插层简介、插层在材料科学工程中的优点及插层在石墨烯纳米带与金属基底间的影响

2D layered materials typically feature strong in‐plane covalent chemical bonding within each atomic layer and weak out‐of‐plane van der Waals (vdW) interactions between adjacent layers. The non‐bonding nature between neighboring layers naturally results in a vdW gap, in which various foreign species may be inserted without breaking the in‐plane covalent bonds. By tailoring the composition, size, structure, and electronic properties of the intercalated guest species and the hosting layered materials, an expansive family of layered intercalation materials may be produced with highly variable compositional and structural features as well as widely tunable physical/chemical properties, invoking unprecedented opportunities in fundamental studies of property modulation and potential applications in diverse technologies, including electronics, optics, superconductors, thermoelectrics, catalysis, and energy storage. Here, the principles and protocols for various intercalation methods, including wet chemical intercalation, gas‐phase intercalation, electrochemical intercalation, and ion‐exchange intercalation, are comprehensively reviewed and how the intercalated species alter the crystal structure and the interlayer coupling of the host 2D layered materials, introducing unusual physical and chemical properties and enabling devices with superior performance or unique functions, is discussed. To conclude, a brief summary on future research opportunities and emerging challenges in the layered intercalation materials is given.

… properties of intercalated layered materials and deliberately structured materials. This article will focus on several important connections between intercalated layered materials and m …

Intercalation in few‐layer (2D) materials is a rapidly growing area of research to develop next‐generation energy‐storage and optoelectronic devices, including batteries, sensors, transistors, and electrically tunable displays. Identifying fundamental differences between intercalation in bulk and 2D materials will play a key role in developing functional devices. Herein, advances in few‐layer intercalation are addressed in the historical context of bulk intercalation. First, synthesis methods and structural properties are discussed, emphasizing electrochemical techniques, the mechanism of intercalation, and the formation of a solid‐electrolyte interphase. To address fundamental differences between bulk and 2D materials, scaling relationships describe how intercalation kinetics, structure, and electronic and optical properties depend on material thickness and lateral dimension. Here, diffusion rates, pseudocapacity, limits of staging, and electronic structure are compared for bulk and 2D materials. Next, the optoelectronic properties are summarized, focusing on charge transfer, conductivity, and electronic structure. For energy devices, opportunities also emerge to design van der Waals heterostructures with high capacities and excellent cycling performance. Initial studies of heterostructured electrodes are compared to state‐of‐the‐art battery materials. Finally, challenges and opportunities are presented for 2D materials in energy and optoelectronic applications, along with promising research directions in synthesis and characterization to engineer 2D materials for superior devices.

Recent experimental breakthrough demonstrated a powerful synthesis approach for intercalating the van der Waals gap of layered materials to achieve property modulation, thereby opening an avenue for exploring new physics and devising novel applications, but the mechanism governing intercalant assembly patterns and properties remains unclear. Based on extensive structural search and energetics analysis by ab initio calculations, we reveal a Sabatier-like principle that dictates spatial arrangement of self-intercalated atoms in transition metal dichalcogenides. We further construct a robust descriptor quantifying that strong intercalant-host interactions favor a monodispersing phase of intercalated atoms that may exhibit ferromagnetism, while weak interactions lead to a trimer phase with attenuated or quenched magnetism, which further evolves into tetramer and hexagonal phases at increasing intercalant density. These findings elucidate the mechanism underpinning experimental observations and paves the way for rational design and precise control of self-intercalation in layered materials.

… mechanisms of the intercalation process. We will be particularly interested in the following aspects of intercalation … host and any changes that occur during intercalation; the type of sites …

The intercalation of layered materials offers a flexible approach for tailoring their structures and generating unexpected properties. This review provides perspectives on the chemical intercalation of layered materials, including graphite/graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes, and some particular materials. The characteristics of the different intercalation methods and their chemical mechanisms are discussed. The influence of intercalation on the structural changes of the host materials and the structural change how to affect the intrinsic properties of the intercalation compounds are discussed. Furthermore, a perspective on the applications of intercalation compounds in fields such as energy conversion and storage, catalysis, smart devices, biomedical applications, and environmental remediation is provided. Finally, brief insights into the challenges and future opportunities for the chemical intercalation of layered materials are provided.

