reining it in is the concept of hubris: that some ambitions are off‐limits and will backfire if pursued. The ancient Greeks exhibited this ambivalence in their mythology. Prometheus stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans, thereby permanently improving the human condition. Yet for this act he was severely punished by Zeus. The gods are repeatedly

This paper draws motivation from the remarkable ability of humans to extract useful building-blocks of knowledge from past experiences and spontaneously reuse them for new and more challenging tasks. It is contended that successfully replicating such capabilities in computational solvers, particularly global black-box optimizers, can lead to significant performance enhancements over the current state-of-the-art. The main challenge to overcome is that in general black-box settings, no problem-specific data may be available prior to the onset of the search, thereby limiting the possibility of offline measurement of the synergy between problems. In light of the above, this paper introduces a novel evolutionary computation framework that enables online learning and exploitation of similarities across optimization problems, with the goal of achieving an algorithmic realization of the transfer optimization paradigm. One of the salient features of our proposal is that it accounts for latent similarities which while being less apparent on the surface, may be gradually revealed during the course of the evolutionary search. A theoretical analysis of our proposed framework is carried out, substantiating its positive influences on optimization performance. Furthermore, the practical efficacy of an instantiation of an adaptive transfer evolutionary algorithm is demonstrated on a series of numerical examples, spanning discrete, continuous, as well as single- and multi-objective optimization.

Abstract Scholars and industry stakeholders have exhibited an interest in identifying the underlying dimensions of viral memes. However, the recipe for creating a viral meme remains obscure. This study makes a phenomenological contribution by examining viral memes, exploring the antecedents (i.e., content‐related factors, customer‐related factors, and media‐related factors), consequences, and moderating factors using a mixed‐method approach. The study presents a holistic framework for creating viral memes based on the perceptions of customers and industry stakeholders. Four quantitative studies (i.e., a lab experiment, an online quasi‐experiment, an event study, and a brand recall study) validate the theoretical model identified in the qualitative study. The research underlines the potential of viral memes in marketing communications as they enhance brand recall and brand engagement. The study found that viral memes are topical and highly relatable and are thus well received by the target groups, which increases customer engagement and brand recall. Marketers can adopt the findings of this study to design content for memes that consumers find relevant, iconic, humorous, and spreadable. Furthermore, marketers can use customer‐related factors suggested in the theoretical framework for enhancing escapism, social gratification, and content gratification for their target customers which in turn shall organically increase their reach within their target segments and enhance brand performance in terms of brand recall and brand engagement.

Abstract Notably, real problems are increasingly complex and require sophisticated models and algorithms capable of quickly dealing with large data sets and finding optimal solutions. However, there is no perfect method or algorithm; all of them have some limitations that can be mitigated or eliminated by combining the skills of different methodologies. In this way, it is expected to develop hybrid algorithms that can take advantage of the potential and particularities of each method (optimization and machine learning) to integrate methodologies and make them more efficient. This paper presents an extensive systematic and bibliometric literature review on hybrid methods involving optimization and machine learning techniques for clustering and classification. It aims to identify the potential of methods and algorithms to overcome the difficulties of one or both methodologies when combined. After the description of optimization and machine learning methods, a numerical overview of the works published since 1970 is presented. Moreover, an in-depth state-of-art review over the last three years is presented. Furthermore, a SWOT analysis of the ten most cited algorithms of the collected database is performed, investigating the strengths and weaknesses of the pure algorithms and detaching the opportunities and threats that have been explored with hybrid methods. Thus, with this investigation, it was possible to highlight the most notable works and discoveries involving hybrid methods in terms of clustering and classification and also point out the difficulties of the pure methods and algorithms that can be strengthened through the inspirations of other methodologies; they are hybrid methods.

