永磁同步电机SVPWM驱动系统设计与仿真

Electric vehicles (EV) require an electric motor with a better power density, greater efficiency, a wide constant power area, ease of control, and low costs. A real time control adapted electric motor design is necessary to meet these criteria. In this work, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) design was created from Ansys rotating machine expert and 2D model was developed in Ansys Maxwell based on various design parameters for the rotor and stator configuration, and the electromagnetic (EM) simulations are carried out in accordance with the essential required EV characteristics. Using Ansys Twin Builder, a model was made for the drive circuit, proportional integral (PI) speed controller, speed references, rotor position detection, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) / sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are used. This method demonstrates the investigation of the torque ripple and total hormonic distortion (THD) and shows the influence of SVPWM and SPWM techniques on torque ripple and THD. To realistically reflect the performance of the drive, coupled simulation of the IPMSM motor and drive with vector control system is used to analyze the IPMSM drive system through Ansys maxwell and Ansys Twin Builder environment during EM analysis. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the high feasibility of motor design and control strategy, that delivers the intended result and quick response with minimal torque ripple and distortion. According to the simulation findings at 10kHz, SVPWM technique has torque ripple 12.4% and THD in the input current and voltage to the motor are 4.0 and 38.4% respectively. But SPWM has torque ripple 28.5% and input current and voltage THD are 6.8 and 42.6% respectively. Investigation shows SVPWM method is more practical and effective for producing sine waves that deliver higher voltage and current to the load with minimal torque ripple and harmonic distortion.

… A developed simulation model compares the performance of … ’ into AC power for the ’PMSM’ model. The results demonstrated … current quality and inverter efficiency in PMSM inverters. …

In this paper, speed control of PMSM that is fed by PV array on the basis of vector control is realized. Besides, switching signals for PMSM are obtained by both SVPWM and SPWM and their effect on the speed is compared. Furthermore, MPPT consisting of P&O method is applied by using SEPIC DC-DC converter. This study is carried out by using Matlab/Simulink. Also, the change of irradiation level and ambient temperature of PV array are included in the study. By simulations, PMSM speed under reference and load changes, PV array power are measured and compared.

— Electric Vehicles (EVs) offer a promising solution to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental pollution. However, maximizing driving range remains a key challenge. Regenerative braking, a technology that recovers kinetic energy typically lost as heat during deceleration, can significantly improve EV efficiency. This research investigates the design and performance of a regenerative braking system for the VinFast VF8 2023 Standard Edition, employing a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) controlled via Field-Oriented Control (FOC) and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). The system modeled in MATLAB, includes lithium-ion battery, inverter and PMSM. The simulation utilizes the Federal Test Procedure-75 (FTP-75) drive cycle, focusing on a 40-second segment representative of urban driving. Results demonstrate that during braking phases (0–20 s and 33–40 s), negative input torque causes the PMSM to function as a generator, charging the battery and increasing its capacity by roughly 0.003%. Conversely, during acceleration (20–33 s), positive torque drives the PMSM as a motor, consuming battery power and decreasing capacity by approximately 0.01%. While seemingly modest over the short test period, these findings highlight the potential of regenerative braking to recapture energy and contribute to extending the driving range of the VinFast VF8, demonstrating the feasibility and potential of this energy recovery approach.

In the motor drive system fed by multilevel inverter, the problems such as the complexity of reference voltage synthesis, high common mode voltage (CMV), and high switching loss are usually the obstacles to the practical application. In order to reduce the computational complexity and improve the performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a novel space vector pulsewidth modulation scheme, which is practical and independent of level number is proposed for PMSM vector control. First, the space vector plane is redivided, and the coordinates of the nearest three vectors and their duty cycles can be obtained directly by determining the location of reference vector, which simplifies the calculation and does not need any iterative algorithm. Then, the optimal switching state and switching sequence are selected online so as to ensure the minimum switching loss under the premise of minimum CMV. This article provides an original method and new idea for motor drive system fed by multilevel inverter. Finally, the practicability and validity of the proposed method are verified by simulation and experiment.

The sideband current harmonic components are inevitable in a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system driven by a voltage-source inverter with space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM). The research on the characteristics of sideband harmonic currents would provide guidance to the cause of electromagnetic force waves, vibration, and acoustic noise of the motor. In this article, the main components of sideband harmonic currents in PMSM drive by the SVPWM method are analytically derived. The frequency and spatial order of the sideband harmonics and radial electromagnetic force are calculated based on finite element analysis (FEA). Then, an experimental test of an eight-pole/48-slot interior PMSM with a voltage-source inverter controlled by the classical vector control strategy is carried out, and the phase stator currents, vibration response, and acoustic noise signals are collected. The results finally verify the accuracy of the derivation analysis of sideband currents and indicate the relation between sideband harmonic currents and electromagnetic vibration, which provides a reference for further studies of vibration suppression.

Due to the overloading, vibration, and harsh conditions, switching transistors in open-end winding five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (OWFP-PMSMs) drives are more vulnerable to failure. Addressing the increased post-fault current in existing fault-tolerant control (FTC) methods, this article presents an inverter reconstruction approach for the OWFP-PMSM. When transistor failure occurs, the inverter reconstruction approach is achieved by connecting the winding to the midpoint of the bus capacitor. A pattern-based virtual voltage vector synthesis method is introduced to achieve voltage vectors that existing modulation methods cannot synthesize. Then, a hybrid SVPWM strategy is adopted to achieve dual inverter modulation and capacitor voltage compensation in the OWFP-PMSM drive system. The innovation of this article not only enhances the FTC capability of the OWFP-PMSM drive system but also maintains good postfault steady-state performance. Moreover, the amplitude of the postfault phase current resembles that observed during healthy operation, which is a significant reduction compared to the established FTC strategy. Through simulations and experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated. The results show that the phase current amplitude is reduced by up to 26.5% during steady-state operation compared to the existing method.

Electric vehicles (EVs) should have an electrical motor with high efficiency, high power density, and a wider constant power operating region, as well as ease of control and inexpensive manufacturing cost. To achieve these requirements, a real-time control-oriented electric motor model is essential. A co-simulation method based on Ansys software (Maxwell and Twin Builder) and MATLAB/Simulink for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) model is presented, which can improve the design of the PMSM and evaluate its performance by Rotating Machine Expert (RMxprt) when any slight modification of parameters and output inaccuracy occur. The PMSM drive system under different input reference speeds was analyzed by simulation, which testified that co-simulation of the magnetic and electrical domain is necessary to capture all applicable effects. The simulation results show the good feasibility of the motor model and control method, which achieves the desired effect and fast response with a small torque ripple as well. Such a developed prototype allows both accurate and simple characterization and optimization to be made possible.

In order to solve the problem that the third harmonic current of Five phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (FPMSM) cannot be closed-loop controlled in the single-plane vector control of the five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor, the two-plane vector Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation algorithm (SVPWM) algorithm is studied in this paper. The first to establish the mathematical model of dual dq plane, expand Park & Clark transformation, changed the traditional SVPWM, the asymmetry problem of the double dq plane treated by the normalization method. The SVPWM control is simplified, then set iq3 = kiq1 and the Speed&Current double closed-loop experiment is conducted to verify the correctness of the algorithm. Finally, through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the output current, amplitude and effective value of the current after the injection of the thirdharmonic are within the allowable range, the output torque pulsation is stable, it constitutes the dual dq plane drive control system of FPMSM.

Controlling a 3L-NPC inverter-fed PMSM drive is complicated because of the deviation of the neutral point voltage. That the DC-link voltage is not balanced on its upper and lower capacitors tends to result in the inaccuracy in the synthesis of the expected space voltage vectors. A hybrid SVPWM and MPTC method is proposed for this problem. Based on the deviation ratio of the NP voltage, the control strategy includes two stages. Firstly, the dwelling time of the redundant small vectors is rearranged as the traditional method when the deviation ratio is relatively low. Additionally, with the decomposition ratio factor being introduced, the middle voltage vectors are decomposed into small vectors to alleviate the NP voltage. Secondly, when the deviation of the NP voltage surpasses the predetermined threshold, the proposed MPTC is employed with only the vectors capable of regulating the NP voltage being considered and the duty cycle is directly engaged in the cost function to be optimized, which incorporates a flux constraint to eliminate the need for weighting factors. The experimental results show that the proposed method leads to the notable decrease in computational complexity while improving control effect on both the steady and dynamic performance of PMSM.

This paper presents the modeling and performance evaluation of a solar photovoltaic (PV)-fed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive using advanced control and power conversion techniques, implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. A Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is employed to ensure that the PV array consistently operates at its maximum power point under varying irradiance and temperature conditions, thereby supplying a stable DC output to the power converter stage. The regulated DC is interfaced with a neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level inverter which, compared to conventional two-level inverters, provides lower voltage stress on semiconductor devices, reduced switching losses, improved harmonic performance, and better voltage waveform quality. Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is adopted for inverter switching, leading to enhanced DC-link utilization, reduced total harmonic distortion (THD), and balanced capacitor voltages. The PMSM is controlled using a field-oriented control (FOC) scheme that decouples flux and torque components, enabling precise speed regulation, high torque efficiency, and smooth dynamic response under different load variations. The complete system including PV array, $\mathrm{P} \& \mathrm{O}$ MPPT controller, NPC inverter with SVPWM, and PMSM drive with FOC has been developed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink using Simscape and SimPowerSystems toolboxes. Simulation results demonstrate effective MPPT tracking, stable capacitor voltage balance, reduced current distortion, low switching stress, and high drive efficiency, with smooth transient and steady-state performance across a wide operating range. Furthermore, the proposed solar PV-based PMSM drive configuration exhibits superior performance compared to conventional two-level inverter-fed drives in terms of efficiency, power quality, and dynamic behavior. The system shows strong potential for practical deployment in electric vehicle propulsion systems, renewable energy-based motor drives, and standalone solar-powered applications where clean, sustainable, and reliable energy conversion is essential.

Regular sampled space vector pulsewidth modulation is a widely implemented technique in permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives with the voltage-source inverter. The modulation technique would generate the sideband harmonics and increase electromagnetic loss, vibration, and acoustic noise. Therefore, a fast and accurate evaluation of sideband harmonics is particularly important. However, the carrier frequency ratio could be relatively low in some applications, which means it would cause sampling delay and influence the sideband harmonics. This article analyzes the sampling delay effect in PMSM drives, and proposes a modified sideband harmonic model using Lagrange expansion and complex coordinate transformation for both symmetric and asymmetric regular sampling methods. Furthermore, the amplitudes and phases of whole sideband harmonic components are derived. Experimental results are carried out to validate the accuracy improvement of the modified model, which reveals that it could give a superior estimation of the sideband harmonics in the PMSM drives under the low carrier frequency ratio.

Aiming at suppressing the switching frequen- cy harmonics, a novel discrete hybrid dual random control (DHDRC) technique is proposed in this article. Based on the space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) strategy, the DHDRC-SVPWM technique is applied to randomize the switching period and pulse position by selecting dual discrete random factors from predefined discrete sequences. Accordingly, the original switching narrowband harmonic energy of SVPWM is extended to a wide range of frequencies. To analyze the harmonic dispersion degree quantitatively, the power spectrum is deduced to assess the performance of the discrete random SVPWM. Then, the connection between the discrete sequence and the harmonic energy distribution is obtained under random variables following a discrete uniform distribution. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed technique significantly expands harmonic clusters in the frequency domain, thereby reducing the harmonic intensity. The present study provides a reference to investigate random SVPWM and improve electromagnetic interference and noise in power converters.

Multilayer neural network-based model predictive control (MLNN-MPC) has received a lot of attention in different power electronic applications. However, the computational burden often imposes limitations in low-order DSPs especially if a large number of voltage vectors (VVs) are used. The execution time of MLNN-MPC in low-order DSPs is affected heavily by the number of input, output, neurons in the hidden layer, and the type of activation function. Furthermore, MLNN contains many parameters that needed to be optimized, such as initial weights, number of iterations, and number of neurons. Therefore, in this study, a creative single-layer neural network-based model predictive control with discrete space vector PWM (SLNN-MPC-DSVPWM) is proposed to overcome these limitations. The main advantages of the proposed method include easy implementation on low-order DSPs, better performance compared with MLNN-MPC, allowing the use of a large number of VVs, and no initialization of lookup tables for all VVs. The proposed SLNN is trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and results in an execution time of only $8~\mu \text{s}$ compared with the complexity of the conventional MPC-DSVPWM and recent MLNN-MPC methods. The SLNN-MPC-DSVPWM is validated by both simulation and experimental results for permanent magnet synchronous motors.