… intercalation dynamics, chemomechanics and mechanisms, … an intercalation process is driven by the concentration gradient of the solution-based species foreign to the layered material …

… or ions into vacancies between layers of a layered materials. All intercalation reactions are … Graphite is the only material which permits the intercalation of molecules without a lone …

… 2D layered materials has led to revitalized interest in utilizing this approach through two important strategies, gating and intercalation, … The mechanism and experimental design of each …

Properties of many layered materials, including copper- and iron-based superconductors, topological insulators, graphite and epitaxial graphene, can be manipulated by the inclusion of different atomic and molecular species between the layers via a process known as intercalation. For example, intercalation in graphite can lead to superconductivity and is crucial in the working cycle of modern batteries and supercapacitors. Intercalation involves complex diffusion processes along and across the layers; however, the microscopic mechanisms and dynamics of these processes are not well understood. Here we report on a novel mechanism for intercalation and entrapment of alkali atoms under epitaxial graphene. We find that the intercalation is adjusted by the van der Waals interaction, with the dynamics governed by defects anchored to graphene wrinkles. Our findings are relevant for the future design and application of graphene-based nano-structures. Similar mechanisms can also have a role for intercalation of layered materials. The intercalation of graphene can result in many attractive functional properties. Here, the authors study the mechanism of caesium intercalation of graphene, finding that it nucleates at wrinkles on the graphene surface and is influenced by van der Waals interactions.

… In situ AFM studies also yield information about the failure mechanisms of intercalated layered materials and 2D materials. Alliata et al. obtained the expansion of HOPG due to anion …

Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) materials have led to the renewed interest in intercalation as a powerful fabrication and processing tool. Intercalation is an effective method of modifying the interlayer interactions, doping 2D materials, modifying their electronic structure or even converting them into starkly different new structures or phases. Herein, we discuss different methods of intercalation and provide a comprehensive review of various roles and applications of intercalation in next‐generation energy storage, optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, catalysis, etc. The recent progress in intercalation effects on crystal structure and structural phase transitions, including the emergence of quantum phases are also reviewed.

… materials of different structural dimensionality with atomic or molecular guest species via intercalation … of solid state research and materials science. Substantial progress has been made …

Intercalation is an effective approach to tune the physical and chemical properties of 2D materials due to their abundant van der Waals gaps that can host high-density intercalated guest matters. This approach has been widely employed to modulate the optical, electrical, and photoelectrical properties of 2D materials for their applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Thus it is necessary to review the recent progress of the intercalation strategy in 2D materials and their applications in devices. Herein, various intercalation strategies and the novel properties of the intercalated 2D materials as well as their applications in electronics and optoelectronics are summarized. In the end, the development tendency of this promising approach for 2D materials is also outlined.

… condense matter physics, chemistry and materials science due to its fascinating properties such … by Cui and Koski offer following advantages uniquely suitable for the intercalation of 2D …

… These materials can be considered at the intersection between chemistry, solid-state physics and materials science and … Taking advantage of intralayer composition versatility (2), novel …

… of graphene nanoribbons grown on metal substrates are significantly masked by the ones of the supporting metal … that silicon intercalation at the GNR/Au(111) interface can lead to the …

… deposition-synthesized and intercalation-doped multilayer-graphene-nanoribbons (ML-… effective FeCl 3 intercalation doping. We also demonstrate that our intercalation doping is stable …

On-chip VLSI interconnects is considered very promising area in the field of IC design in recent years. The delay of interconnect system becomes pre-dominant than the on-chip transistor gate delay in ultra large scale integration due to the substantial parasitic effects. Further the increase in Joule heating and significant increase of grain boundary scattering posed a harsh challenge for future technologies. Subsequently the VLSI industry started a searching the alternative of conventional copper interconnect to get rid of these issues. Here the surprise innovation, graphene, came in picture. Graphene is the material with high electron mobility and high mean free path, so the high current density and lowest resistivity. For interconnect application, due to lower resistivity, graphene nano ribbon (GNR), further multi-layer GNR (MLGNR) has been considered to the most suitable for nano-interconnect application. Further intercalation doping improves the conductivity for MLGNR interconnect. This article demonstrates the basic structural properties and depicts the electrical models of single and multi-layer and intercalation doped GNR. A preliminary discussion on production methods for structuring pristine and intercalated GNR interconnect has also been discussed in this article.