For many combinatorial optimization problems, no effective algorithms capable of finding guaranteed optimum solutions in short time are available. Therefore, powerful heuristics have been developed that deliver no guarantee to find the optimum, but have shown to be highly effective in many test cases. &lt;br /&gt;\nIn this work, a special class of heuristics is investigated. The algorithms under consideration are called memetic algorithms, which are – roughly speaking – hybrids of evolutionary algorithms and problem-specific search algorithms, such as greedy heuristics and local search. In order to provide explanations under which circumstances these memetic algorithms are highly effective, a search space analysis relying on the concept of fitness landscapes is conducted,\nconsisting of an autocorrelation analysis and a fitness distance correlation analysis of the peaks in the fitness landscape. It is shown that the former type of analysis enables a comparison and thus a selection of local search algorithms, while the latter type of analysis provides a guideline for the choice of evolutionary variation operators in the evolutionary meta-algorithm. &lt;br /&gt;\nThe search space analysis is conducted for five combinatorial optimization problems, namely the traveling salesman problem, the graph bipartitioning problem, the quadratic assignment problem, &lt;i&gt;NK&lt;/i&gt; landscapes, and the unconstrained binary quadratic programming problem. Based on the results of the analysis, new memetic algorithms are presented. Experimental results demonstrate that they are among the best heuristics developed so far for the five problems.

Genetic programming has been a powerful technique for automated design of production scheduling heuristics. Many studies have shown that heuristics evolved by genetic programming can outperform many existing heuristics manually designed in the literature. The flexibility of genetic programming also allows it to discover very sophisticated heuristics to deal with complex and dynamic production environments. However, as compared to other applications of genetic programming or scheduling applications of other evolutionary computation techniques, the configurations and requirements of genetic programming for production scheduling are more complicated. In this paper, a unified framework for automated design of production scheduling heuristics with genetic programming is developed. The goal of the framework is to provide the researchers with the overall picture of how genetic programming can be applied for this task and the key components. The framework is also used to facilitate our discussions and analyses of existing studies in the field. Finally, this paper shows how knowledge from machine learning and operations research can be employed and how the current challenges can be addressed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has limited people’s mobility to a certain extent, making it difficult to purchase goods and services offline, which has led the creation of a culture of increased dependence on online services. One of the crucial issues with using credit cards is fraud, which is a serious challenge in the realm of online transactions. Consequently, there is a huge need to develop the best approach possible to using machine learning in order to prevent almost all fraudulent credit card transactions. This paper studies a total of 66 machine learning models based on two stages of evaluation. A real-world credit card fraud detection dataset of European cardholders is used in each model along with stratified K-fold cross-validation. In the first stage, nine machine learning algorithms are tested to detect fraudulent transactions. The best three algorithms are nominated to be used again in the second stage, with 19 resampling techniques used with each one of the best three algorithms. Out of 330 evaluation metric values that took nearly one month to obtain, the All K-Nearest Neighbors (AllKNN) undersampling technique along with CatBoost (AllKNN-CatBoost) is considered to be the best proposed model. Accordingly, the AllKNN-CatBoost model is compared with related works. The results indicate that the proposed model outperforms previous models with an AUC value of 97.94%, a Recall value of 95.91%, and an F1-Score value of 87.40%.

Diagnosis is a critical preventive step in Coronavirus research which has similar manifestations with other types of pneumonia. CT scans and X-rays play an important role in that direction. However, processing chest CT images and using them to accurately diagnose COVID-19 is a computationally expensive task. Machine Learning techniques have the potential to overcome this challenge. This article proposes two optimization algorithms for feature selection and classification of COVID-19. The proposed framework has three cascaded phases. Firstly, the features are extracted from the CT scans using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) named AlexNet. Secondly, a proposed features selection algorithm, Guided Whale Optimization Algorithm (Guided WOA) based on Stochastic Fractal Search (SFS), is then applied followed by balancing the selected features. Finally, a proposed voting classifier, Guided WOA based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), aggregates different classifiers' predictions to choose the most voted class. This increases the chance that individual classifiers, e.g. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Networks (NN), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Decision Trees (DT), to show significant discrepancies. Two datasets are used to test the proposed model: CT images containing clinical findings of positive COVID-19 and CT images negative COVID-19. The proposed feature selection algorithm (SFS-Guided WOA) is compared with other optimization algorithms widely used in recent literature to validate its efficiency. The proposed voting classifier (PSO-Guided-WOA) achieved AUC (area under the curve) of 0.995 that is superior to other voting classifiers in terms of performance metrics. Wilcoxon rank-sum, ANOVA, and T-test statistical tests are applied to statistically assess the quality of the proposed algorithms as well.