The main objective of this research is to review the existing simulation model of three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive (PMSM). This review enhances the understanding of dynamic and steady-state performance of PMSM system. Because of their exceptional power density, precise control features, and great efficiency, permanent magnet synchronous motors, or PMSMs, have drawn a lot of interest. A thorough examination of the modeling, simulation, and control approaches for three-phase PMSM drives is given in this paper. To comprehend motor dynamics, the research looks at a number of mathematical models of PMSM, such as analogous circuit models and d-q axis representation. Software tools such as MATLAB/Simulink are used in simulation techniques to test these models and forecast system performance under various operating situations. In addition, the impact of control systems like Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Field-Oriented Control (FOC) on performance optimization is explored. The research gaps that still need to be filled are highlighted in the paper's conclusion, along with possible future study topics. The review emphasizes how well-advanced control techniques like Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Field-Oriented Control (FOC) can improve PMSM performance. It also stresses how crucial precise d-q axis modeling and simulation tools are to reducing torque ripple, increasing efficiency, and guaranteeing reliable operation in a variety of applications.

… components of the PMSM control system include the motor controller unit, the PMSM, the SVPWM unit, … Matlab/Simulink-based modeling and simulation of fuzzy PI control for PMSM. In …

In order to reduce high-frequency harmonics and vibrations generated from the use of pulsewidth modulation technology, a multiple random space vector pulse width modulation (MR-SVPWM) strategy for dual three phase magnet synchronous machine is proposed. In the proposed method, the modulation period is defined as 2N. The carrier frequency is generated by adopting the traditional variable delayed time SVPWM method in the first N sampling periods. By applying average compensation for the carrier frequency in the second N sampling period, the current harmonics at the switching frequency can be moved to several fixed modulation frequencies. Also, the amplitude of these harmonics can be reduced. Then, the MR-SVPWM method combines 2N-period modulation variable delayed time SVPWM and traditional random carrier frequency PWM is designed to randomize the fixed modulation frequency. The expression for the modulation frequency of the proposed multiple randomized SVPWM is derived. It is then demonstrated that the combination of these two methods yields a synergistic effect. Due to the synergy effects of the MR-SVPWM, the higher frequency harmonics and vibration can be reduced to a low level. Experimental results are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This paper is dealing with the SVPWM inverter's operation. Then, after analyzing the space vector methodology, convenient detail equations are derived. The amplitude and frequency value of stator voltage are adjusted in this scheme to modulate the motor's speed. In addition, the SVPWM switching technique approach is an advanced and highly analytical modulation technique with many advantages over previous PWM modulations, including a lower harmonic content, efficient DC bus consumption. These numerous benefits have led to SVPWM finding more and more uses in motor control and power converters. In this research, the simulated analysis of the speed of the Permanent Magnet AC Motors is controlled by the voltage source inverters using the SVPWM switching techniques. It is commonly acknowledged that field Oriented Control for PMSM motor drives is frequently chosen for the highly efficient and better performance drive systems due to its distinct qualities including improved power factor and the low inertia and also it is superior in the power density. SVPWM method provides a greater DC voltage usage rate and less output waveform distortion when compared to commonly utilized sine-wave pulse width modulation (SPWM) approach. This report describes the procedure for using MATLAB to build the SVPWM modulation method and introduced SVPWM control technology for three-phase inverters. It also built a mathematical model of the circuit by creating a comprehensive closed-loop system for simulation that provides output waveforms. A model-based PI controller is designed for the FOC of the PMSM motor.

To reduce the cost and size of the power converters, techniques of reconstructing three-phase current through a single current sensor have been employed in permanent-magnet synchronous motors. In existing studies, the reconstruction precision is largely affected by current reconstruction dead zones in the space vector pulsewidth modulation (PWM) plane, which requires additional algorithms to compensateeither by modifying PWM modulation strategy or by phase-shifting of PWM signal. In this article, a phase current reconstruction method for three-phase inverter with the modification of a twelve sector space vector pulsewidth modulation (TS-SVPWM) is proposed. By arranging a single current sensor on a circuit branch between two power switches, the proposed method can reconstruct the three-phase current of the voltage source inverter and avoid the dead zones located at the sector boundary region. This method can be realized not only with a single Hall-effect current sensor but also with a single shunt resistor, which can expand its application. The proposed method can be a fault-tolerance solution when there are phase current sensor faults. Beside, the three-phase current can be reconstructed when there are open-circuit faults in the power switches. Compared with previous methods, the proposed TS-SVPWM can reduce the phase current harmonics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by experiments.

In this paper, a novel space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique with duty cycle optimization through zero vectors for dual three-phase (3-ph) permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is proposed. Dual 3-ph PMSMs can be optimally controlled in vector space decomposition, which allows controls of the fundamental component and main low-frequency harmonics separately in two orthogonal subspaces, i.e., αβ and xy subspaces. However, the space voltage vector modulations of voltage references in two subspaces are not independent, because each voltage vector possesses its unique and fixed spatial location in two subspaces. Therefore, many SVPWM techniques intend to extend the modulation capability by designing the voltage vector selection principle, but the duty cycle saturation determines the limit of phase voltage regardless of the voltage vector selection principle. Therefore, a simple SVPWM technique with duty cycle optimization by adjusting dwell times of zero vectors is developed to offer a reasonable modulation capability with reduced switching frequency and no complex voltage vector selection principle. The linear modulation range is explained as well. Finally, the experimental results validate the performance of the proposed SVPWM technique through voltage injection and closed-loop current control.

To fully suppress the current harmonics of torque plane and zero-sequence dimension in open-end winding (OW) permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a novel 3-D space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) strategy is proposed in this article. First, the distribution of 3-D space vectors is analyzed. Then, a subspace-based vector selection method is developed to utilize the adjacent vectors in space to synthesize the reference vector. On this basis, a repetitive controller is equipped for zero-sequence current to guarantee precise current tracking. By using the proposed 3D-SVPWM strategy, the current controls in 3D can be well balanced. Besides, the fault-tolerant control of open-phase fault in OW PMSM drive is realized with the proposed 3D-SVPWM strategy by simply changing zero-sequence current reference. The experiments are carried out to prove the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

… vectors. The results indicates that five-phase 3L inverter with MPC which is proposed are suitable for driving the PMSM … Levi, “A comparison of carrier-based and space vector PWM …

A space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm is an important part of the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive to achieve direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) conversion. The execution of the conventional SVPWM algorithm is a complex process which will limit the sampling frequency of the high-speed PMSM drive. Low sampling frequency will cause high current total harmonic distortion (THD) and eddy current loss. To increase the sampling frequency, this paper proposes a novel simplified SVPWM algorithm. The proposed SVPWM algorithm turns the vector composition problem of the conventional SVPWM algorithm into an optimization problem of the dwell time of the basic vector. The proposed SVPWM algorithm has an optimal vector dwell time (OVDT). The dwell time of the basic vector can be directly calculated by solving the optimization problem. The proposed SVPWM algorithm does not need sector identification compared to the conventional algorithm. The experiments of the proposed SVPWM algorithm are performed in a high-speed PMSM drive of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS). Compared to the conventional SVPWM algorithm, the execution time of the proposed SVPWM algorithm is reduced by 38%. By using the proposed SVPWM algorithm, the sampling frequency can be increased from 33 kHz to 40 kHz. With the higher sampling frequency, the current THD is reduced by 25.6%. The effectiveness of the proposed simplified SVPWM algorithm is verified experimentally.

In this article, an improved model predictive torque control (MPTC) method based on discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. Aiming at solving the two problems of large torque ripples and high computational complexity in conventional MPTC, the proposed method adopts a second optimization and a new simplified search strategy. The key idea of second optimization is to make the output voltage vector closer to the actual optimal solution. In this case, a more suitable voltage vector is applied in each sampling period. The simplified search strategy reduces the calculation time by cutting down the number of candidate voltage vectors without affecting drives performance. Compared to the conventional MPTC without DSVM and with DSVM, the proposed method can produce superior steady-state performance and lower computational complexity. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are multipurpose motors as they can be applied in electric vehicles, robotics, and factory automation due to a broad range of operations as highly efficient and compact inside and a high extent of torque feature. The control of PMSMs implies a high level of precision as well to allow the maximum level of performance to be preferred under various operational circumstances. This paper will place a comparison of two popular modulation techniques: Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) in a Field-Oriented Control (FOC) model. The test is applied on dynamic response, torque ripple, harmonic distortion and overall efficiency. The simplest of these SPWM generates the comparison between sinusoidal references and a high frequency (HF) triangular carrier to generate switching pulses, but has the poorest overall harmonic distortion (THD) and poorest DC bus usage. On the other hand, SVPWM calculates the optimum voltage vectors, and this is used to offer a superior voltage utilization and low THD. Simulation proves that the SVPWM can be better in the case of a lower torque ripple as well as the quality of harmonics hence can be utilized in high-performance applications. However, in less complex systems where the performance requirements are moderate, it is possible to employ SPWM. The current research can be useful in selecting the modulation techniques that are expected to be employed in the PMSM-based controllers.

Model predictive current control (MPCC) is commonly used method for the control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. MPCC is simple to implement and faster to execute on digital platform. The classical cost function in MPCC does not contain any weighting factor thereby resulting in a simpler cost function for the selection of optimal voltage space vector (VSV). Conventional MPCC (C-MPCC) applied to PMSM results in higher torque ripples. The ripples in the torque and stator flux can be reduced by reducing the duration of application of active VSV. This article proposes an MPCC based on virtual voltage space vector (VVSV) for reducing the torque ripples and improve the THD in stator current without affecting dynamic performance. Duty ratio for VVSV is chosen proportional to commanded speed to reduce change in stator current thereby reducing ripple in torque stator flux. The VVSVs have magnitude near to developed back-EMF space vector. Proposed MPCC is compared with C-MPCC and two other MPCC based on VVSV. Effectiveness of proposed MPCC is successfully verified after comparing the results of experimentation at different speed and load conditions. Proposed MPCC fails to reduce ripple in torque and stator flux above base speed and proposed scheme collapses into C-MPCC.

The paper introduces a new method for vector control of PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) motors called theta-FOC. This method combines the advantages of simple sinusoidal control and Field Oriented Control (FOC). The paper proposes introducing an additional parameter that determines the electrical angle between the motor’s voltage space vector and rotor magnetic flux axis. The classical Field Oriented Control was modified to reduce the number of necessary calculations. The proposed method allows for decoupling the calculations from the cyclic PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal, enabling calculations to be performed at a frequency different from PWM. This results in the possibility of achieving a higher frequency of the PWM signal. Additionally, the proposed method minimizes the influence of deviation between the actual PWM voltage and the voltage command generated from the controller at high PWM frequencies, leading to better operation of the system in terms of field weakening. This method has been tested under typical operating conditions and has performed similarly to the FOC method, but with a reduced number of calculations, and therefore reduced control time.

… PMSM, which usually select the optimal voltage vector under αβ0 coordinate system, this article proposes a three-dimension space vector … A unified space vector pulse width modulation …

This article proposes a scheme of space vector optimization for model predictive control (MPC) of dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (DTP-PMSM), which aims to restrain the current harmonics under the condition of low inductance. The multiphase electric motor possesses the characteristics of quick current variation rate by means of the low inductance. Especially incorporating with MPC schemes, its advantage of quick response shows promising prospects for various applications such as robotics, aerospace and medical devices. However, such a characteristic of low inductance requires shorter control period, which means that the traditional MPC cannot be implemented to suppress the current harmonics since the performance of the power switching devices and the digital controller limits the arbitrary increasing of the control frequency, which has nearly unexplored in previous studies. In order to address such an issue, this article presents the space-vector-optimized model predictive control (SVO-MPC) for the DTP-PMSMs with low inductance by presynthesizing space vectors to eliminate harmonics in the harmonic frame and optimizing the zero vector to deal with quick current response. As a result, the proposed SVO-MPC can remarkably improve the steady and dynamic control performance, while the traditional MPC almost fails at commonly-adopted control frequency. Finally, simulated and experimental results are both given to verify the feasibility of the proposed SVO-MPC for DTP-PMSMs with quick current response.