… Further we investigate the replacement of intercalated metal with … that intercalation is possible only when the reaction of intercalated K and 1-iodoalkane occurs between graphene …

… interface to investigate the metal– … graphene nanoribbons contacted with Cu via its intercalation beneath 7-AGNRs grown on a Au(788) surface. We demonstrate that the intercalation …

… works on pristine and intercalation doped graphene nanoribbon interconnects. Since the … research interests on graphene-based nanoelectronics. Graphene nanoribbon (GNR) has …

Using first-principles calculations, we investigate an atomic impurity at the interface of a van der Waals heterostructure (vdW heterostructure) consisting of a zigzag graphene nanoribbon (ZGNR) and a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) sheet. To find effects of atomic intercalation on geometrical and electronic properties of the ZGNR on the h-BN sheet, various types of impurity atoms are considered. The embedded atoms are initially placed at the edge or the middle of the ZGNR located on the h-BN sheet. Our results demonstrate that most of the impurity atoms are more stable at the edge than at the middle in all cases we consider. Especially, a nickel atom has the smallest energy difference (~0.15 eV) between the two embedding positions, which means that the Ni atom is relatively easy to intercalate in the structure. Finally, we discuss magnetic properties for the vdW heterostructure with an intercalated atom.

… Intercalation between the graphene and the metal substrates … that in contrast to zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs), in … of a Si layer at the interface of graphene/Ir. STM images were …

… of exfoliated graphene flakes; graphene grown on metals by … is epitaxial graphene, where the intercalation of one or two … of Ge at the interface between SiC and epitaxial graphene, as …

… dispersive electronic band structure (b). The interlayer coupling for bilayer graphene cannot … interlayer distance by insertion of guest molecules; (b) the Fermi-level is greatly shifted by …

… underneath a graphene monolayer eventually results in blocking of this interaction and the formation of an electronic structure similar to that of quasi-freestanding graphene. As a result, …

… Since graphene and BN insertions have successfully … , the interlayer distances d 2 between the 2D insertion layers and … and electronic structures of Sc/insertion–MoS 2 and Pt/insertion–…

… derived from the dipole selection rules. The characteristic π* resonance of single-layered … As the interlayer separation, d z , between Cu(111) and graphene increases, the Dirac point …

… between inserted/adsorbed Na and the structures of pristine and defective bilayer graphene (… The computational results show that the intercalation of Na in the interlayer of BLG with DV …

… Moreover, by modulating the interlayer structure and interactions, we can move beyond the … interlayer spacing and reduces interlayer interaction, which retrieves the linear band structure…

… distinguishable from the surrounding metal surface. Below we … intercalation (ie, reaction of the Ru surface with oxygen beneath the intact graphene sheet) accompanied by a decoupling …

… graphene layer grown on Rh(111) is linked to its decoupling from the metal substrate taking place during oxygen intercalation in the … Initially, intercalated and non intercalated areas can …

… intercalation and reaction of oxygen at the graphene/Ru(0001) interface. The decoupling of the graphene from the metal … in the graphene sheet, which in contrast to graphene on other …

While high-quality defect-free epitaxial graphene can be efficiently grown on metal substrates, strong interaction with the supporting metal quenches its outstanding properties. Thus, protocols to transfer graphene to insulating substrates are obligatory, and these often severely impair graphene properties by the introduction of structural or chemical defects. Here we describe a simple and easily scalable general methodology to structurally and electronically decouple epitaxial graphene from Pt(111) and Ir(111) metal surfaces. A multi-technique characterization combined with ab-initio calculations was employed to fully explain the different steps involved in the process. It was shown that, after a controlled electrochemical oxidation process, a single-atom thick metal-hydroxide layer intercalates below graphene, decoupling it from the metal substrate. This decoupling process occurs without disrupting the morphology and electronic properties of graphene. The results suggest that suitably optimized electrochemical treatments may provide effective alternatives to current transfer protocols for graphene and other 2D materials on diverse metal surfaces.