No abstract

模因论是解释文化传输的重要理论之一，据其观点，语言也能够作为一种模因，得以不断复制和传播。本文以模因论为主要研究视角，分析当前的网络流行歇后语，认为网络流行歇后语是语言模因的典型表现，讨论其分类和传播周期，将其对应为同音异义横向嫁接、同形联想嫁接和同构异义横向嫁接三类，并结合具体案例分析其同化、记忆、表达和传输的周期过程。

21世纪，是属于因特网的时代。网络以其内容的多样性和创新性以及传播手段的多元化得以吸引大量年轻用户，也带动了网络流行语的发展。现今，网络流行语早已进入了人们的日常话语体系。而网络缩写词作为新型语言表达方式，将汉语词汇或者成语首字母缩写，继而传递信息内容并进行情绪表达，也逐渐融入到用户的日常生活中。为了更好地揭示网络缩写词的传播机制，本研究尝试借用模因论，以网络缩写词“yyds”为例，深入解读网络流行语起源、发展以及传播的机制，为进一步研究网络流行语发展动因及其传播机制提供更多理论依据。

在数字化时代的背景下，网络族词“X学”作为一种新兴的语言现象，在互联网上风行。本文通过对“学”字的历时性语义演变进行梳理，系统地分析了“X学”族词的定义、性质、构成及其语法功能。研究运用模因论作为理论框架，探讨了“X学”在网络流媒体时代下流行与传播的原因，以及其语法化过程的内在机制。研究发现，“X学”的流行与传播经历了模因复制的四个阶段：同化、记忆、表达和传播，其语法化现象与语言的经济性原则、使用者的求新心理及认知能力的发展紧密相关。本研究的结论不仅为理解网络语言的演变提供了实证分析，而且对于预测和引导网络语言的健康发展具有实际借鉴意义。

随着互联网的高速发展，网络流行语应运而生。为探讨网络流行语的发展规律，本文根据弗朗西斯·海拉恩提出的模因生命周期说，选取《三联生活周刊》发布的2023年的部分网络流行语，探究其起源、生成与传播，进而分析其产生动因。最后研究其背后反映的社会现象与影响，并提出了一些相关建议，旨在营造一个健康的网络环境。

由于网络科技进步，文化的流动与传递也更加频繁。随着日本ACG亚文化传入中国，ACG流行语大量产生并获得青少年族群的青睐。本文分为三个部分，第一部分梳理了对模因论的研究。第二部分基于现有研究资料，整理了“宅”的词义。第三部分以模因论视角研究ACG流行语的传入过程以及在中国发生的变化。研究流行语形成与扩散对于促进跨文化交际有着很大的理论指导和现实意义。

文章围绕网络语言及相关热点问题，以“2022年度网络流行语”为研究对象，从模因论视域对网络流行语的特点、复制传播类型、形成和发展的动因等进行综合分析与阐释，并对网络流行语背后可能潜藏的隐患进行反思，以期促进对网络流行语的正确理解与规范运用。

本文以模因范畴论为视角，对2024年度“十大流行语”的语义动态范畴化进行深入研究。通过分析流行语在传播过程中的语义变化，探讨其动态范畴化的特点和机制，揭示流行语背后所反映的社会文化现象和人们的认知心理。

