外源添加剂对马铃薯（微型薯）生理指标的影响

In this study, effects of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), oregano (Origanum onites L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce L.) and Turkish pickling herb (Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (Guss.)) essential oils applied to plant leaves at different doses on potato growth, tuber yield and quality were investigated. Essential oils were applied to the upper parts of the plant by spraying at doses of 300, 600, 900 and 1200 ppm three times at 15-day intervals, starting 15 days after the completion of emergence. The number of tubers and tuber yield per plant, marketable and total tuber yield, chlorophyll content, starch content, reducing and total sugar content parameters were examined. The effects of essential oil applications on tuber yield and quality were found to be statistically significant, and this effect varied according to application doses. Compared to the control, essential oil applications increased the marketable tuber yield by approximately 38% (300 ppm rosemary essential oil) and the total tuber yield by up to 28% (600 ppm rosemary essential oil). However, rosemary and oregano oils caused phytotoxicity and reduced tuber yield when applied in high doses. Except for sage and oregano, other essential oils positively affected chlorophyll synthesis. Essential oil applications reduced the accumulation of reducing sugar, which negatively affects tuber quality, and the lowest reducing sugar contents were detected in tubers to which fennel and oregano essential oils were applied. In the study, it was understood that tuber yield in potatoes could be increased significantly with the applications of 300 and 600 ppm rosemary essential oil and 300 ppm cumin essential oil.

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential element for plant growth and development. To investigate the response of potatoes to Pi stress, five treatments of control (1.25 mM KH2PO4), low Pi treatments (0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM KH2PO4), and high Pi treatment (2.5 mM KH2PO4) were set up. The physiological results showed that both low and high Pi treatments inhibited the growth and development of potato plants. Low Pi treatments inhibited the yield and starch granule size of potato tubers, and there was no significant difference under the high Pi treatment. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) and MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS mass spectrometry were used to identify 49 differentially expressed protein spots (p < 0.05, differential expression ≥ 2‐fold) in potato leaves under different Pi treatments. Some primary carbon metabolism–related enzymes were up‐regulated, and sufficient metabolic intermediates and energy were provided by low Pi treatments to enhance the resistance to Pi stress. Moreover, low Pi treatments induced more defense mechanisms than “high Pi treatments”, resulting in enhanced resistance. Under Pi stress, although most photoreaction–related proteins were down‐regulated, potato specifically induced the up‐regulation of CO2 fixation and assimilation–related enzymes to maintain growth and metabolism. Pi stress disrupted redox homeostasis, but potatoes achieved dynamic regulation of the antioxidant system by inducing synergistic up‐regulation of some antioxidant enzymes. Finally, low Pi stress also activated the calcium signaling pathway, which may synergistically act with other signal transduction proteins to regulate Pi absorption, transport, and utilization in potatoes. These results provide important information on the response of potatoes to Pi stress.

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This study evaluated the effects of nutrient stock solution concentrations on the growth and yield of potato varieties grown from apical rooted cuttings (ARCs). A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Climate and Water Smart Agriculture Center at Egerton University, Kenya. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design, where the main plot comprised three nutrient concentrations, i.e., 75% (N75), 100% (N100) and 125% (N125) of the ADC-Molo’ nutrient formulation. The subplots were allocated to four potato varieties (Shangi, Wanjiku, Nyota and Unica). The results showed that there were no significant (p<0.05) interaction effects of the nutrient stock solution concentrations application rates on the growth attributes of ARCs. The main effects of N125 gave the tallest plants (32.29cm) at 60 days after planting (DAP), highest normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) (0.60) at 75 DAP, plant survival rate (82.15%) at 75 DAP, and fresh weight (79.04g) and dry matter (31.26%) of aboveground biomass (AGB). Nyota variety produced taller plants (26.90cm) at 60 DAP, gave higher NDVI values (0.53) at 75 DAP, and higher fresh weight (64.87g) and dry matter (27.60%) of the AGB. Significant (p<0.05) interactions were observed in the yield parameters. The interaction between N125 and Nyota (11.33) and Wanjiku (10.67) gave the highest number of minitubers, the highest yields were obtained between the interaction of N125 and Unica (16.38t/ha). Therefore, to achieve high growth and yields of ARCs under hydroponic system, seed potato producers should use 125% of the ADC Molo nutrient formulation.