The single-stage multiport inverter (SSMPI) is one of the high-efficiency power electronic interfaces for hybrid electric vehicles due to its capability of single-stage power conversion from each source to the motor without employing a dc–dc converter. However, it is cumbersome to design the modulation scheme for the SSMPI since the voltage vectors of the SSMPI are unsymmetrically distributed as the dc-link voltage ratio between the two dc ports varies with the state of the sources, which results in a heavy computation burden in the sector identification and vector synthesis. To this end, this article proposes a vector space decomposition (VSD)-based power flow control scheme to simplify the modulation design for the SSMPI, where the unsymmetrical three-level space vector diagram is decomposed into two separate two-level ones. An intuitive decoupled power flow control for each port without affecting the motor drive control can be easily developed with the proposed VSD strategy. The power distribution capability of the SSMPI with the proposed scheme is also analytically revealed. Experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed scheme.

This paper investigates an improved space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and channel‐decoupled method for dual‐channel permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) powered by unbalanced battery packs. Recently, individual power supplied voltage source inverter (VSI) is introduced considering insufficient power rating and unsafe driving in electrical vehicles (EVs). However, the issues of strong coupling and unbalanced power supplies exist between channels. Firstly, a modular topology is constructed to improve the reliability and security of the system. Secondly, the channel‐decoupled method is introduced based on multi‐dq rather than the conventional vector space decomposition (VSD) to eliminate coupling among multi‐channel. Thereafter, the variable distribution of voltage vectors (VVs) is corrected by the proposed SVPWM, where the switch can be operated appropriately. Finally, the comparative experiments are carried out focusing on decoupling and unbalanced power supplies, and the results present superior performance in terms of low torque fluctuation and balanced channel currents.

Traditional deadbeat predictive current control (DBPCC) based on space vector modulation (SVM) is widely used in the field of high-performance control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives due to its simple concept, fast dynamic response, and fixed switching frequency. However, the performance of DBPCC depends heavily on the motor parameter accuracy, which severely deteriorates when the machine parameter mismatches happen in practice owing to temperature, saturation, and so on. Furthermore, the traditional DBPCC uses only one vector sequence in the full speed range, leading to a relatively high proportion of current harmonics at high modulation indexes. To solve the problems above, this article proposes a model-free predictive current control (MFPCC) method for PMSM drives. Different from the prior ultra-local model, both the nonphysical parameter and the unknown dynamic part of the system are updated online by using the voltage and current in the last two control periods, which makes the proposed method universal and adaptive while achieving strong robustness. Next, the reference voltage vector is calculated by the adaptive ultra-local model and synthesized by variable-sequence SVM (VS-SVM) to obtain minimal current harmonics. The proposed method is compared to the traditional DBPCC. The experimental findings support the idea that the proposed method offers better steady-state performance and stronger robustness and that it can lower the total harmonic distortion (THD) by more than 30% at high modulation indexes.

… synchronous machine (PMSM) used in experiments and the voltage vectors of inverters mapped into two subspaces which are vector candidates in SVPWM techniques are briefly …

… PMSM, is not commonplace for light motor vehicles. This combination of an MLI-fed PMSM drive … inverter–fed PMSM drive controlled by a modified space vector modulation scheme. …

… , the vector control technique was used as a PMSM command. The mathematic model for PMSM and the vector control … The simulation result shows that the vector control can effectively …

… Therefore, in order to more accurately analyze the vector control strategy of high-… and simulation research for the vector control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor. It …

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems are commonly utilized in mobile electric drive systems due to their high efficiency, high power density, and low maintenance cost. To reduce the tracking error of the permanent magnet synchronous motor, a reinforcement learning (RL) control algorithm based on double delay deterministic gradient algorithm (TD3) is proposed. The physical modeling of PMSM is carried out in Simulink, and the current controller controlling id-axis and iq-axis in the current loop is replaced by a reinforcement learning controller. The optimal control network parameters were obtained through simulation learning, and DDPG, BP, and LQG algorithms were simulated and compared under the same conditions. In the experiment part, the trained RL network was compiled into C code according to the workflow with the help of rapid prototyping control, and then downloaded to the controller for testing. The measured output signal is consistent with the simulation results, which shows that the algorithm can significantly reduce the tracking error under the variable speed of the motor, making the system have a fast response.

… In PMSM vector control, PI control has the problems of poor … , while the traditional sliding mode control (SMC) has the problem … , the PMSM Vector Control Based on SMC is simulated by …

… The simulation and the hardware results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method in … In this paper, a decoupled flux/speed technique for PMSM vector control is proposed. When i …

In order to meet the increasing demand of high-performance control in industrial production, a new sliding mode variable structure control algorithm, Asymptotic Sliding Mode Control (ASMC), is designed in this study to solve the serious chattering problem of sliding mode control. Firstly, a traditional sliding mode exponential approximation law control model and a state space and control function are constructed based on sliding mode control. Secondly, by eliminating the jitter factor, ASMC algorithm is combined with sliding mode control to achieve precise control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and improve its performance. The experimental results indicated that in the simulation experiment, the research system tended to stabilize within 0.2–0.3 seconds, and the system chattering was significantly suppressed. And its output was smoother, the jitter amplitude was significantly reduced by 1/3, and the output torque was more stable. In addition, when the parameter H0 changed to 2H0, the overall speed curve did not change much, with only a slight overshoot. The overshoot was only 2.8%, and the change amplitude was maintained at around 25r/min, indicating that the research system had strong self stability performance. In actual experiments, the current command oscillation of the research system was significantly reduced. The local graph showed that the output fluctuation amplitude of the asymptotic approach law actual control was significantly smaller under no-load disturbance. When the H0 changed towards 2H0, the actual adjustment time was about 0.1 seconds, which was consistent with the simulation experiment. Therefore, the contribution of the research is that the ASMC algorithm can suppress the chattering problem of the system and improve the approaching speed, thus improving the speed regulation quality of the system. This new algorithm has great theoretical and practical significance for improving the performance of PMSM, and is practical in the actual vector control system of PMSM.

The primary goal of this paper is to evaluate vector control techniques in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for an electric-driven automotive application. In this study, mathematical modelling of PMSM and Electric Vehicle (EV) were used and employed. Field Oriented Control (FOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation (DTC SVM) are all heavily researched under vector control. Those control techniques are used for a PMSM motor drive using MATLAB/Simulink. To that purpose, MATLAB/Simulink simulations were utilised to examine and assess the control output of FOC, DTC, and DTC SVM control for 4W passenger section EV load from various perspectives.This study delves into the simplified design issues for motor selection and battery pack selection required to implement these control schemes using a surface-mounted non-salient sinusoidal flux distribution PMSM to determine which control method is to be preferred where and for what preferred accuracy.

This article presents a multiple-vector finite-control-set model predictive control (MV-FCS-MPC) scheme with fuzzy logic for permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) used in electric drive systems. The proposed technique is based on discrete space vector modulation (DSVM). The converter’s real voltage vectors are utilized along with new virtual voltage vectors to form switching sequences for each sampling period in order to improve the steady-state performance. Furthermore, to obtain the reference voltage vector (VV) directly from the reference current and to reduce the calculation load of the proposed MV-FCS-MPC technique, a deadbeat function (DB) is added. Subsequently, the best real or virtual voltage vector to be applied in the next sampling instant is selected based on a certain cost function. Moreover, a fuzzy logic controller is employed in the outer loop for controlling the speed of the rotor. Accordingly, the dynamic response of the speed is improved and the difficulty of the proportional-integral (PI) controller tuning is avoided. The response of the suggested technique is verified by simulation results and compared with that of the conventional FCS-MPC.

This paper's main goal is to present a thorough analysis of current advancements in the simulation and control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) systems. A crucial part of contemporary electrical drive systems, the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) finds extensive use in fields like industrial automation, renewable energy systems, and electric cars. This review examines the most current developments in PMSM system control and simulation, with a focus on cutting-edge modelling techniques, new control strategies, and the most recent simulation methods. It emphasizes how increasingly complex strategies like Model Predictive Control (MPC), Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and AI-based approaches have replaced more conventional ones like PID and vector control. Advanced control techniques like Field-Oriented Control (FOC) and MPC are used by Tesla and other EV manufacturers to maximize PMSM performance, guarantee smooth torque delivery, and improve energy economy. Siemens Gamesa wind turbines use PMSMs with reliable control systems for fault tolerance and maximum energy production in a range of wind conditions. The study also discusses the developments in simulation techniques, such as the incorporation of multi-physics models, real-time simulation, and the application of AI to improve simulation efficiency and accuracy. More realistic modelling of PMSM systems in dynamic contexts is now possible thanks to recent developments in simulation approaches, such as Multiphysics models and real-time simulations. These simulations are combined with sophisticated control algorithms to give real-time input while the system is operating, which speeds up fault finding and optimization. This procedure is further improved by AI-based simulation tools, which forecast system behavior’s under varied circumstances and spot possible problems before they arise. It is described how these advancements affect PMSM performance, including increased fault tolerance, robustness, and efficiency. The study concludes by highlighting the significance of integrating cutting-edge control and simulation approaches for optimal performance in PMSM systems, as well as important research issues and prospects.

This paper proposes a multi-virtual-vector model predictive control (MPC) for a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (DTP-PMSM), which aims to regulate the currents in both fundamental and harmonic subspace. Apart from the fundamental α-β subspace, the harmonic subspace termed x-y is decoupled in multiphase PMSM according to vector space decomposition (VSD). Hence, the regulation of x-y currents is of paramount importance to improve control performance. In order to take into account both fundamental and harmonic subspaces, this paper presents a multi-virtual-vector model predictive control (MVV-MPC) scheme to significantly improve the steady performance without affecting the dynamic response. In this way, virtual vectors are pre-synthesized to eliminate the components in the x-y subspace and then a vector with adjustable phase and amplitude is composed of two effective virtual vectors and a zero vector. As a result, an enhanced current tracking ability is acquired due to the expanded output range of the voltage vector. Lastly, both simulation and experimental results are given to confirm the feasibility of the proposed MVV-MPC for DTP-PMSM.

… -vector-based FCS-MPC scheme for five-phase PMSM drives, considering the control objectives … the simulated PMSM is assumed to have ideally sinusoidaldistributed windings during …

This article proposes a variable-vector-based model predictive control (MPC) method for permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives. Different from finite-control-set MPC (FCS-MPC) assessing seven basic voltage vectors, the proposed method offers optimized candidate solutions considering one, two, three, and four vectors during one control period to obtain superior steady-state performance and controllable switching frequency. First, on the principle of current deadbeat control, the reference voltage vector is calculated based on an ultralocal model, which avoids the use of motor parameters. Second, the optimized candidate solutions are efficiently determined by adjusting the voltage vector combination and duration that are obtained according to the volt-second balance principle. Finally, the optimal solution is chosen by evaluating the designed cost functions, which include the current error with switching actions and even the harmonic current rms value. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, which exhibits better steady-state performance, reducing the current total harmonic distortion by 37% and 12% at rated speed and rated load when compared with space-vector-modulation-based MPC and FCS-MPC at the same switching frequency.