本文从语用学视角出发，探析网络用语中“赛博XX”结构的构成特点、语义演变、生成机制及其语用功能。研究发现，“赛博”由技术术语演变为具有高度能产性的文化符号，主要是通过“赛博 + 名词/动词”的结构形式，实现对现实事物的科技化与虚拟化描述。该结构的流行既受语言经济原则与模因传播规律的内部驱动，也受到技术社会语境与网络文化创新的外部影响。在语用层面，“赛博XX”结构展现出语境适配与语义破框、情感宣泄、身份标记等多重功能，成为网络交际中调节语用距离、表达数字生活体验的重要语言表达。同时，本文补充指出，该结构深植于赛博朋克文化，常隐含着对技术异化、社会矛盾的批判与反讽，这一文化内核在其语用功能中扮演重要角色。

网络用梗的产生与发展紧密关联于人类社会的互动与变迁。作为网络语言的重要组成部分，网络用梗以其独特的表达形式、幽默诙谐的语义内容及高度的传播性，在网络空间中占据重要地位。本文旨在深入剖析网络用梗背后的复杂语义认知机制，通过引入概念整合理论这一认知语言学的前沿框架，将网络用梗分为五大类，并解析其如何在不同概念空间之间构建桥梁，实现意义的创新与融合。此外，本文创新性地将模因论融入分析框架，探讨网络用梗作为文化模因的复制、变异与传播过程，进一步解析其迅速扩散的社会影响力。

本文以构式语法理论为核心框架，结合社会建构论，对网络流行语“主打一个XX”的形成、演变、构式义及能产性机制进行了系统分析。文章首先论证了“主打一个XX”是具有独立整体意义、形式与意义的匹配关系不可预测的语言“构式”。接着，文章探讨了该构式的语义特征，特别是核心词“主打”发生的语义泛化(主体范围扩大和语义色彩扩大)，并分析了构式压制在其中扮演的角色。随后，文章描述了该构式的演变路径(从具体到抽象，从单一到多样)及其基于类推机制的能产性。最后，文章从社会建构论的视角，将该构式的使用与当代青年人的身份建构实践联系起来，认为其流行是青年群体进行自我表达和身份认同的体现。本研究具有较强的时效性和一定的理论价值。“主打一个XX”是当前极具热度的网络用语，研究该构式能迅速吸引学界和公众的关注，具有较强的现实意义。

迷因作为一种文化基因，它以非遗传的方式传播，特别是通过模仿来实现，并主要以衍生的方式不断传播和复制。短视频的兴起改变了内容传播的形式，以抖音短视频为代表的短视频应用迅速在互联网风靡。目前在短视频平台中，迷因成为了一种非常流行的传播现象，洗脑的“神曲”、魔性的舞蹈、频频出现的网络热梗都化身为一个个迷因因子，这些迷因因子在短视频中不断地传播，将网民们都卷入了围观和创作当中。本文将从迷因理论的视角出发，根据文献研究法、文本分析法、参与式观察对当下迷因在抖音中的现象进行概述，分析当前抖音“热梗”的生成路径与传播机制。

“X门”是一种网络新兴构式，由“麦门”一词演变而来，在网络媒体平台上被迅速地传播、类推、泛化。本研究基于语言模因论，对网络流行语“X门”的语法结构和语义演变过程进行梳理，进而探究“X门”构式的语义演变机制。并从功能、性质和原则角度探讨“X门”的流行动因，以期为网络流行语的传播提供参考。

“麻了”是当代汉语常用词，常见于网络交际中，并在语义表现、语用功能和句法位置上经历了一系列变化。“麻了”从充当句子的核心谓语，演变为结果补语与程度补语，最后虚化为表态度的话语标记，经历了语法化过程。本文通过语料库检索，总结得出“麻了”的四种用法：“麻了1”表具体无知觉义，“麻了2”表抽象无知觉、习以为常义，“麻了3”表极限程度义和“麻了4”作话语标记；并基于此论述了“麻了”的语法化成因，即认知隐喻与语义泛化、句法促动、使用频率、经济原则、双音化现象和求新心理的共同作用。