… intercalation of noble metal atoms such as Ag and Au restores the Dirac cone by the decoupling between graphene and the intercalated … In addition, Au intercalation leads to spin-split …

… intercalation is an efficient method for fully decoupling an extended layer of graphene from a metal … They pave the way for the fundamental research on graphene, where extended, …

This study presents experimental data of the interactions and reactions that occur during the early stages of the growth of ZnO on graphene supported on polycrystalline copper and the subsequent changes on the electronic properties of the graphene. The combination of substrate, graphene, and intercalated species (such as oxygen and water molecules) between graphene and copper due to air exposure, together to the evaporation of metallic zinc under oxygen atmosphere, induces the electronic decoupling of the graphene from copper by the formation of a nanometric layer of copper oxide. In particular, the final stage consists in the formation of a complex interface formed by ZnO/ZnO1−x/Zn/G/Cu2O/Cu. The role of each actor is discussed in terms of a galvanic corrosion reaction of the metallic substrate where the graphene is the cathode and the initial deposition of metallic zinc accelerates the kinetics of this reaction, after which ZnO grows on the metallic zinc initially deposited. In this manner, the electronic properties of graphene can be engineered by the combination and interrelation of substrates, environment, and new‐deposited materials, revealing a more complex and realistic picture for real fabrication processes. These results may help to improve the real applicability of graphene in mass production devices.

… decoupling starts from the graphene edges and defect sites, assisted by interfacial copper oxidation and water intercalation … of 0.3 ± 0.08 eV for this decoupling process, and interfacial …

… We describe the reversible intercalation of Na under graphene on Ir(1 1 1) by photo-… it is possible to electronically decouple graphene from Ir(1 1 1) by intercalation of Na. The …

… O intercalation through the metal surface passivated graphene … step and effect of graphene edge types on O intercalation. As a … parameters for decoupling graphene from metal catalyst …

… the main driving force to decouple graphene from its catalyst growth substrate. Ion intercalation is identified as the primary component for a fast graphene delamination process from its …

We investigate the intercalation process of oxygen in-between a PVD-grown graphene layer and different copper substrates as a methodology for reducing the substrate-layer interaction. This growth method leads to an extended defect-free graphene layer that strongly couples with the substrate. We have found, by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, that after oxygen exposure at different temperatures, ranging from 280 °C to 550 °C, oxygen intercalates at the interface of graphene grown on Cu foil at an optimal temperature of 500 °C. The low energy electron diffraction technique confirms the adsorption of an atomic oxygen adlayer on top of the Cu surface and below graphene after oxygen exposure at elevated temperature, but no oxidation of the substrate is induced. The emergence of the 2D Raman peak, quenched by the large interaction with the substrate, reveals that the intercalation process induces a structural undoing. As suggested by atomic force microscopy, the oxygen intercalation does not change significantly the surface morphology. Moreover, theoretical simulations provide further insights into the electronic and structural undoing process. This protocol opens the door to an efficient methodology to weaken the graphene-substrate interaction for a more efficient transfer to arbitrary surfaces.

The structural and electronic properties of graphene grown on catalytic metal surfaces are significantly modified via graphene-substrate interaction. To minimize the influence of the metal substrate, a dielectric buffer layer can be introduced between the graphene and metal substrate. However, the catalytic synthesis of graphene limits the potential alternatives for buffer layers. The intercalation of atoms below the graphene layer is a promising method that does not require the chemical treatment of graphene or the substrate. In this study, the electronic and structural properties of single-layer graphene (SLG) on the Cu(111) substrate intercalated with ultrathin NaCl thin films were investigated using scanning tunnelling microscopy. The intercalation of the NaCl monolayer decoupled SLG from the metal substrate, thereby producing quasi-freestanding graphene.

… for large-scale preparation of high-quality graphene. However, the presence of the substrate … of graphene and intercalation of metals is an established route for decoupling the graphene …

… after Li intercalation. We demonstrate that the buffer layer decoupling is obtained directly at room temperature, and a successive annealing procedure improves the intercalation quality, …

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy experiments under ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature conditions have been performed on water-intercalated graphene on Pt(111). We find that the confined water layer, with a thickness around 0.35 nm, induces a strong hole doping in graphene, i.e., the Dirac point locates at round 0.64 eV above the Fermi level. This can be explained by the presence of a single "puckered bilayer" of ice-Ih, which has not been experimentally found on bare Pt(111), being confined in between graphene and Pt(111) surface. Moreover, the water intercalation makes graphene highly decoupled from the substrate, allowing us to reveal the intrinsic graphene phonons and double Rydberg series of even and odd symmetry image-potential states. Our work not only demonstrates that the electronic properties of graphene can be tuned by the confined water layer between graphene and the substrate, but also provides a generally applicable method to study the intrinsic properties of graphene as well as of other supported two-dimensional materials.