The conventional model predictive control method suffers from large torque ripples as well as harmonic current. Moreover, the modulation range of output is limited, leading to deterioration of performance. To address these problems, this paper proposes an improved three-vector model predictive current control method for SPMSM drives. First, virtual vectors are introduced to increase the quantity of available voltage vectors, which voltage vector control set can be extended. Furthermore, a hierarchical multi-level optimization control algorithm is adopted to obtain the main control set and the extended control set. According to two different control sets, the first and the second vectors can be obtained by the cost function respectively, which can realize modulation range extension. Then, the zero vectors are added to adjust the magnitude of the output voltage vector and the output vector action time is obtained based on the deadbeat principle. The ripples can be minimized and modulation range can be extended with the proposed method. Finally, a comparative analysis of both the simulation and experimental tests are investigated. The comparative investigation verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

… The simulation condition is such that the ADTP PMSM is controlled in torque mode by providing a step current reference command from half-load to full-load, while the speed is …

Design and optimization problems typically require running thousands of motor simulations which can take several hours, if not days. To overcome this bottleneck, surrogate models are often used in engineering design to expedite the process. When inverter-fed motor drives are involved, the cost of generating a finite element (FE) database from a pulsewidth modulated (PWM) current simulations to fit such models can be prohibitive. This article compares an ensemble of surrogate models of synchronous motors generated with sinusoidal and PWM stator excitations, in terms of computational burden and performance. The main contribution resides in showing whether computational resources can be saved with sinusoidal excitation models without compromising the optimization results of a real inverter-fed permanent magnet synchronous motor design.

In this paper, a new modulated finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) methodology is proposed for a quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI). The application of the qZSI in this paper is to drive the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The proposed methodology calculates the optimal duration time (ODT) for the candidate vector from the switching patterns of the inverter after it is selected from the FCS-MPC algorithm. The control objective of the FCS-MPC are the three-phase currents of PMSM, when the motor speed is below or equal to the base speed. While at a speed beyond the based speed, the inductor current and capacitor voltage of the qZS network are added as control objectives. For each candidate optimal vector, the optimal time, which is a part of the sampling interval, is determined based on minimizing the ripples of the control objectives using a quadratic cost function. Then, the optimal vector is applied only to the inverter switches during the calculated ODT at the start of the sampling interval, while the zero vector is applied during the remaining part of the sampling interval. To reduce the calculation burden, the zero-state is excluded from the possible states of the inverter, and the sub-cost function definition is used for the inductor current regulation. The proposed modulated FCS-MPC is compared with the unmodulated FCS-MPC at the same parameters to handle a fair comparison. The simulation results based on the MATLAB/Simulink© software shows the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared to the unmodulated FCS-MPC in terms of a lower ripple in the inductor current and capacitor voltage, and a lower THD for the PMSM currents.

This paper investigates the minimization of torque ripple in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) Drive using the Modified Model Predictive Torque Control (MMPTC) with multilevel inverters. The MMPTC grabs the good steady-state performance as of Model Predictive Current Control (MPCC) and provides direct torque control as in the Model Predictive Torque Control (MPTC). The MMPTC strategy also eliminates weighting factors in the cost function, unlike conventional Model Predictive Torque and Flux control (MPTFC). The torque ripple causes vibrations and noise and produces more heat loss in the drive, which leads to focus on the torque ripple reduction. Among the various torque ripple minimization approaches, the multilevel inverter configuration clutched more attention in electric drives due to rapid development in the semiconductor technology. Analysis of torque ripple behaviour of PMSM drive with MMPTC using two-level (2L), three-level (3L), and five-level (5L) inverters is carried out under different running conditions in MATLAB/SIMULINK software tools and also implemented in real-time with the help of dSPACE1104 controller.

Multiphase PMSM drives fed by multilevel inverters are attractive for transportation electrification because they deliver high reliability, smooth torque, and good voltage quality. However, finite-control-set MPC in these multiphase, high-level converters suffers from an exponential growth of switching candidates, which jeopardizes real-time implementation on automotive-grade controllers. This paper aims to develop a generalized MPC scheme that preserves dynamic performance while drastically reducing computational burden. The proposed method restricts the evaluation to at most <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ 2m$</tex-math></inline-formula> (with <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$</tex-math></inline-formula> denoting the number of phases) neighbouring switching states around the present vector, independent of inverter level, thereby shrinking the search space from <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n^{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the number of inverter levels) to a small fixed set. An outer ultra-local model-free speed controller generates the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i_{q}^{\ast }$</tex-math></inline-formula> reference directly from speed and current measurements, removing PI retuning across machines and converter configurations. Simulation and dSPACE-based experimental results on three- and five-phase PMSM drives with three-, five-, and seven-level inverters show balanced, nearly sinusoidal currents with reduced current THD and torque ripple comparable to or better than conventional MPC, while keeping execution time within the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$< 100\,\mu \text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> budget for 10 kHz operation. These results confirm the real-time feasibility, harmonic-quality improvement, and scalability of the proposed strategy for multiphase, multilevel traction drives.

In recent times, intense research has been focused on the performance enhancement of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) for electric vehicle (EV) applications to reduce their torque and current ripples. Permanent magnet synchronous motors are widely used in electric vehicle systems due to their high efficiency and high torque density. To have a good dynamic and transient response, an appropriate inverter topology is required. In this paper, a five-level inverter fed PMSM for electric vehicle applications, realized via co-simulation in an electromagnetic suite environment with a reduced stator winding current of PMSM via the use of in-phase disposition (PD) pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques as the control strategy is presented. The proposed topology minimizes the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the inverter circuit and the motor fed and also improves the torque ripples and the steady-state flux when compared to conventional PWM techniques. A good dynamic response was achieved with less than 10A stator winding current, zero percent overshoot, and 0.02 second settling time synchronization. Thus, the stator currents are relatively low when compared to the conventional PWM. This topology contribution to the open problem of evolving strategies that can enhance the performance of electric drive systems used in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), mechatronics, and robotic systems.

This article proposes a simplified model predictive voltage control (SMPVC) method without weighting factors for three-phase four-switch inverter-fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drives to suppress the capacitor voltage offset and reduce the current ripple. In this article, the control of electromagnetic torque and magnetic flux in the model predictive torque control is transformed into the control of the voltage vector, and the capacitor voltage offset is suppressed by injecting dc component obtained by an adaptive notch filter into the phase current. On the basis, the voltage vector is taken as the only control term in cost function without the weighting factors to suppress capacitor voltage offset, thus simplifying the calculation amount in cost function. Then the simplified voltage vector synthesis method is presented to synthesize the effective voltage vector to reduce the current ripple. Using the simple sector division, the switching sequence of the voltage vector can be determined quickly. The effectiveness of the proposed SMPVC method is validated by the simulation and experiment.

Voltage-source inverter-fed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines are widely used in industry (for instance for the actuation of robotic and mechatronic systems, of cranes, in water pumping stations) as well as in transportation systems (for the traction of trains and electric vehicles). The present article proposes a nonlinear optimal control approach for voltage source inverter-fed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (VSI-PMSMs). The nonlinear dynamic model of VSI-PMSMs undergoes approximate linearization around a temporary operating point which is recomputed at each iteration of the control method. This temporary operating point is defined by the present value of the voltage source inverter-fed PMSM state vector and by the last sampled value of the machine’s control inputs vector. The linearization relies on Taylor series expansion and on the calculation of the system’s Jacobian matrices. For the approximately linearized model of the voltage source inverter-fed PMSM an H-infinity feedback controller is designed. This controller stands for the solution of the nonlinear optimal control problem for the voltage source inverter-fed PMSM under model uncertainty and external perturbations. For the computation of the controller’s feedback gain an algebraic Riccati equation is iteratively solved at each time-step the control method. The global asymptotic stability properties of the control method are proven through Lyapunov analysis.

Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) shows superior dynamic performance with simple structure for motor drives. However, conventional FCS-MPC method presents unfixed switching frequency, making it intractable for the design of heat sinks and output filters. To address this issue, this article is devoted to developing a new FCS-MPC strategy with constant switching frequency for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives fed by three-level T-type inverter. The switching frequency regulation is realized by extending the period control technique, where the periods are measured between each rising edge and falling edge of the gate signals. The proposed algorithm can be embedded in the iterative process of the FCS-MPC, which can easily achieve the fixed switching frequency with balanced neutral point potential. The performance of this control strategy is numerically evaluated and experimentally verified by an 11-kW PMSM drive platform.

In this article, the performance of multilevel inverter-fed position sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive is analyzed using modified model predictive torque control (MPTC) method using two-level and three-level inverters, respectively. The MPTC method helps to control electromagnetic torque directly, which is not possible in model predictive current control, whereas the conventional model predictive torque and flux control method requires weighing factors that are similar to PI controllers used in field-oriented control or direct torque and flux control method. To simplify the control structure, most of the researchers are looking forward to weighing factorless predictive control strategies. The multilevel inverters required complex control algorithms such as space vector modulation. However, the model predictive control methods made it simple by using an embedded control structure. Furthermore, position sensorless control strategies are much needed because speed sensors are much prone to failures. Therefore, in this article, a model reference adaptive system (MRAS)–based speed sensorless approach is used to eliminate the requirement of a position sensor. The proposed multilevel inverter-fed position sensorless PMSM drive using modified MPTC is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under different operating conditions such as under no-load, load, and change in speed. The simulation results are validated with the experimental results.

This article proposed a universal model predictive control (MPC) strategy for dual inverters fed open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor drives where two isolated buses have arbitrary dc voltages. Diverse and unordered space vector distribution caused by different voltage ratios of dc buses that greatly increase the calculation burden for the conventional MPC algorithm is analyzed in detail. Based on this, a novel MPC strategy that is universally applicable to any voltage ratio is put forward, which could decrease the number of candidate vectors from 49 to less than 15 in every cycle. Although the computational burden is reduced, the output power quality is unaffected owing to the effective simplification of the vectors. Besides, an optimized switching algorithm is designed to adapt to the situation when the voltage ratio changes during the operation state. The experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The major drawback of conventional predictive torque control (PTC) is that it fixes the magnitude of the reference voltage vector (VV) to 70%. This limitation results in large torque and flux ripples and slow dynamic response, especially when the permanent magnet synchronous motor operates in low-speed regions. A promising approach for reducing torque and flux ripples is by replacing the two-level inverter with a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. Nevertheless, because of the elimination of zero VV during torque decrement in a conventional PTC, a large torque ripple appears in the low-speed region. In addition, high-speed operation is not applicable unless more dc-link is injected. To solve these problems, an effective, creative, and low-complex PTC based on a reference voltage vector magnitude control method (RVVCM) is proposed in this article. The proposed PTC effectively minimizes torque and flux ripples by utilizing only the required magnitude of reference VV of the three-level NPC inverter based on the variable voltage control concept. Furthermore, the dynamic response of the torque is improved by applying the full magnitude of applied VV. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed RVVCM-based PTC algorithm.

Reducing the root-mean-square (RMS) current through dc-link capacitors is critically challenging in parallel dual-inverter-fed drive systems, as dc-link currents are heavily influenced by circulating currents and operating points. To address the complication, an improved finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) scheme is proposed in this work. Unlike existing research, the proposed scheme accounts for circulating currents and power-sharing online when estimating dc-link ripple currents, ensuring consistent performance across a wide range of operating conditions. Moreover, the evaluation of dc-link performance is conducted over an extended prediction horizon, providing a more accurate representation of dc-link ripple current fluctuations around its average. To alleviate the computational demands imposed by a large number of switching states, a multirate hybrid structure is introduced. Within this structure, stator current tracking can remain unaffected by other objectives, maintaining superior torque and speed response. Furthermore, dc-link current prediction is performed within flexible subsets, keeping the calculation burden modest and allowing for real-time application. Ultimately, the proposed scheme can achieve a 13.5%–41.3% reduction in dc-link RMS current compared to the state-of-the-art approach.

In this paper, to show the effectiveness of the torque ripple characteristics of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive with respect to level of the inverter, the performance characteristics are analyzed for 2-level inverter, 3-leevel and 5-level inverters respectively. In the chronology of control strategies and in their developments Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been found as advanced and simplest control algorithm in motor control applications. Among them, Model Predictive Current Control (MPCC) doesn’t include weighing factors and unlike conventional control strategies it doesn’t involves cascaded PI blocks which made the control algorithm easier. Speed sensor usually exposed to more failures and the most dependent part for proper control action. Speed Sensorless operation is much needed. Model Reference adaptive system (MRAS) based approach is considered for speed sensorless operation. The operating behavior of the PMSM drive for 2-level inverter, 3-level inverter, and 5-level inverter fed MPCC based speed sensorless PMSM drive are simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation tool platform under various conditions as zero load, with load, and change in speed conditions.