本文基于模因论探讨中餐菜名的英译策略，强调翻译不仅要传达菜品的基本信息，还需保留文化内涵。通过引入英语惯用表达模因和灵活应对文化差异，确保译文既简洁明了，又能有效传递中餐文化，实现跨文化传播。

由于社交平台的繁荣，网络语言不断更新换代，新兴语言的传播速度加快，“当X遇上Y”构式有一定的能产性和互动性，成为微博等社交平台上被年轻人频繁使用的流行用语，且逐渐演变为一种构式。文章基于BCC语料库收集到的语料及中国知网部分语料，借助构式理论从构式语法的角度对现代汉语网络流行语中的构式“当X遇上Y”进行考察。对构式中的可变部件进行了深入分析。从该构式的准入条件、语义、语用及动因四个方面探究了它的语法功能。

数字技术深度重构社会交往模式，网络空间已成为语言生活的核心场域，为语言研究提供丰富资源。本文以模因论为框架，结合数据采集系统，聚焦新兴网络流行语“那很XX了”(如“那很有生活了”“那很坏了”)，考察其传播机制、流行动因及其对网络语言生态的影响。本文认为网络语言治理需在创新与规范间寻求平衡，构建开放包容而又规范有序的数字语言生态，推动语言文化的可持续发展。

三国文化作为中华文明的重要文化遗产，其在短视频平台的传播研究对提升我国文化自信有着重要意义。本文研究基于模因理论框架，从抖音平台出发，对短视频中三国文化的传播特征、机制及其带来的社会效应作出详细研究。短视频平台为传统文化的传播提供了新的渠道，但受众在享受短视频平台带来传播便利的同时也需注意其带来的文化内涵浅表化等负面影响。

在数字交际时代，汉语网络语言飞速变化的发展，新的变体层出不穷。面对庞杂无比的新兴汉语网络语言简化现象，既有对此的单一化形式研究已无法解释其系统性特征，而过去的以词性语法为依据的分类又太过复杂，因而需要一种新的分类方式对此现象进行解析。本文基于索绪尔的语言层级理论，根据简化实现路径，将汉语网络语言简化现象划分“替代–缩略–词类活用”的三分框架，将简化现象解构为符号、结构、语法三个层级，旨在揭示其内在规律。并通过揭示三种简化方式的生成机制、功能分化及系统协同，为汉语网络语言的规范化治理提供语言学依据，同时深化对汉语数字化演进的理论认知。

互联网时代，网络新闻如何能在海量信息中脱颖而出，取得网民广泛关注，新闻标题的设计至关重要。运用语言模因作为提高网络新闻标题有效性的创造手法，越来越被广泛运用，新闻作者通常采用恰当的模因传播策略对成语谚语、流行歌曲等进行语言变异，建构新闻标题中的强势模因。强势模因使新闻标题更具感染力和传播力，更能吸引读者。本文将从认知语言学中认知语境的角度对这种现象做出阐释，同时为网络新闻编辑者能创造出成功的网络新闻标题给出借鉴。

模糊限制语不仅出现在口语中，在书面语也有着非常重要的作用。写作是检验学生语言输出成果的一项重要衡量标准，在语言习得中有着重要作用。写作过程和模因论视角下的四个阶段一致。本文从模因论视角研究中国大学生写作中模糊限制语的使用情况，以北外的TECCL语料库为研究数据，并将重点和非重点院校英语学习者和南北方地区对比考虑在内。本研究共选取78篇作文作为研究语料库，并将语料库分类，根据程度变动型、范围变动型、直接缓和型和间接缓和型对模糊限制语进行分类，对不同水平学习者和南北方英语学习者的模糊限制语输出进行分析。研究发现，中国英语学习者在写作过程中存在少用、滥用模糊限制语，而且在二语模糊限制语习得过程中发生了语言损耗和母语迁移现象，其使用频率基本符合强势和弱势语言模因的规律。