Drought stress often occurs concurrently with heat stress, yet the interacting effect of high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil drying on the physiology of potato plants remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and growth responses of potatoes to progressive soil drying under varied VPDs. Potato plants were grown either in four separate climate-controlled greenhouse cells with different VPD levels (viz., 0.70, 1.06, 1.40, and 2.12 kPa, respectively) or under a rainout shelter in the field. The VPD of each greenhouse cell was caused by two air temperature levels (23 and 30 °C) combined with two relative humidity levels (50 and 70%), and the VPD of the field was natural conditions. Irrigation treatments were commenced three or four weeks after planting in greenhouse cells or fields, respectively. The results indicated that soil water deficits limited leaf gas exchange and shoot dry matter (DMshoot) of plants while increasing the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaf and xylem, as well as water use efficiency (WUE) across all VPD levels. High VPD decreased stomatal conductance (gs) but increased transpiration rate (Tr). High VPD increased the threshold of soil water for Tr began to decrease, while the soil water threshold for gs depended on temperature due to the varied ABA response to temperature. High VPD decreased leaf water potential, leaf area, and DMshoot, which exacerbated the inhibition of soil drying to plant growth. Across the well-watered plants in both experiments, negative linear relationships of gs and WUE to VPD and positive linear relations between Tr and VPD were found. The results provide some novel information for developing mechanistic models simulating crop WUE and improving irrigation scheduling in future arid climates.

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A field experiment was conducted during 2019–20 and 2020–21 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to study the effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on insect-pest and disease incidence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under subtropical conditions. A total of 11 treatments including control were tested in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications on the potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj. The results indicated that plant growth regulators, like GA3, IBA, NAA, ethrel, jeevamrit and waste decomposer were not producing any significant effect on the incidence of aphid, jassid and whitefly population in comparison to untreated control. However, diseases such as scab and scurf did not reveal any significant differences among the plant growth regulator’s treatments except in late blight. Foliar application of gibberellic acid (200 ppm) at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) significantly reduced the late blight incidence and severity in seed potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj.

Purple eggplant is a commodity with strong market prospects due to its relatively high economic value and rich nutritional content. Demand for eggplant continues to increase; however, this has not been matched by an increase in production. One of the strategies to enhance production is through the improvement of cultivation techniques. This study aims to evaluate the optimal combination of Dekamon plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations and NPK Phonska Plus fertilizer doses on the growth and yield of purple eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The research was conducted using a factorial experimental method in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors: PGR concentration (0, 2, and 4 ml/l) and NPK fertilizer dosage (20, 25, and 35 grams/plant). The results showed a significant interaction between PGR and fertilizer treatments on plant height, number of leaves, fruit weight, and number of fruits per plant at various observation times. The most effective combination was the application of Dekamon at 2 ml/l with NPK fertilizer at 25 grams/plant, which resulted in optimal plant growth and yield.

Aims: To determine the “Effect of plant growth regulator on growth, physiology and yield of direct sown finger millet”. Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022 at South Farm, Division of Agronomy, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore.The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction  (pH 5.36), level of organic carbon  (1.03%),  available  N  (289 kg/ha),  P  (115 kg/ha)  and  K  (437 kg/ha).  Study Design: Completely randomized block design. Methodology: T1 (RDF + Water spray - Control), T2 (100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm), T3 (100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Gibberellic acid @10 ppm), T4 (100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Salicylic acid @100 ppm), T5 (50% RDF + Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm), T6 (50% RDF + Foliar spraying of Gibberellic acid @10 ppm), T7 (50% RDF + Foliar spraying of Salicylic acid @100 ppm), T8 (Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm), T9 (Foliar spraying of Gibberellic acid @10 ppm), T10 (Foliar spraying of Salicylic acid @100 ppm). Results: The experiment was laid out in  RBD  and showed that  100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm (T2) gave highest No. of tillers/hill, Dry matter production, leaf area index, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, post-harvest NPK uptake of finger millet. when comparedcontrol (Farmer practice). Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that PGR along with nutrients application increases the nutrient uptake and yield.