… is needed to obtain the SMP of a healthy PMSM. In Ref. [16], a … However, the inverter-fed PMSM has different electrical and … The parameters of the PMSM used for simulation are listed in …

In this article, a duty-cycle correction-based model predictive current control (DC-MPCC) is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) supplied by a neutral-point clamped three-level voltage source inverter (NPC-3LVSI). Unlike the conventional MPCC, which evaluates the impact of basic voltage vectors on the concerned state variables, the proposed DC-MPCC modifies the output voltage levels with optimized duty-cycle corrections. First, the last three-phase voltage levels are assumed to be kept during the next control period. Then, the current tracking error and neutral-point potential are predicted. After that, the voltage levels are modified with zero, one, or two state changes, which formulate seven candidate solutions. Subsequently, the duty-cycle corrections of the modified voltage levels are computed based on the principle of minimizing current tracking error and neutral-point voltage drift. Finally, the optimal switch sequence is generated by evaluating and sorting a cost function with a penalty on switch actions. The proposed DC-MPCC features variable switching instants, relatively lower sampling frequency, and satisfactory performance under low switching frequency. Experimental tests carried out on an NPC-3LVSI fed PMSM drive, with 100 Hz fundamental frequency and 400 Hz switching frequency, accompanied by a video demonstration, validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Zero sequence voltage (ZSV) can cause zero sequence current (ZSC), while variation of common mode voltage (CMV) can cause bearing current in an open winding (OW) permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) fed by common dc -bus dual two-level inverters. This article proposes a novel space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) strategy for simultaneously eliminating CMV variation and suppressing full frequency ZSC harmonics in either linear or over modulation region by optimal selection of switching combinations. The proposed SVPWM can reduce large ZSV ripples and number of switching actions in the conventional CMV control method for the common dc -bus OW drive. Thus, high-frequency ZSC harmonics and switching frequency can be significantly reduced in both linear and over modulation regions. Moreover, the proposed SVPWM can suppress large low-frequency ZSC harmonics induced by the conventional method in over modulation region. The superior performances of CMV variation elimination and full frequency ZSC suppression in the proposed SVPWM are verified by experiments.

Phase current reconstruction utilizing a single current sensor (SCS) in motor drive systems has attracted much attention due to its low cost. However, the minimum sampling time limits the range of current reconstruction with the conventional space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) technique. This article proposes an optimal mixed SVPWM (OMSVPWM) strategy to eliminate the measurement dead zone (MDZ) at sector boundaries and in the low-modulation region. In the low-modulation region, null voltage vectors are replaced by complementary active voltage vectors, and an auxiliary voltage vector is inserted. In the mid-modulation region, the system combines SVPWM with a PWM method without utilizing null voltage vectors. Regardless of the modulation region, the sequence of voltage vectors is optimized to minimize the number of switching actions. In addition, PWM signals are symmetrically distributed at all times. Finally, experiments were conducted on a 75-W permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The reconstructed current based on OMSVPWM exhibits lower total harmonic distortion (THD), indicating that the reduction in switching actions and the symmetrical distribution of PWM signals are beneficial for suppressing current harmonics. Furthermore, experimental results reveal that the bandwidth of the SCS, sampling time, and phase inductance influence the performance of current reconstruction.

PWM output delay caused by calculation is widely presented in permanent magnet synchronous motor drive systems, which reduces control performance, accuracy, and stability. This article proposes a novel enhanced SVPWM update strategy, which is easy to implement and achieves completely delay-free output. Compared to traditional methods, this approach is simpler to compute, does not rely on motor parameters, and does not require an increase in sampling frequency. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are verified through comparative experiments.

The single current sensor operation (SCSO) has attracted widespread attention in the motor drive system because of its ability to reduce cost and volume. However, when the SCSO is used with the conventional space vector puleswidth modulation (SVPWM) technique, the current reconstruction unobservable area in the sector boundary and low modulation area will degrade the accuracy of sampling data. In this article, a mixed SVPWM (MSVPWM) control scheme is proposed to eliminate the unobservable area. With the proposed scheme, the zero vectors (${{{\bm V}}_{{\rm {0}}}}$ and ${{{\bm V}}_{{\rm {7}}}}$) are replaced by the complementary effective vectors to achieve the same effect in the sector boundary and low modulation area, and the SVPWM is applied to the remaining space vector plane. These inserted effective vectors make the current observation window time prolonged to ensure that the dc-link current data can be accurately acquired in the entire space vector plane. Hence, the high-quality reconstruction of the phase current can be realized with less impact on the output of current ripples and reconstruction errors. Moreover, the relationship between the rotation speed and the increase in switching losses under different switching frequencies is quantitatively analyzed. The effectiveness of the MSVPWM reconstruction algorithm was verified by experimental results obtained from a permanent-magnet synchronous servo motor.

… In this paper, a deadbeat model predictive current control (DB-MPCC) with an improved symmetrical SVPWM is proposed for a five-phase PMSM under a single-phase open-circuit fault. …

To reduce the amount of computation in traditional model predictive current control, to improve the flexibility in choosing the direction and amplitude in the voltage vector synthesis of a dual three-phase motor by two degrees of freedom, and to reduce the output torque ripple and current ripple, this paper proposes a dual second-order model predictive control algorithm based on current loop operation optimization. Compared with the conventional speed loop using the PI control algorithm and the traditional MPC control algorithm, the proposed algorithm adopts the second-order MPC control mode in the speed loop, which decreases the speed regulation time and increases motor immunity. Meanwhile, the second-order MPC control mode is adopted in the current loop, and the traditional iterative calculation method is improved to calculate the direction and amplitude of the output voltage vector through the analytic function, which increases the flexibility of the output voltage vector. Additionally, a four-vector SVPWM is employed to modulate the voltage vector to reduce the current amplitude in the harmonic subspace. The simulation results indicate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can significantly reduce the torque ripple and the current ripple as well as increase the transient performance of the motor.

Current-source inverter (CSI) is considered as a promising candidate in the permanent magnet synchronous machine drive system, for its higher reliability and mitigated electromagnetic interference. In this article, the control scheme of CSI-fed five-phase machine drives with pentagon winding connection (PWC) is investigated. Filter capacitors are in parallel with each winding to bypass the pulsating current. The vector space distribution of PWC-CSI is presented which is different from that of star winding connection-CSI (SWC-CSI). A novel dual-plane space vector modulation is proposed to actively control the third harmonic component. To address the parallel resonance issue, the dual-loop current controller is adopted. Inner voltage loop is for resonance damping, whereas outer current loop is for current regulation. A precise s-domain model of current controller is built for the stability evaluation and parameter tuning. A comparative analysis between five-phase PWC-CSI and SWC-CSI is carried out. The PWC configuration can enhance the harmonic suppression, and exhibits lower dc-link voltage than SWC under the same condition. To explore the fault tolerant capability of PWC-CSI, the inverter single-phase open-circuit fault is analyzed and the post-fault current forms of four remaining healthy phases are recalculated. Experiments are performed to validate proposed schemes.

Single current sensor operation (SCSO) in motor drives has garnered significant attention due to its cost-effectiveness and compact dimensions. The conventional SCSO sampling logic, however, results in substantial errors in the reconstructed current. In order to reduce the reconstruction errors, this article proposes a current sampling-correction method for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a five-segment switchable space vector pulsewidth modulation (FSS-SVPWM) combined with cross-period sampling technology. This method does not require any motor parameter. An analysis method for FSS-SVPWM voltage harmonics is presented under steady-state conditions. Additionally, the reconstruction dead zone, correction precision, and switching frequency are discussed. Finally, a 1.5 kW PMSM experimental platform was constructed to verify the performance of the proposed method.

The dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) has wide applications in fields such as wind power generation, electric vehicles, and flywheel energy storage. Reducing the current harmonics of the DTP-PMSM is beneficial for enhancing operational efficiency, diminishing noise and vibration, and improving electromagnetic compatibility, which is of significant importance for boosting the overall performance of the system. This article focuses on the current harmonic minimum pulse width modulation (CHMPWM) for the surface-mounted DTP-PMSM with a 3L-NPC inverter and an output filter. Based on the system model, the relationship between the switching angles and the harmonic current of the motor is derived, and the mathematical model of CHMPWM is established. Furthermore, the optimal switching angles that minimize the current harmonics can be obtained by solving the established optimization problem. The proposed CHMPWM takes into account the effect of filter and motor parameters on the current harmonic characteristics, which is the main difference from the conventional CHMPWM. Simulation and experimental studies were conducted on a 1 MW/40MJ flywheel energy storage system, and the results show that compared to sine PWM and space vector PWM, the current harmonics of the proposed CHMPWM are reduced by more than 40% on average. Compared to the conventional CHMPWM, the proposed CHMPWM further reduces the current harmonics by more than 20% on average and exhibits good robustness to motor parameters.

This paper presents the design and implementation of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for a discrete-time current control and space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) with asymmetric five-segment switching scheme for AC motor drives. As compared to a conventional three-phase symmetric seven-segment switching SVPWM scheme, the proposed method involves five-segment two-phase switching in each switching period, so the inverter switching times and power loss can be reduced by 33%. In addition, the produced PWM signal is asymmetric with respect to the center-symmetric triangular carrier wave, and the voltage command signal from the discrete-time current control output can be given in each half period of the PWM switching time interval, hence increasing the system bandwidth and allowing the motor drive system with better dynamic response. For the verification of the proposed SVPWM modulation scheme, the current control function in the stationary reference frame is also included in the design of the ASIC. The design is firstly verified by using PSIM simulation tool. Then, a DE0-nano field programmable gate array (FPGA) control board is employed to drive a 300W permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for the experimental verification of the ASIC.

High reliability is one of the primary advantages of the dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM). However, the single-phase open-circuit fault in the DTP-PMSM drive suffers from large current harmonics and significant torque ripple. To solve these problems, a fault-tolerant direct torque control (FT-DTC) strategy based on space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) is proposed in this article. First, the component of stator flux on the $\beta $ -axis is modified under postfault. Based on this modified stator flux on the $\beta $ -axis, the stator current and the stator flux maintain the same circular trajectory both pre- and postfault. Second, the reference voltage is derived based on the relationship between the stator flux and the stator voltage. Then, the closed-loop controller on the z-axis is introduced to suppress current harmonics caused by factors such as dead time and back electromotive force (EMF) distortion. The output of the closed-loop controller is the harmonic voltage. Furthermore, a novel SVPWM technique is designed to modulate the reference voltage and harmonic voltage. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FT-DTC strategy based on SVPWM can achieve high-performance operation under single-phase open-circuit fault.

Integrating asynchronous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) and synchronous optimal PWM (SOPWM) in a hybrid PWM scheme has proven to be an effective modulation strategy for ac motor drives operating over a wide speed range. However, hybrid PWM is rarely used in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives in traction applications due to the noise sensitivity issues associated with SOPWM and the complex PWM transition schemes. To overcome these drawbacks, this article introduces an enhanced hybrid PWM technique suitable for integration with the well-established field-oriented control (FOC) strategy. The proposed technique relies on an innovative robust SOPWM and simple smooth PWM transition schemes to improve the robustness of hybrid PWM against noise in the control loop introduced by the measured currents and rotor position. Experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid PWM technique used in the closed-loop control of a PMSM drive.

Synchronous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) scheme is more attractive than asynchronous one in low switching to fundamental frequency ratios, for its better harmonic spectrum. But, when a customized synchronous PWM scheme is incorporated into the field-oriented control, the dynamic response speed usually needs to be limited strictly, otherwise some violent current oscillations would appear. As a negative result, the tracking speed to the command is degraded too low to be used in most applications. To address this problem, existing methods mainly introduced a phase regulation loop inside the current control loop, trying to eliminate the phase error between the sampling phases of desired and actual voltages (i.e., maintaining synchronization), which does bring benefits to the current dynamic response. However, this phase regulation loop is always designed empirically due to the lack of a mathematical model and its interaction with the current loop has not been revealed up to date. As a result, the final performance is still not satisfactory. However, the dynamic response is crucial, especially in new energy vehicle applications. To explore this problem, the phase regulation loop is mathematically modeled first in the discrete-time domain, based on which the whole system including both the current loop and the phase loop is analyzed. Consequently, the reason is discovered and the relationship between the phase loop and the current loop is clarified. Furthermore, a novel phase-error regulator is proposed allowing the phase loop to work in the deadbeat mode and the current loop. Compared with the traditional one, with the proposed phase loop the whole closed-loop system achieves a faster dynamic response and produces much smaller current oscillations. All of the design and analysis are experimentally verified on an 18-kW interior permanent magnet synchronous machines drive test rig.