Metal intercalation under graphene has attracted extensive experimental and theoretical research because of its capability to manipulate the electronic structure and properties of graphene. However...

… work function of 2-D infinite graphene. We also consider the work function of graphene nano ribbon … -intercalation can decrease the work function of graphene even at the level of Mg. …

The catalytic growth on transition metal surfaces provides a clean and controllable route to obtain defect-free, monocrystalline graphene. However, graphene's optical and electronic properties are diminished by the interaction with the metal substrate. One way to overcome this obstacle is the intercalation of atoms and molecules decoupling the graphene and restoring its electronic structure. We applied noncontact atomic force microscopy to study the structural and electric properties of graphene on clean Cu(111) and after the adsorption of KBr or NaCl. By means of Kelvin probe force microscopy, a change in graphene's work function has been observed after the deposition of KBr, indicating a changed graphene-substrate interaction. Further measurements of single-electron charging events as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed an electronic decoupling of the graphene islands by KBr intercalation. The results have been compared with density functional theory calculations, supporting our experimental findings.

… Intercalation doping is emerging as a prospective solution to enhance the performance of graphene nanoribbon … - and lithium-doped multilayer graphene nanoribbons (MLGNRs) has …

… The latest bottom-up procedures involve growth of graphene nanoribbons through chemical reactions between organic molecules deposited on specific substrates such as Au (30) or …

Along with the inherent remarkable properties of graphene, adatom-intercalated graphene-related systems are expected to exhibit tunable electronic properties. The metal-based atoms could facilitate multi-orbital hybridizations with the out-of-plane π-bondings on the carbon honeycomb lattice, which dominate the fundamental properties of chemisorption systems. In this work, using first-principles calculations, the feature-rich properties of alkali-metal intercalated graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are investigated, including edge passivation, stacking configurations, intercalation sites, stability, charge density distribution, magnetic configuration, and electronic properties. There exists a transformation from finite gap semiconducting to metallic behaviors, indicating enhanced electrical conductivity. It arises from the cooperative or competitive relations among the significant chemical bonds, finite-size quantum confinement, edge structure, and stacking order. Moreover, the decoration of edge structures with hydrogen and oxygen atoms is considered to provide more information about the stability and magnetization due to the ribbons' effect. These findings will be helpful for experimental fabrication and measurements for further investigation of GNR-based materials.

… Theoretical calculations by density functional theory (DFT) [6] indicate that the stage-1 and … and improve Na-ion intercalation [11]. The graphene nanosheets were experimentally studied …

… -Cr-graphene intercalation nanostructures has been carried out using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The intercalation nanostructures of interest are classified based on …

… Calculations based on the exchange-correlation functionals that include a nonlocal … energy of graphene sheets, and Li intercalation potential. We found that K intercalation from KC 8 to …

… intercalate prior to optimization of each GIC. For the construction of the GIC, the intercalate was first inserted between two graphene … the intercalate prior to intercalation described above. …

… intercalation on the atomic and electronic structure of the graphene/Ni(111) surface by using density functional theory … interface intercalation over surface adsorption, (2) Au intercalation …

… of intercalation of lithium, sodium and potassium in graphite by density functional theory … intercalated between all the graphene layers. The order of the stage refers to the number of …

… each factor affects the anion intercalation potential of GLG, density functional theory (DFT) was employed. Various studies have reported on the intercalation potentials of various anions…

… Strain in graphite intercalation compounds and charged graphene as calculated by density functional theory and compared with experiment. The continuous curve corresponds to the …

… , and one commonly adopted method is hydrogen intercalation. Insertion of H into α-MoO 3 layers produces H x MoO 3 , and theoretical studies showed that semiconducting α-MoO 3 …

… lattice structure of the graphene layers becomes unstable … the former accommodating the metal ion intercalate. With such an … were performed within density functional theory15 using the …

… barriers similar to those of Li in graphene. Our results indicate that interlayer expansion is a promising technique to improve intercalation kinetics and thermodynamics for large and/or …

… intercalation compounds (GIC) LiC 6 , NaC 6 , NaC 8 and KC 8 has been investigated with density functional theory (DFT) … The partial charge density differences in the graphene layer is …