21世纪，是属于因特网的时代。网络以其内容的多样性和创新性以及传播手段的多元化得以吸引大量年轻用户，也带动了诸如“龙行龘龘”这类生僻字网络热词的发展。在网络的助力下，一些原本艰涩古奥的生僻字，开始让人感到亲切且趣味十足。为了更好地揭示生僻字的走红原因，本研究尝试借用模因论，以今年走红的热词“龙行龘龘”为例，深入解读生僻字网络热词的起源、发展以及传播的机制，为进一步研究生僻字发展动因及其传播机制提供更多理论依据。

文章的“词汇语用观”论述了词汇的七个根本属性以及约束或操纵它们的“语用原则”：可谓性和可谓原则；可解性和清晰原则；关联性和关联原则；省力性和省力原则；象似性和象似原则；得体性和得体原则；语效性和语效原则。不过，词汇的各个属性和相应的原则不是完全或完美的一一对应。在实际语言分析中完全可以采用一属性对多原则，或一原则对多属性的做法。因此，任何一个词汇属性都可以用不止一个语用原则来解释，反之亦然。

网络流行语是数字化时代的产物，近年来受到学界广泛关注。本研究选取“显眼包”“特种兵式旅游”“多巴胺XX”三个具有代表性的流行语为例，从词汇和语用角度分析其结构特征与语义演变，并结合语言模因理论、社会心理动因和数字化时代背景视角，进一步探究其流行原因，旨在对2023年网络流行语有更为深入的理解。

本文基于模因论的“三性”，即复制性、变异性和选择性，对英语动物词汇隐喻如何与性别文化相互影响进行了梳理，并深入探讨动物词汇中的隐喻模因如何形成“模因链”对性别文化的塑造作用。本文为理解语言与性别文化的互动关系提供新视角，助力挖掘语言背后的性别文化内涵。

标识语的英译面向外宾，其规范程度展现了我国文明开放程度和文化水平。以定性研究和举例分析相结合的方法，分析标识语英译的错误，并运用模因论与翻译模因论，尝试寻求标识语英译的恰当方法。将标识语英译看作模因的复制和传播过程，试图在规范模因的指导下，探讨兰州市内标识语的英译是否符合期待规范和专业规范，并尝试归纳不同类型标识语的翻译技巧。研究认为，运用翻译模因指导标识语翻译有助于进一步实现标识语的功能，规范标识语英译。

本文以《反脆弱：从不确定性中获益》及其汉译本为例，在翻译模因论视角下探讨英汉翻译中的模因复制、变异与选择。研究发现，译者通过直译与音译忠实再现新概念模因，并借助语义强化、文化适配和语用调节提升译文的可接受性与传播力。结果表明，翻译不仅是信息转换的过程，更是文化模因再生产与进化的机制。

叶广芩小说展示了近现代中国民众特别是北京市民的社会生活形态和丰富多彩的民俗文化，关注中国传统文化的魅力，其中对道家文化精神有着独特的见解和思考。在中国建筑和地理方位观中突显了天人和一、顺应自然的理念；通过末世贵族完占泰飘逸洒脱、虚静无为的人生态度彰显道家文化在民间的生活形态；通过秦岭山地的动物小说等展示了人与自然的和谐相处的生态理念。作者在对传统文化和民间文化的关注中，对道家文化精神在当今社会的革新有深入的思考。

在数字化浪潮中，网络信息的传播速率远超预期，公众在模仿过程中持续孕育出新颖的互联网流行文化。此类通过衍生机制进行复制传播的文化现象，被学术领域定义为“米姆”。从社会心理学的视角分析，米姆的“自我复制”现象实质上根植于传播者对于模仿的内在倾向及其行为实践，此类传播模式并非单纯的“感染”，而是源于个体对于社会认同的渴望以及基于从众心理做出的决策，MBTI人格测试的广泛流行实则反映了米姆传播方式的广泛扩散。本文采用网络民族志的方法，基于模因理论视角，分析以小红书为例的MBTI测试的建构路径，探究其内在的传播模式和动因，并揭示这种“标签化社交”现象对青年群体产生的影响，最后从整体出发引导青年发掘自我新的面向，塑造“可能的自我”。