The discrete tonal bands introduced in an AC machine’s stator current spectrum by constant switching frequency pulse width modulation schemes, have adverse impacts on the vibration, the acoustic noise, and the electromagnetic interference. Spreading the harmonic spectrum and reducing the magnitude of dominant harmonics is one solution to this problem. Ripples in the electromagnetic torque developed is another major concern in AC drives. Inspired by these factors, this study proposes two novel variable switching frequency schemes for a vector-controlled PMSM drive to disperse the frequency spectrum with a significant reduction in torque ripple. The modulation techniques use linear and trapezoidal variation of sub-cycle sampling period; $T_{s}$ during their implementation. Further, these methods would be able to eliminate the difficulty in compensator design, which is a major problem with other variable switching frequency schemes. The presented strategies achieve a maximum of 27 % reduction in torque ripple, 51.8 % reduction in dominant harmonics, and a dispersion index of 1.63, demonstrating their competency as promising variable switching frequency schemes. The suggested techniques also show excellent torque ripple reduction capability in comparison with latest spread-spectrum techniques in literature. The proposed techniques are implemented in simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and are experimentally validated using WAVECT-FPGA controller on a 1.07 kW, surface-mounted PMSM drive.

Harmonic injection is commonly used in permanent magnet synchronous motor torque ripple minimization (TRM) of electric vehicle. Traditional inverter switching frequency limits TRM application at high speed due to harmonic modulation accuracy and inverter loss. To achieve TRM in the whole speed range and reduce inverter loss, a novel online calculated low carrier ratio pulsewidth modulation (LCRPWM) is proposed in this article. The carrier ratio determining regular according to the injected harmonics is established first. The relationship between injected harmonics and LCRPWM switching angle is revealed and a set of nonlinear equations is established. Thus, the problem is transformed from solving nonlinear equations into optimization by establishing a cost function. The analytical solutions of nonlinear equations are obtained, which avoids iterative operation and plunging into local minimum. Therefore, the switch angle solution method is suitable for online calculation. The LCRPWM is verified in simulation compared with the traditional regularly sampled space vector PWM, which achieves better results in voltage harmonic injection and flux tracking at a much lower switching frequency. At last, the LCRPWM is used in a test bench experiment that shows good TRM effects. The influence of sideband harmonics on torque ripple is analyzed.

The switching-table-based direct torque control (ST-DTC) has the merits of simple structure, easy implementation, and fast response, but suffers from large torque ripples. Previous literature, i.e., the classical DTC, can achieve torque ripple reduction in the high-speed region but has a limited capability for torque ripple reduction in the low-speed region. In this paper, the issue of torque ripple reduction in the full-speed region, i.e., both the low-speed and high-speed regions, is addressed. The effects of each group in all possible six groups of virtual voltage vectors (VVs) on torque variation are firstly investigated. Then, a multiple VV DTC based on only three groups of VVs is proposed and the corresponding optimal selections of three VV groups and level of torque regulator are presented. The proposed DTC not only can effectively reduce torque ripples in the full speed region, but also is simple and easy to implement. The superiority of the proposed DTC with optimal selections of VVs and level of torque regulator are verified by experimental results.

Distributed Generation (DG) from renewables offers a promising future in transitioning towards sustainable energy systems. However, connecting these renewable DG systems to the grid via inverters presents a set of challenges, such as maintaining grid stability and reliability, voltage fluctuations, frequency variations, and power quality disturbances. These issues necessitate advanced control algorithms for inverters and grid synchronization techniques. Addressing these challenges is crucial for realizing the full potential of renewable DGs of the electrical grid. Multi-phase inverters in DG can have a significant impact on the efficiency and performance on the multi-phase motors as loads. Harmonic content in Inverter output is proportional to the torque ripple in a motor. These ripples contribute to reduced overall efficiency, may lead to motor overheating and cause variations in the motor’s output torque, leading to uneven and jerky motor operation with reduced driving comfort and efficiency. Higher torque ripples can put stress on the insulation system of motor windings, potentially leading to insulation failures and reduced motor reliability. The proposed technique reduces the torque ripples in a motor by an algorithm designed for a PWM that have positive impacts on performance and efficiency of the overall system. The proposed Seesaw Space Vector PWM switching pattern in Inverters will improve the power quality level in the emerging style of DG systems causing steady-state waveform distortion. Thereby Inverters operated by specific Modulation technique play a vital role in reducing the torque ripples in electric machines and consequently improving the stability of the systems. This paper presents the mitigation of torque ripple content by designing a space vector-based switching pattern of SVPWM. In this paper, the proposed switching pattern will have a reduced torque ripple compared to that of a conventional SVPWM at different switching frequencies (SF) and Modulation Index (MI) values without changes in hardware configuration. The results include significant improvement in torque ripples at relatively high modulation indices. The conventional SVPWM and the proposed SSSVPWM performance comparison is done by obtaining output torque through driving a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with two-level three-phase voltage source inverter output.

Industrial applications such as automation, robots, and electric vehicles are widely employing permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) due to inherent characteristics such as high torque to power ratio, low maintenance, high efficiency, and wide operating range. However, PMSM drives can suffer from unwanted torque ripples caused by periodic disturbances of the electromagnetic effect. First, this article analyzes the sources of torque ripple in PMSMs. Second, the torque measurement techniques of the PMSM including torque sensors, torque observers, and indirect measurement methods are discussed to highlight their shortcomings. Third, this article categorizes and summarizes advanced control-based torque ripple minimization (CB-TRM) techniques for the PMSM by critically evaluating their impacts. These CB-TRM techniques actively control the current waveforms to ensure smooth torque generation and mitigate the effects of torque ripples. Finally, the article concludes by discussing remaining research questions and opportunities for future research on TRM techniques for PMSMs.

The open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous machine drive with a common dc bus has a zero sequence loop, which inevitably generates the zero sequence current (ZSC). Due to the existence of the third harmonic flux linkage, ZSC causes zero sequence torque and augments the torque ripple. In this article, an improved modulation strategy with a torque ripple suppression method is presented. First, to reduce the computation burden, a modified alternate sub-hexagonal center pulsewidth modulation (ASHCPWM) strategy is designed. The switching duration time of two inverters can be obtained by the projection of the voltage vector on the <italic>abc</italic> coordinate frame. Second, a ZSC suppression method based on the time compensation coefficient is adopted for the modified modulation strategy, which can restrain ZSC and reduce torque ripple. Third, to further reduce torque ripple, a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis current injection method is employed in the control scheme. Finally, three methods are presented in simulation and experiments for comparison, namely, the deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) method with conventional ASHCPWM, the DPCC method with sample-averaged zero-sequence current elimination PWM, and the proposed DPCC method with modified ASHCPWM and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis current injection. The results test the effectiveness of the proposed method.

For Electric vehicle(EV) application, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is widely used due to high power density and high efficiency. Field Oriented Control (FOC) with feedforward compensation is used predominantly for motor control to give better dynamic performance. With the changing motor parameters due to ageing effect or variation in motor temperature causes torque ripple and EV vibrations. This paper presents the implementation of Neural Network (NN) for PMSM Control to reduce the torque ripples. NN with current feedback works as a feedforward network. Current control PI regulators and feedforward compensation is replaced with NN model. It improves the decoupling accuracy in between d-axis and q-axis currents and also reduces the torque ripples even if motor parameters varied slightly. Vehicle dynamics is taken into consideration during simulation. Matlab/Simulink tool is used for simulation and verified the Motor torque performance with FOC and NN.

… In space vector PWM (SVPWM) techniques, the average … voltage that generates high frequency torque ripple. It may lead to … torque ripple is reduced by minimizing the stator flux ripple …

Model predictive current control (MPCC) is a frequently used method for the control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). It has faster execution on the modern digital platform than the previous generation microcontrollers. Conventional MPCC (C-MPCC) fails to provide satisfactory steady-state performance as a single voltage vector (VV) is applied during every sampling interval. This article proposes two novel multivector-operated MPCC methods for reducing torque and flux ripples, as well as the computational burden. The first proposed method uses one active and one null VV, whereas the second method uses two active and one null VVs to further improve the steady-state performance. Proposed methods determine the required change in stator-flux (CSF) to reduce/eliminate error in stator-current during every sample and VVs nearer to the CSF vector are chosen as optimal VVs. The duration of optimal VVs is calculated using the components of CSF along optimal VVs. CSF, obtained using calculated durations of optimal VVs, significantly reduces torque and flux ripples. The proposed methods are effective and less complex compared to other multivector-operated methods. The proposed methods are compared with existing two-VV and three-VV-based MPCC methods and their effectiveness is experimentally verified for decreased torque and stator-flux ripple in addition to a small rise in switching frequency.

Low-frequency torqueripple in automotive permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) can induce driveline vibration, thereby degrading the driving experience in electric vehicles. To address this issue, this paper employs the lumped parameter method to establish a dynamical model of a typical driveline system and derives its transfer function, elucidating the frequency distribution of vibration under the influence of torque ripple. Subsequently, finite element analyses are conducted to obtain numerical solutions for PMSM torque ripple, considering factors such as slot effects, core magnetic saturation, and non-sinusoidal magnetic fields. An accurate analytical model of torque ripple is developed by combining two-dimensional Fourier series expansion and polynomial fitting. Afterward, a control system integrating reference harmonic current computation and harmonic current tracking is designed to actively suppress the driveline vibration. Finally, the proposed methods are validated through simulations and vehicle testing, demonstrating a significant reduction in motor speed fluctuation and vehicle jerk, effectively improving driving comfort at low-speed starts.

Torque-ripple reduction methods based on harmonic current injection for permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives have been widely discussed, while the performance of torque-ripple-model-based methods is limited due to model accuracy as well as the rotor position errors, and the speed harmonic control-based methods still cannot get rid of the impact of the phase information of speed harmonics, which results in remaining torque ripples and the difficulty in designing speed harmonic controller. In this article, the unique relationships between the quadrature magnitudes of speed harmonics and harmonic currents are derived considering the minimal conduction copper loss by the harmonic currents. Based on that, a novel torque-ripple reduction method based on the speed harmonic control is proposed, wherein a novel speed harmonic controller is presented to regulate the quadrature magnitudes of speed harmonics so that the phase of speed harmonics is avoided in the speed harmonic controller. Also, the proposed speed harmonic controller aims to generate harmonic current references. The proposed methodology is evaluated by experiments and is verified to reduce torque ripples of PMSM drives effectively.

This letter proposes an improved scheme for torque ripple reduction of permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) considering dc-link voltage utilization. Different from the previous methods, both q-axis and d-axis harmonic currents are optimized and injected. Specifically, the appropriate q-axis harmonic current reference is obtained through harmonic analysis of PMSM. Furthermore, the harmonic voltage control loop is included to generate the d-axis harmonic current reference, which can ensure that the magnitude of the voltage vector satisfies the maximum output voltage circle under the voltage constraint. The virtual signal and multiple reference frame-based proportional-integral controllers are employed to regulate the harmonic components. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by experimental results.

… To reduce the ripple for SVPWMDTC the predictive current is … effect on flux and torque ripple. Again from Figure 3, the … Reduction of torque ripple due to demagnetization in PMSM using …

… torque ripples for the two-parallel interleaved converters-fed permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)… switching loss, zerosequence circulating current (ZSCC), and torque ripples. …

Torque ripple reduction based on harmonic current injection has been developed for PMSM drives. In such methods, torque ripple model (TRM) or speed harmonics are used for harmonic current optimization, which have several limitations. The performance of TRM based methods is limited due to the accuracy of the model itself and machine parameters, which leads to the remaining torque ripples. The speed harmonic-based methods have speed limitations, since the speed harmonics generated by the torque ripples cannot be detected at high-speed operations. In this article, the torque ripples of PMSM drives are first described based on the surrogate model, which does not require machine parameters. Based on that, the numerical solution of optimal harmonic currents is obtained offline using particle swarm optimization, considering both torque ripple reduction and loss minimization. Since the torque ripples are predicted with the machine-parameter-independent model instead of the speed harmonic measurements, the impact of the inaccuracy in machine parameters and the analytical torque ripple model are removed, and the proposed method may be effective over a broader range of speeds. The proposed method is evaluated experimentally and demonstrated to have several advantages over existing alternative methods in reducing torque ripples.