Tomatoes are a popular commodity in Indonesia, with demand increasing every year. The lack of production compared to the demand for tomato commodities requires steps to increase production, one of which is by providing a booster in the form of a natural growth regulator. This study used a Split Plot Design (2x5) with a basic design of Randomized Group Design. The main plot was Tomato Plant Variety, which consisted of two types, namely Fortuna Variety and Servo F1 Variety. The subplots were natural growth regulators consisting of five types: Water, GA3 100 ppm, Sweet Corn Extract equivalent to 100 ppm GA3, Shallot Extract equivalent to 100 ppm, and Moringa Leaf Extract equivalent to 100 ppm GA3. The results showed that the Fortuna tomato variety gave the best results in the parameters of dry weight of biomass per plant and chlorophyll content, while the application of moringa leaf extract gave the best results in the parameter of leaf area.

Growing potatoes requires great care because it needs large nutrients. Proper fertilization is a critical aspect of improving yield. This study comprises a field experiment to assess the impact of several fertilization approaches on the crop performance of potato (cv. Montreal). In this context, we used eight distinct fertilizer treatments: control (T0), standard mineral fertilizer (T1), substance mushroom spent (T2), cow + poultry manure (T3), compost (T4), 50% standard mineral fertilizer comprising substance mushroom spent (T5), 50% standard mineral fertilizer augmented with cow + poultry manure (T6) and 50% standard mineral fertilizer augmented with compost (T7). The results indicate that control treatment gave least days to mean germination time. While the standard mineral fertilizer (T1) had the highest values in chlorophyll content in leaves, single tuber weight, tuber count per plant, and plant yield. On the other hand, (T6) showed significant increment in number of tubers per plant. Meanwhile, (T7) treatment produced higher marketable yield and tuber per plant. Whereas, there are not significant difference among treatments in number of arial stems. on the other hand, these results were the lowest for the control treatment. Hence, the fertilization approach extensively impacts vegetative development and tuber yield.

A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of foliar application of nutrients and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the growth and physiological attributes of tomatoes. The trial was carried out at the Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Various nutrient-PGR combinations (T1-T9) were applied at two distinct developmental stages: 25 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT). The growth traits, including plant height, number of branches, leaf area and total dry matter production (TDMP), showed significant variation in response to the foliar application of the nutrient-PGR mixture. In addition, several physiological parameters, such as the chlorophyll index and chlorophyll fluorescence, exhibited notable differences among the treatments. In conclusion, the application of Tomato Booster II (T8), a foliar nutrient-PGR mixture containing nitrogen(N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and salicylic acid (SA), significantly enhanced plant growth. This was evidenced by increased plant height (34.1 cm and 67.2 cm) and leaf area (265.89 cm² and 1448.55 cm² plant?¹) at 30 and 60 P, respectively. Additionally, plants treated with Tomato Booster II (T8) showed improved root development, characterized by a substantial increase in total root length (4402.86 cm), root volume (58.9 cm³) and root surface area (1807.84 cm²). Moreover, T8-treated plants exhibited a significant increase in spectral reflectance, indicative of enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, reaching a maximum of 81.8% following two foliar applications. These results suggest that Tomato Booster II (T8) is a promising nutrient-PGR mixture for enhancing tomato growth and development.

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Al-Jadriya in the spring season 2021 to know the effect of adding different levels of organic matter (poultry manure) and agricultural sulfur on the growth and yield of potatoes. The experiment included two factors: the addition of three levels of organic matter (0-10-20) Mg h-1, symbolized by OM0, OM1, and OM2 in sequence, and agricultural sulfur (0-1000-2000) kg h-1 and symbolized by S0, S1 and S2 in sequence. The treatments were distributed according to a randomized complete block design. The dry weight of shoots, number of tubers plant-1, total yield, starch and protein content of tubers and percentage of dry matter in tubers were calculated. The results showed that treatment S2 gave the highest dry weight of 8.41 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment S0 which gave 4.64 Mg ha-1 and treatment M2 gave 7.37 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment M0 which gave 5.92 Mg ha-1 and the interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest dry weight 9.0 Mg ha-1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest number of tubers plant-1 was 9.4 compared to the measurement treatment 5.1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave a higher yield of 59.56 Mg ha-1 compared to the measurement treatment 25.74 Mg ha-1. The M2S2 interaction treatment gave the highest values for the qualitative characteristics in potatoes, which are the percentage of starch, protein and dry matter 13.02, 8.4 and 19.09%, respectively.

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