目的：以模因理论为理论基础，探讨生成式人工智能AIGC (Artificial Intelligence Generated Content)技术在文创设计中的应用与价值。本文旨在为文创设计领域提供新的视角和思路，促进文化创意产业的发展与繁荣。方法：利用文献研究法分析了模因理论与AIGC技术的基本概念和特征，阐述了模因在文化传播中的作用和机制，介绍了AIGC技术的主要类型和AIGC技术在生成式文创设计中的优势和挑战。应用模因理论对输入AIGC所需提示词进行分析、重组。构建了基于模因理论与AIGC技术的文创设计策略。结果：通过设计策略进行设计实践，展示了模因理论结合AIGC技术在文创设计中的具体运用和创新效果。结论：将模因理论与AIGC技术相结合，有助于提高文创设计过程中的设计效率以及文创产品与文化的贴合性。

自2012年“肝帝”一词出现，到近两年“肝论文”、“肝作业”等形式的大量出现，“肝X”系网络流行语逐渐进入了人们的视野并流行开来。本文对“肝X”系流行语的产生、语用、语体分布、传播等方面进行了简要分析。

网络流行语“下头”是指“某人或事物令人厌恶、难受，让人产生恶心、反感、扫兴等情绪”，本文首先对网络流行语“下头”的来源及词义演变进行梳理，认为该词最早可能产生于六朝时期，该词的语义演变与人们的认知机制息息相关，其网络新义的衍生依托于隐喻机制。接下来对“下头”的共时分布进行考察，该词可充当谓语、定语，近年来该词有语法化倾向，可充当补语。最后从语言经济性原则、受众心理需求、模因论等角度分析该词流行的原因，发现该词具有明显的“标题化”和“习语化”趋势。

在模因论的视域下，本文分析了河西五市人文景观公示语汉英翻译中存在的不同错误类型，从模因论的角度提出相应的公示语英译策略：复制目的语模因内容、套用目的语模因结构、复制源语模因读音、翻译源语核心模因、创译源语模因、语言模因结合图片模因，以期改善河西五市人文景观的公示语翻译状况。

国际关系学界关于人工智能的研究已拉开序幕，但既有论述难以跳出探讨历次工业和科技革命时的悲观逻辑。为此以建构主义理论作为研究框架，本文分析并展望人工智能对于国际关系中观念和文化变革的意义，并引出对人工智能时代公共外交的迷思：在未来，跨国行为体将是公共外交的重点对象，公共外交必须积极培育并迎合人工智能发展的建构优势；人工智能时代的数据决策和媒介化社会带来团体施动性的异化，将挑战公共外交的可行性和效用；在人工智能对于国际体系文化的冲击中，传递以互助共享为核心的人工智能观、推动康德文化的演进将是公共外交的新使命。迷思的价值取决于分析视野和具体实践，学界应重点考量人工智能的哲学与文化内涵，发掘其中显在或潜在的和平学价值。

“我可能V了假N”是近些年网络流行语之一，也是一个典型的构式。本文借鉴构式语法的理论框架认为，构式作为一个表达式，它的意义不能通过形式上直接感知，构式是形式和意义的结合体。首先，考察了网络流行语“我可能V了假N”的构式义：说话人做了某事未达到预期，表达无奈之情，带有自我调侃的意味；其次，流行语的来源主要是网络中的电竞圈和战斗民族这两种说法，流行动因是反应现实、映射心理、模因传播；最后，委婉性和自我调侃性是此流行语的语用特点。

词汇有时会突破其原有的语法属性限制，在新的句法环境中，创造性地产出新的语法属性机制，尤其是网络语言。本文试从模因论角度出发，分析“云”在网络语言中副词化的形成原因及其产生机制。通过模因论分析，“云”用作副词意为“线上”这一新的语义特征，契合了当今网络时代的大环境，满足了人们的表达诉求，成功地被网民复制，传播。目前，“云”副词化特征具有相对稳定性。