Density functional theory computations employing periodic boundary conditions and basis sets up to polarized double-ζ quality indicate that the stage 1 C 3 F graphite intercalation …

… graphene and metallic Li, using the cluster expansion method and density functional theory … We also examine Li interactions, both absorption and intercalation, with few layer graphene …

… While the density functional theory (DFT) calculations almost unanimously indicate that … to intercalated graphene, we would like to address the observation that Na intercalation does not …

… on density functional theory (DFT) (22,23) as vdW density … This shows that the Ca intercalation contributes to lower the … of the electron and the graphene interlayer distance, and such …

… The intercalation dynamics intrinsically determine the … characterizations on graphite intercalation in electrochemical devices, especially on the in‐situ study on the intercalations of Li/Na/…

The electrochemical molecular intercalation of two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) produces stable and highly tunable superlattices between monolayer 2DLMs and self-assembled molecular layers. This process allows unprecedented flexibility in integrating highly distinct materials with atomic/molecular precision to produce a new generation of organic/inorganic superlattices with tunable chemical, electronic, and optical properties. To better understand the intercalation process, we developed an on-chip platform based on MoS2 model devices and used optical, electrochemical, and in situ electronic characterizations to resolve the intermediate stages during the intercalation process and monitor the evolution of the molecular superlattices. With sufficient charge injection, the organic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) intercalation induces the phase transition of MoS2 from semiconducting 2H phase to semimetallic 1T phase, resulting in a dramatic increase of electrical conductivity. Therefore, in situ monitoring the evolution of the device conductance reveals the electrochemical intercalation dynamics with an abrupt conductivity change, signifying the onset of the molecule intercalation. In contrast, the intercalation of tetraheptylammonium bromide (THAB), a branched molecule in a larger size, resulting in a much smaller number of charges injected to avoid the 2H to 1T phase transition. Our study demonstrates a powerful platform for in situ monitoring the molecular intercalation of many 2DLMs (MoS2, WSe2, ReS2, PdSe2, TiS2, and graphene) and systematically probing electronic, optical, and optoelectronic properties at the single-nanosheet level.

The properties of layered inorganic semiconductors can be manipulated by the insertion of foreign molecular species via a process known as intercalation. In the present study, we investigate the phenomenon of organic moiety (R-NH3I) intercalation in layered metal-halide (PbI2)-based inorganic semiconductors, leading to the formation of inorganic–organic (IO) perovskites [(R-NH3)2PbI4]. During this intercalation strong resonant exciton optical transitions are created, enabling study of the dynamics of this process. Simultaneous in situ photoluminescence (PL) and transmission measurements are used to track the structural and exciton evolution. On the basis of the experimental observations, a model is proposed which explains the process of IO perovskite formation during intercalation of the organic moiety through the inorganic semiconductor layers. The interplay between precursor film thickness and organic solution concentration/solvent highlights the role of van der Waals interactions between the layers, as well as the need for maintaining stoichiometry during intercalation. Nucleation and growth occurring during intercalation matches a Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov model, with results fitting both ideal and nonideal cases.

… We used κ c and interface conductance obtained from cross-… To enable the in situ measurement and control of the thermal … /charging process), the intercalation of Li atoms into and out …

… tens of nanometers), where the significant interfacial energy per unit volume in a two-phase … resolution limit of most in situ/in operando characterization methods, making investigation of …

Abstract In this work, lithium (Li) intercalation into molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is observed by in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM). A solid-state electrochemical reaction is carried out in a vacuum of TEM column using an electrochemical probe holder. The Li-intercalation proceeds radially from a connecting point between Li2O and MoS2. The 2H-1 T structural transition of the MoS2 layer accompanied by the lithiation is identified by electron diffractions. The electron energy loss spectra (EELS) of the lithiated and non-lithiated areas indicated that the electronic properties of the MoS2 layer changed after the lithiation.

… electrolyte, indicating faster interfacial charge transfer enabled … analysis and interpretation of the in situ characterizations data, including in situ XRD and operando XAS characterizations…

… In situ Raman spectra of the first lithium intercalation into graphite. Single … is in situ infrared spectroscopy. Due to its molecular specificity it is highly suitable for the analysis of interface …

… adhesion of layered materials must be overcome via intercalation and post-intercalation effects, … apart, playing a strong role in the exfoliation mechanism. Aprotic solvents can coordinate …