Starting from the problem of studying the parametric robustness in the case of the control of a permanent magnet-synchronous motor (PMSM), although robust control systems correspond entirely to this problem, due to the complexity of the algorithms of the robust type, in this article the use of switched systems theory is proposed as a study option, given the fact that these types of systems are suitable both for the study of systems with variable structure and for systems with significant parametric variation under conditions of lower complexity of the control algorithms. The study begins by linearizing a PMSM model at a static operating point and continues with a systematic presentation of the basic elements and concepts concerning the stability of switched systems by applying these concepts to the control system of a PMSM based on the field-oriented control (FOC) strategy, which usually changes the value of its parameters during operation (stator resistance Rs, stator inductances Ld and Lq, but also combined inertia of PMSM rotor and load J). The numerical simulations performed in Simulink validate the fact that, for parametric variations of the PMSM structure, the PMSM control switched systems preserve qualitative performance in terms of its control. A series of Matlab programs are presented based on the YALMIP toolbox to obtain Pi matrices, by solving Lyapunov–Metzler type inequalities, and using dwell time to demonstrate stability, as well as the qualitative study of the performance of PMSM control switched systems by presenting in phase plane and state space analysis of the evolution of state vectors: ω PMSM rotor speed, iq current, and id current.

… This paper discusses with the design of modified FOC control algorithm for control the PMSM motor eliminates an initial jerk seen during the starting condition of a motor thereby …

… Simulink model for the Field Oriented Control (FOC) applied to a 3-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM… of the control scheme implemented in Simulink is described …

: Field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) are two strategies used in electric motor control, both with their respective advantages and disadvantages. This paper presents a comparative analysis of these two control methodologies, focusing on their application and performance within a MATLAB Simulink (R2024b) environment for an automotive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive. The models are created with a focus on realistic drive and test parameters. The simulation results are analyzed to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each strategy and identify use cases where one method may be superior to the other. In conclusion, this paper contributes to the understanding of FOC and DTC by offering a systematic comparison of their features

The Field-Oriented Control (FOC) of PMSM is discussed in this research, and the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to predict the feed back (speed). For the non-linear system, this …

Presented in this article is a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control under open-circuit fault (OCF) operation using field-oriented control (FOC) with independent speed and flux controllers. The independent control allows the motor to operate efficiently under varying conditions. A simplified control approach is employed to control the PMSM under the OCF situation; the actual flux and torque of the PMSM are directly measured by the stator currents, eliminating the need for estimators or phase-locked-loop (PLL) systems. Matlab/Simulink is employed for the simulation, while hardware experiments are conducted using a dSPACE DS1104. The simulation and the hardware results demonstrate the control method’s effectiveness in maintaining continuous motor operation during OCF, its robustness against OCF conditions, and its ability to adapt under varying conditions, including speed, flux, and load torque change.

Abstract This paper introduces a Fractional Order Field Oriented Control (FO-FOC) with sensorless Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). In this work, the conventional integer controllers of the vector control method are replaced with the Fractional Order PI (FOPIα) controllers. Particle Swarm Optimization technique (PSO) is employed to tune the gain, integration parameter and the fractional order parameter for each of the speed, current and MRAS controllers to get the optimum values. The presented methodology is tested using MATLAB Simulink simulation and the results show improved performance of the field oriented control technique by the employment of the fractional order controllers instead of the conventional integer at different operating points. Furthermore, the additional degree of freedom in the fractional controllers helps the PSO technique to get the optimum cost at a very low number of iterations compared with that of the integer one.

This paper presents a dataset of a 3-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) controlled by a Field Oriented Control (FOC) scheme. The data set was generated from a simulated FOC motor control environment developed in Simulink; the model is available in the public GitHub repository1. The dataset includes the motor response to various input signal shapes that are fed to the control scheme to verify the control capabilities when the motor is subjected to real life scenarios and corner conditions. Motor control is one of the most widespread fields in control engineering as it is widely used in machine tools and robots, the FOC scheme is one of the most used control approaches thanks to its performance in speed and torque control, with the drawback of having to handcraft the Proportional-Integrative-Derivative (PID) regulators using Look Up Tables (LUT). The test conditions are designed by setting a motor desired speed. Different input speed variations shapes are proposed as well as extreme scenarios where the linear behaviour of the PID regulator is challenged by applying fast and high magnitude speed variations so that the PID controller is not able to correctly follow the reference. The measured data includes both the outer and inner-loop signals of the FOC, which opens the possibility to develop non-linear control approaches such as Machine Learning (ML) and Neural Networks (NN) with different topologies to replace the linear controllers in the FOC scheme.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM) have increasing popularity in recent years due to their extensive use in domestic appliances, electric/hybrid vehicles, wind power generation and more electric aircraft technologies. This paper proposes a unified drive system simulation for all types of PMSMs. Its unified structure achieves self controller tuning and decoupling compensation once a machine is replaced by another. Field oriented control based realistic drive is implemented with a much-simplified simulation. The proposed structure incorporates with parameter variations, inverter nonlinearities, and DC-link voltage variations as well as it simulates ideal system behavior. Each system nonlinearity can be simply studied for any machine by deliberately altering the corresponding parameter owing to its unified structure. Hence, the effect of that particular variation on harmonic distortions, torque ripples, torque production capability, battery utilization ratio, system efficiency, system response and so on can be analyzed in detail. Thus, the novel implementation strategy will not only be quite useful to analyze the system behavior under different evaluation metrics, but it will accelerate the research and developments on the promising topic. The effectiveness of the strategy has been verified by extensive simulations.

Field-Oriented Control (FOC) is widely recognized as a standard framework for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives. Linear control techniques are commonly employed in designing controllers for this strategy. However, traditional control methods often exhibit performance limitations and reduced robustness, particularly under harsh operating conditions, which makes the FOC structure less appealing and less effective. To address and overcome these challenges, this study proposes a Second-order Non-singular Terminal Sliding (SNTS) mode approach to achieve fast, accurate, and robust tracking for the FOC control structure applied to PMSM drives. The SNTS method combines the benefits of non-singular terminal sliding mode and second-order control laws. This approach ensures rapid and precise tracking while minimizing steady-state errors by using a nonlinear terminal sliding mode surface instead of a linear one. Furthermore, the system state transitions smoothly along the sliding mode surface with continuous functions, which reduces chattering around the sliding surface. The second-order control law incorporated into this method helps mitigate chattering and achieve fast convergence. The Lyapunov stability theory is employed to verify the stability of the SNTS technique designed for the PMSM system. Simulation and experimental validation on a hardware platform confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed SNTS method, demonstrating its capability to enhance the performance of speed controllers for PMSM drives.

This paper presents a torsional oscillation damping field-oriented control (FOC) strategy for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) powered by a 5-level (5L) Knight multilevel inverter (MLI), utilizing a phase disposition pulse-width modulation (PD PWM) technique. This strategy enables true 5L operation while maintaining balanced conditions for the DC-link capacitors. Additionally, the PD PWM switching methodology is a sophisticated and analytical modulation technique that offers several advantages over conventional PWM methods, including reduced harmonic content and improved overall efficiency of the system. Due to its numerous benefits, PD PWM is increasingly being adopted in power converters and motor control applications. FOC with torsional oscillation damping method for PMSM drives is often chosen for its exceptional efficiency and performance unique features such as increased power density, low inertia, and improved power factor. Additionally the inclusion of a torsional damping current loop within the FOC enhances transient torque stability and mitigates oscillations under dynamic load. The suggested MLI under evaluation is a reduced-switch inverter that produces 5Ls of output using eight power switches per phase. It can operate across a range of voltage levels without the need for power semiconductors connected in series. In contrast to the neutral point clamped NPC MLI; the suggested topology reduces switching stress by utilizing only two switches per inverter leg rather than four. The performance of the suggested 5L inverter topology fed PMSM drive is analyzed under dynamic loading conditions. The entire proposed drive topology ensuring high current quality, with FFT analysis indicating a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 2.41%. In terms of voltage stress distribution across the MLI switches, approximately 75% were subjected to one-quarter of the peak output voltage Vdc, 20% operating at half of Vdc, and the remaining switches endured the full peak output voltage. A model-based proportional-integral controller designed for the PMSM drive. FOC validates the system performance in simulation as well as in real time environment. The entire system is simulated using Matlab Simulink, and real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) to validate the outcomes of the proposed model.

The paper aims to reinforce the vector control of PMSM motors by introducing a strategy coined $\theta$ FOC.This process amalgamate the virtue of sinusoidal and FOC control. The paper proposes an extra variable which is used to determines the electrical angle between the rotor magnetic flux axis and rotor magnetic flux axis.The conventional FOC was changed to reduce the number of calculations and to make the circuit simple. By separating the computations from the cyclic PWM signal, the novel technique enables calculations to be carried out at a frequency other than PWM.As a result, the PWM signal may be able to reach a higher frequency. Furthermore, the novel approach reduces the impact of variance in the voltage command generated at elevated PWM frequencies by the controller and actual PWM voltage, which improves the system's field weakening performance. Tested in standard operating settings, this approach performed comparably to the FOC method but required fewer computations and thus less control time. Matlab/Simulink has been used for simulation research.

Field-oriented control (FOC) is the cutting-edge approach for optimizing the performance of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) in Electric Vehicles (EVs). This technique excels by independently managing torque and magnetic field control. In this research, a PMSM is employed to propel a computer-simulated rear-wheel-drive vehicle. To guide the driver model, the Indian Drive Cycle (IDC) is utilized as a reference for vehicle speed. The control of current on the direct axis (id) and quadrature axis (is) is carried out with separate closed-loop systems to attain the desired speed and torque. This approach facilitates precise alignment of the magnetic fields of the stator and rotor, resulting in numerous benefits, including heightened efficiency, enhanced control over speed and torque, decreased energy consumption, and smoother overall operation. This research offers an extensive exploration of FOC for PMSMs in EVs, enclosing fundamental principles, merits, and practical considerations for implementation in the current trend. The FOC for PMSMs in electric vehicles is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.

… In this paper both SPWM and SVM techniques for controlling a PMSM motor are considered. These techniques have been performed through simulation using MATLAB/Simulink …

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed control is generally done using flux-oriented control, which uses conventional proportional-integral (PI) current regulators, but still remain the problem of calculating the coefficients of these regulators, particularly in the case of control hybridization, the development of artificial intelligence has simplified many calculations while giving more accurate, and improved results, this paper presents and compares the performance of the flux oriented control (FOC) of a PMSM powered by pulse width modulation (PWM) using PI regulator, fuzzy logic control (FLC) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), in this work we present another approach of a neuro ANFIS using the hybrid combination of fuzzy logic and neural networks. This ANFIS is a very powerful tool and can be applied to various engineering problems. To make up for the deficiency of fuzzy logic controller. To understand the performance, characteristics, and influence of each controller on the system response, we use MATLAB/Simulink to model a PMSM (0.5 kW) powered by a three-phase inverter and controlled by the FOC, FOC-FLC, and FOC-ANFIS.

This paper presents a comparison of two widely used motor control strategies namely field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC). They both have their advantages and disadvantages that make them a suitable choice for use in a vehicle drive system. This paper compares these two implemented in a MATLAB Simulink simulation using an automotive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The motor and test parameters are chosen to be realistic from a human driver point-ofview. Simulation results are analyzed to highlight the differences between the two strategies and identify cases where one outperforms the other. In conclusion, the paper shows the effects of the differences and the general characteristics of the simulation results in a realistic case on a human driver as the user of the PMSM in an automotive drive. The paper contributes valuable insight in the classic comparison of these two strategies for automotive use.

A permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor is an electric motor driven by permanent magnets, finding widespread use in industrial and robotic applications due to their high efficiency, low inertia and high torque to volume ratio. Various control techniques have been implemented to make drive systems control more precise and efficient. This paper presents a Field Oriented Control (FOC) as a novel method to effectively control motor torque and speed. The primary objective of this research is to develop a detailed model of FOC-PMSM and simulate its dynamic behaviour under various operating conditions. The system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to check the validity, reasonability and expected outcomes. Simulation results show that the designed control system can track speed and current references with minimum error. PMSM depicts better dynamic performances with FOC implementation.

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely favored by manufacturers for use in electric vehicles (EVs) because of their many benefits, which include high power density at high speeds, ruggedness, potential for high efficiency, and reduced control complexity. However, since the Back Electromotive Force (EMF) increases proportionally with the motor’s rotational speed, it must be carefully controlled at high speeds. Flux-weakening (FW) control is required to avoid excessive electromagnetic flux beyond the power source and inverter’s voltage restrictions. This paper aims to compare various FW control strategies and analyze their effectiveness in maximizing the speed of PMSMs in EV applications while ensuring stable and reliable performance. Various FW approaches, such as voltage-based control, current-based control, and advanced predictive control methods, are examined to determine how each method balances speed enhancement with torque output and efficiency. In addition, other control strategies are crucial for optimizing the performance of PMSMs in electric vehicles. Among the most popular methods for controlling torque and speed in PMSMs are Field-Oriented Control (FOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC), and Vector Current Control (VCC). Each control technique has advantages and is frequently cited in the literature as a crucial instrument for improving EV motor control. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of FW methods, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages by synthesizing the findings of numerous studies. In addition to outlining future research directions in FW control for EV applications, this study provides essential insights and valuable suggestions to help select FW control techniques for various PMSM types and operating conditions.

This article reviews Flux-Weakening (FW) algorithms for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs), focusing on the automotive sector, especially in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. In the past few years, the spread of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has improved the technology of electric machines and their control to achieve more compact and competitive solutions. PMSMs are the most widespread electric machines used in EVs thanks to their high-power density and potential operation at constant power range during high speed. Such high speed implies a high electromotive force. An FW technique is mandatory to reduce the electromagnetic flux generated by the electric machine due to the voltage limits of the traction inverter and the energy source. This article classifies and analyses the state-of-the-art FW control strategies by comparing their main advantages and drawbacks. The Vector Current Control (VCC) method that regulates the modulus of the applied voltage is the most common one in the literature thanks to i) its robustness to parameter modification and model unsureness, ii) low computational complexity, and iii) high dynamic response and control stability.

In the rail transit traction system, the traction motor will operate under square-wave mode at high speed. The voltage amplitude will be fixed under the square-wave mode, while only the voltage angle can be regulated. The single-current-regulator (SCR) method is a good choice to regulate the voltage angle while keeping the voltage amplitude constant. However, the existing SCR methods cannot work stably in the whole flux-weakening area of the infinite speed system. The single <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis current regulator-regulates <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis voltage (SDCR-RQV) method that can provide a wider operation range is proposed in this article. SDCR-RQV is qualified for the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in rail transit, whether it is a finite speed system or an infinite speed system. The proposed method is analyzed in detail and verified by simulation and experimental results.

This article proposes a novel flux weakening scheme for five-phase PMSM with active harmonic currents injection. The conventional flux weakening control schemes applied in the five-phase PMSM do not consider the voltage limit drop in the fundamental subspace due to the harmonic current controller. Thus, the derivation between the reference current trajectory and actual current trajectory would cause the current distortion when applying deadbeat current controller (DBCC). This article analyses the precise voltage limit circles considering the voltage drop caused by the resistance and harmonic currents control at first. Then, a feed-forward flux weakening control algorithm is designed to optimize the current trajectory online. The gradient descent method is used to ensure the converge speed and stability of the optimized current trajectory. Thirdly, the peak value of phase currents would be clipped by the harmonic currents to prevent the inverter current limit, where a new non-linear harmonic current controller is designed to precisely control the harmonic currents. Finally, the DBCC and modified SVPWM technology are utilized to generate the duty cycle. The proposed improved flux weakening control strategy is successfully implemented in an interior five-phase PMSM, and the performance demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy.

Different from the independent control of <italic>dq</italic>-axis current (<italic>i</italic><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{ sd,q}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) in the base-speed region, the flux-weakening (FW) region requires coupling control of <italic>i</italic><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{ sd,q}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to satisfy the maximum voltage constraint. This article revealed the reasons for the failure of the rapid current coupling control in FW region from the perspectives of control structure and vector trajectory. The direct and indirect coupling model (DCM and ICM) are quantitatively calculated and compared. The ICM is proved to have higher accuracy than DCM, which is used to optimize the current following performance and suppress voltage fluctuation during transition process between maximum and nonmaximum torque condition. Finally, the comparative experiments verified the analysis-correctness and superiority of the proposed method.

… as the input to the flux-weakening loop, ensuring precise fluxweakening control. Moreover, the compensation voltages are translated into the inverter switching signals through SVPWM …

The flux-weakening (FW) method is employed to extend the operation speed range and maximize the torque/power capability. Compared to the feedforward FW control method, the feedback FW control method is simple and robust against parameter mismatches. In this paper, based on the field-oriented control strategy and small signal analysis, the stabilities of two forms of feedback FW control methods are investigated: d-axis current-based voltage feedback FW control (DCVFC), utilizing the dq-axis coordinate system, and current angle-based voltage feedback FW control (CAVFC), employing the polar coordinate system. Firstly, the stability characteristics of two FW control methods are analyzed in interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) and surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines (SPMSMs), respectively. Subsequently, comparative analyses are performed between IPMSMs and SPMSMs under the two FW control methods. Experiments are conducted on both IPMSM and SPMSM to validate the stability performance. The results indicate that there are inherent differences not only between the DCVFC and CAVFC methods when applied to the same machine but also between IPMSM and SPMSM machines when the same FW control method is utilized.

This paper presents an improved voltage flux-weakening strategy of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in a high-speed operation. The speed control performance using voltage flux-weakening control is not affected by the motor parameters, so it is used in various motors for high-speed operations. In general, the voltage flux-weakening control uses voltage references to generate a flux axis current reference. However, there may be errors between the voltage reference and the actual voltage flowing into the motor. This causes an error in the current reference generation and reduces the efficiency of the inverter and motor due to the use of more current. In this paper, the problems that can occur due to voltage errors were analyzed through theoretical approaches and simulations, and improved voltage flux-weakening control to resolve these problems was presented. This method’s advantage is that the error between the voltage reference and the voltage applied to the motor can be minimized, and the target speed can be reached with minimum current. As a result, it was possible to increase the energy efficiency by reducing the amount of current flowing through the motor. The effect of the improved voltage-based flux-weakening control method was verified through simulations and experiments. As a result, the voltage errors were reduced by approximately 2.16% compared to the general method. Moreover, the current used in the field-weakening control region was reduced by up to 27.17% under the same torque condition.

… Abstract—Although the field-oriented control (FOC) with flux- weakening (FW) function has been investigated in dual-threephase (DTP) PMSM drives, the research on model predictive …

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has the advantages of high efficiency, high power density and high reliability. It has been widely used in electric vehicles, rail transit, industrial transmission and other fields. Compared with the traditional PMSM control strategy, the Indirect stator-quantities control (ISC) of low torque ripple induction motor has high dynamic response performance in the whole speed range, with high stability and strong security. However, due to the inherent characteristics of PMSM, there are still some difficulties in applying ISC strategy, such as solving the load angle corresponding to the current torque, realizing the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control and flux weakening control method in the stator field oriented control algorithm of PMSM. In this paper, theoretical analysis and discussion are carried out for the above difficulties, and an indirect stator vector control (ISC) method for PMSM is proposed. Finally, combined with the electric drive application platform of electric vehicle, the simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed ISC control strategy of PMSM also has good dynamic and steady-state performance in the whole speed range.

The ideal two-sample deadbeat response can be achieved through deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) in surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drives, provided that sufficient voltage is available. However, voltage deficiency commonly occurs during abrupt torque changes at medium-to-high speeds, inevitably degrading dynamic performance. In this article, a dynamic flux weakening-based DPCC (DFW-DPCC) is proposed to enhance the dynamic performance of torque rise under voltage-limited conditions. First, a novel concept of the current increment limit circle is introduced, and the reasons why torque rise dynamic performance is limited at medium-to-high speeds, as well as the mechanism by which flux weakening can enhance the torque rise rate, are mathematically elucidated. Second, the torque rise time prediction algorithm (TRTP) is proposed, enabling accurate prediction of the time required for a torque rise process. Building on TRTP, the DFW-DPCC is designed to first increase the torque rise rate by flux weakening, followed by executing the torque rise operation at a higher rise rate. The dynamic performance of torque rise is optimized by determining an optimal flux-weakening current that minimizes the total time required for both flux weakening and torque rise. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and superiority of DFW-DPCC.

The surface-inset permanent magnet synchronous motor (SI-PMSM) with an asymmetric rotor achieves a higher torque with the same amount of permanent magnets when compared to the conventional symmetric SI-PMSM through the strategic offset of magnets on the circumference of the rotor surface. This specific design enables both the reluctance and magnetic torques to achieve maximum values at the same current phase angle simultaneously. However, the asymmetric rotor structure results in an offset between the magnetic d-axis and reluctance d-axis, leading to the inapplicability of the conventional flux weakening (FW) control. In this article, an improved leading-angle FW (ILA-FW) control strategy is proposed to operate the investigated SI-PMSM in the deep FW region and realize wide-speed-range operation. The current operating points of the investigated SI-PMSM under high-speed operation are studied based on the mathematical model where the reference d-axis coincides with the reluctance d-axis. Then, the proposed ILA-FW control strategy is established based on the linearized maximum torque-per-ampere (MTPA) and linearized maximum torque-per-voltage control, which can be divided into MTPA control, partial FW control, and deep FW control. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the investigated SI-PMSM is verified by the prototype experiment and compared with the conventional LA-FW control.

… (SVPWM). The MTPA control strategy is implemented below the rated speed, while fluxweakening … transition of the PMSM control strategy from MTPA to flux-weakening under constant …

This paper presents a flux-weakening model predictive control (FW-MPC) for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system. The FW control is a strategy to extend the IPMSM’s operating region. However, the primary FW needs to track the torque reference and maximize the electrical torque per current amplitude with the current and voltage limitations. The two objects make it impossible to solve the FW problem using the optimization method. We proposed an equivalent optimization problem to simplify the complex FW problem, including two objective functions. The MPC is selected as the controller due to its high robustness and transient performance. The constraints from the equivalent optimization problem are added in the MPC to control the IPMSM in the FW region. The simulation and experiment results indicate that the proposed FW-MPC is feasible and effective in driving the IPMSM in the FW region. The proposed FW-MPC can find the optimal point with the maximum electrical torque satisfying the current and voltage limitations. Therefore, the proposed FW-MPC can extend the IPMSM’s operating region, benefiting the IPMSM’s application.

Under harsh operating conditions, open-phase fault and motor parameter mismatch may occur at the same time. Additionally, in high-speed operations, effective flux-weakening control is also important for fault-tolerant control. In order to solve the above problems simultaneously, this article proposes a parameter robust fault-tolerant control scheme for open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motors (OW-PMSMs) in flux-weakening regions. First, the post-fault mathematical model of OW-PMSM is analyzed, and the fault-tolerant control method based on deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) and alternate sub-hexagonal center pulsewidth modulation (ASC-PWM) with zero voltage vector redistribution is introduced. Then, a sliding mode observer (SMO) is constructed for fault-tolerant control to estimate and eliminate the parameter mismatch disturbance. The stability of the SMO is analyzed by the Lyapunov function. Finally, a flux-weakening control method, based on voltage vector duration, is designed to combine with fault-tolerant control, which can improve the performance of the OW-PMSM at high speeds. To verify the availability and improvement of the proposed method, the conventional fault-tolerant control method and the proposed fault-tolerant control method were compared by sufficient experiments.

… flux-weakening control loop will transform to a positive feedback mode, which means the reduction of flux-weakening … this paper proposes a novel flux-weakening method for electrolytic …